European traditions. Christmas in the UK. Easter Traditions in Eastern Europe

The Christmas wreath is of Lutheran origin. This is an evergreen wreath with four candles. The first candle is lit on the Sunday four weeks before Christmas as a symbol of the light that will come into the world with the birth of Christ. Every following Sunday, another candle is lit. On the last Sunday before Christmas, all four candles are lit to illuminate the place where the wreath is located (this may be the altar of the church or the dining table).

The ringing of bells at Christmas time came to us from winter pagan holidays.

When the Earth was cold, it was believed that the sun died and the evil spirit was very strong. To cast out evil spirit, it was necessary to make a lot of noise. The Christmas tradition of ringing bells, singing and shouting at the same time has survived to this day. Church bells ring out at Christmas time in churches all over the world. But not to drive out evil spirits. Thus people welcome the coming of Christ. In Scandinavia, the ringing of bells means the end of work and the beginning of the holiday, in England - the death knell at the funeral of the devil and the greeting of Christ.

The bird Christmas tree is a Scandinavian tradition. People try to share their joy on Christmas with other living beings.

Immediately on Christmas or the day before, seeds or bread crumbs are taken out to the birds. This is a sign that the new year will be successful. A party outside adds to the fun of a party at home.

Brass singing Christmas carols is one of the delightfully noisy Christmas traditions. She probably came from paganism, because. to exorcise evil spirits it was necessary to make noise. It is currently followed in Germany and the Scandinavian countries. A musical quartet sings four Christmas carols near a bell tower or church.

The Christmas carols end with a joyful chime that marks the beginning of Christmas.

Light was an important component of winter pagan holidays. With the help of candles and bonfires, the forces of darkness and cold were expelled. Wax candles were distributed to the Romans on the feast of Saturnalia. In Christianity, candles are considered an additional symbol of the significance of Jesus as the Light of the world.

In Victorian England, merchants gave candles to their regular customers every year.

In many countries, Christmas candles signify the victory of light over darkness.

Candles on the tree of paradise gave rise to our all-time favorite Christmas tree.

In the Scandinavian countries and Germany, on December 24th, Santa Claus knocks on the door, while in England and America his visit is secret. Santa Claus allegedly enters the house through the chimney.

In 1843, the Englishman Horsley drew the first Christmas card. 1,000 copies of the postcard were sold that year in London. Publisher Louis Prang popularized Christmas cards in 1875. He held a nationwide competition in America for the best Christmas card design.

Improving the postal system and reducing the cost postal items made it possible to send Christmas cards to many friends all over the world.

It is assumed that the first Christmas song appeared in the 4th century AD, but it was somewhat gloomy. In Renaissance Italy, lighter and more joyful Christmas carols appeared. They were already beginning to justify their name (Christmas carols - carols (English) - from the French "caroler" - dance to the sound).

Saint Nicholas is traditionally considered the giver of gifts. In Rome, it was a tradition to give gifts to children on the feast of Saturnalia. Jesus himself, Santa Claus, Befana (Italian female Santa Claus), Christmas gnomes, various saints can act as a gift giver. According to the old Finnish tradition, gifts are scattered around the houses by an invisible man.

It is believed that the first undecorated Christmas trees appeared in Germany in the 8th century. The first mention of spruce is associated with the monk Saint Boniface. Boniface preached to the Druids a sermon on the Nativity. To convince the idolaters that the oak was not a sacred and inviolable tree, he cut down one of the oaks. When the felled oak fell, it knocked down all the trees in its path except the young spruce. Boniface presented the survival of the spruce as a miracle and exclaimed: "Let this tree be the tree of Christ."

In the future, Christmas in Germany was celebrated by planting young fir trees.

In a German source dated 1561, it says that no more than one Christmas tree can stand in the house at Christmas. In the 17th century, the Christmas tree was already a common Christmas decoration in Germany and the Scandinavian countries. At that time, the Christmas tree was decorated with figurines and flowers cut out of colored paper, apples, waffles, gilded gizmos, and sugar.

The tradition of decorating a Christmas tree is associated with a paradise tree hung with apples.

The success of the Christmas tree in Protestant countries was even greater thanks to the legend that Martin Luther himself was the first to come up with the idea of ​​lighting candles on a Christmas tree. One evening he was walking home, writing a sermon. The glitter of the stars twinkling among the fir trees filled him with awe.

To demonstrate this magnificent picture to the family, he put up a Christmas tree in the main room, fixed candles on its branches and lit them.

The Christmas tree owes its popularity in England to the German Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria. In the 17th century, German immigrants brought the Christmas tree tradition to America.

The first outdoor Christmas trees with electric garlands appeared in Finland in 1906.

Every year in Wales, a festival of Christmas carols is held.

Choirs across the country are vying to have their anthem chosen as the official Christmas carol. These church choirs travel around the cities of Wales and sing Christmas carols past and present.

The tradition of choosing a national Christmas carol dates back to the 10th century.

The first guest is the first person who enters the house and "lets in" Christmas (in some countries this tradition does not refer to Christmas, but to the New Year). Sometimes such a person is even specially hired to ensure that everything is done properly, as there is a superstition associated with the first guest. The first guest should hold a spruce branch in his hand. He enters the front door, walks through the house, and exits through the back door. He is presented with bread and salt or some small gift as a symbol of hospitality. The first guest must be a dark-haired man. If a woman became the first guest, this is a bad omen.

Holly is an evergreen shrub with red poisonous berries, dark green foliage and thorns. The brilliance of this plant has made it a natural symbol of the rebirth of life in the winter whites of northern Europe. It is believed that the holly drives away the winter cold and evil spirits. In England, a holly with thorns is called "he", without thorns - "she". Which holly (with or without thorns) is brought into the house first at Christmas depends on who will manage the household in the coming year.

Before the appearance of the Christmas tree in the middle of the nineteenth century, there was a so-called "kissing branch" in England. It was in the form of a double ring decorated with garlands, green branches, holly, ivy, apples, pears, lighted candles and mistletoe. If a girl accidentally found herself under this branch, she was allowed to kiss.

Previously, during the celebration of Christmas, one of the main dangers was Christmas candles. Therefore, buckets of water were kept in the living rooms in case of fire. The idea is to use electric garlands instead wax candles belongs to the English telephone operator Ralph Morris. By that time, the filaments of electric light bulbs were already used in telephone switchboards, it only occurred to Morris to hang them on a Christmas tree.

The ancient Druids considered mistletoe to be a sacred plant, a symbol of eternal life. The Romans valued her as a symbol of peace. Kissing under the mistletoe is also a Roman tradition.

The first Christmas trees were decorated with fresh flowers and fruits. Later, sweets, nuts, and other foods were added. Then - Christmas candles.

Such a load was certainly too heavy for the tree. German glassblowers began producing hollow glass Christmas decorations to replace fruit and other heavy ornaments.

The first plum puddings were made in the 17th century. The pudding was prepared in large copper cauldrons a few weeks before Christmas by the whole family. When cooking, each member of the family made a wish. Four items were placed in the pudding: a coin, a thimble, a button and a ring. Later, when the pudding was eaten, every item found in the pudding had a meaning. A coin meant wealth in the new year, a button meant a bachelor life, a thimble for a girl meant an unmarried life, a ring meant marriage (marriage).

Before the advent of the Christmas tree, the Christmas pyramid was considered the main Christmas decoration in Germany and northern Europe. It was a wooden structure in the shape of a pyramid, hung with vegetation and ornaments. Gifts or sweets were placed on the shelves of the pyramid. With the growing popularity of the Christmas tree, the functions of the Christmas pyramid have been taken over by the Christmas tree.

The Christmas log should be cut down by the head of the family, not bought from someone else. It should burn in the fireplace along with the remains of last year's Christmas log. The log must burn all twelve days of Christmas. There is a superstition that if a person sees his shadow cast from a fireplace where a log is burning, without a head, he will die next year. The ashes of the Christmas log heal diseases and protect the home from lightning strikes.

In the Middle Ages, religious holidays were actually the only holidays. Therefore, people sought to extend these holidays as long as possible. Over time, instead of one day, Christmas turned into 12 - from Christmas to Epiphany. In wealthy families, it was customary to give each other gifts for each of the twelve days. This made the Christmas hymn "The Twelve Holy Days" very popular. Presumably, the appearance of this hymn dates back to the 16th century.

In England The most enjoyable part of the Christmas celebration is considered to be a festive family dinner on December 25, which is preceded by a church service. The head of the Christmas table in Britain is a baked turkey stuffed with a mixture of breadcrumbs and spices or chestnuts. A special redcurrant or cranberry sauce is prepared for the bird. As an addition to the Christmas feast, ham, bacon, small sausages and various vegetables (boiled or baked) are served. Well, the favorite dessert is, of course, Christmas pudding - a steamed cake made of dense dough with dried fruits. Before serving, the pudding is doused with cognac and set on fire - it looks very impressive!

Christmas is a great holiday established in remembrance of the birth of Jesus Christ in Bethlehem. Christmas is one of the most important Christian holidays, a public holiday in more than 100 countries of the world.

The first information about the celebration of Christmas by Christians dates back to the 4th century. The question of the real date of the birth of Jesus Christ is controversial and ambiguously resolved among church authors. Perhaps the choice of December 25 is associated with the pagan solar holiday “Birth of the Invincible Sun” that fell on that day, which, with the adoption of Christianity in Rome, was filled with new content.

According to one of the modern hypotheses, the choice of the date of Christmas occurred due to the simultaneous celebration by the early Christians of the Incarnation (the conception of Christ) and Easter; accordingly, as a result of adding 9 months to this date (March 25), Christmas fell on the day of the winter solstice.

The feast of the Nativity of Christ has five days of forefeast (from December 20 to 24) and six days of afterfeast. On the eve, or on the eve of the holiday (December 24), a particularly strict fast is observed, called Christmas Eve, since on this day juicy is eaten - wheat or barley grains boiled with honey. According to tradition, the Christmas Eve fast ends with the appearance of the first evening star in the sky. On the eve of the holiday, Old Testament prophecies and events related to the Nativity of the Savior are remembered.

Christmas services are performed three times: at midnight, at dawn and during the day, which symbolizes the Nativity of Christ in the bosom of God the Father, in the womb of the Mother of God and in the soul of every Christian.

In the 13th century, during the time of St. Francis of Assisi, a custom arose to exhibit mangers in churches for worship, in which the figure of the Infant Jesus is placed. Over time, mangers began to be set up not only in the temple, but also in houses before Christmas. Home santons - models in glazed boxes depict a grotto, baby Jesus lies in a manger, next to the Mother of God, Joseph, an angel, shepherds who came to worship, as well as animals - a bull, a donkey. Entire scenes from folk life are also depicted: peasants in folk costumes are placed next to the holy family, etc.

Church and folk customs harmoniously intertwined in the celebration of Christmas. In Catholic countries, the custom is well known caroling- walking around the houses of children and youth with songs and good wishes. In response, carolers receive gifts: sausage, roasted chestnuts, fruits, eggs, pies, sweets, etc. Stingy owners are ridiculed and threatened with troubles. The processions involve various masks dressed in animal skins, this action is accompanied by noisy fun. This custom was repeatedly condemned by church authorities as pagan, and gradually they began to go with carols only to relatives, neighbors and close friends.

The tradition of lighting a ritual fire in the hearth testifies to the remnants of the pagan cult of the sun in Christmas time - "Christmas log"... The log solemnly, observing various ceremonies, was brought into the house, set on fire, at the same time praying and carving a cross on it (an attempt to reconcile the pagan rite with christian religion). They sprinkled the log with grain, poured it with honey, wine and oil, put pieces of food on it, addressed it as a living being, raised glasses of wine in his honor.

During the celebration of Christmas, a custom was established to break "Christmas bread"- special unleavened wafers consecrated in churches during Advent - and eat it both before the festive meal and during greetings and congratulations to each other on the holiday.

A characteristic element of the Christmas holiday is the custom to install in houses decorated spruce tree... This pagan tradition originated among the Germanic peoples, in whose rituals spruce was a symbol of life and fertility. With the spread of Christianity among the peoples of Central and Northern Europe, the spruce decorated with colorful balls acquires new symbols: they began to install it in houses on December 24, as a symbol of the tree of paradise with abundant fruits.

Christmas customs and traditions in Great Britain

At Christmas, all the windows of rural houses in the UK are lit with candles, so among the locals, the night before Christmas is called "candle night"... In England today, on Christmas Eve, instead of the traditional Christmas log, a thick Christmas candle is lit. In Wales, lit candles on the Christmas holiday decorated not only private houses in rural areas, but also rural churches and chapels. Candles for decorating the church were made and presented to the priest by the inhabitants of the parish.

In many villages, shortly before the holiday, women held competitions for the best decoration of Christmas candles. These decorations were made from strips of colored paper, foil, gold and silver threads, bright ribbons, etc. In some areas of Wales, with the same decorated and lit candles in their hands, the inhabitants of the parish went to the morning mass, which began before 2-3 in the morning. Many similar candles were lit that night in private houses.

Ever since the Middle Ages, the church began to use the old rites of disguise in order to give the people a more vivid impression of biblical stories. Thus arose "mysteries"- dramatic performances of such religious scenes as the annunciation, the visit of the baby Christ by the three wise men of the East, etc. Participants in dramatic versions bible stories were usually in masks or with a face covered with a scarf, as were the performers of ancient pagan rites. Among the representations of this kind, the dramatic game-pantomime about St. George and the Dragon, widely known in many other countries.

O masquerades and pantomimes for Christmas, there is evidence already from the XIV-XV centuries. So, in one of the sources it is reported that in 1377 a Christmas pantomime was arranged at the Scottish royal court to amuse the little prince Richard. In the treasury registers of Scotland in the 15th century. the funds spent on the arrangement of court masquerades for Christmas are often transferred.

Another one was connected with the arrangement of masquerades. interesting custom in Britain: for 12 days of Christmas time in each palace or castle, the manager of the entire festival was chosen, called in England "Lord of Chaos"(Lord Misrule), and in Scotland - "imaginary abbot"(Abbot of Mock). The lord of disorder was chosen by the one who could joke well, arrange various entertainments, carnivals. He himself selected his retinue, the members of which were dressed up in a bright dress, decorated with ribbons and bells.

In Scotland, in the retinue of the "imaginary abbot" such characters, characteristic of folk processions of mummers, as Hobbie-horse - "Hobbie-horse" - a guy who portrayed a horse, participated. Such a noisy company, and especially its leader, was allowed to do whatever they want - break into any house to play some kind of joke on their inhabitants, arrange games, dances and other entertainment. This custom was banned by Henry VIII.

In many villages in Scotland, on Christmas Day, men and boys, led by bagpipers and accompanied by many people, went outside the village and played football, balls on some lawn, organized various sports competitions: running, hammer throwing exercises, etc. The winner in all games he received a beret decorated with feathers and ribbons; after the competition, the youth sang and danced, and in the evening, with the winner at the head, they returned to the village. In the evening, the winner of the competition presided over the ball.

All these old traditional customs were attacked with great force by the new Protestant church in the 17th century. The feast of Christmas was especially persecuted in Puritan Scotland. Every pagan rite and custom, even the most innocent, was ruthlessly cursed by the church. So, according to the records of the church session in 1574, several people were accused of playing, dancing and singing Christmas songs on this holiday.

Even baking Christmas bread was considered a crime by Protestant clergy. In December 1583 Glasgow bakers were required to name those for whom they baked Christmas bread. In 1605, five people were called to court in Aberdeen for walking around town at Christmas wearing masks and dancing. Finally, in 1644, the celebration of Christmas was banned throughout England by a special Act of Parliament.

After such persecution in Scotland, the celebration of Christmas never reached its former popularity, only a few rites survived, most of them began to coincide with the New Year. And at present, December 24-25 there are working days, and a holiday is considered New Year- January 1-2.

In England already in late XVII v. Christmas began to be celebrated again, but during 19th century the rites that accompanied him changed, and by the beginning of the 20th century. From a great social event throughout the community, Christmas has become a purely family holiday, only some of its old customs have survived to this day. Everywhere, for example, the custom is observed among the British to exchange gifts on Christmas Day. With the introduction of Christianity, this custom was associated with the bringing of gifts to the baby Jesus by three magicians of the East. In memory of this, gifts are given first of all to children.

Good old gentleman carrying gifts to children Santa Claus, red-cheeked, with a long white beard, dressed in a red fur coat and a high red cap. Some identify Santa Claus with creatures underworld- gnomes, which, in their opinion, confirms its appearance. Usually at Christmas gifts are received not only by children, but also by adults, before dinner they are presented to everyone by the youngest member of the family.

Since the 19th century it has become customary to exchange greeting cards - instead of obligatory once personal congratulations on the holiday. In 1843, the first Christmas card was printed in the printing house, and soon their production became a special branch of printing production. In the design of postcards, motifs of old traditional Christmas customs are often found: a robin, which since the 18th century. often replaces the wren in rituals, branches of eternal greenery - holly, ivy, mistletoe, and on Scottish postcards the image of heather twigs intertwined with tartan ribbons - national symbol Scotland. Such postcards are sent in large numbers to Scottish emigrants around the world for Christmas as a reminder of the Motherland they left.

Christmas dinner and today includes such traditional dishes as stuffed turkey (in the British) or roast goose (in Wales, Ireland) and an indispensable plum pudding. The old custom of decorating the house for Christmas with branches of eternal greenery - ivy, holly, etc. is still preserved. As before, they strengthen a sprig of white mistletoe above the door. According to custom, once a year, on Christmas Eve, men have the right to kiss any girl who stops under a decoration from this plant. This does not happen often, and in order not to waste time in vain, one person decided to decorate a mirror with amela branches so that he could kiss all the girls who stopped to admire themselves.

Apparently, the late transformation of the custom of decorating houses with evergreens was
Christmas Tree, as a symbol of undying nature. The custom of decorating a spruce appeared in England relatively recently, in mid-nineteenth century, and was brought here from Germany. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert hosted the first Christmas tree for their children at Windsor, and the trend quickly spread. Now in almost every English house for Christmas, they decorate the Christmas tree with multi-colored shiny toys and sweets, on the top of it they usually strengthen the Christmas fairy or a large silver star. During the Second World War, England, where the Norwegian king and government were at that time, was first smuggled out of occupied Norway by a huge fir tree, which was installed in Trafalgar Square. Since then, such a spruce tree has been annually presented by the city of Oslo to the British capital, and it is installed on the same square. It is decorated with Christmas toys, multi-colored electric bulbs.

Finally, from the once widespread processions of mummers and dramatic performances, Christmas pantomimes and masquerade balls, arranged in all theaters and concert halls on the days of Christmas time, originate. The second day of Christmas in the church calendar is dedicated to St. Stephen. In England this day is called boxing day(Boxing day). This name comes from the custom to install special piggy bank boxes in churches before Christmas, where offerings for the poor were lowered.

On the day of St. Stephen, the pastor distributed the collected money among his parishioners. Later, the boxes were no longer installed in the church, but the poor of the parish gathered in groups on St. Stefan with a box-piggy bank went around the houses, receiving small coins. Such groups consisted of apprentices, apprentices, messengers, etc. And now the tradition has still been preserved to present small amounts of money to clerks, messengers and servants on this day.

In England and Scotland, an essential part of the Christmas holiday is ritual food- dinner on Christmas Eve and lunch on the first day of Christmas. The British and the Scottish nobility, descended from the Scandinavians or Normans, throughout the Middle Ages, the traditional Christmas dish was a boar's head.

However, among the Celtic peoples, this dish never appeared on holiday tables. Perhaps the reason for this was the ancient Celtic ban on eating pork. Such a ban persisted for a long time in some remote corners of the Highlands.

In Scotland, Ireland and Wales, a piece of roast beef or goat meat was usually prepared for Christmas dinner - the Christmas bull (Yule bull) or the Christmas goat (Yule goat). But gradually, roasted (in Ireland, Wales) or smoked (in Scotland) goose became a traditional meat dish for Christmas. It has remained the main Christmas dish to this day in Wales and Scotland (Highland). In England, since the XVIII century. its place was taken by fried or stuffed turkey.

had ritual significance drinks and foods made from cereals... In Aberdeenshire and the north-east of Scotland it was customary to place on the table on Christmas Eve a large goblet of a special Christmas drink called sowans. It was prepared from fermented and fermented barley grain, with the addition of honey and cream. The drink was poured into small wooden cups, at the bottom of which some object was placed: if the drinker saw a ring at the bottom, this is for a wedding, a coin for wealth, a button for celibacy, etc.

For many centuries, all inhabitants british isles a common dish at Christmas was a special oatmeal plum-porridge(plum-porridge), cooked in meat broth, bread crumbs, raisins, almonds, prunes and honey were also added to it and served very hot. During the XVIII century. plum-porridge is gradually being replaced plum pudding(plum-pudding), and by the middle of the XIX century. the latter becomes the main dish of the Christmas table. Plum pudding is made from bread crumbs with the addition of various spices, fruits, poured with rum and lit before serving. It remains the custom to hide small silver coins and jewelry in the Christmas pudding - "for good luck".

In the past it was customary for the Scots, Irish and Welsh to bake for Christmas special bread... It was supposed to be baked only on Christmas Eve, between sunset and sunrise. Christmas bread was a large round cake, on which a cross was cut with a knife before baking. They also baked Christmas oatmeal cakes - round, with jagged edges and a hole in the middle; judging by the shape, they were supposed to symbolize the sun. It was the custom in the Highlands to invite every passer-by to the house at Christmas. The guest was offered a piece of such a cake with cheese and a sip of alcohol.

In all wealthy houses, baking was carried out and beer was brewed not only for themselves, but also for distribution to the poor, watchmen, workers, shepherds. On the eve of Christmas Eve, on the so-called "small christmas eve"(Swedish - lille ju-lafton, Norwegian - julaften, Danish - ju-leaften), rich alms were distributed, especially in the houses of priests, to each house included in the parish. The gifts consisted of bread, meat, porridge, beer, candles.

On Christmas Eve before sunset, all the villagers gathered in the church. Upon returning home, everyone sat down for a festive treat. With Christmas comes the general celebration; there is not even a single poor house where this event would not be celebrated. The smallest bread cake is always kept in hiding from one Christmas to the next or even more. long time... Often there were cases that an 80-90-year-old woman kept a bread cake baked in her youth.

And now in the UK they are still preparing for the New Year special traditional dishes... Breakfast is usually served with oatmeal cakes, pudding, a special kind of cheese - kebben (Kebben), for lunch - roast goose or steak, pie, apples baked in dough. New Year's oat cakes among the Celtic peoples had a special shape - round with a hole in the middle. We tried not to break them during baking, as this would be a bad omen.

The table decoration is christmas cake... According to an old recipe, it should be stuffed with the following items, which allegedly predict fate for the coming year: a ring - for a wedding, a coin - for wealth, a small horseshoe - for good luck.

Currently baked in Scotland for New Year's table large round shortbread cake, with tucks around the edges, decorated with sugar-cooked almonds, nuts, sweets, sugar and marzipan figurines. Every year a huge number of such cakes are sent to all corners the globe Scots in exile. They are usually decorated with national emblems - heather, Scottish cross, arms crossed over the sea, mountains, etc.

In the UK you will be met Christmas carols, church mass and pudding and turkey typical of English cuisine. On Christmas Eve, crowds of people gather in Trafalgar Square, England's main Christmas tree, where charitable organizations put on performances for adults and children with carol singing. Approximately the same thing happens in Leicester Square, where a fun fair takes place. Residents and tourists can have fun at carnivals and festivities in Coven Garden, warm up at the traditional Christmas swimming competition for the Peter Pan Prize, and then relax in Hyde Park and the Serpentine Pond.

There are especially many people in Edinburgh on New Year's Eve on Princes Street... New Year's services are going on in the churches. Fruit and confectionery shops are open all night. The onset of the New Year is heralded by the ringing of bells, whistles and sirens of factories. After 12 o'clock everyone congratulates each other and goes home, to holiday tables.

Christmas in England loomed as early as October, when most of them sat down at home at the table and, sticking out the tip of the tongue in diligence, wrote Christmas Lists to the Father of Christmas with the most serious look. Shopkeepers in England, don't be fools, have been in a hurry to sell various thematic junk just from that moment ... In general, all this is an established age-old Tradition. In the United Kingdom, there are probably more traditions, rituals, omens, jumps, bziks and other things associated with the winter festivities than in the rest of Europe. Moreover, there are old traditions, and there are relatively young ones, but they have already managed to firmly cement themselves in the bowels of the British mentality. Here, for example: from the end of the 19th century, Advent Calendars came to England from Germany. Initially, they had a purely religious "adult" purpose, but soon children began to use them. And now every year, starting from the first of December, the whole of underage Britain is "counting down to the Advent", and the calendars themselves can be crazy: flashing, chocolate, waffle, in the form of Martian heads ... In fairness, we note that most of the buildings here are only beginning to be decorated two weeks before Christmas. Trees, many of which still have leaves, are entangled with tinsel (glitter), wires with light bulbs (flicker), tartan ribbons (curl and rustle), and many others. other manifestations of the British sense of beauty. The lawns in front of the houses are usually completely hidden by statues of the Father of Christmas, wreaths of holly and ivy, and in the windows - so that no one else seems to be enough - they turn on the welcoming Scandinavian lights! All this, in fact, is called Tradition. The kids are really good here. On Christmas Eve they go to bed after prayers and Christmas stories are read to them. Before that, they always leave a mince pie and milk for Father Christmas "and (and a carrot for a certain Rudolph) - otherwise you won’t see gifts! In the morning, at dawn, children with greedy eyes burst into the bedrooms of their sleepy ancestors and drive them quickly down to the living room , where under the Christmas tree, in stockings or in special socks, lies “what they have been waiting for so long.” At lunchtime (one in the afternoon), relatives and friends come to the house, everyone kisses, squeezes, gives Presents, enthusiastically discusses some some nonsense and, finally, they sit down for a Christmas dinner. Actually, some holidays the British, with their dull insipid cuisine, still somehow manage not to spoil it from a gastronomic point of view - Christmas is one of them. shrimp appetizers, then the main thing - turkey in currant sauce, and for dessert - Christmas Pudding or Christmas Pie ... But usually it's much worse! At three o'clock in the afternoon, old Queen Elizabeth is being played on TV with a festive speech to british m-m... people, then they still stare at the box for some time, in which they prepared "all the best and funny", and then, if the family is absolutely right, they play charades or board games that require ingenuity. The true home of Christmas and the Cradle of most traditions is undoubtedly London. These days the atmosphere in the metropolis is just electric. The streets sparkle under the influence of the magic of thousands of magic light bulbs and other design ideas. Fresh air cheeks and nose tingle, and frost transforms the city into a Christmas Wonderland, described by Dickens - the British, by the way, love to make this comparison ... But for all that, London allows you to experience all the shades of the "holiday atmosphere". The most luxurious junk is thrown into the windows, choirs of all stripes sing in the corners, in the passages and in churches, all drinking and eating establishments offer special menus and some special entertainment, and the streets, theaters (open and closed) and squares are flooded with entertainers , pop groups and even clowns.

But, for both ours and the London man, X-mas is first and foremost, of course, Phaser Shopping. Despite the generally poorly disguised high cost, Christmas sales in London usually do not let you get bored. Sales are officially announced on the twentieth of December, but it is important to know that a really serious price reduction occurs after Christmas, when people no longer need to buy gifts from people. The largest discounts are provided by department stores - stores department (this year, mostly on December 27). The most shopping slaughter can be observed in the West End and in the Oxford Street area. The most luxurious place is Selfridges dear to the Russian heart (and in general the center of Russian culture in London!) Each time it is somehow thematically decorated according to some one plan, and it is always done, of course, with great taste. In another no less pleasant place, Liberty's (true English fabrics for the production of women's clothing are found here), prices are reduced by up to 50% during the sales period. In addition, the store is located in a 16th-century building and its showcases are among the most beautiful in London. A store named Simpson's is interesting in that on all its five floors they sell almost exclusively goods for gentlemen. It is doubtful that anyone other than the British would have ventured into such a rigid specialization. Harrod's is considered the flagship of London, and indeed British supermarkets - they say there are people who just spent several days looking at its windows ... This is where everything your heart desires is really sold! And that's all at exorbitant schizophrenic prices. But what is here what makes me really happy is that "the staff works until the last whim of the last customer is satisfied"... Discounts in this store are also "the best" and in crazy waste reach up to 75%! common sense, these discounts are about the same as if we reduced 75 cm from the height of a skyscraper ... In London, it is customary to start sales on Saturday, but Harrod's announces them half a week later, on Wednesday, without any doubt in their own superiority. And it does, as they say, on the first day of the sale, a turnover equal to a month. And they probably don't lie. Here it is - the power of habits and traditions. For the Christmas sale (with the most significant discounts for the year), all stores are preparing in advance, from about mid-October. The windows are populated by angels, snowmen, reindeer broods and Santa Claus cohorts. By the way, keep in mind that you can give everything in the world for Christmas in England, from Adam to Potsdam, depending on your tastes and capabilities. The latest trend is to shorten time and nervous stress during shopping, as well as contrive to pervert and buy something SUCH-THAT, that no one dares to call junk! For example, a ticket for a helicopter ride (the whole fashion now). In this regard, the Internet, which distributes such things, is stepping on the tail of traditional shopping centers. For people with less quirks, the opportunity to pervert materializes in a more modest disease - in the choice of 100,000 varieties of festive wrapping paper ... Have you bought gifts? And what did they turn into? And here we are - look - what a nice little piece of paper ... etc., etc. ...

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Many domestic travelers and tourists, going on vacation to European countries, do not even realize how much the customs and traditions of Europeans differ from those adopted in Russia. In each country, for a long time, their own rules of conduct, norms of etiquette, and ways of expressing feelings, affections or emotions were formed. The same gesture or expression in different countries can be interpreted in opposite ways, which sometimes makes both the tourist and the resident of the country where the traveler has arrived blush. To prevent this from happening, any person traveling abroad must certainly get acquainted with the main traditions and customs adopted in a particular country. This article is devoted to the rules and norms of behavior in various fields human activities that can be found in the countries of the Old World.

European etiquette and its features

The word "etiquette" came into widespread use as early as the 17th century, at a time when King Louis 14 ruled in France. Once, at a large secular reception, all guests received special cards that indicated exactly how one should specific admission. Since that time, the concept of "etiquette" began to spread rapidly outside the French state, first in Europe, and then in all countries of the world. In Western Europe, etiquette was closely associated with the customs and traditions inherent in each country, the generally accepted behavior was influenced by religious rites, superstitions, everyday habits of people. According to many modern historians, the etiquette that exists at the moment has absorbed all the best, while being based precisely on those traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation in European states. Some norms have come down to us in their original form, others, under the influence of time, have changed significantly. In any case, it must be remembered that almost all the requirements of etiquette are rather conditional, and depend on many factors, such as place, time, and circumstances under which they may be applicable.

Why do you think it is customary for a woman to walk holding a man under her right hand?

From the time when men began to wear piercing and cutting weapons: a sword, saber or dagger, it was customary to wear them on the left. Therefore, the companion could only walk side by side on the right side. Currently, there are no such obstacles (unless the man in the family is a military man), but the tradition of walking to the right of the man is still preserved.

The globalization of the modern world has made it possible to combine and mix many traditions and customs of Europeans. This is especially noticeable when holding such a celebration as a wedding. Many European wedding or wedding traditions are quite well known in Russia, and some will surprise you with their uniqueness.

The Hungarian bride always puts her shoes in the middle of the room, in which everyone who wants to dance with her must put a coin. The same custom exists in Portugal.

In Romania, it is customary to sprinkle the young with rose petals, millet and nuts before entering the house.

Wedding Traditions in Slovakia

For a long and prosperous life in Slovakia, the bride gives her future husband a ring and an elegant silk shirt embroidered with gold. In return, the groom gives his future wife a chastity belt, a fur hat, a rosary and a silver ring.

Norwegian newlyweds plant two spruces, and Swiss - one pine.

Before the wedding ceremony, in Germany, close relatives and friends of the young people break a lot of dishes. Newlyweds from France secure their union by drinking wine from the same goblet.

Wedding traditions in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, it is customary to have a banquet before, not after, the wedding.

In England, brides put a pin or small horseshoe in their wedding dress for good luck.

Finnish brides marry with a crown on their heads.

In Sweden, the bride receives two coins from her parents: gold from her mother, silver from her father. The bride puts these coins in her wedding shoes.

Advice

Only at first glance it seems that European wedding traditions are observed less and less over time. In fact, even in large cities, brides and grooms try to hold a wedding event in accordance with generally accepted norms and traditions.

European weddings

Culinary traditions of the Old World

European traditions regarding the preparation and use of food are considered to be among the most ancient in the world. The cuisine of the peoples of Europe is very diverse, while being quite complex and refined. Each country of the Old World boasts its own national characteristics in cooking, its own traditions in its use, as well as a variety of products and spices.

Southern European cuisine is characterized by the addition of wine to many dishes. Eastern European cuisine is represented by nomadic dishes - simple and hearty. Central European cuisine is, as a rule, dishes from Hungary and Poland, and in Western Europe they love complex French cuisine, and solid German cuisine - with potatoes, meat, and beer.

Conclusion:

The customs and traditions of the peoples of Europe are in many ways different from those to which we are accustomed. Features of European etiquette apply to all spheres of life - from weddings to culinary passions. Today, the observance of traditions has become not only the personification of rich culture and history of the country, but also an important principle for the preservation of its statehood, and the formation of mass culture. Since the middle of the last century, the mass culture of the Old World began to gain momentum, influencing all areas of activity - from production to the life of an ordinary European. Most of all, the youth was imbued with mass culture, which began to express it in clothes, music, lifestyle, and ways of spending leisure time. The speed of the spread of culture to the masses is due to the high speed of development of information technology, the emergence of a large number of media, as well as an increase in the level of education.

Festive European traditions

Like any other continent, Europe has its own traditions and customs. Some of them may be quite unusual for those who live in other parts of the world. Even the inhabitants of Europe may not know about others if the custom is common in only one country. All this is incredibly interesting, and sometimes useful; for example, a tradition called hygge would definitely be useful to anyone. Take a look at this list and think about what traditions you would like to follow?

Smearing the bride and groom with something sticky, and then sprinkling with feathers

This tradition was already almost forgotten, but miraculously returned and spread again in Scotland. The essence of this custom is that the bride and groom are kidnapped by their friends, after which they are covered with substances like flour, custard or soot, and then sprinkled with feathers. It is believed that this unusual procedure will bring good luck to the couple. Yes, the ritual may seem harsh enough, however, the bride and groom only strengthen the relationship, experiencing such an adventure together. The wedding dress is not spoiled in the process, because everything happens not on the wedding day, but a few days earlier.

Calm attitude to being topless

In most countries of the world, even if the society is quite freedom-loving, it is forbidden for women to be naked in public. For example, in America it is embarrassing even to breastfeed a child, and going out topless on the street is simply unacceptable. However, for some Europeans, this is not a problem at all. In Germany, it is allowed to be naked in a sauna, swimming pool, park and on the beach. This is also the norm in Finland, where people are freely naked to visit the public sauna. In these countries, people are more relaxed about the issue of nudity, while in other continents, even in the bath, it is customary to stay in a towel or swimsuit.

Swedish tradition of cleaning before death

It may sound bleak, but the Swedes have a really practical approach. To protect their loved ones from the hard feelings after death, the elderly sort their things in last years own life. This does not mean that they plan to die. They simply go through all their belongings and get rid of unnecessary little things so as not to force relatives or friends to clean up at a difficult moment. This trend is not represented in other countries, however, it is gradually gaining popularity. It is not even necessary to associate it specifically with death - getting rid of unnecessary things is important at any age. This helps to feel calmer at home, without being distracted by clutter and unnecessary little things.

Entertainment for schoolchildren throughout the month in Norway

Norway takes graduation celebrations very seriously - they have a tradition that involves celebrations throughout the whole month. Young people drink any amount of alcohol they want and party all the time. There is nothing like it in the world. Sometimes this leads to negative consequences, such as injuries, however, as a rule, everything is in order. Older generations put up with this tradition, because it has existed for more than a hundred years. It is believed that this is permissible, because such fun happens only once in a lifetime. Otherwise, such behavior would be prohibited.

The Cozy Danish Secret of Happiness

Hygge is not just a tradition, it is a way of life for the inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries. Hygge has been around for centuries, according to Meik Wiking, who wrote a book about the tradition. This is a central part of Danish culture, familiar to every inhabitant of the country. It describes how one should live and relate to things. This concept may be the secret to happiness. You need to understand that this is a special approach to life. Some people think that hygge is just cozy and warm, but it's not just about aesthetics. The bottom line is to let go of the annoying things that stress you out emotionally and prioritize the things that really matter. It helps to feel comfortable own home and enjoy the simple moments of life.

Jumping over children in Spain

Jumping over children is the most unusual version of leapfrog you can imagine. The Spanish tradition has been observed every year for hundreds of years in the village of Castrillo de Murcia. During the festival, some people dress up as devils being cast out by the priests. They jump over children born in the previous year to protect them from illness and misfortune. This may seem dangerous, but there is no information about accidents, fortunately. Despite the absence of injuries, some want to cancel this religious festival. Even the Pope recommended that Spanish priests abandon this practice. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that the tradition, which has existed for several centuries, will quickly disappear - the locals love it very much.

Dangerous Cheese Tradition

Every year in Gloucestershire, England, people race for a head of cheese. Competitors chase a large head of Gloucester cheese as it rolls down a hillside, risking injury and falling. The tradition originated in the nineteenth century, although there are opinions that it has existed much longer. In 2009, the event was officially canceled because it attracted too many participants and spectators, which raised doubts about safety. Nevertheless, it turned out that this is too popular a tradition - unofficial events are still held. Interestingly, in other parts of England, people are not in a hurry to risk themselves for the sake of cheese. One way or another, the inhabitants of Gloucester do not plan to abandon their custom.

Rhinestones in the eyes in the Netherlands

If you have ever dreamed of your eyes shining brighter, you can quite literally achieve this. In the Netherlands, there is a procedure that allows you to implant jewelry in the eyes. It is reported that such decoration does not cause any side effects. In other countries, doctors usually do not dare to take such steps. Most likely, the trend will not spread, because some doctors are sure that this is dangerous.

Incredible boredom to fall asleep quickly in Norway

In Norway, there is an amazing way to fall asleep faster. The inhabitants of this country love to watch incredibly boring television shows. This genre is called "slow TV" and is the equivalent of neutral background music. Viewers turn on such programs when they want to acquire a background that does not attract all the attention. On the screen for several hours, people are shown who are busy knitting, or a burning fire. The genre is even spreading to other countries - everyone can test whether they can stay awake while watching something like this. One of the most popular shows is a train journey that lasts seven hours and includes only landscapes outside the window.

Bath regattas

This unique race is held in Belgium and has an unusual history. According to the Air Force, the first race was in 1982, when Alberto Serpagli found forty used tubs. They were sold for next to nothing local market... Bathtubs have been transformed into makeshift vehicles for moving on water. This is how the history of the regatta began, in which people go down the river, sitting in a bath or a boat created on its basis. This is a very popular event that takes place every year. Who would have thought that a bathtub could be used as a boat?

Many of the tourists, deciding to go on vacation to a new European country, are completely unaware that the customs and traditions in Europe are fundamentally different from Russian standards. Each country, for example, has its own rules of etiquette and violation of them can at least make a tourist blush for his behavior, so it’s better to get acquainted with the traditions of the peoples of Europe before you go on a trip.

In this article, I would like to dwell on etiquette in Europe, as well as on the wedding and culinary traditions of the Old World.

Traditions and customs of the peoples of Europe. Etiquette

The concept of etiquette came into widespread use in the 17th century. During the reign of the French king Louis XIV, before one of their receptions, all guests were given cards in which some rules of conduct were written at this very reception. It was etiquette, as a tradition of Western Europe, that quickly spread to other countries of the continent, and then to the whole world.

in the west European countries ah etiquette developed under the great influence of traditional customs. Different layers of society, prejudices and superstitions, religious rites determined the development of etiquette in those days.

At present, many believe that modern etiquette has inherited only the best of the customs and traditions of Europe, being passed down from generation to generation. And if some norms of behavior have remained unchanged to this day, then, probably, there is no need to argue with folk wisdom.

However, do not forget that some requirements regarding etiquette are rather conditional and directly depend on time, place and circumstances.

For example, we can recall that just a few centuries ago a man could carry a sword, dagger or saber on his left side, and if a woman walked next to him, then naturally, so as not to touch the weapon, she walked to his right. Now there are no such interferences (except in families where the man is a military man), but the tradition has been preserved.

Wedding traditions in Europe

In modern Europe, over a long period of its development, the traditions and customs of countries have intermingled with each other. This largely applies to the preparation and conduct of wedding celebrations.

Some of the wedding traditions of Europe are well known to the people of Russia, but others can be a real revelation for us.

For example, in Hungary, the bride must take off her shoes and put them in the middle of the room, and whoever wants to invite her to dance must throw coins into the shoes. The same custom is common at weddings in Portugal.

At weddings in Romania, newlyweds are showered with millet, nuts or rose petals.

A bride in Slovakia should present her chosen one with a ring and a silk shirt embroidered with gold threads. And the groom in return should give her a silver ring, a fur hat, a rosary and a chastity belt.

In Norway, the bride and groom must plant two Christmas trees, and in Switzerland - a pine tree.

At German weddings, before the ceremony, the bride's friends and relatives break dishes near her house, and the French newlyweds drink wine from a goblet as a sign of happiness and love.

A festive banquet in Holland is usually held before the wedding ceremony itself.

English brides stab on their wedding dress horseshoe or mace of happiness.

The heads of brides in Finland must be decorated with a crown.

Before starting a wedding in Sweden, the bride puts two coins in her shoes that her parents gave her - her mother is gold, and her father is silver.

Each such wedding tradition in European countries is unique, and what is most pleasant - they even through long years do not lose their relevance and live in the memory of modern Europeans.

Culinary traditions of the peoples of Europe

The culinary traditions of Europe are not the oldest in the world, but the innate enterprise and curiosity of its inhabitants have made the cuisine of the continent extremely complex and varied.

Culinary traditions of the peoples of Europe are amazing recipes national dishes different countries. This is rather a collective concept, because each country can be proud of its own culinary features and traditions.

In Central Europe, Polish and Hungarian dishes predominate. Crown recipes are the preparation of goulash, strudel, vegetable soup with dill, etc.

Dishes of Eastern Europe are extremely diverse. The customs of cooking were passed on to modern residents from the nomads who settled these lands many centuries ago.

In Western Europe, French cuisine is distinguished, the chefs of which know a lot about vegetables and good wine. The neighbors of the French - the Germans cannot imagine their life without potatoes, meat and beer.

The cuisine of Northern Europe is extremely diverse. From beer with chips or fish to creme brulee and chocolate fudge.

Particularly noteworthy are the recipes for duck in orange sauce and chicken huntsman.

A distinctive feature of South European cuisine is the addition of wine to many dishes, which is also served without fail on the table before a meal.

Modern European culture

In conclusion, the article should be noted that, starting from the second half of the 20th century, the concept of mass culture arose in Europe - a characteristic phenomenon in the 20th century, which was caused by mass consumption and production.

Popular culture has taken over different areas life, and most fully manifested in youth subculture(for example, rock music, etc.).

There was a noticeable strengthening of it thanks to the media, raising the level of literacy of the population and the development of information technology.

Christmas and New Years are the perfect time to visit Europe. German Christmas markets, a papal performance, grand New Year's Eve parties, a visit to Santa's residence in Lapland - each of the European countries can make your Christmas special.

In European countries, they attach more importance to Christmas Eve, which must be spent with the family. Therefore, even at Christmas, many restaurants, bars, cafes and shops are open here. Often New Year's festivities begin only with midnight bells, and after that everyone has fun until dawn.

This itinerary is based solely on what can be seen in different countries. You will have to travel by plane to these wonderful places, but low cost airlines usually offer fantastic discounts during the winter months. So, such a trip will not cost fabulous money.

In late November/early December, head to Salzburg for the Advent Singing Festival. Christmas markets in Germany usually close on Christmas Eve. So hurry up to get your portion of spicy mulled wine. Paris and London are also great for the Christmas holidays. In these European capitals, many illuminated displays are installed every year - come and see for yourself!

Visit Santa in Lapland and then head to Finland to admire northern lights... On New Year's Eve, make your way to Scotland to take part in the traditional Hogmanay celebration. In early January, visit Spain for the Day of the Three Kings or, as it is otherwise called, the Day of the Three Wise Men. It is on January 5 that a ship with three travelers arrives in the cities of Spain, and the streets are filled with artists, buffoons and circus performers.

And although December is very traditionally considered the low season, the Christmas holidays are an exception. Therefore, we recommend booking hotel rooms in advance.

Italy

What is it like to be in Italy for Christmas? To imagine, you should learn more about the Christmas traditions of this country.

It will surprise you that Italian children do not write letters to Santa Claus to ask for gifts. These touching messages contain declarations of love for parents. The Christmas dinner here is called "The Feast of the Seven Fishes" because each table should have seven different seafood dishes. Meat is not served at Christmas. Also, be sure to wear red underwear on New Year's Eve. This should bring good luck in the new year.

Germany

Many German Christmas traditions are now spread all over the world. It was here that they began to decorate Christmas trees and hang wreaths of coniferous branches on the doors. Festive markets run all over Germany until Christmas Eve. Here you can buy souvenirs, fragrant mulled wine, traditional pastries: vanilla crescents with hazelnuts, cinnamon stars, macaroons and gingerbread. For dinner, it is customary to bake a goose, and dumplings and cabbage are served as a side dish.

In Austria, in the South of Bavaria, as well as in Munich, an unusual Krampus procession takes place on two Sundays in December. Krampus is the evil counterpart of Saint Nicholas. Instead of a bag of gifts, Krampus is holding chains, a bundle of birch twigs, and a bag in which he will carry naughty children to hell. In recent years this interesting tradition is becoming more and more popular. Germans and tourists dress up as Krampus, who looks like a goat, and go for a walk through the streets of the city.

If you are traveling with children, then we recommend that you visit the Christmas markets, see the performances of artists, jugglers and gymnasts. Be sure to try the German stollen. This is a traditional candied fruit cake that will win you over with its magical taste!

Switzerland

Is there a better place for Christmas than the Swiss Alps? The Christmas markets in Switzerland are not as nostalgic as those in Germany, but are nonetheless very popular.

In Basel sprawled under open air the largest Christmas market in all of Switzerland. Here you will find charming handicrafts and lots of sweets. Zurich has four Christmas markets every year. The largest indoor market in all of Switzerland starts on December 8th. And on December 17, the annual festival of floating lights will be held here.

In Bern, the largest Christmas market is located among the houses built in the 15th-17th century. You will be able to make pleasant purchases and admire the medieval architecture. The Bernese Christmas market at Waisenhausplatz is open until December 29th, which means it stays open longer than most and will keep you warm with mulled wine almost until New Year's Eve.

Portugal

In this country, the obligatory attribute of Christmas is the so-called Janeiras. These are small groups of people who go from house to house, singing traditional songs and sometimes accompanying themselves on musical instruments. It is more customary for us to call this phenomenon “carols”. Usually groups of friends or neighbors carol in Portugal.

The Portuguese attach great importance nativity scenes. In the village of Penela, up to five different nativity scenes are installed annually, some even use 3D technology. There is also a Christmas train running here, and an amazingly detailed model of the railway with 10 trains. There are daily themed crafting workshops. New Year's toys... The Christmas market will delight you with souvenirs and treats, and magicians, jugglers and clowns will not let you get bored.

Austria

One of the world's favorite Christmas songs was born in Austria. "Silent Night" or Stille Nacht is performed all over the world, although in a slightly different way than Franz Gruber's original version sounded.

If you are lucky enough to be in Salzburg in early December, be sure to visit the Advent Singing Festival. In 2017, the Salzberg Advent Singing Festival will be held for the 70th anniversary. For the first time performers from all over the world came here in 1946. Next year the festival will return to its roots, its theme will once again be the revival of the post-war world. Visit this touching event and you will never forget this encounter with art.

France

Did you know that since 1962, every child in France who sent a letter to Santa, or Noel as they call him here, got a reply? As in all of Europe, December 25 is a non-working day that all French people tend to spend with their families. And children find gifts under a festively decorated spruce. The doors of houses are traditionally decorated with pine wreaths. And in Alsace, it is customary to richly decorate the house with garlands and luminous figures.

Young French people often spend New Year's Eve in the clubs of Paris or other major cities. But France offers unique alternatives for celebrating the New Year. You can enjoy a romantic cruise on the River Seine, admire the torchlight procession or go on a tour of the city of Avignon, which will enchant you with festive illuminations.

UK and Scotland

The main attribute of New Year's Eve in London is fantastically beautiful fireworks. Most clubs in London organize special parties on New Year's Eve. And restaurants arrange a gala dinner with a show program on New Year's Eve. You can also take a cruise on the River Thames or attend a New Year's Eve themed ball at the famous Torture Garden.

Nowhere do they celebrate the New Year as cheerfully as in Scotland they celebrate the traditional Hogmanay (Hogmanay). The Scots adopted this custom from the Varangians, who had fun on the shortest day of the year. Immediately after midnight, it is supposed to go to friends and family to congratulate everyone, moving from house to house.

It is considered a good omen if an attractive brunette crosses the threshold of the house first in the new year, in whose hands there should be coal, whiskey, shortbread cookies and a chocolate muffin. In return, such a visitor receives a full glass of excellent whiskey, because the guest portends good luck, prosperity and prosperity. It is believed that this belief appeared at a time when the blond Vikings made their raids on the homes of the Scots. So it turns out that a brunette on the threshold of the house is a harbinger of happiness.

Climate in Italy

Italy is called sunny, but the weather here is very capricious. The country is located on the Apennine Peninsula. Despite the small area, the terrain varies significantly between regions. It is because of this, and also because of the significant length from north to south, that the climate in Italy has a number of features that cannot be ignored when planning a trip.

Transport in Italy

No trip is complete without transportation. Trains and planes, buses and sea connections - all this is an integral part of travel. To visit the best corners of sunny Italy, it is better to get acquainted with the culture of the country, it is worth not only laying the route, but also getting acquainted with all the intricacies of local public transport and traffic.

What to bring from Italy

When we hear “shopping in Italy”, we most often think of fashion boutiques, then we think of olive oil, pasta, cheese; someone may have associations with Venetian glass or carnival masks. So what is next? Next - we bring to your attention a list of popular, original and simply interesting souvenirs and other products that may interest you, and some even turn out to be very useful.