A time of troubles over the years. Time of Troubles: chronology of events

He was overthrown from the Russian throne in 1610. He was sent to a monastery, and they did it by force. After this, the period of Boyar rule begins - the so-called Seven Boyars. The end includes, in addition to boyar rule, also an invitation to the throne of the Polish prince Vladislav, foreign intervention in the territory of Rus', the creation people's militia and the accession of a new dynasty.

In some historiography, the end of the Troubles is not associated with 1613, when he was elected to the throne. Many historians extend Time of Troubles until 1617-1618, when truces were concluded with Poland and Sweden. Namely Deulinskoe with Poland and the Stolbovsky peace with the Swedes.

Period of Troubles

After the overthrow of Shuisky's rule, the boyars took power into their own hands. Several notables took part in the management boyar families, led by Mstislavsky. If we evaluate the activities of the Seven Boyars, then its policy looked treacherous in relation to its country. The boyars openly decided to surrender the state to the Poles. In surrendering the country, the Seven Boyars proceeded from class preferences. At the same time, the army of False Dmitry II was heading towards Moscow, and these were the “lower classes” of society. And the Poles, although they were Catholics and did not belong to the Russian nation, were still closer in class terms.

August 17, 1610 in the territory Polish army an agreement was signed between the two states. The agreement implied - to call the son of the Polish king Vladislav to the Russian throne. But in this agreement there were several points that significantly limited the power of the prince, namely:

1. The prince converts to Orthodoxy;
2. No contact with the Pope about Vladislav's faith is prohibited;
3. Execute Russians who deviate from the Orthodox faith;
4. The prince marries a Russian Orthodox girl;
5. Russian prisoners must be released.

The terms of the agreement were accepted. Already on August 27, the capital of the Russian state swears allegiance to the prince. The Poles entered Moscow. Those close to False Dmitry II learned about this. A conspiracy was organized against him, he was killed.

During the oath of Moscow to the prince, the Polish king SigismundIII and his army stood at Smolensk. After the oath of office, the Russian embassy was sent there, its head was Filaret Romanov. The purpose of the embassy is to bring Vladislav to the capital. But then it turned out that SigismundIII himself wanted to take the Russian throne. He did not inform the ambassadors about his plans, he simply began to stall for time. And at this time, the boyars opened the doors of Moscow for the Poles who were near the city.

Events at the end of the Time of Troubles

The events of the end began to develop rapidly. A new government arose in Moscow. He was assigned the role of managing the state until Vladislav arrived in the city. It was headed by the following people:

• Boyarin M. Saltykov;
• Merchant F. Andronov.

Particular attention should be paid to Andronov. For the first time, a city man appeared in the state apparatus, in in this case merchant. From this we can conclude that the wealthy part of Moscow’s citizens were in favor of Vladislav’s rule and actively promoted his candidacy. At the same time, realizing that Sigismund was in no hurry to send Vladislav to the throne, the ambassadors began to put pressure on Sigismund. This led to their arrest and they were then sent to Poland.

In 1610, the Time of Troubles entered the phase of the liberation struggle. Everything has become easier. Now it was not Russian forces that were confronting each other, but an open confrontation between Poles and Russians. This also included the religious segment - the struggle between Catholics and Orthodox. The main force During this struggle, the Russians developed zemstvo militias. They arose in counties, volosts and cities, gradually the militias grew stronger and were subsequently able to provide fierce resistance to the interventionists.

Patriarch Hermogenes took a very tough position towards the Poles. He was categorically against their stay in the capital, and was also against the Polish prince on the Russian throne. He was an ardent fighter against intervention. Hermogenes will not play last role in the liberation struggle, which would begin already in 1611. The presence of the Poles in Moscow gave impetus to the beginning of the national liberation movement.

The first militia of the Time of Troubles

It is worth noting that those territories where militias arose were long accustomed to independently governing their territories. In addition, in these territories there was not such a large social stratification, there was no clear division between rich and poor. We can say that this movement was patriotic. But not everything is so perfect. The merchants who lived there did not want the Poles to rule the state at all. This state of affairs had a negative impact on trade.

In 1610-1611 The first zemstvo militia arose during the Time of Troubles. This militia had several leaders:

• Lyapunov brothers - Prokipiy and Zakhar;
• Ivan Zarutsky - formerly in the camp of False Dmitry II, favorite of Marina Mnishek (wife);
• Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy.

The leaders had an adventurous character. It is worth noting that the time was adventurous in itself. In March 1611, the militia decided to take Moscow by storm. It was not possible to do this, but the city was placed under blockade.

Within the militia, a conflict arose between representatives of the Cossacks and the nobility. The Poles took advantage of this conflict. They sent a letter stating that Prokopiy Lyapunov was supposed to enter into an agreement with them. Lyapunov could not justify himself, and was killed. The militia eventually disintegrated.

The end and consequences of the Time of Troubles

Some territories swore allegiance to little Ivan Dmitrievich - the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek. But there is a version that the boy’s father was Ivan Zarutsky. Ivan had the nickname “raven”, as he was the son of the Tushinsky thief. At the same time, a new militia begins to take shape. It was headed by Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

Initially, Minin raised funds and equipped the infantry. And Prince Pozharsky led the army. Dmitry Pozharsky was a descendant of Vsevolod the Big Nest. It can be judged that Dmitry had very extensive rights to take the Russian throne. In addition, it is worth saying that this militia marched on Moscow under the coat of arms of the Pozharsky family. The movement of the new militia swept the Volga region, the army arrived in the city of Yaroslavl. Alternative government bodies were created there.

In August 1612, a militia army was near Moscow. Pozharsky managed to persuade the Cossacks to help the militia. The combined army struck the Poles, then the militia entered the city. It took a long time to take the Kremlin. Only on October 26 (November 4) he was surrendered by the Poles, and their lives were guaranteed. The prisoners were divided between the Cossacks and the militia. The militia kept their word, but the Cossacks did not. The captured Poles were killed by the Cossacks.

In February 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected a 16-year-old boy to reign. This is the story of the end of the troubled period.

End of the Time of Troubles video

Time of Troubles (Time of Troubles) - a deep spiritual, economic, social, and foreign policy crisis that befell Russia in late XVI- early 17th century The Troubles coincided with a dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power.

Causes of the Troubles:

1. A severe systemic crisis of the Moscow state, largely associated with the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Conflicting domestic and foreign policies led to the destruction of many economic structures. Weakened key institutions and led to loss of life.

2. Important western lands were lost (Yam, Ivan-gorod, Korela)

3. Sharply escalated social conflicts within the Moscow state, which covered all societies.

4. Intervention of foreign states (Poland, Sweden, England, etc. regarding land issues, territory, etc.)

5. Dynastic crisis:

1584 After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the throne was taken by his son Fedor. The de facto ruler of the state was the brother of his wife Irina, boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov. In 1591 mysterious circumstances died in Uglich younger son Grozny, Dmitry. In 1598, Fedor dies, the dynasty of Ivan Kalita is suppressed.

Course of events:

1. 1598-1605 The key figure of this period is Boris Godunov. He was energetic, ambitious, capable statesman. In difficult conditions - economic devastation, a difficult international situation - he continued the policies of Ivan the Terrible, but with less brutal measures. Godunov pursued a successful foreign policy. Under him, further advancement into Siberia took place, and the southern regions of the country were developed. Russian positions in the Caucasus strengthened. After a long war with Sweden, the Treaty of Tyavzin was concluded in 1595 (near Ivan-Gorod). Russia regained its lost lands on the Baltic coast - Ivan-Gorod, Yam, Koporye, Korelu. The attack was thwarted Crimean Tatars to Moscow. In 1598, Godunov, with a 40,000-strong noble militia, personally led a campaign against Khan Kazy-Girey, who did not dare to enter Russian lands. Construction of fortifications was carried out in Moscow ( White City, Zemlyanoy Gorod), in border towns in the south and west of the country. With his active participation, the patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1598. The Russian Church became equal in rights in relation to other Orthodox churches.

To overcome economic devastation, B. Godunov provided some benefits to the nobility and townspeople, while at the same time taking further steps to strengthen the feudal exploitation of the broad masses of the peasantry. For this, in the late 1580s - early 1590s. The government of B. Godunov conducted a census of peasant households. After the census, the peasants finally lost the right to move from one landowner to another. Scribe books, in which all peasants were recorded, became the legal basis for their serfdom from the feudal lords. A bonded slave was obliged to serve his master throughout his entire life.

In 1597, a decree was issued to search for fugitive peasants. This law introduced “prescribed summers” - a five-year period for the search and return of fugitive peasants, along with their wives and children, to their masters, whom they were listed in the scribe books.

In February 1597, a decree on indentured servants was issued, according to which anyone who served as a free agent for more than six months became an indentured servant and could be freed only after the death of the master. These measures could not but aggravate class contradictions in the country. The masses were dissatisfied with the policies of the Godunov government.

In 1601-1603 There was a crop failure in the country, famine and food riots began. Every day in Russia hundreds of people died in the city and in the countryside. As a result of two lean years, bread prices rose 100 times. According to contemporaries, almost a third of the population died in Russia during these years.

Boris Godunov, in search of a way out of the current situation, allowed the distribution of bread from state bins, allowed slaves to leave their masters and look for opportunities to feed themselves. But all these measures were unsuccessful. Rumors spread among the population that punishment had been extended to people for violating the order of succession to the throne, for the sins of Godunov, who had seized power. Mass uprisings began. The peasants united together with the urban poor into armed detachments and attacked the boyars and landowners' farms.

In 1603, an uprising of serfs and peasants broke out in the center of the country, led by Cotton Kosolap. He managed to gather significant forces and moved with them to Moscow. The uprising was brutally suppressed, and Khlopko was executed in Moscow. Thus began the first peasant war. In the peasant war early XVII V. three large periods can be distinguished: the first (1603 - 1605), the most important event of which was the Cotton uprising; second (1606 - 1607) - peasant revolt under the leadership of I. Bolotnikov; third (1608-1615) - the decline of the peasant war, accompanied by a number of powerful uprisings of peasants, townspeople, and Cossacks

During this period, False Dmitry I appeared in Poland, received the support of the Polish gentry and entered the territory of the Russian state in 1604. He was supported by many Russian boyars, as well as the masses, who hoped to ease their situation after the “legitimate tsar” came to power. After the unexpected death of B. Godunov (April 13, 1605), False Dmitry, at the head of the army that had come over to his side, solemnly entered Moscow on June 20, 1605 and was proclaimed tsar.

Once in Moscow, False Dmitry was in no hurry to fulfill the obligations given to the Polish magnates, since this could hasten his overthrow. Having ascended the throne, he confirmed the legislative acts adopted before him that enslaved the peasants. By making a concession to the nobles, he displeased the boyar nobility. Faith in the “good king” also disappeared among the masses. Discontent intensified in May 1606, when two thousand Poles arrived in Moscow for the wedding of the impostor with the daughter of the Polish governor Marina Mniszech. In the Russian capital, they behaved as if they were in a conquered city: they drank, rioted, raped, and robbed.

On May 17, 1606, the boyars, led by Prince Vasily Shuisky, hatched a conspiracy, raising the population of the capital to revolt. False Dmitry I was killed.

2. 1606-1610 This stage is associated with the reign of Vasily Shuisky, the first “boyar tsar”. He ascended the throne immediately after the death of False Dmitry I by decision of Red Square, giving the cross-kissing record good attitude to the boyars. On the throne, Vasily Shuisky faced many problems (Bolotnikov's uprising, False Dmitry II, Polish troops, famine).

Meanwhile, seeing that the idea with impostors had failed, and using the conclusion of an alliance between Russia and Sweden as a pretext, Poland, which was at war with Sweden, declared war on Russia. In September 1609, King Sigismund III besieged Smolensk, then, having defeated the Russian troops, moved to Moscow. Instead of helping, Swedish troops captured Novgorod lands. This is how the Swedish intervention began in northwestern Russia.

Under these conditions, a revolution took place in Moscow. Power passed into the hands of a government of seven boyars (“Seven Boyars”). When the Polish troops of Hetman Zholkiewski approached Moscow in August 1610, the boyar rulers, fearing a popular uprising in the capital itself, in an effort to preserve their power and privileges, committed treason to their homeland. They invited 15-year-old Vladislav, the son of the Polish king, to the Russian throne. A month later, the boyars secretly allowed Polish troops into Moscow at night. This was a direct betrayal of national interests. The threat of foreign enslavement loomed over Russia.

3. 1611-1613 Patriarch Hermogenes in 1611 initiated the creation of a zemstvo militia near Ryazan. In March it besieged Moscow, but failed due to internal divisions. The second militia was created in the fall, in Novgorod. It was headed by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. Letters were sent to cities calling for support for the militia, whose task was to liberate Moscow from the invaders and create a new government. The militia called themselves free people, headed by the zemstvo council and temporary orders. On October 26, 1612, the militia managed to take the Moscow Kremlin. By decision of the boyar duma, it was dissolved.

Results of the Troubles:

1. The total number of deaths is equal to one third of the country's population.

2. Economic catastrophe, the financial system and transport communications were destroyed, vast territories were taken out of agricultural use.

3. Territorial losses (Chernigov land, Smolensk land, Novgorod-Seversk land, Baltic territories).

4. Weakening the position of domestic merchants and entrepreneurs and strengthening foreign merchants.

5. The emergence of a new royal dynasty On February 7, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov. He had to solve three main problems - restoring the unity of the territories, restoring the state mechanism and the economy.

As a result of peace negotiations in Stolbov in 1617, Sweden returned Novgorod land, but left behind the Izhora land with the banks of the Neva and the Gulf of Finland. Russia lost the only way out to the Baltic Sea.

In 1617 - 1618 Poland's next attempt to seize Moscow and elevate Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne failed. In 1618, in the village of Deulino, a truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was signed for 14.5 years. Vladislav did not renounce his claims to the Russian throne, citing the treaty of 1610. The Smolensk and Seversky lands remained behind the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite difficult conditions peace with Sweden and a truce with Poland, a long-awaited respite came for Russia. The Russian people defended the independence of their Motherland.

Literature

1. History of Russia: textbook / A. S. Orlov [etc.]. - M.: Prospekt, 2009. - P. 85 - 117.

2. Pavlenko, N.I. History of Russia from ancient times to 1861: textbook. for universities / N. I. Pavlenko. - M.: Higher. school, 2004. - P. 170 -239.

(Troubles) is a term denoting the events of the late 16th and early 17th centuries in Russia. The era of statehood crisis, interpreted by a number of historians as Civil War. Accompanied by popular uprisings and riots, the rule of impostors, Polish and Swedish interventions, destruction state power and the ruin of the country.

The Troubles are closely connected with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar groups for power. The term was introduced by Russian writers of the 17th century.

The preconditions for the Troubles were the consequences of the oprichnina and the Livonian War of 1558-1583: the ruin of the economy, the growth of social tension.

Historians have no information about the time of the beginning and end of the Time of Troubles. consensus. Most often, the Time of Troubles refers to the period of Russian history 1598-1613, from the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, last representative the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne, until the accession of Mikhail Romanov, the first representative of the new dynasty. Some sources indicate that the Troubles lasted until 1619, when Patriarch Filaret, the ruler’s father, returned to Russia from Polish captivity.

The first stage of the Time of Troubles began with a dynastic crisis. The death of the childless Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1598 allowed Boris Godunov to come to power, who won the difficult struggle for the throne between representatives of the highest nobility. He was the first Russian Tsar to receive the throne not by inheritance, but by election at the Zemsky Sobor.

The accession of Godunov, who did not belong to the royal family, intensified divisions among various factions of boyars who did not recognize his authority. In an effort to maintain power, Godunov did everything to remove potential opponents. Persecution of representatives of the most noble families only aggravated the hidden hostility towards the king in court circles. Godunov's reign caused discontent among the broad masses.

The situation in the country worsened due to the famine of 1601-1603, caused by prolonged crop failures. In 1603, an uprising led by Cotton was suppressed.

Rumors began to spread among the people that misfortunes were sent down on Russia by the will of God as punishment for the sins of the unrighteous Tsar Boris. The precariousness of Boris Godunov's position was aggravated by rumors that the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who mysteriously died in Uglich, was alive. Under these conditions, Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, who had “miraculously escaped,” appeared in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Polish king Sigismund III Vasa supported him in his claims to the Russian throne. At the end of 1604, having converted to Catholicism, False Dmitry I with a small detachment entered Russian territory.

In 1605, Boris Godunov died suddenly, his son Fyodor was killed, and False Dmitry I took the throne. However, his policies were not to the taste of the boyar elite. The Muscovite uprising in May 1606 overthrew False Dmitry I from the throne. Soon the boyar Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne.

In the summer of 1606, rumors spread about a new miraculous salvation Tsarevich Dmitry. In the wake of these rumors, the fugitive slave Ivan Bolotnikov rebelled in Putivl. The rebel army reached Moscow, but was defeated. Bolotnikov was captured and killed in the summer of 1607.

The new impostor False Dmitry II united around himself the surviving participants in the Bolotnikov uprising, Cossack detachments and Polish-Lithuanian detachments. In June 1608, he settled in the village of Tushino near Moscow - hence his nickname “Tushino Thief”.

The second stage of the Troubles is associated with the split of the country in 1609: two kings, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs were formed in Muscovy (Hermogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories recognizing the power of False Dmitry II, and territories remaining loyal to Shuisky.

The Tushin people were guided by the support of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Their successes forced Shuisky to conclude an agreement with Sweden, hostile to Poland, in February 1609. Having given the Russian fortress of Korela to the Swedes, he received military assistance, and the Russian-Swedish army liberated a number of cities in the north of the country. The entry of Swedish troops into Russian territory gave Sigismund III a reason for intervention: in the fall of 1609, Polish-Lithuanian troops besieged Smolensk and occupied a number of Russian cities. After the flight of False Dmitry II under the onslaught of the army of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, part of the Tushins entered into an agreement with Sigismund III at the beginning of 1610 on the election of his son Vladislav to the Russian throne.

In July 1610, Vasily Shuisky was overthrown from the throne by the boyars and was forcibly tonsured a monk. Power passed to the government of the Seven Boyars, which signed an agreement in August 1610 with Sigismund III on the election of Vladislav as king on the condition that he convert to Orthodoxy. After this, Polish-Lithuanian troops entered Moscow.

The third stage of the Troubles is associated with the desire to overcome the conciliatory position of the Seven Boyars, who had no real power and were unable to force Vladislav to fulfill the terms of the treaty.

Since 1611, patriotic sentiments have been growing in Russia. The First Militia formed against the Poles united detachments of former Tushins led by Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, noble detachments of Prokopiy Lyapunov, and Cossacks of Ivan Zarutsky. The militia leaders created a provisional government - the “Council of All the Earth.” However, they failed to drive the Poles out of Moscow, and in the summer of 1611 the First Militia disintegrated.

At this time, the Poles managed to capture Smolensk after a two-year siege, the Swedes occupied Novgorod, and a new impostor appeared in Pskov, False Dmitry III, who was “proclaimed” by the tsar there in December 1611.

In the fall of 1611, on the initiative of Kuzma Minin, Nizhny Novgorod Led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, the formation of the Second Militia began. In August 1612, it approached Moscow and liberated it in the fall.

In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov as Tsar. For several more years, unsuccessful attempts by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth continued to establish, to one degree or another, its control over the Russian lands. In 1617, the Peace of Stolbovo was signed with Sweden, which received the Korelu fortress and the coast of the Gulf of Finland. In 1618, the Deulin truce was concluded with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Russia ceded the Smolensk and Chernigov lands to it.

In 1619, Patriarch Filaret, the father of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, with whose name the people pinned hopes for the eradication of robbery and robbery, returned to Russia from Polish captivity.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Reasons for the beginning and results of the Time of Troubles

- indignation, rebellion, rebellion, general disobedience, discord between the authorities and the people.

Time of Troubles- an era of socio-political dynastic crisis. It was accompanied by popular uprisings, the rule of impostors, the destruction of state power, the Polish-Swedish-Lithuanian intervention, and the ruin of the country.

Causes of the Troubles

Consequences of the ruin of the state during the oprichnina period.
Aggravation of the social situation as a consequence of the processes of state enslavement of the peasantry.
Dynasty crisis: suppression of the male branch of the ruling princely-royal Moscow house.
Crisis of power: intensifying struggle for supreme power between noble boyar families. The appearance of impostors.
Poland's claims to Russian lands and the throne.
Famine of 1601-1603. Death of people and surge in migration within the state.

Reign during the Time of Troubles

Boris Godunov (1598-1605)
Fyodor Godunov (1605)
False Dmitry I (1605-1606)
Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610)
Seven Boyars (1610-1613)

Time of Troubles (1598 – 1613) Chronicle of events

1598 – 1605 — Board of Boris Godunov.
1603 - Cotton's Rebellion.
1604 - Appearance of troops of False Dmitry I in the southwestern Russian lands.
1605 - Overthrow of the Godunov dynasty.
1605 - 1606 - Reign of False Dmitry I.
1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's Rebellion.
1606 - 1610 - Reign of Vasily Shuisky.
1607 - Publication of a decree on a fifteen-year search for runaway peasants.
1607 - 1610 - Attempts of False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia.
1610 - 1613 - “Seven Boyars”.
March 1611 - Uprising in Moscow against the Poles.
1611, September - October - Formation of the second militia in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership.
1612, October 26 - Liberation of Moscow from the invaders by the second militia.
1613 - Accession to the throne.

1) Portrait of Boris Godunov; 2) False Dmitry I; 3) Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky

The beginning of the Time of Troubles. Godunov

When Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich died and the Rurik dynasty ended, Boris Godunov ascended the throne on February 21, 1598. The formal act of limiting the power of the new sovereign, expected by the boyars, did not follow. The dull murmur of this class prompted secret police surveillance of the boyars on the part of the new tsar, in which the main weapon was the slaves who denounced their masters. Torture and execution followed. The general instability of the sovereign order could not be corrected by Godunov, despite all the energy he showed. The famine years that began in 1601 increased general discontent with the king. The struggle for the royal throne at the top of the boyars, gradually complemented by ferment from below, marked the beginning of the Time of Troubles - the Time of Troubles. In this connection, everything can be considered its first period.

False Dmitry I

Soon rumors spread about the rescue of the man who was previously considered killed in Uglich and about his finding in Poland. The first news about it began to reach the capital at the very beginning of 1604. It was created by the Moscow boyars with the help of the Poles. His imposture was no secret to the boyars, and Godunov directly said that it was they who framed the impostor.

1604, autumn - False Dmitry, with a detachment assembled in Poland and Ukraine, entered the boundaries of the Moscow state through Severshchina - the southwestern border region, which was quickly engulfed in popular unrest. 1605, April 13 - Boris Godunov died, and the impostor was able to freely approach the capital, where he entered on June 20.

During the 11-month reign of False Dmitry, boyar conspiracies against him did not stop. He did not suit either the boyars (because of his independence and independence of character) or the people (because he pursued a “Westernizing” policy that was unusual for Muscovites). 1606, May 17 - conspirators, led by princes V.I. Shuisky, V.V. Golitsyn and others overthrew the impostor and killed him.

Vasily Shuisky

Then he was elected tsar, but without the participation of the Zemsky Sobor, but only by the boyar party and a crowd of Muscovites devoted to him, who “shouted out” Shuisky after the death of False Dmitry. His reign was limited by the boyar oligarchy, which took an oath from the sovereign limiting his power. This reign covers four years and two months; During all this time, the Troubles continued and grew.

Seversk Ukraine was the first to rebel, led by the Putivl governor, Prince Shakhovsky, under the name of the supposedly escaped False Dmitry I. The leader of the uprising was the fugitive slave Bolotnikov (), who appeared as if an agent sent by an impostor from Poland. The initial successes of the rebels forced many to join the rebellion. The Ryazan land was outraged by the Sunbulovs and the Lyapunov brothers, Tula and the surrounding cities were raised by Istoma Pashkov.

The Troubles were able to penetrate into other places: Nizhny Novgorod was besieged by a crowd of slaves and foreigners, led by two Mordvins; in Perm and Vyatka, instability and confusion were noticed. Astrakhan was outraged by the governor himself, Prince Khvorostinin; A gang was rampant along the Volga, which put up its impostor, a certain Murom resident Ileika, who was called Peter - the unprecedented son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich.

1606, October 12 - Bolotnikov approached Moscow and was able to defeat the Moscow army near the village of Troitsky, Kolomensky district, but was soon defeated by M.V. Skopin-Shuisky near Kolomenskoye and left for Kaluga, which the king’s brother, Dmitry, was trying to besiege. An impostor Peter appeared in the Seversk land, who in Tula united with Bolotnikov, who had left the Moscow troops from Kaluga. Tsar Vasily himself advanced to Tula, which he besieged from June 30 to October 1, 1607. During the siege of the city, a new formidable impostor False Dmitry II appeared in Starodub.

Minin's appeal on Nizhny Novgorod Square

False Dmitry II

The death of Bolotnikov, who surrendered in Tula, could not end the Time of Troubles. , with the support of the Poles and Cossacks, approached Moscow and settled in the so-called Tushino camp. A significant part of the cities (up to 22) in the northeast submitted to the impostor. Only the Trinity-Sergius Lavra was able to withstand a long siege by his troops from September 1608 to January 1610.

In difficult circumstances, Shuisky turned to the Swedes for help. Then Poland in September 1609 declared war on Moscow under the pretext that Moscow had concluded an agreement with Sweden, hostile to the Poles. Thus, the internal Troubles were supplemented by the intervention of foreigners. King of Poland Sigismund III headed towards Smolensk. Sent to negotiate with the Swedes in Novgorod in the spring of 1609, Skopin-Shuisky, together with the Swedish auxiliary detachment of Delagardie, moved towards the capital. Moscow was liberated from the Tushino thief, who fled to Kaluga in February 1610. The Tushino camp dispersed. The Poles in it went to their king near Smolensk.

Russian supporters of False Dmitry II from the boyars and nobles, led by Mikhail Saltykov, being left alone, also decided to send commissioners to the Polish camp near Smolensk and recognize Sigismund’s son Vladislav as king. But they recognized him on certain conditions, which were set out in an agreement with the king dated February 4, 1610. However, while negotiations were underway with Sigismund, 2 things happened important events, which had a strong influence on the course of the Time of Troubles: in April 1610, the Tsar’s nephew, the popular liberator of Moscow M.V., died. Skopin-Shuisky, and in June Hetman Zholkiewsky inflicted a heavy defeat on the Moscow troops near Klushyn. These events decided the fate of Tsar Vasily: Muscovites under the leadership of Zakhar Lyapunov overthrew Shuisky on July 17, 1610 and forced him to cut his hair.

The last period of the Troubles

Arrived last period Time of Troubles. Near Moscow, the Polish hetman Zholkiewski stationed himself with an army, demanding the election of Vladislav, and False Dmitry II came there again, to whom the Moscow mob was disposed. The board was headed by the Boyar Duma, headed by F.I. Mstislavsky, V.V. Golitsyn and others (the so-called Seven Boyars). She began to negotiate with Zholkiewski about recognition of Vladislav as the Russian Tsar. On September 19, Zholkiewski brought Polish troops into Moscow and drove False Dmitry II away from the capital. At the same time, an embassy was sent from the capital, which had sworn allegiance to Prince Vladislav, to Sigismund III, which consisted of the noblest Moscow boyars, but the king detained them and announced that he himself personally intended to be king in Moscow.

The year 1611 was marked by a rapid rise in the midst of the Troubles of Russian national feeling. At the head patriotic movement At first, Patriarch Hermogenes and Prokopiy Lyapunov were against the Poles. Sigismund's claims to unite Russia with Poland as a subordinate state and the murder of the leader of the mob False Dmitry II, whose danger forced many to involuntarily rely on Vladislav, favored the growth of the movement.

The uprising quickly spread to Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Kostroma, Vologda, Ustyug, Novgorod and other cities. Militia gathered everywhere and converged on the capital. Lyapunov's servicemen were joined by Cossacks under the command of the Don Ataman Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy. At the beginning of March 1611, the militia approached Moscow, where, at the news of this, an uprising arose against the Poles. The Poles burned the entire Moscow settlement (March 19), but with the approach of Lyapunov’s troops and other leaders, they were forced, together with their Muscovite supporters, to lock themselves in the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod.

The case of the first patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles ended in failure due to complete disunity of interests separate groups, included in its composition. On July 25, the Cossacks killed Lyapunov. Even earlier, on June 3, King Sigismund finally captured Smolensk, and on July 8, 1611, Delagardie took Novgorod by storm and forced the Swedish prince Philip to be recognized as king there. A new leader of the tramps, False Dmitry III, appeared in Pskov.

Expulsion of Poles from the Kremlin

Minin and Pozharsky

Then Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity Monastery and his cellarer Avraamy Palitsyn preached national self-defense. Their messages found a response in Nizhny Novgorod and the northern Volga region. 1611, October - the Nizhny Novgorod butcher Kuzma Minin Sukhoruky took the initiative to raise militia and funds, and already at the beginning of February 1612, organized detachments under the command of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky moved up the Volga. At that time (February 17), Patriarch Hermogenes, who stubbornly blessed the militias, died, whom the Poles imprisoned in the Kremlin.

At the beginning of April, the second patriotic militia of the Time of Troubles arrived in Yaroslavl and, slowly advancing, gradually strengthening its troops, approached Moscow on August 20. Zarutsky and his gangs went to the south-eastern regions, and Trubetskoy joined Pozharsky. On August 24-28, Pozharsky’s soldiers and Trubetskoy’s Cossacks repulsed Hetman Khodkevich from Moscow, who arrived with a convoy of supplies to help the Poles besieged in the Kremlin. On October 22, they occupied Kitay-Gorod, and on October 26, they cleared the Kremlin of Poles. Sigismund III's attempt to move towards Moscow was unsuccessful: the king turned back from near Volokolamsk.

Results of the Time of Troubles

In December, letters were sent everywhere sending the best and reasonable people to elect a king. They got together early next year. 1613, February 21 - The Zemsky Sobor elected a Russian tsar, who was married in Moscow on July 11 of the same year and founded a new, 300-year dynasty. The main events of the Time of Troubles ended with this, but it took a long time to establish firm order.

Troubles- a civil war in which various social strata came out in support of their contenders for the throne.

Causes of the Troubles:

1. dynastic: the suppression of the Rurik dynasty reduced authority royal power and intensified the political struggle (there were many who wanted to become king, and the memory of the previous dynasty gave rise to many impostors);

2. political: the oprichnina disrupted the system of relationships in the ranks of the political elite (the promotion of B.F. Godunov, who was not very noble and did not have sufficient authority among the boyars);

3. socio-economic: the consequences of the economic ruin of the last third of the 16th century were not overcome, the famine of 1601-1603 was perceived by the people as punishment for the sins of the king. Social relations have worsened: the crisis of the local system (there are more and more nobles, but they have less and less land with the peasants) and the enslavement of the peasants (they fled to the Cossacks, the main participants in the Troubles);

4. foreign policy: the intervention of Poland and Sweden (intervention) contributed to the development and prolongation of the internal crisis.

Stages

1. 1598-1605. The key figure is Boris Godunov. By decision of the Zemsky Sobor, he was elected to the royal throne in 1598. He was known as a cruel politician, was a guardsman, possessed extraordinary mind. With his active participation, the patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1598. He dramatically changed the nature of the internal and foreign policy states (development of the southern outskirts, development of Siberia, return of western lands, truce with Poland). Consequently, there is a rise in the economy and an intensification of the political struggle. In 1601-1603, the harvest failed, famine and food riots began. During this period, the first False Dmitry appeared on the territory of Poland, received the support of the Polish gentry and entered Russian land in 1604. In April 1605, Godunov died unexpectedly. In June, False Dmitry I entered Moscow. 11 months later, in 1606, he was killed as a result of a conspiracy.

2. 1606-1610. This stage is associated with Vasily Shuisky, the first “boyar tsar”. He ascended the throne immediately after the death of False Dmitry 1 by decision of Red Square, giving a cross-kissing record about his good attitude towards the boyars. On the throne he faced many problems (Bolotnikov's uprising, LD2, Polish troops, the collapse of the SU, famine). Shuisky managed to solve only part of the problems. In 1610, Polish troops defeated Shuisky's troops and he was overthrown from the throne and the regime of the seven-boyars was established; the boyars wanted to invite the Polish prince Vladislav to the throne, guaranteeing the inviolability of the faith and the boyars, and also for him to change his faith. The church protested this, and there was no answer from Poland.

3. 1611-1613. Patriarch Hermogenes in 1611 initiated the creation of a zemstvo militia near Ryazan. In March it besieged Moscow and failed due to internal divisions. The second was created in the fall, in Novgorod. It was headed by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. The money raised was not sufficient to support the militia, but not small. The militia called themselves free people, headed by the zemstvo council and temporary orders. On October 26, 1612, the militia managed to take the Moscow Kremlin. By decision of the boyar duma, it was dissolved.

Results

1. The total number of deaths is equal to one third of the population.

2. Economic catastrophe, the financial system and transport communications have been destroyed, vast territories have been taken out of agricultural circulation.

3. Territorial losses (Chernigov land, Smolensk land, Novgorod-Seversk land, Baltic territories).

4. Weakening of domestic merchants and entrepreneurs and strengthening of foreign merchants.

5. The emergence of a new royal dynasty on February 7, 1613 Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov. The first representatives of the dynasty (M.F. Romanov - 1613-1645, A.M. Romanov - 1645-1676, F.A. Romanov - 1676-1682). They had to solve 3 main problems - restoring the unity of the territories, restoring the state mechanism and economy.