Russian literature of the 19th century. See what “Russian poets of the 19th century” are in other dictionaries What works were written in the 19th century

The Medieval Passion of Walter Scott

Ancestor historical novel– Walter Scott, was born in the Scottish city of Edinburgh in 1771. All his life, the writer limped on one leg (consequences of childhood paralysis). After studying law, Walter Scott went to work in his father's law office.

Possessing a phenomenal memory, Walter Scott from an early age was fascinated by the Middle Ages and the works of ancient authors. At the beginning of his legal career, the future writer traveled extensively around the country in search of various ancient ballads and legends about Scottish heroes.

At first, Scott's creativity manifested itself in writing poetry and novels in verse, but then he switched his interest to prose. Walter Scott, being a magnificent artist, could breathe life into events covered in the dust of time like no one else. Famous name Walter Scott was made famous by the poems he wrote: Rokeby, The Maiden of the Lake and The Song of the Last Minstrel. These works, dedicated to the beloved Middle Ages, had unprecedented success among the author’s contemporaries.

The historical past of England is reflected in such novels by Walter Scott as “Ivanhoe”, “Woodstock”, “The Abbot” and many others. First historical work, written by a Scottish writer in the prose genre, is the novel “Waverley, or Sixty Years Ago.” This work opened a series of novels dedicated to historical theme(the so-called Waverley cycle), which remain popular in our time. Walter Scott died of apoplexy in 1832.

Unstoppable in the manifestation of feelings - Honore de Balzac

Great French writer– Honore de Balzac, was born in 1799 in the French city of Tours into a peasant family. Like many other famous writers, Balzac, at the request of his father, had to become a lawyer. However, the future writer abandoned jurisprudence, devoting himself to literature.

By nature, Balzac was always distinguished by an uncontrollable manifestation of feelings for literally everything that surrounded him. If he loved, then for the rest of his life, if he hated, then completely and completely. The writer was known as a maximalist in everything. He believed that he would certainly become great and famous. In principle, this is what happened.

Balzac's path to fame was long and thorny. At first, he wrote several rather mediocre works, in search of exactly the theme that would suit him best. As a result of a long search, fame finally came to him after the publication of the work “ Shagreen leather" Further, the author, with amazing swiftness, wrote all his most famous works: “The brilliance and poverty of courtesans”, “Dark Affair”, “Mass of the Atheist”, “Museum of Antiquities” and many others. These works were written by Balzac in a short time. There were legends about his ability to work almost without interruption.

Balzac is a recognized master of the adventure novel. His whole life consisted of a series of adventures. He easily got into debt, invested money in illusory financial projects, went broke and repeated it all over again. In 1850, a serious heart disease ended the life of the famous writer.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin – a treasure of Russian literature

The most famous Russian poet and writer, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, was born in Moscow in 1799. The writer comes from an ancient noble family, which Pushkin himself was incredibly proud of and often praised in his poems. In addition, Pushkin’s source of pride was his maternal great-grandfather, the African Abram Petrovich Hannibal (the prototype of the main character of the writer’s famous work, “Arap of Peter the Great”).

Alexander Sergeevich was quite famous among the Russian aristocracy of the 19th century. The century in which he lived is, in our time, rightfully the golden age of Russian literature. The writer was friends with many famous personalities - Prince Vyazemsky, Nashchokin, Pushchin, Zhukovsky, this is not the entire list of people who were proud of their friendship with Pushkin.

A lot has been written about Pushkin. His ability to masterfully play with words, building from them monumental works, can leave few people indifferent. The writer became famous for many prose works - “Shot”, “ Queen of Spades", "The Young Lady-Peasant Woman", a large number of poems - " Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Ruslan and Ludmila", " Bronze Horseman", as well as a huge number of poems. During his short life (the poet was killed in a duel at the age of 37 in 1837), Pushkin managed to write many works that are rightfully considered one of the best in world literature.

The romantic nature of Victor Hugo

Victor Marie Hugo, one of the most revered writers in France, was born in the city of Besançon in 1802. The writer lived almost the entire 19th century, but devoted himself to literature only after his retirement after his studies. political activity. During the reign of Napoleon III, Hugo was forced to leave France due to differences in views with ruling party. Opposing the oppression of the people, the writer lived in exile for more than 20 years.

By nature, Victor Hugo was a convinced romantic, believing that the freedom of man and his beliefs should be valued above all else. The writer fiercely opposed the humiliation of his people, calling for the rights and freedoms of every person to be placed on a pedestal.

The main work in the life of Victor Hugo is considered to be his novel “Les Miserables,” on which the author worked for thirty years. The writer himself attached great importance to this novel, believing that such works are intended to reorganize society.

The second, no less famous work of Hugo, is rightfully considered the novel “The Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris" The author's contemporaries highly valued this work, but few could have imagined that in the image of Quasimodo the author personified the oppressed and despised French people.

The famous writer lived a life full of all sorts of events. Victor Hugo died in 1885.

Adventurer Alexandre Dumas (father)

Distinguished by his powerful physique and penchant for adventure, Alexandre Dumas was born in 1802 in the small Parisian town of Ville-Cotterets. Having lost his father early, Alexander was too independent and had an unbridled character. He refused to submit to any discipline, often wandered through the forests, and got into various adventures.

Alexandre Dumas decided to devote his life to literature after seeing a production of Shakespeare's Hamlet. Having decided to take Paris by storm, Dumas, practically without a penny of money in his pocket, went to the capital. Alexander did not have famous patrons; he did not know what genres literary works were divided into. All he had was a great desire to write and an assertive, fame-hungry character. During the first six years of living in Paris without money or any assistants, Dumas managed to find a calling and gain fame.

The first half of my literary life the writer dedicated to the theater. The plays he wrote made it possible to talk about Dumas as an outstanding playwright. Later, Alexandre Dumas wrote several historical novels that brought him worldwide fame - “The Count of Monte Cristo”, “The Three Musketeers”, “Queen Margot”, “The Iron Mask” and others.

Possessing a good sense of humor, Alexandre Dumas, even on the verge of death, did not part with good mood. The author of countless novels died in 1870.

The great “storyteller” - Hans Christian Andersen

The famous friend of children all over the world, Hans Christian Andersen, was born in 1805 in the small town of Odense, located in Denmark. Boy from ordinary family The shoemaker and the washerwoman surprised everyone with his knowledge of Shakespeare's sonnets. Andersen had an incredible imagination, and by nature he was a sophisticated and emotional person.

Having moved to Copenhagen in his youth, Andersen unsuccessfully tried to get into a theater troupe. Abandoning these attempts, the future writer writes his first play. Trying to no avail to convince theatergoers to put it on stage, Andersen nevertheless accepts their offer to study at school for free (Hans’s family was so poor that they could not pay for their son’s studies).

Andersen gained fame only in 1829, when the writer’s first story, “A Walking Journey from the Holmen Canal to the Eastern End of Amager,” was published. Only a few years later, Andersen, having received a monetary allowance from the king, will be able to fulfill his dream of traveling abroad and, as a result, will become the author of fairy tales that made him famous throughout the world. For a long time, the writer will try to become famous as a novelist and playwright, but everyone will perceive him only as a writer of fantastic stories. Few people know that Andersen despised and hated his fairy tales, which made him famous. Great storyteller passed away in his sleep in 1875.

One of the most mysterious and controversial personalities of the 19th century, Edgar Allan Poe, was born in 1809 in American city Boston. IN early age the boy was left an orphan, his father left the family immediately after the birth of Edgar, and his mother died when the future writer was about three years old. Edgar Allan Poe was taken in by a wealthy merchant who later moved to live in England. Having grown up, Edgar Allan Poe quarreled with his mentor and returned to Boston. There he used his last money to publish the first book of his poems. Left penniless, the writer is forced to enroll in military service. Further, Edgar Allan Poe works in various publications, publishes his poems, but this activity does not bring him either money or fame. Poe's life began to improve only after he moved to Philadelphia, where he got a job as a magazine editor. During his work, he published two volumes of prose “Grotesques and Arabesques”, as well as a large number of literary critical articles.

Subsequently, Edgar Poe moved to New York, where he published the poem “The Raven,” which made him famous. Following this, Edgar Allan Poe begins to be haunted by a series of failures. His beloved wife Virginia dies, the publishing house where the writer works closes. All this leaves an imprint on the consciousness of Edgar Allan Poe. He begins to take opium and becomes addicted to alcohol. In the last years of his life, the writer’s mind was clouded, he was often visited by dark thoughts and absurd fantasies. All this affected the poems and stories he wrote. Gothic fiction, mixed with detective elements, as close as possible to reality, these were the author’s works. The most popular were “The Fall of the House of Usher”, “A Ghost Haunts Europe”, “Oval Portrait”, “The Well and the Pendulum” and many others. The writer died in 1849.

The Great Mystic - Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol

The recognized genius of world literature, Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich, was born into a family of landowners living in the village of Bolshie Sorochintsy, Poltava province in 1809. Next to the estate of Gogol’s father there was a village called Dikanka, which is now known to everyone thanks to the works of the writer. Having matured, Gogol went to St. Petersburg, where he entered the public service. This activity extremely disappointed Nikolai Vasilyevich, and he decided to devote himself to literature.

The work through which Gogol’s name became famous was the story “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.” Gogol then wrote equally famous works “Taras Bulba” and “The Inspector General”. In them he describes the struggle common people for its sovereignty, ridicules the morals reigning within the so-called “elite” of the state. Full of mystery are also famous works writer "Viy" and "The Night Before Christmas", where the writer masterfully describes the life of the Ukrainian people, putting into it elements folk beliefs and mystical stories.

In 1842, Gogol's main work, Dead Souls, was published. The plot of the novel caused great excitement among readers and critics. The attitude towards him was ambiguous - Gogol was praised and at the same time accused of slandering existing reality. Subsequently, Gogol began writing the second volume of the famous novel, designed to describe the positive side of Russian life. However, tormented by a premonition near death and doubts about his literary vocation, Gogol destroys part of the manuscript, motivating his action by the fact that it will negatively affect humanity. In 1852, Gogol dies in his apartment.

After the writer’s death, a large number of works remained, many of which have been filmed in our time. The death of the writer deeply shocked Russian society. Gorky's reburial in 1931 at the Novodevichy Convent cemetery gave rise to rumors that the writer did not die, but simply fell asleep. lethargic sleep, and was buried alive. However, there is currently no confirmation of these speculations.

Charles Dickens is the favorite writer of the British

Charles Dickens, one of the most talented writers who have won world fame, born in 1812 in the town of Landport in Great Britain. The father of the future writer was a port official, but went bankrupt when Dickens was still at school. The boy had to go to work at a factory in order to somehow help feed his family. As a result of this, Dickens did not receive a serious education.

One day, when he was already an adult and working as a stenographer in Parliament, Dickens decided to earn extra money by writing short essays. They turned out to be successful, and Charles was invited to one of the newspapers as a court reporter. It was then that Dickens began to collaborate with various artists drawing comic stories. The writer composed short humorous stories for them. A series of similar stories called “The Pickwick Club” was extremely popular in England. Subsequently, Dickens wrote a novel, which he called “The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,” the main character of which was that same comic character, Mr. Pickwick.

In world literature, Charles Dickens is known as a wonderful satirist and humorist. However, this does not mean that the writer could only arouse laughter in the hearts of people. One of the author’s most striking works, “The Adventures of Oliver Twist,” made readers all over the world empathize with the main character. The writer’s most ambitious novel, “David Copperfield,” tells the story of the hero’s heartfelt experiences, and in some details resembles the personal life of the author himself.

Gradually Dickens became very popular and loved in England. In addition, the works he wrote brought wealth to the author. However, at the end of his life, Dickens’ character showed some dissatisfaction with his position; he was overcome by a passion for change and anxiety. Apparently this was a sign of psychological fatigue. In 1870 famous writer died as a result of hemorrhage.

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov - the fate of an officer

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, “the sun of Russian poetry,” as his contemporaries called him, was born in Moscow in 1814, into a noble family. The poet graduated from a military school in St. Petersburg, after which he entered the service of a hussar regiment. For publishing poems about the death of Pushkin, Lermontov was exiled by the command to the Caucasus. By nature, Lermontov was quick-tempered, loved to make unflattering jokes about his acquaintances, and made fun of everyone. The result of this behavior was duels with the participation of the poet. After the first duel, in which Lermontov fought with the son of the French envoy, the poet was again sent to the Caucasus. There he took part in hostilities and showed courage. However, the tsar did not want to reward the rebellious poet and refused to transfer him to St. Petersburg. The duel between Lermontov and Martynov in Pyatigorsk in 1841, where the author was undergoing treatment, turned out to be the last. The poet was killed.

Lermontov began writing early. His works became famous when the author was not even 20 years old. Whatever the poet tried himself in, in prose or poetry, the fruits of his creativity always became masterpieces. Lermontov’s poems “Sail”, “Three Palms”, poems “Mtsyri”, “Demon”, novel “Hero of Our Time” - all this will remain in the memory of posterity for a long time. Lermontov's contemporaries found in his works the spirit of searching for truth and an extraordinary depth of feelings. The poet himself was like that. He constantly strived for something new, quiet life it weighed on him. He was loved and reviled at the same time. From the outside, Lermontov seemed arrogant, arrogant, ridiculing everyone and everything. But to his close friends he was always a devoted and unusually kind person. The death of the poet deeply shocked everyone, leaving no one indifferent.

“Lord of Minds” - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

This one is truly brilliant writer was born in Orel in 1818 into a family of nobles. Turgenev was an extremely weak-willed person. The consequence of this was the writer’s upbringing in rigor. His mother was quite despotic and preferred that her entire family live by her rules. However, despite the cowardice of character and education as a philosopher, Turgenev took part in the Patriotic War of 1812.

All his life, Turgenev was dissatisfied with serfdom; he was oppressed by the life of the peasants, forced to work until they sweat under the yoke of the landowners. Turgenev’s similar mood was reflected in many of the writer’s works, including “The Landowner,” “Notes of a Hunter,” and “A Month in the Country.” The writer also loved to touch upon the topic of problems arising between society and the individual in his works. A striking example of such a work is “Fathers and Sons”. The eternal conflict between two generations, colorfully described by Turgenev, is still relevant today.

Turgenev's acquaintances describe him as an overly kind and kind-hearted person. Many said that even with the servants in his house, the writer behaved like a family, as if they were his family. Turgenev was very friendly with the famous French singer— Pauline Viardot. Until his death, he lived in her house with her family. The writer's death occurred in 1883 as a result of a spinal disease.

The great “seer” - Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

The famous writer was born in Moscow in 1821. His family came from an ancient Lithuanian family, known according to records for its indomitability and wild character. At the age of 18, Dostoevsky loses his father, which is a consequence of the first epileptic seizure of the future writer. Subsequently, this disease accompanied Dostoevsky throughout his life. At first, Fyodor Mikhailovich served in the drawing room of the engineering department. Almost a year after the start of his service, he retired, as he realized that his calling was literature.

Dostoevsky’s first novel, entitled “Poor People,” immediately earned its author recognition as a writer of the “Gogolian movement” or the so-called “ natural school" In the work, Dostoevsky very accurately described the social disorder “ little man" Fyodor Mikhailovich always tried to realistically reflect the image of reality in his work. He was a master at constructing dramatic plots and complex characters. In addition, Dostoevsky was an outspoken supporter of the revolutionary views that existed in society at that time. For his commitment to the Petrashevtsy society, he was sentenced to death, which was later replaced by hard labor.

One of the great novels of the great writer, Crime and Punishment, is considered almost prophetic. All the circumstances of the situation, the images of the heroes are reflected in the 20th century - the century of wars and violence. In many of his works, Dostoevsky did not just show his contemporary society with its cruelty and oppression of people. The writer also played out development situations this provision, described what such a society could come to. His subsequent works, “The Brothers Karamazov” and “The Idiot,” also became prophetic in many ways. The famous “seer” passed away in 1881.

Classic adventure genre - Jules Verne

One of the founders of science fiction, who is rightly considered Jules Verne, was born in the French city of Nantes in 1828 in the family of a lawyer. Initially, Jules Verne also prepared to become a lawyer, but his love of literature prompted him to change his intention.

In his works, the writer admires the scientific progress of mankind, invents new ways and methods of its development. During his life, Jules Verne published a huge number of novels, short stories and stories. Several of his works have been filmed and make us watch with delight the adventures of Jules Verne’s heroes even in our time. Almost everyone is familiar with his cult novels from childhood - “Around the World in 80 Days”, “The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain”, “Journey to the Center of the Earth”, “The Children of Captain Grant” and many others. A distinctive feature of these adventure works is that Jules Verne, although he described incredible events, but at the same time carefully thought through technical features and famous scientific discoveries to give their work some realism. Jules Verne loved to perfectly describe the characters of his heroes, giving them traits of heroism and sometimes comedy. A breathtaking spirit of adventure reigns on almost every page of the books written by this wonderful writer.

Jules Verne loved to travel. He traveled a lot around the world, collecting subjects and faces for his works. However, after being wounded in the leg (the writer was shot by a mentally ill nephew in 1886), Jules Verne had to forget about traveling. The famous “traveler” died of diabetes in 1905.

Count Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

A descendant of an old noble family, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, was born on the family estate Yasnaya Polyana, which is located near Tula in 1828. At an early age, Tolstoy lost his parents. Numerous relatives took up the task of raising the future writer and his brothers and sister. At the beginning, Tolstoy dreamed of becoming a diplomat, but without completing his studies at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, he transferred to the Faculty of Law. But Tolstoy also did not have to become a lawyer. He went back to the family estate, which he had inherited, where he tried to write stories. Without finishing any of them, the writer returned to Moscow. Tolstoy tried for a long time to find a field of activity in which he could realize himself.

Tolstoy's life at first was a series of revelries and parties. At one time there even lived a gypsy camp on his estate. In the end, the writer's older brother takes him with him to the Caucasus, where Tolstoy takes part in military operations. It was in the Caucasus that Tolstoy conceived of writing a novel consisting of four parts: “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”, “Youth”, and began to implement his plan. After the publication of the first part of the novel, recognition and fame came to Tolstoy. The next two parts also caused a stir among the reading population of Russia (the fourth part of the novel was not written). Caucasian theme was also reflected in the writer’s works - “Hadji Murat”, “Cossacks”, “Demoted”.

Subsequently, Tolstoy takes part in the Russian-Turkish war, participates in the defense of Sevastopol and is nominated several times for the award of the Cross of St. George, but never receives it due to difficult relations with the leadership that approved the awards. It was at that time that Tolstoy wrote his legendary “Sevastopol Stories,” which amazed his contemporaries with the reality of a soldier’s life. The most important work that brought Tolstoy world fame was his novel War and Peace. Even if the writer subsequently did not write a single line, this novel I would still leave him in the memory of posterity as a great writer. However, Tolstoy did not stop there. Then “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”, “The Death of Ivan Ilyich” and many others were published. At the end of his life, Lev Nikolaevich was excommunicated from the church due to open atheistic statements. The great writer died of pneumonia in 1910.

"Protestant" nature of Mark Twain

The real name of this famous writer was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was born in the town of Florida in the American state of Missouri in 1835. Having been orphaned early, Mark Twain had to quit school and get a job as an apprentice typesetter in local newspapers. The writer took the pseudonym “Mark Twain” while working as a pilot on a private ship. Subsequently, during the outbreak that began in the United States civil war, Mark Twain was forced to move to the west of the country. It was there that his literary activity began. At first, Mark Twain worked as a miner in Nevada, extracting silver. Subsequently, he left this activity and got a job at a newspaper. While working for various publications, Mark Twain traveled a lot. The result of his wanderings were written letters, which later became the basis of his book “Simps Abroad.” This work was a huge success, and Mark Twain became famous overnight.

The novel “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” written by Mark Twain is considered a huge contribution to American literature. No less significant are also such works of the author as “A Connecticut Yankee in the Court of King Arthur” and “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”. It is believed that in the person of Tom Sawyer the author described himself and his childhood. It was precisely his internal protest against the existing moral principles of that time that Mark Twain put into the personality of the book’s hero.

My literary activity Mark Twain started by writing humorous stories, and ended with works containing subtle irony in relation to the morals that reigned in his time, as well as pessimistic sentiments about the future of his country.

Mark Twain is one of the recognized authors who made an invaluable contribution to the development of the whole American literature. The entire life of the famous writer was full of sarcasm and irony. He never lost heart and always tried to treat everything with humor, although many moments of the author’s life were completely joyless. The great writer died of angina in 1910.

The famous "detective" - ​​Arthur Conan Doyle

The great master of the detective genre was born into a family of Irish Catholics in 1859. His homeland is the Scottish city of Edinburgh. The family of the future writer had large financial difficulties due to his father's addiction to alcohol and his mental problems. Rich relatives suggested that Doyle's family send the boy to study at a closed Jesuit college, to which they agreed. At the end of his studies, the writer, who had taken away hatred of religious prejudices from the walls of the institution, returned home, where he decided to undergo training as a doctor. While in his third year, Doyle decided to try his hand at literature. His first works did not bring him any success. During his studies, Doyle is sent to a whaling ship as a ship's doctor. Subsequently, the impressions he received from serving on the ship became the basis of a story written shortly before the end of his service - “Captain of the Polar Star.”

Glory to Arthur Conan Doyle brought stories about detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson. The first of this cycle was the writer’s story, “A Study in Scarlet,” followed by several others. Subsequently, all these works were combined into one series called “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.” Quite rightly, Arthur Conan Doyle is called the founder of the detective genre. To this day, the adventures of the famous detective excite the minds of readers. More than once the writer tried to “kill” his hero, who, as he admitted, prevented the author from doing something more important. However, numerous requests from readers forced him to change his decision. The famous writer died of a heart attack in 1930.

"Humorist" - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, one of the recognized writers working in the satirical genre, was born in Taganrog in 1860. From his school years, Chekhov became interested in theater and literature. Anton Pavlovich spent his childhood in hometown, after which he and his family left for Moscow. There the future writer enters Moscow University to study medical activities. While still a student, Chekhov began writing various parodies and humoresques for small humor magazines. Largely thanks to the funds received for this creativity, Chekhov’s family was able to live in Moscow for the first time.

After completing his studies, Chekhov works as a doctor, but does not stop writing. By that time, he had already developed his own unique style of short humorous stories, which, however, had a double meaning. In his work, Chekhov tried to adhere to truthfulness and preserve the reality of the time in which he lived. In addition to the satire present in his works, the writer quite clearly described the psychology of his heroes, endowing many of them with elements of drama. Almost all of Chekhov's characters are taken from everyday life, not endowed with supernatural powers. Among them are the famous “Man in a Case”, “Overcoat”, “Ward No. 6”. All these stories contain the truth of life, as it is, without embellishment. In the last six years of his life, Chekhov transformed into a playwright. His plays, at that time innovative both in style and spirit, are still available in repertoires today. modern theaters. Nowadays, there are few people who have not heard of such works as “Uncle Vanya”, “ The Cherry Orchard", "The Seagull", "Three Sisters".

Anton Pavlovich had a huge influence on Russian literature, establishing the genre of laconic story in prose. In 1904, the famous writer passed away.

Rudyard Kipling - winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature

Rudyard Kipling, truly the most famous English poet, was born in Bombay in 1865. At first, Kipling lived with his parents in his homeland in India, but then moved to England. The writer's father wanted him to become a military man, but Kipling's myopia did not allow these plans to come true. Subsequently, the writer becomes a journalist and goes back to India. There, working in his specialty, Kipling began to write various poems and short stories. Then the author travels a lot around the world, and gradually becomes a successful writer. His stories are beginning to gain more and more popularity.

His childhood spent in exotic India inspired the writer to create the magnificent works “Mowgli” and “The Jungle Book,” so loved by kids all over the world. In general, in the creative work of writers there are a lot of works on oriental themes. He does not belittle the dignity of Eastern culture, but, on the contrary, reveals it in all its glory. It is in this spirit that Kipling’s legendary novel “Kim” was written.

In his life, Kipling was famous not only as a prose writer, but also as a talented poet. The whole world knows his poem “The Commandment”. All of Kipling's works are described in incredibly rich language containing a huge number of metaphors. This gives us the right to say that the author made a huge contribution to the development in English. Few people know that Rudyard Kipling was the first Englishman to receive the Nobel Prize for his achievements in literature. The author received this prize in 1907. A few years later, the writer beloved by many passed away. He died in 1936.

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Books

• Russian poets of the 19th century. Reader, The proposed anthology aims to give students of historical and philological faculties and literature teachers the most complete understanding of the development of Russian poetry XIX century by... Publisher: State Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR,
• Russian poets of the 19th century, The proposed anthology aims to give students of historical and philological faculties and literature teachers the most complete understanding of the development of Russian poetry of the 19th century according to... Publisher:

The nineteenth century is called the golden age of Russian poetry. During this period, the classicism beloved by writers was replaced by romanticism and sentimentalism. A little later, realism arose, gradually replacing the idealization of the world. It was in the nineteenth century that literature reached its peak, and the contribution that Russian poets of the 19th century made to this is invaluable. The list of them is really large; among such famous names as Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Afanasy Fet, there are also little-known but talented Vladimir Raevsky, Sergei Durov and many, many others.

Nineteenth century in literature

The nineteenth century was far from an easy period for Russia: a series of wars over trade routes erupted, Napoleon’s military campaign began, which was then followed by more wars. All this became a huge shock for the country. It was against the backdrop of such events that literature developed. The great Russian poets of the 19th century wrote in their works about love for the motherland, the beauty of Russia, and difficult fate common man and the idleness of noble life, they talked a lot about the place of man in this world, about the opposition of the individual to society. Classicism created an image, romanticism elevated it above the dullness of life, sentimentalism surrounded the lyrical hero with stunning landscapes - poetry of the early nineteenth century sought to idealize the world. They used a huge number of tropes, played with in foreign words, brought rhyme to perfection - everything to reflect the ideal. Later, realism began to appear, within the framework of which classical poets no longer disdained colloquial expressions and experiments with the form of a poem: the main task was to demonstrate reality with all its shortcomings. The nineteenth century is a century of contradictions; it amazingly combined the ideality and imperfection of the world in which the poets lived.

Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844)

Krylov laid the foundation for fables in Russian literature. His name is so strongly associated with this genre that it has become something like “Aesop's fables.” Ivan Andreevich chose this form of poetry, unusual for that time, to demonstrate the vices of society, showing them through the images of various animals. The fables are so simple and interesting that some of their lines have become catchphrases, and the variety of topics allows you to find a lesson for any occasion. Krylov was considered a role model by many Russian poets of the 19th century, the list of which would be far from complete without the great fabulist.

Ivan Zakharovich Surikov (1841-1880)

Nekrasov is most often associated with realism and the peasantry, and few people know that many other Russian poets glorified their people and their life. Surikov's poems are distinguished by their melody and simplicity. This is what made it possible to set some of his works to music. Here and there the poet deliberately uses words characteristic not of lyricists, but of peasants. The themes of his poems are close to every person, they are far from being as sublime as the idealized poetry of Pushkin, but at the same time they are in no way inferior to it. An amazing ability to demonstrate the life of ordinary people, show their feelings, talk about some everyday situations so that the reader is immersed in the atmosphere of peasant life - these are the components of Ivan Surikov’s lyrics.

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817-1875)

And in the famous Tolstoy family there were Russian poets of the 19th century. The list of eminent relatives was supplemented by Alexei Tolstoy, who became famous for his historical plays, ballads and satirical poems. His works convey love for his native land and praise of its beauty. Distinctive feature poems - their simplicity, which gives the lyrics sincerity. The poet’s source of inspiration was the people, which is why his work contains so many references to historical themes and folklore. But at the same time, Tolstoy shows the world in bright colors, admires every moment of life, trying to capture all the best feelings and emotions.

Pyotr Isaevich Weinberg (1831-1908)

Many poets in the nineteenth century were engaged in translating poetry from other languages, Weinberg was no exception. They say that if in prose the translator is a co-author, then in poetry he is a rival. Weinberg translated a huge number of poems from German language. For translation from German drama Schiller's "Mary Stuart" was even awarded a prestigious prize from the Academy of Sciences. In addition, this amazing poet worked on Goethe, Heine, Byron and many other famous writers. Of course, call Weinberg a poet in his own right difficult. But in his transcription of the poems, he preserved all the features of the lyrics of the original author, which allows us to speak of him as a truly poetically gifted person. The contribution that Russian poets of the 19th century made to the development of world literature and translations is invaluable. The list of them would be incomplete without Weinberg.

Conclusion

Russian poets have always been an integral part of literature. But it was the nineteenth century that was especially rich the most talented people, whose names forever entered the history of not only Russian, but also world poetry.

Russian writers and poets, whose works are considered classics, are today world famous. The works of these authors are read not only in their homeland - Russia, but throughout the world.

Great Russian writers and poets

A well-known fact that has been proven by historians and literary scholars: the best works of Russian classics were written during the Golden and Silver Ages.

The names of Russian writers and poets who are among the world classics are known to everyone. Their work will forever remain in world history as an important element.

The work of Russian poets and writers of the “Golden Age” is the dawn in Russian literature. Many poets and prose writers developed new directions, which subsequently began to be increasingly used in the future. Russian writers and poets, the list of which can be called endless, wrote about nature and love, about the bright and unshakable, about freedom and choice. The literature of the Golden Age, as well as later of the Silver Age, reflects the attitude not only of writers to historical events, but also of the entire people as a whole.

And today, looking through the thickness of centuries at the portraits of Russian writers and poets, every progressive reader understands how bright and prophetic their works, written more than a dozen years ago, were.

Literature is divided into many topics that formed the basis of the works. Russian writers and poets spoke about war, about love, about peace, opening up completely to each reader.

"Golden Age" in literature

The "Golden Age" in Russian literature begins in the nineteenth century. The main representative of this period in literature, and specifically in poetry, was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, thanks to whom not only Russian literature, but also the entire Russian culture as a whole acquired its special charm. Pushkin's work contains not only poetic works, but prosaic stories.

Poetry of the “Golden Age”: Vasily Zhukovsky

This time was started by Vasily Zhukovsky, who became Pushkin’s teacher. Zhukovsky opened such a direction as romanticism for Russian literature. Developing this direction, Zhukovsky wrote odes that became widely known for their romantic images, metaphors and personifications, the ease of which was not found in the trends used in Russian literature of past years.

Mikhail Lermontov

Another great writer and poet for the “Golden Age” of Russian literature was Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. His prose work“A Hero of Our Time” gained enormous popularity in its time because it described Russian society the way it was in that period of time about which Mikhail Yuryevich writes. But all readers fell in love with Lermontov’s poems even more: sad and mournful lines, gloomy and sometimes creepy images - the poet managed to write all this so sensitively that every reader to this day is able to feel what worried Mikhail Yuryevich.

Prose of the "Golden Age"

Russian writers and poets have always been distinguished not only by their extraordinary poetry, but also by their prose.

Lev Tolstoy

One of the most significant writers of the Golden Age was Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. His great epic novel “War and Peace” became known throughout the world and is included not only in the lists of Russian classics, but also in the world. Describing the life of a Russian secular society During the Patriotic War of 1812, Tolstoy was able to show all the subtleties and features of the behavior of St. Petersburg society, which for a long time since the beginning of the war did not seem to participate in the all-Russian tragedy and struggle.

Another novel by Tolstoy, which is still read both abroad and in the writer’s homeland, was the work “Anna Karenina”. The story of a woman who loved a man with all her heart and went through unprecedented difficulties for the sake of love, and soon suffered betrayal, was loved by the whole world. A touching story about love that can sometimes drive you crazy. It was a sad end for the novel unique feature- this was one of the first works in which the lyrical hero not only dies, but deliberately interrupts his life.

Fedor Dostoevsky

In addition to Leo Tolstoy, also significant writer became Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. His book “Crime and Punishment” became not just the “Bible” of a highly moral person with a conscience, but also a kind of “teacher” for someone who has to make a difficult choice, having foreseen all the outcomes of events in advance. Lyrical hero works, he not only made the wrong decision that ruined him, he took upon himself a lot of torment that did not give him peace day or night.

Dostoevsky’s work also contains the work “Humiliated and Insulted,” which accurately reflects the entire essence of human nature. Despite the fact that a lot of time has passed since it was written, the problems of humanity that Fyodor Mikhailovich described are still relevant today. Main character, seeing all the insignificance of the human “soul”, begins to feel disgust for people, for everything that people of the rich strata are proud of, which are of great importance to society.

Ivan Turgenev

Another great writer of Russian literature was Ivan Turgenev. He wrote not only about love, but also touched upon the most important problems of the world around him. His novel Fathers and Sons clearly describes the relationship between children and parents, which remains exactly the same today. Misunderstanding between the older and younger generations is an eternal problem in family relationships.

Russian writers and poets: The Silver Age of Literature

The beginning of the twentieth century is considered to be the Silver Age in Russian literature. It is the poets and writers of the Silver Age who gain special love from readers. Perhaps this phenomenon is caused by the fact that the writers’ lifetime is closer to our time, while Russian writers and poets of the “Golden Age” wrote their works, living according to completely different moral and spiritual principles.

Poetry of the Silver Age

Bright personalities that make this place stand out literary period, undoubtedly became poets. Many directions and movements of poetry have emerged, which were created as a result of the division of opinions regarding the actions of the Russian government.

Alexander Blok

The gloomy and sad work of Alexander Blok was the first to appear at this stage of literature. All of Blok’s poems are permeated with longing for something extraordinary, something bright and light. The most famous poem"Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy” perfectly describes Blok’s worldview.

Sergey Yesenin

One of the most prominent figures of the Silver Age was Sergei Yesenin. Poems about nature, love, the transience of time, one’s “sins” - all this can be found in the poet’s work. Today there is not a single person who would not find Yesenin’s poem capable of liking and describing their state of mind.

Vladimir Mayakovsky

If we talk about Yesenin, then I would immediately like to mention Vladimir Mayakovsky. Harsh, loud, self-confident - that’s exactly what the poet was like. The words that came from the pen of Mayakovsky still amaze with their power - Vladimir Vladimirovich perceived everything so emotionally. In addition to harshness, in the works of Mayakovsky, whose personal life was not going well, there are also love lyrics. The story of the poet and Lily Brik is known throughout the world. It was Brik who discovered all that was most tender and sensual in him, and in return Mayakovsky seemed to idealize and deify her in his love lyrics.

Marina Tsvetaeva

The personality of Marina Tsvetaeva is also known throughout the world. The poetess herself had unique character traits, which is immediately evident from her poems. Perceiving herself as a deity, even in her love lyrics she made it clear to everyone that she was not one of those women who were capable of being offended. However, in her poem “So many of them have fallen into this abyss,” she showed how unhappy she was for many, many years.

Prose of the Silver Age: Leonid Andreev

Great contribution to fiction made by Leonid Andreev, who became the author of the story “Judas Iscariot”. In his work, he presented it a little differently biblical story betrayal of Jesus, presenting Judas not just as a traitor, but as a man suffering from his envy of people who were loved by everyone. Lonely and strange Judas, who found delight in his tales and tales, always received only ridicule in the face. The story tells about how easy it is to break a person’s spirit and push him to any meanness if he has neither support nor loved ones.

Maksim Gorky

For literary prose The contribution of Maxim Gorky was also important in the Silver Age. The writer in each of his works hid a certain essence, having understood which, the reader realizes the full depth of what worried the writer. One of these works was short story“Old Woman Izergil”, which is divided into three small parts. Three components, three life problems, three types of loneliness - the writer carefully veiled all this. A proud eagle thrown into the abyss of loneliness; noble Danko, who gave his heart to selfish people; an old woman who had been looking for happiness and love all her life, but never found it - all this can be found in a small, but extremely vital story.

One more important work The play “At the Lower Depths” became part of Gorky’s work. The life of people who are below the poverty line is what became the basis of the play. The descriptions that Maxim Gorky gave in his work show how much even very poor people, who in principle no longer need anything, just want to be happy. But the happiness of each of the heroes turns out to be in different things. Each of the characters in the play has their own values. In addition, Maxim Gorky wrote about the “three truths” of life that can be applied in modern life. White lies; no pity for the person; Truth, necessary for a person, - three views on life, three opinions. The conflict, which remains unresolved, leaves each character, as well as each reader, to make their own choice.

Literature in the 19th century in Russia is associated with the rapid flowering of culture. Spiritual uplift and importance are reflected in the immortal works of writers and poets. This article is dedicated to representatives of the Golden Age of Russian literature and the main trends of this period.

Historical events

Literature in the 19th century in Russia gave birth to such great names as Baratynsky, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Fet, Yazykov, Tyutchev. And above all Pushkin. A number of historical events marked this period. The development of Russian prose and poetry was influenced by Patriotic War 1812, and the death of the great Napoleon, and the passing of Byron. The English poet, like the French commander, dominated revolutionary minds for a long time thinking people in Russia. and the Russian-Turkish war, as well as echoes french revolution, heard in all corners of Europe - all these events turned into a powerful catalyst for advanced creative thought.

While revolutionary movements were taking place in Western countries and the spirit of freedom and equality began to emerge, Russia strengthened its monarchical power and suppressed uprisings. This could not go unnoticed by artists, writers and poets. Literature of the early 19th century in Russia is a reflection of the thoughts and experiences of the advanced strata of society.

Classicism

Underneath this aesthetic direction understand the artistic style that originated in European culture in the second half of the 18th century. Its main features are rationalism and adherence to strict canons. Classicism of the 19th century in Russia was also distinguished by its appeal to ancient forms and the principle of three unities. Literature, however, in this artistic style began to lose ground already at the beginning of the century. Classicism was gradually replaced by such movements as sentimentalism and romanticism.

Masters artistic word began to create their works in new genres. Works in the style of historical novels, romantic stories, ballads, odes, poems, landscape, philosophical and love lyrics gained popularity.

Realism

Literature in the 19th century in Russia is associated primarily with the name of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Closer to the thirties, realistic prose took a strong position in his work. It should be said that the founder of this literary movement in Russia is Pushkin.

Journalism and satire

Some features European culture The 18th century was inherited by the literature of the 19th century in Russia. We can briefly outline the main features of poetry and prose of this period - satirical nature and journalisticism. The tendency to depict human vices and shortcomings of society is observed in the works of writers who created their works in the forties. In literary criticism, it was later determined that the authors of satirical and journalistic prose were united. “Natural school” was the name of this artistic style, which, however, is also called “Gogol’s school.” Other representatives of this literary movement are Nekrasov, Dal, Herzen, Turgenev.

Criticism

The ideology of the “natural school” was substantiated by the critic Belinsky. The principles of the representatives of this literary movement. Characteristic feature Social issues became part of their work. The main genres are essay, socio-psychological novel and social story.

Literature in the 19th century in Russia developed under the influence of the activities of various associations. It was in the first quarter of this century that there was a significant rise in the journalistic field. Belinsky had a huge influence. This man had an extraordinary ability to feel poetic gift. It was he who was the first to recognize the talent of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky.

Pushkin and Gogol

The literature of the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia would have been completely different and, of course, not so bright without these two authors. They had a huge influence on the development of prose. And many of the elements that they introduced into literature have become classical norms. Pushkin and Gogol not only developed such a direction as realism, but also created completely new art types. One of them is the image of the “little man”, which later received its development not only in the works of Russian authors, but also in foreign literature nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Lermontov

This poet also had a significant influence on the development of Russian literature. After all, it was he who created the concept of “hero of time.” With him light hand it entered not only literary criticism, but also social life. Lermontov also took part in the development of the psychological novel genre.

The entire period of the nineteenth century is famous for the names of talented great personalities who worked in the field of literature (both prose and poetry). Russian authors at the end of the eighteenth century adopted some of the merits of their Western colleagues. But due to a sharp leap in the development of culture and art, it eventually became an order of magnitude higher than the Western European one that existed at that time. The works of Pushkin, Turgenev, Dostoevsky and Gogol have become the property of world culture. The works of Russian writers became the model on which German, English and American authors later relied.