A sacred and honorable place in the Tatar house. Traditions and customs of the Volga Tatars

Students: Polina Bolshakova, Olga Zhuk, Elena Manyshkina

The work was completed for participation in the KTD. It contains material about the settlement of the Tatars across Samara region, about the life and traditions of the people.

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Tatars of the Volga region.

The second largest people in the region are the Tatars (127,931 people (3.949% of the population). Tatar rural settlements are located in a wide strip in the north, northeast and east of the region, on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Orenburg regions in Kamyshlinsky, Pokhvistnevsky, Elkhovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Shentalinsky, Koshkinsky, Chelnovershinsky districts and in the city of Samara. The first Tatar settlements in the Samara Trans-Volga region appeared in the 16th century. The Tatars are divided into four ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian, Astrakhan and Crimean. Each ethno-territorial group of Tatars has its own linguistic and cultural and everyday features. Tatars belong to the ethnic groups professing Islam (with the exception of the Kryashens - baptized Tatars). On the territory of the Samara region there are many mosques located in Tatar settlements.

Traditional economic activity Samara Tatars werearable farming combined with livestock farming. Along with agriculture, crafts developed:jewelry, leather, felt.

Housing Previously, it was mainly built from wood; today, brick is often used in construction. Inside the dwelling there were built-in benches, shelves, and chairs. Wide bunks along the front wall were universal furniture in the past - they were used as beds and seats. Bedding was stored in closets or chests.

And today the interior decoration of a Tatar house has retained many ethnic features. The bright colors of the paneling, the openwork carving of the window frames, colored fabrics of different tones - all this creates the unique appearance of the Tatar home. The walls are often decorated with embroidered tablecloths, prayer rugs, homespun towels, and a colorful saying from the Koran is hung under glass on the front wall.

Traditional costume set(male and female) consisted of a shirt, wide-legged trousers, a fitted velvet camisole, and a bishmet. The women's shirt was decorated with flounces, the chest part was decorated with an arched appliqué or a special bib - izu. Over the camisole, men wore a spacious robe with a shawl collar, and in winter, fur coats and sheepskin coats. The men's headdress was an embroidered skullcap with a flat top, over which a fur or quilted hat was worn in cold weather. Women's headdresses differed in their originality among different groups of Tatars. The small kalfak cap, sewn with pearls and gold embroidery, became widespread among many groups of Tatars; There were also towel-shaped tastars, and among the Kazan Tatars there were erpek bedspreads embroidered with a vestibule. A girl's headdress, takya, was a cap with a semi-rigid band and a soft flat top. It was sewn from blue, green, burgundy velvet and decorated with embroidery, beads, and coins.

Since the Tatar economy combined both agricultural and animal husbandry traditions,National cuisinerepresented by various dishes made from flour, milk and meat. They baked bread and flatbreads from flour, prepared pies and pies from yeast, unleavened and butter dough (belesh, echpochmak) stuffed with potatoes, meat, carrots, beets, etc. Lamb, beef and poultry were used to prepare soups, broths and main courses; horse meat was salted and processed into sausage. The favorite drink of the Tatars is tea, which they drink hot, topped with milk or sour cream. Favorite sweet baked dishes -chuck – chuck , helpek, etc.

To the greatest extent Tatar culture represents the festival of the plow in honor of the end of the sowing of spring crops - Sabantui , which did not have an exact calendar date, but was celebrated depending on the readiness of the land for sowing. Now Sabantuy is usually celebrated in June in Samara, Togliatti and some other localities in the region. During the holiday, sports competitions are organized: keresh - wrestling with sashes, short distance running, etc. Both pop and amateur Tatar groups perform, sounds national music and traditional and modern dance. Participants in the events wear traditionally styled clothing, and thanks to the fair, spectators have the opportunity to try the dishes national cuisine.

Among the Tatar settlements, we note Old Ermakovo in the Kamyshlinsky district and Alkino in the Pokhvistnevsky district - in these settlements decorative folk art, features of the spiritual culture and life of the Tatar population of the region are clearly represented.

Tatar hospitality customs

The custom of meeting and receiving guests is common to people of any nationality. Legends are made about the hospitality of the Tatar people.

The Tatar family sees a good omen in the very arrival of a guest in the house; he is an honorable, respected, dear person. Tatars have long been very attentive, caring and polite towards guests. They try to set the table with taste and generously treat them with various dishes.

“If there is no treat, caress the guest with a word” and “If they offer a treat, even drink water,” teach Tatar folk proverbs.

Hospitality of the Tatars According to ancient times Tatar custom In honor of the guest, a festive tablecloth was laid out and the best treats, sweet chak-chak, sherbet, linden honey, and, of course, fragrant tea, were put on the table.

“An inhospitable person is inferior” was considered by Muslims.

It was customary not only to treat guests, but also to give gifts. According to custom, the guest responded in kind.

Ancient Tatar dishes
Tatars have long lived in different regions with different natural conditions. Therefore, the food of Siberian, Astrakhan, Kazan, Crimean and other Tatars has its own characteristics. For example, one traveler wrote almost 400 years ago that the Astrakhan Tatars eat vobla “instead of bread,” prepare sturgeon pilaf, eat a lot of vegetables, and love watermelons. For the Siberian Tatars, hunting taiga animals was of great importance. The Volga Tatars extracted a lot of honey from wild bees and made many products from cow's milk- they even have a proverb: “He who has a cow has a treat.”
And yet all Tatars have in common National dishes, general culinary traditions. Therefore, looking at festive table, you can immediately say: this is a Tatar table!
From a long time ago and to this day, the Tatars consider bread to be sacred food. In the old days, they most often ate rye bread - ikmyok (only the rich ate wheat bread, and even then not always). There was even a custom of swearing with bread - ipider. From an early age, children learned to pick up every crumb. During the meal, the eldest member of the family cut the bread.
Especially famous Tatar dishes with meat:
Bishbarmak is boiled meat, cut into small flat pieces, which are lightly stewed in oil with onions, carrots and peppers. Coarsely chopped noodles serve as a side dish for the meat. Previously, bishbarmak was eaten with hands, which is why it received a second name - kullama from kul - hand.
Dried horse meat and goose, horse meat sausage - kazylyk.
Pelmeni-it pilmene made from young lamb or foal; they are eaten with broth.
Peremyachi-peremyoch - very juicy round pies baked in the oven with finely chopped meat; Ochpochmak-ichpochmak - triangles stuffed with fatty lamb, onions and potato pieces.
Belish-belesh is a tall pie with a large bottom and small top crust.
Ubadiya-gubadiya is a round pie with a “multi-story” filling: minced meat, rice, chopped hard-boiled eggs, raisins. This pie is one of the obligatory treats at celebrations.

Chakchak (chekchek): a delicious meal you can create yourself
Of course, it's better if adults help you. However, it all depends on whether you have cooking experience.
So, take five eggs, a quarter glass of milk, a little sugar, salt, soda, flour. We make soft dough, and from it small and necessarily identical balls - like pine nuts. Here, please show patience and diligence! And then pour a little vegetable oil into the pan and fry the “nuts”.
Now add sugar to the honey (in the proportion of 200 grams of sugar per kilogram of honey) and boil it. You will get a very sticky mass. Mix it with “nuts”. Finally, from this “building material” we construct a truncated pyramid. All! The miracle is ready. You yourself, of course, won’t be able to resist and will lick your fingers, because they are sticky and sweet, sweet. But everyone you treat with cut-off pieces of chakchak will also lick their fingers - it turned out to be so delicious!

What do Tatars drink?
The most popular Tatar drink is tea: Indian and Ceylon - merchants have brought it from the East since ancient times. In addition to sugar, milk or melted cream or butter is added to hot and strong tea. And the Astrakhan Tatars love brick large-leaf tea. It is poured into water boiled in a cauldron, milk is poured in and boiled for 5-10 minutes. They drink it hot, adding salt, butter and sometimes ground black pepper. This tea is often drunk with peppers.
In addition to ayran (diluted cold water Katyka) Tatars old custom They drink sherbet - water sweetened with honey. Previously, during the holidays they drank buza - a sweetish, intoxicating drink. The sourish kumiss is slightly intoxicating - it is made from mare's milk, yoche bal and kerchemyo are honey drinks. Drunkenness was despised by the Tatars for centuries.

What not to do
In addition to alcohol, folk Tatar tradition forbade eating burbot because this fish was considered to resemble a snake. It was forbidden to eat crayfish or the meat of predatory animals. Swans and doves were considered sacred and were not eaten either. They did not collect or eat mushrooms. Muslims should not eat pork: the Koran forbids it.

What are they rich in...
Like all peoples in the world, the Tatars lived and live differently: some are rich, others are poor. They also ate and eat differently: some eat “supermarkets”, and others eat what they grew in their garden.
Here is one family's menu:
In the morning - tea with peppers.
For lunch - dumplings with katyk.
For the second lunch - balish with tea.
For an afternoon snack - tea with apricots or chakchak.
For dinner - fried kaz (goose) or boiled meat and tea.
And in another family the food is like this:
In the morning - talkan (porridge made from flour and water) and it’s good if you have katyk or tea.
For lunch - salma (soup with pieces of dough), and in the summer - buckwheat porridge and katyk.
In the evening - again flour mash and tea.
But both poor and rich Tatars are always hospitable. Is it true, Tatar proverb says: “When a guest arrives, the meat is fried, but if there is no meat, he throws himself into the heat.” And yet, a guest never leaves a Tatar house without a treat - at least a cup of tea with homemade marshmallow.

Ancient instructions
O my son, if you want to be revered, be hospitable, friendly, generous. Your good will not be diminished from this, and perhaps it will increase.

Tatar tea drinking - more than a tradition

“The tea table is the soul of the family,” the Tatars say, thereby emphasizing not only their love for tea as a drink, but also its importance in the table ritual. This is a characteristic feature of Tatar cuisine. The ritual of tea drinking - “whose echa” - has become so integrated into Tatar life that it is impossible to imagine a single holiday without it: weddings, matchmaking, Sabantuy, the birth of a child... Tea is drunk strong, hot, often diluted with milk or cream. At dinner parties, dried apricots, apricots, raisins, slices are added to tea at the request of guests fresh apples. Essentially, not a single feast is complete without tea, no matter whether with invited or uninvited guests.

Some groups of Tatars begin the ritual of treating guests with tea and numerous baked goods, and only then are the first and second courses served. For others, on the contrary, the tea table completes the meal. And this order is a stable ethnic tradition, although the set of dishes is largely the same.

They like to drink tea from small bowls so that it does not get cold. And if, during an interesting conversation, a guest struck up a conversation with the owner of the house, the hostess always served him a new bowl of freshly brewed tea.

Mandatory items for serving a tea table, in addition to cups, are individual plates, sugar bowls, milk jugs, and teaspoons. A highly polished samovar with a teapot on the burner should set the tone for a pleasant conversation, create a mood, and decorate the table on holidays and on weekdays.

Back in the times of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde, the culture of feasting, preparing drinks from various herbs was typical for these places. In use were bowls and jugs made from a special composition “kashin”, covered with painted glaze. A new drink - tea - organically fit into the life of the local population.

In the 19th century, tea drinking entered every home in multinational Kazan. K. Fuchs, the first researcher of the life of the Kazan Tatars, wrote: “... a laid table with porcelain cups and a samovar by the stove were typical in the house of a Tatar tradesman of those years.”

Brewing Tatar tea

Pour 3 liters of water into a small saucepan and boil. After the water boils, add the tea leaves, boil for five minutes and then enrich the tea with oxygen (scoop it with a ladle and pour the tea leaves back into the pan in a small stream - and as Minem Apa advised, 100 times). Then add about 1 liter of milk. You can add butter. Let it sit for about 5-7 minutes. We pour tea into bowls. A bowl is a mandatory attribute of every tea party.

Bagels and dishes of Tatar national cuisine go well with tea: kystyby, pәrәmәch, өchpochmak.

Hospitality

We love home
Where they love us.
Let it be cheese, let it be stuffy.
But just a warm welcome
It bloomed in the window of the owner's eyes.

And according to any tricky map
We are this strange house we'll find -
Where is the long tea?
Where is the timid apron,
Where is it equal - in December and in March -
Meet
Sunny face!

Joseph Utkin

The customs of hospitality are passed down from generation to generation. They have become so firmly entrenched in our lives that in the minds of different peoples they are taken for granted, as an integral part of culture. Times are difficult now, but still, visit each other, be open, welcoming, and friendly. After all, the main thing when visiting is not the feast, but the joy of communicating with dear people, on which, as we know, the world rests.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

North Kazakhstan state institute them. M. Kozybaeva

Faculty of Music and Pedagogy

Department of Pedagogy

REPORT

On the topic: Customs and traditions of the peoples of Tatarstan

Subject: Ethnopedagogy

Performed by:

Student gr. zDOVII-v-12-2

Makhambetova I.

Checked by: Imanov A.K.

Petoropavlovsk, 2013

Customsand traditions of the Tatar people

Tatamry (self-name - Tat. Tatar, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) - Turkic people, living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East.

The population in Russia is 5310.6 thousand people (2010 census) - 3.72% of the Russian population. They are the second largest people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, and occasionally Polish-Lithuanian Tatars are also distinguished. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​and is divided into three dialects: Western (Mishar), Middle (Kazan-Tatar) and Eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of small groups- Kryashens, professing Orthodoxy) - Sunni Muslims.

In the life and culture of every nation there are many phenomena that are difficult in their historical origin and functions. One of the most brilliant and revealing phenomena of this kind are folk traditions and customs. In order to understand their origins, it is necessary, before anyone else, to comprehend the history of the people, their culture, to come into contact with their life and way of life, to try to understand their soul and character. All traditions and customs basically reflect the life of one or another group of people, and they appear as a result of empirical and spiritual knowledge surrounding reality. In other words, traditions and customs are those precious pearls in the ocean of people’s lives that they have collected over the centuries as a result of factual and spiritual comprehension of reality. Whatever tradition or tradition we take, having examined its roots, we, as usual, come to the conclusion that it is vitally justified and behind the form, which at times seems pretentious and archaic to us, hides a living, intelligent grain. The traditions and customs of any people are their “dowry” when introduced into the large family of society living on planet Earth. National culture- this is the national memory of the people, what distinguishes a given people from others, protects a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection of times and generations, receive spiritual support and support in life.

All people have their own customs and traditions, rooted in the distant past and now resurrected in the form of national holidays. The Tatars have two words for the holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaete - a holiday of fasting and Korban gaete - a holiday of sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays are called Beyram in Tatar. What does “spring beauty”, “spring feast” mean?

Like many other peoples, the rituals and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were indicated by a representation associated with one or another work: saban?ste - spring, preface to spring; pe?n?ste - summer, haymaking time. Ethnographer R. G. Urazmanova, based on extensive ethnographic material, divides the rituals of the Tatars into two unequal groups: spring-summer and winter-autumn cycles.

Unlike spring and summer, it does not have a clear division, because it is not tied to the folk calendar, but rather to agricultural life. R. G. Urazmanova highlights the following features of this season:

Help. Help with particularly complex work. This was especially noticeable during the processing of slaughtered geese - apparently, where people were invited, even if this was not necessary.

Christmas time. Winter solstice period. Nardugan.

Found everywhere in the Volga region, among the Tatars it was common among the Kryashens and Mishars. Fortune telling was a special element of these holidays.

Maslenitsa. One of the most common holidays among the Kryashens.

In Muslim society, marriage accompanied by the birth of children is a religious obligation, and celibacy is a sad state. The Koran allows a believer to have four wives at a time. In the sura of the Koran, which is called “Women,” it is said: “Marry those who are glorious to you, women - and 2, and 3, and four. And if you are afraid that you will not be objective, then on one...” Socio-economic needs occupy the main place in the legal norms of Shariah relating to marriage family relations. Tatar folk tradition custom

The wife must:

Live in your spouse's home;

Obey his orders, unless they are brainless;

Do not appear in public places without respectful reasons;

Without the permission of the husband, the wife has no right to acquire property or hire servants. It should be noted that an intractable wife cannot claim to be subjugated by her husband during each term so long as she does not submit to his freedom. If the wife fails to comply with these requirements, the husband may divorce her and deny her the title. The husband has the right to deprive a disobedient wife of her will and, after exhortations, to subject her to light corporal punishment.

The spouse is obliged:

If a spouse has more than one wife, then he is obliged to give each a separate sleeping area, which has its own separate exit to the courtyard, and, in all likelihood, equally divide his property between them, treating them identically in other respects.

If the husband refuses to cohabitate, the wife can turn to the people's judge, who, however, acts on husbands only with admonition.

The husband is obliged to allow his wife to visit her parents once a week, to visit their children from a previous marriage quite often, and also to allow her to visit and receive her own relatives who are in degrees of kinship.

The husband is not subject to punishment (neither civil nor criminal) for failure to fulfill marital fidelity, with the exception of the case of having a pagan concubine in the same house with his wife. This may be considered as an insult to the religious feelings of the wife, constituting an act of “cruelty”, in the broad sense of the word, justifying the wife for her unwillingness to live with her husband and giving her the right to demand the table of contents from him, despite her refusal to live with him.

The husband must treat his wife well and address her in the manner required by tradition.

The husband is obliged to purchase for his wife different clothes for summer and winter, for wearing day and night, as well as all the necessary linens, blankets, pillows, carpets, etc.

National holidays

Spring is the time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectation. A great spring means an excellent harvest, and therefore a successful life.

Boz karau

As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Consequently, the first “spring feast” (beyram) is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “look at the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - drifting ice. All the inhabitants of the village came out to the river bank to watch the ice drift. Young people dressed up and played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes.

Another custom was when in early spring children went home to their villages to collect cereals, butter, and eggs. From the food they collected on the street, with the help of older cooks, the children cooked porridge in a large cauldron and ate it.

Kyzyl yomorka

A little later, the day of collecting colored eggs arrived. The housewives painted eggs in the evening - often in a decoction of onion skins and a decoction of birch leaves - and baked buns and pretzels.

In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, bringing wood chips into the house and scattering them on the floor - so that “the yard would not be empty” and shouting such chants, say, “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandparents home?” Will they give me an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let them be trampled by roosters. If you don’t give me an egg, there’s a lake in front of your house, and you’ll drown there!”

Sabantuy

Perhaps the most widespread and now famous holiday includes folk festivities, various rituals and games. Literally, “sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing.

Sabantuy begins in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, weave ribbons into the horses' manes, and hang bells from the bow. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There is a lot of fun on Sabantuy. The main thing is the national martial arts - Kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are strict rules: opponents wrap each other with wide belts - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on your belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to custom, but now they are more often replaced with other expensive gifts). You can participate and demonstrate your strength, agility, and courage not only in Kuresh wrestling.

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Posted Fri, 06/04/2012 - 08:15 by Cap

Tatars (self-name - Tat. Tatar, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) - a Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East.

The population in Russia is 5310.6 thousand people (population census 2010) - 3.72% of the Russian population. They are the second largest people in Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, sometimes Polish-Lithuanian Tatars are also distinguished. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​and is divided into three dialects: Western (Mishar), Middle (Kazan-Tatar) and Eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of a small group of Kryashens who profess Orthodoxy) are Sunni Muslims.

LIST OF TOURIST OBJECTS, HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND NOTABLE PLACES IN KAZAN AND AROUND THE CITY FOR EXCURSIONS AND VISITS, AS WELL AS ARTICLES ABOUT THE TATAR PEOPLE:

Bulgar warrior

Hero Soviet Union and Tatar poet - Musa Jalil

History of the ethnonym

First the ethnonym “Tatars” appeared among the Turkic tribes that wandered in the 6th-9th centuries to the southeast of Lake Baikal. In the 13th century, with the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the name “Tatars” became known in Europe. In the XIII-XIV centuries it was extended to some peoples of Eurasia that were part of the Golden Horde.

TUKAY MUSEUM IN THE VILLAGE OF KOSHLAUCH - IN THE HOMELAND OF THE GREAT POET

Early history

The beginning of the penetration of Turkic-speaking tribes into the Urals and Volga region dates back to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. e. and is associated with the era of the invasion of Eastern Europe by the Huns and other nomadic tribes. Settled in the Urals and Volga region, they perceived elements of the culture of the local Finno-Ugric peoples, and partially mixed with them. In the 5th-7th centuries, there was a second wave of advance of Turkic-speaking tribes into the forest and forest-steppe regions of Western Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region, associated with the expansion of the Turkic Kaganate. In the 7th-8th centuries, Bulgar tribes came to the Volga region from the Azov region, who conquered the Finno-Ugric-speaking and Turkic-speaking tribes that were there (including, possibly, the ancestors of the Bashkirs) and in the 9th-10th centuries they created a state - Volga-Kama Bulgaria. After the defeat of the Volga Bulgaria in 1236, and a series of uprisings (the uprising of Bayan and Dzhiku, the Bachman uprising), the Volga Bulgaria was finally captured by the Mongols. The Bulgarian population was forced out to the north (modern Tatarstan), replaced and partially assimilated.

In the XIII-XV centuries, when the majority of Turkic-speaking tribes were part of the Golden Horde, some transformation of the language and culture of the Bulgars took place.

Formation

In the XV-XVI centuries the formation of separate groups Tatars - the Middle Volga and Urals (Kazan Tatars, Mishars, Kasimov Tatars, as well as the sub-confessional community of Kryashens (baptized Tatars), Astrakhan, Siberian, Crimean and others). The Tatars of the Middle Volga region and the Urals, the most numerous and having a more developed economy and culture, to end of the 19th century centuries developed into a bourgeois nation. The bulk of the Tatars were engaged in agriculture, in the economy of the Astrakhan Tatars main role played cattle breeding and fishing. A significant part of the Tatars were employed in various handicraft industries. Material culture Tatars, formed over a long time from elements of the culture of a number of Turkic and local tribes, were also influenced by the cultures of the peoples of Central Asia and other regions, and with late XVI century - Russian culture.

Gayaz Ishaki

Ethnogenesis of the Tatars

There are several theories of the ethnogenesis of the Tatars. IN scientific literature Three of them are described in more detail:

Bulgaro-Tatar theory

Tatar-Mongol theory

Turkic-Tatar theory.

For a long time, the Bulgaro-Tatar theory was considered the most recognized.

Currently, the Turkic-Tatar theory is gaining greater recognition.

PRESIDENT OF THE RF MEDVEDEV AND PRESIDENT OF THE RT MINNIKHANOV

I. SHARIPOVA - REPRESENTED RUSSIA AT MISS WORLD - 2010

Subethnic groups

The Tatars consist of several subethnic groups - the largest of them are:

Kazan Tatars (Tat. Kazanly) are one of the main groups of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis is inextricably linked with the territory of the Kazan Khanate. They speak the middle dialect of the Tatar language.

(GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT KAZAN - HERE).

Mishari Tatars (Tat. Mishar) are one of the main groups of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis took place in the territory of the Middle Volga, Wild Field and the Urals. They speak the Western dialect of the Tatar language.

Kasimov Tatars (tat. Kәchim) are one of the groups of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis is inextricably linked with the territory of the Kasimov Khanate. They speak the middle dialect of the Tatar language.

Siberian Tatars (Tat. Seber) are one of the groups of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis is inextricably linked with the territory of the Siberian Khanate. They speak the eastern dialect of the Tatar language.

Astrakhan Tatars (tat. Әsterkhan) are an ethno-territorial group of Tatars, whose ethnogenesis is inextricably linked with the territory of the Astrakhan Khanate.

Teptyari Tatars (Tat. Tiptar) are an ethnic class group of Tatars, known in Bashkortostan.

clothes of Bulgarian girls

Culture and life

Tatars speak the Tatar language of the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family. The languages ​​(dialects) of the Siberian Tatars show a certain closeness to the language of the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals. Literary language The Tatars were formed on the basis of the middle (Kazan-Tatar) dialect. The most ancient writing is the Turkic runic. From the 10th century to 1927, writing based on Arabic script existed; from 1928 to 1936, Latin script (Yanalif) was used; from 1936 to the present, writing on a Cyrillic graphic basis was used, although there are already plans to transfer Tatar writing to Latin.

The traditional dwelling of the Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals was a log hut, separated from the street by a fence. The external façade was decorated with multicolor paintings. The Astrakhan Tatars, who retained some of their steppe cattle-breeding traditions, used a yurt as a summer home.

Every nation has its own national holidays. Tatar folk holidays delight people with a sense of gratitude and respect for nature, for the customs of their ancestors, for each other.

Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaete is a holiday of fasting and Korban gaete is a holiday of sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays are called beyram in Tatar. Scientists believe that this word means “spring beauty”, “spring celebration”.

Religious holidays are called by the word Gayt or Bayram (Eid al-Fitr (Ramazan) - a holiday of fasting and Korban Bayram - a holiday of sacrifice). Muslim holidays among Tatars - Muslims include collective morning prayer, in which all men and boys participate. Then you are supposed to go to the cemetery and pray near the graves of your loved ones. And the women and the girls helping them at this time prepare treats at home. On holidays (and each religious holiday used to last for several days), people went around the houses of relatives and neighbors with congratulations. Particularly important was a visit to my parents' home. During the days of Korban Bayram, the holiday, they tried to treat the victims with meat as much as possible more people, the tables remained set for two or three days in a row and everyone entering the house, no matter who he was, had the right to treat himself.

Tatar holidays

Boz karau

According to the old, old tradition, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Therefore, the first beyram - “spring celebration” for the Tatars is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “watch the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - ice drift.

All residents, from old people to children, came to the river bank to watch the ice drift. The youth walked dressed up, with accordion players. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes. In the blue spring twilight these floating torches were visible far away, and songs followed them.

Younger yau

One day in early spring, the children went home to collect cereals, butter, and eggs. With their calls, they expressed good wishes to the owners and... demanded refreshments!

From the collected products on the street or indoors, with the help of one or two elderly women, the children cooked porridge in a huge cauldron. Everyone brought a plate and spoon with them. And after such a feast, the children played and doused themselves with water.

Kyzyl yomorka

After some time, the day came to collect colored eggs. Village residents were warned about such a day in advance and housewives painted eggs in the evening - most often in a decoction of onion skins. The eggs turned out to be multi-colored - from golden yellow to dark brown, and in a decoction of birch leaves - various shades of green. In addition, in each house they baked special dough balls - small buns, pretzels, and also bought candy.

The children were especially looking forward to this day. Mothers sewed bags for them from towels to collect eggs. Some guys went to bed dressed and with shoes on, so as not to waste time getting ready in the morning; they put a log under their pillow so as not to oversleep. Early in the morning, boys and girls began to walk around the houses. The one who came in was the first to bring in wood chips and scatter them on the floor - so that “the yard would not be empty,” that is, so that there would be a lot of living creatures on it.

The children's humorous wishes to the owners are expressed in ancient times - as in the times of great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers. For example, this: “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandparents at home? Will they give me an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let the roosters trample them. If you don’t give me an egg, there’s a lake in front of your house, and you’ll drown there!” The egg collection lasted two to three hours and was a lot of fun. And then the children gathered in one place on the street and played different games with collected eggs.

But again it becomes ubiquitous and beloved spring holiday Tatar Sabantuy. This is a very beautiful, kind and wise holiday. It includes various rituals and games.

Literally, “Sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work, in April, but now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing.

IN old times They prepared for Sabantuy for a long time and carefully - the girls wove, sewed, embroidered scarves, towels, and shirts with national patterns; everyone wanted her creation to become a reward for the strongest horseman - the winner in national wrestling or horse racing. And young people went from house to house and collected gifts, sang songs, and joked. Gifts were tied to a long pole; sometimes horsemen tied the collected towels around themselves and did not remove them until the end of the ceremony.

During the Sabantuy, a council of respected elders was elected - all power in the village passed to them, they appointed a jury to award the winners, and kept order during the competitions.

Socio-political movements of the 1980s—1990s

The late 80s of the 20th century saw a period of intensification of socio-political movements in Tatarstan. One can note the creation of the All-Tatar community center(VTOC), first president M. Mulyukov, branch of the Ittifak party - the first non-communist party in Tatarstan, headed by F. Bayramova.

V.V. PUTIN ALSO CLAIMES THAT THERE WERE TATARS IN HIS FAMILY!!!

SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:

http://www.photosight.ru/photos/

http://www.ethnomuseum.ru/glossary/

http://www.liveinternet.ru/

http://i48.servimg.com/

Wikipedia.

Zakiev M.Z. Part two, Chapter one. History of the study of the ethnogenesis of the Tatars // Origin of the Turks and Tatars. - M.: Insan, 2002.

Tatar Encyclopedia

R.K. Urazmanova. Rituals and holidays of the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals. Historical and ethnographic atlas of the Tatar people. Kazan, House of Printing 2001

Trofimova T. A. Ethnogenesis of the Volga Tatars in the light of anthropological data. - M., Leningrad: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1949, P.145.

Tatars (Series “Peoples and Cultures” of the Russian Academy of Sciences). M.: Nauka, 2001. - P.36.

http://firo04.firo.ru/

http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/

http://www.ljplus.ru/img4/s/a/safiullin/

http://volga.lentaregion.ru/wp-content/

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TATARS, Tatarlar(self-name), people in Russia (second in number after the Russians), main population of the Republic of Tatarstan .

According to the 2002 Census, 5 million 558 thousand Tatars live in Russia. They live in the Republic of Tatarstan (2 million people), Bashkiria (991 thousand people), Udmurtia, Mordovia, the Mari Republic, Chuvashia, as well as in the regions of the Volga-Ural region, Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. They live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. According to the 2010 Census, 5,310,649 Tatars live in Russia.

History of the ethnonym

For the first time an ethnonym "Tatars" appeared among the Mongolian and Turkic tribes in the 6th-9th centuries, but became established as a common ethnonym only in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

In the 13th century, the Mongols who created the Golden Horde included the tribes they conquered, including the Turks, called Tatars. In the 13-14 centuries, the Kipchaks, who were numerically dominant in the Golden Horde, assimilated all the other Turkic-Mongol tribes, but adopted the ethnonym “Tatars”. The population of this state was also called European peoples, Russians and some Central Asian peoples.

In the khanates formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde, noble layers of Kipchak-Nogai origin called themselves Tatars. It was they who played the main role in the spread of the ethnonym. However, among the Tatars in the 16th century it was perceived as derogatory, and until the second half of the 19th century other self-names were in use: Meselman, Kazanly, Bulgarian, Misher, Tipter, Nagaybek and others - among the Volga-Ural and Nugai, Karagash, Yurt, Tatarly and others- among the Astrakhan Tatars. Except for Meselman, all of them were local self-names. The process of national consolidation led to the choice of a self-name that unites everyone. By the time of the 1926 census, most Tatars called themselves Tatars. IN last years a small number in Tatarstan and other Volga regions call themselves Bulgars or Volga Bulgars.

Language

Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak-Bulgar subgroup of the Kipchak group of the Turkic branch of the Altai language family and has three main dialects: western (Mishar), middle (Kazan-Tatar) and eastern (Siberian-Tatar). The literary norm was formed on the basis of the Kazan-Tatar dialect with the participation of Mishar. Writing based on Cyrillic graphics.

Religion

The majority of Tatar believers are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab. The population of the former Volga Bulgaria was Muslim since the 10th century and remained so as part of the Horde, due to this it stood out among neighboring peoples. Then, after the Tatars joined the Moscow state, their ethnic identity became even more intertwined with their religious one. Some Tatars even defined their nationality as “meselman”, i.e. Muslims. At the same time, they retained (and partially retain to this day) elements of ancient pre-Islamic calendar rituals.

Traditional activities

The traditional economy of the Volga-Ural Tatars in the 19th and early 20th centuries was based on arable farming. They grew winter rye, oats, barley, lentils, millet, spelt, flax, and hemp. They also engaged in gardening and melon growing. Pasture-stall livestock farming resembled nomadic farming in some ways. For example, horses in certain areas whole year grazed on pasture. Only the Mishars were seriously involved in hunting. High level Craft and manufacturing production (jewelry making, fulling and felting, furriers, weaving and gold embroidery) reached development, tanneries and cloth factories operated, trade was developed.

National Costume

For men and women, it consisted of wide-leg trousers and a shirt, over which a sleeveless vest, often embroidered, was worn. Woman suit Tatars was distinguished by an abundance of jewelry made of silver, cowrie shells, and bugles. Outerwear served as a Cossack, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or fur coat. Men wore a skullcap on their heads, and on top of it a fur hat or felt hat. Women wore an embroidered velvet cap and scarf. Traditional Tatar shoes are leather ichigs with soft soles, over which galoshes were worn.

Sources: Peoples of Russia: Atlas of Cultures and Religions / ed. V.A. Tishkov, A.V. Zhuravsky, O.E. Kazmina. - M.: IPC "Design. Information. Cartography", 2008.

Peoples and religions of the world: Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. V.A. Tishkov. Editorial team: O.Yu.Artemova, S.A.Arutyunov, A.N.Kozhanovsky, V.M.Makarevich (deputy chief editor), V.A.Popov, P.I.Puchkov (deputy chief editor) ed.), G.Yu.Sitnyansky. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998, - 928 p.: ill. — ISBN 5-85270-155-6

We constantly communicate with representatives of different nations, perceive their culture, because more than 150 nationalities live in the Samara region. And the second largest ethnic group in the Samara region are the Tatars (126,124 people, this is 4.1% of the total population). Do you know anything about their traditions and customs?

Historically, the Muslim religious calendar played a large role in the ritual life of the Tatars of the Samara Volga region. And the most significant holiday in this calendar is Eid al-Fitr, associated with the end of the 30-day Muslim fast, during which one abstains from eating and drinking water from sunrise to sunset. The dates of fasting, like the dates of the holiday itself, are flexible and come (according to the Gregorian calendar) 11 days earlier every year.

Many of us have heard about such a famous Tatar holiday as Sabantuy, which did not have an exact calendar date and day of the week, but was celebrated depending on the readiness of the land for sowing. Initially, the purpose of the holiday rituals was to appease the spirits of fertility, promoting a good harvest. But over time, magical rituals lost their meaning, and Sabantuy turned into a cheerful folk festival, marking the beginning of field work. It was not customary to invite guests from other villages to Sabantuy - they gradually arrived on their own, which is why the holiday stretched for several days. Preparation for the holiday began in advance and consisted of cleaning the house, yard and street, as well as preparing appropriate foods. For the celebration, they found meydan - flat hollows, clearings surrounded by trees and
bushes, where sports competitions were held: keresh - wrestling with sashes, the winner of which received one of the best towels; short distance running (up to 1-2 km) with a finish at the Maidan; races of 5-8 km with the finish also on the Maidan. Participation in the latter was prestigious, so everyone who could exhibited horses. The riders were teenagers aged 8-12 years. All participants in the race were rewarded: the winner also received one of the best towels, the owner of the winning horse received a saban and a harrow. Even the last horse to arrive was tied to a towel, specially specified by the donor, as a “consolation” prize. Evening youth games were an obligatory element of Sabantuy. They were held either on the maidan or in traditional playgrounds - in meadows or clearings.

Family rituals also play an important role, in which the wedding occupies a central place. The main wedding ceremony is Nikah Tui, which was held in the bride’s house. The groom's parents and 3-5 pairs of guests brought bride price and refreshments. The wedding began with religious rite wedding nikah (keben). The mullah wrote down the conditions of his imprisonment, and then asked the couple’s consent to the marriage. His father was responsible for the groom, two witnesses for the bride (she was hidden behind a curtain at that time), after which the mullah read out excerpts from the Koran. Then, with the removal of honey and butter, the feast began. In a certain sequence, guests were treated to the obligatory wedding dishes. The wedding took place in the bride's house for 2-3 days, after which it continued with relatives.

Funeral and memorial rites occupy a special place in the family and everyday rituals of the Tatars. According to tradition, older people prepare for death in advance. Each woman collects for herself and her husband things necessary for burial, material for the shroud - kefenlek and towels, as well as things for distribution in the form of gifts - sadaqa: pieces of fabric, shirts, scarves, towels, etc. They try to hold the funeral as quickly as possible, usually the day after death.

Of course, in modern world traditional national features are being eroded, but in general Samara Tatars retain their language and cultural characteristics, characteristic of their ethnic group.

The material was prepared by students of the School of Interethnic Journalism in Samara

Text: Rufiya Kutlyaeva

Photo: Rufia Kutlyaeva, Valeria Kutsenko