Dostoevsky's acquaintances with folk art. Biography of the writer

In October 1821, a second child was born to the family of Mikhail Dostoevsky, a nobleman working in a hospital for the poor. The boy was named Fyodor. So the future was born great writer, author immortal works The Idiot, The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment.

They say that Fyodor Dostoevsky's father was distinguished by a very hot-tempered character, which, to some extent, was passed on to the future writer. The emotional nature was skillfully "extinguished" by the children's nanny, Alena Frolovna. Otherwise, the children were forced to grow up in an atmosphere of total fear and obedience, which, however, also had some impact on the future of the writer.

Study in St. Petersburg and the beginning of the creative path

1837 was not an easy year for the Dostoevsky family. Mom leaves this life. The father, in whose care seven children remain, decides to send the eldest sons to a boarding house in St. Petersburg. So Fedor, along with his older brother, finds himself in northern capital... Here he goes to study at a military engineering school. A year before graduation, he begins to engage in translations. And in 1843 he published his own translation of the work of Balzac "Eugene Grande".

Own creative way the writer begins with the story "Poor People". The tragedy described little man found worthy praise from the critic Belinsky and the poet Nekrasov, already popular at that time. Dostoevsky enters the circle of writers, meets Turgenev.

In the next three years, Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes the works "The Double", "The Mistress", "White Nights", "Netochka Nezvanova". In all of them, he made an attempt to penetrate the human soul, describing in detail the subtleties of the characters' character. But these works were received very coolly by critics. Nekrasov and Turgenev, who were revered by Dostoevsky, did not accept innovation either. This forced the writer to distance himself from friends.

In exile

In 1849, the writer was sentenced to death penalty... This was due to the "Petrashevsky case", in which a sufficient evidence base was collected. The writer was preparing for the worst, but just before his execution, his sentence was changed. At the last moment, the sentenced are read out a decree according to which they must go to hard labor. All the time that Dostoevsky spent awaiting execution, all his emotions and experiences, he tried to display in the image of the hero of the novel "The Idiot" Prince Myshkin.

The writer spent four years in hard labor. Then he was pardoned for good behavior and sent to serve in the military battalion of Semipalatinsk. He immediately found his destiny: in 1857 he married the widow of the official Isaev. It should be noted that during the same period Fyodor Dostoevsky turned to religion, deeply idealizing the image of Christ.

In 1859 the writer moved to Tver, and then to St. Petersburg. Ten years of wandering through penal servitude and military service made him very sensitive to human suffering. The writer has undergone a real revolution in his worldview.

European period

The beginning of the 60s was marked by stormy events in the writer's personal life: he fell in love with Appolinaria Suslova, who fled abroad with another. Fyodor Dostoevsky followed his beloved to Europe and traveled with her for two months. different countries... At the same time, he became addicted to playing roulette.

The year 1865 was marked by the writing of "Crime and Punishment". After its publication, fame came to the writer. At the same time, in his life appears new love... She was a young stenographer Anna Snitkina, who became his faithful friend until her death. With her, he fled from Russia, hiding from large debts. Already in Europe he wrote the novel "The Idiot".

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881)

Great Russian writer. Was born in Moscow. Father, Mikhail Andreevich - head physician of the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor; in 1828 he received the title of hereditary nobleman. Mother - Maria Fedorovna (nee Nechaeva). The Dostoevsky family had six more children.

In May 1837 future writer goes with his brother Mikhail to St. Petersburg and enters the preparatory boarding school of KF Kostomarov. A literary circle was formed around Dostoevsky at the school. After graduating from college (end of 1843), he was enrolled as a field engineer-second lieutenant in the Petersburg engineering team, but already at the beginning of the summer of 1844, having decided to devote himself entirely to literature, he resigned and resigned with the rank of lieutenant. He finished translating the story "Eugene Grande" by Balzac. The translation became the first published literary work Dostoevsky. In May 1845, after numerous alterations, he finished the novel Poor People, which had an exceptional success.

From March-April 1847 Dostoevsky became a visitor to the “Fridays” of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. He also participates in the organization of a secret printing house for printing appeals to the peasants and soldiers. Dostoevsky was arrested on April 23, 1849; during his arrest, his archive was taken away and, probably, destroyed in Section III. Dostoevsky spent eight months in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress under investigation, during which he showed courage, hiding many facts and trying to mitigate the guilt of his comrades as much as possible. On December 22, 1849, Dostoevsky, together with others, awaited execution of the death sentence on the Semenovsky parade ground. By the resolution of Nicholas I, the execution was replaced by a 4-year hard labor with the deprivation of "all rights of the state" and subsequent surrender to the soldiers.

From January 1850 to 1854 Dostoevsky served hard labor, but was able to renew his correspondence with his brother Mikhail and friend A. Maikov. In November 1855, Dostoevsky was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and then to warrant officer; in the spring of 1857. the writer was returned to the hereditary nobility and the right to publish. Police supervision over him continued until 1875.

In 1857 Dostoevsky married the widowed MD Isaeva. The marriage was not happy: Isaeva agreed after long hesitations that tormented Dostoevsky. Creates two "provincial" comic stories - " Uncle's dream"And" The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants. " In December 1859 he came to live in St. Petersburg.

Dostoevsky's intensive work combined editorial work on "foreign" manuscripts with publication own articles... The novel "The Humiliated and the Offended" was published, "Notes from the House of the Dead" had a huge success.

In June 1862 Dostoevsky went abroad for the first time; visited Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, England. In August 1863, the writer went abroad for the second time. In Paris, he met with A.P. Suslova, whose dramatic relationship was reflected in the novels The Gambler, The Idiot and other works.

In October 1863 he returned to Russia. 1864 brought heavy losses to Dostoevsky. On April 15, his wife died of consumption. The personality of Maria Dmitrievna, as well as the circumstances of their "unhappy" love, were reflected in many works of Dostoevsky (in the images of Katerina Ivanovna - "Crime and Punishment" and Nastasya Filippovna - "The Idiot") MM Dostoevsky died on June 10.

In 1866, the expiring contract with the publisher forced Dostoevsky to work simultaneously on two novels - Crime and Punishment and The Gambler. In October 1866, stenographer A.G. Snitkina came to him, who in the winter of 1867 became Dostoevsky's wife. The new marriage was more successful. Until July 1871, Dostoevsky and his wife lived abroad (Berlin; Dresden; Baden-Baden, Geneva, Milan, Florence).

In 1867-1868. Dostoevsky worked on the novel The Idiot.

At the suggestion of Nekrasov, the writer publishes in " Patriotic notes" mine new romance"Teenager".

V last years life increases the popularity of Dostoevsky. In 1877 he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1878, after the death of his beloved son Alyosha, he made a trip to Optina Pustyn, where he talked with Elder Ambrose. He writes "The Brothers Karamazov" - the final work of the writer, in which many of the ideas of his work received artistic embodiment. On the night of January 25-26, 1881, Dostoevsky's throat began to bleed. In the afternoon of January 28, the writer said goodbye to the children, in the evening he died.
On January 31, 1881, with a huge crowd of people, the writer's funeral took place. He is buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

He left behind a huge literary legacy, in which criticism has not figured out until now, without even establishing a mutual relationship between various works, of which some had the meaning of preparatory studies for later major pieces. But specific traits his works are quite clear. Dostoevsky is a writer-psychologist in essence, a researcher of the depths of the human soul, an analyst of its subtlest moods. Life seems to him unusually complex and spontaneous, full of contradictions and insoluble riddles; on the human soul, experiencing the complexity and spontaneity of the life process, both the mind and the heart, discerning thought, and blind faith act at the same time. A mysterious mystical beginning, lurking in the depths human personality, owns it no less than external circumstances.

The real and the mystical are constantly juxtaposed in Dostoevsky's novels, sometimes to the point that the border between the author's story and the hallucinations of the hero being portrayed disappears. By the bifurcation of the human personality, the uncertainty of feelings and aspirations, many of Dostoevsky's heroes, especially Golyadkin in The Double, resemble the heroes of Hoffmann, who, like Dostoevsky, wrote at a time of painful nervous breakdown at night. In depth life phenomena Dostoevsky has a tragic element of fate, which leads the most diverse accidents to amazing coincidences which create the decisive motive. The conversation of unknown persons in the tavern about the old woman-pawnbroker prompts Raskolnikov to think about murder, almost gives ready plan, outlines the framework of the psychological content within which the further action of the novel will develop. And this tragic fatal element manifests itself among the sharp contrasts of hatred and love, brutal cruelty, vices, all kinds of horrors and deeds of self-denial, angelic clarity and purity.

Fedor Dostoevsky. Portrait by V. Perov, 1872

Action develops extremely rapidly in Dostoevsky; events are piled up by the masses at the most insignificant intervals, they irresistibly rush forward, not allowing the reader to come to his senses, to dwell on the features that characterize the everyday moods of people of a certain circle in famous era... It is therefore understandable that, concentrating all the interest of the story on the transmission of psychological moments, Dostoevsky provides relatively little material from everyday life. The desire for truth, for fidelity in the depiction, the feeling significantly exceeds Dostoevsky's concern for the external methods of artistry.

It follows from this and public importance Dostoevsky's novels. Having made the starting point of his psychological excursions suffering, into which a person is drawn by the external and internal contradictions of life, Dostoevsky took the side of people who were downtrodden and oppressed, suffering as much from the fact that they were crushed by everyday circumstances as well as from the consciousness of his own. human dignity, every minute insulted and trampled, from the consciousness of his right to meaningful and moral life... Dostoevsky is rooting for a person who comes to terms with the power of things and begins to consider himself incomplete, not a real person. This is the path to redemption.

Dostoevsky. Demons. Lecture by Lyudmila Saraskina

The forms of suffering in Dostoevsky's depictions are extremely varied; their psychological motives were developed in the most bizarre combinations: suffering from love for a person in general, suffering from strong and base passions, from love combined with cruelty and anger, from painful pride and suspicion, from wolf instincts, on the one hand, and sheep's obedience with another. “Man is a despot by nature and loves to be a tormentor,” Dostoevsky says in The Gambler. His "underground man" comes to the assertion that "man loves suffering to the point of passion" - the latter, thus, is raised to the degree of not being a requirement of human nature.

Suffering gives rise to love and faith, and in them our justification before the Supreme Being - such is Dostoevsky's philosophy of suffering. There is a lot of cruelty in his novels, but there is also a lot of mercy in them. With the precision of a psychiatrist, the great Russian writer revealed the whole world"Blessed", drunkards, voluptuous, holy fools, idiots, madmen, and each image not only shocks the reader, but also opens his heart to the influence of the rays of gospel love. In Dostoevsky's books, we are faced with various types of limited lucky people, heartless egoists, naive dreamers, people of pure blameless life, etc. This is in the highest degree complex world, who becomes close to the heart of the reader until he fully merges with him, places Dostoevsky in the ranks of the paramount realists, and his comparison with L. Tolstoy, made by criticism, has deep reasons for itself. For all their particular differences, both of them are passionate seekers of that truth and the moral healing of mankind.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky belongs to the world-class writers. He glorified Russia with his outstanding works, one of which ("the brothers Karamazov") is among the hundred best novels the world.

But fellow writers treated Dostoevsky's work ambiguously. Bunin urged to throw Dostoevsky "off the ship of our time." He considered the absence of a description of nature in his works as a manifestation of mediocrity. Proust was amazed by the power of Dostoevsky's imagination, and Sigmund Freud was fascinated by the talent of the Russian writer with filigree accuracy to display inner world people. Mikhailovsky, however, considered all the characters in Dostoevsky's work to be mentally ill people.

Biography milestones

Fyodor Dostoevsky was born in the capital Russian Empire November 11 (new style) 1821. The Dostoevsky family already had the first-born Mikhail, and later the family was replenished with six more children. The large family lived in a state-owned apartment at the Marininskaya Hospital for the Poor, in which the father was engaged in treating the sick. Dostoevsky recalled his childhood as better time life.

The parents tried to give their son a decent education. Until 1834 he was homeschooled, where his mother taught reading, his father Latin, mathematics, French and literature teacher N.I.Drashusov with his sons. Then Fedor and his brother Mikhail continued their education in prestigious boarding schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Concerned about the future of his sons and their material well-being, the father insisted that the brothers go to the Main Engineering School, although they showed a clear disposition for literature.

Loss of loved ones

In 1837, sixteen-year-old Fedor loses his mother, who dies from a very common disease at that time - consumption, and in 1839 his father. According to official documents, the cause of death was an apoplectic stroke, and according to relatives, Mikhail Andreevich was killed by serfs on his estate, which he bought in 1831.

With pain in his heart, the young man perceived the death of his beloved poet A.S. Pushkin in a duel, many of whose works he knew by heart.

The beginning of the writing path

After graduating from an engineering school in 1843, the young lieutenant Dostoevsky resigned a year later and devoted his life to writing. The debut turned out to be successful - the first novel by the novice writer, which was completed in 1845 and was called Poor People, was highly praised by Belinsky. But Dostoevsky's second work, titled "The Double," was a complete disappointment for everyone.

For early creativity Dostoevsky is characterized by such genres as a novel, a story, an essay, humorous and tragicomic stories.

Twist of fate

In 1849, the government became aware of the Petrashevsky circle, which was a member of the young Dostoevsky, which was in opposition to the autocracy. The circle was defeated, and Dostoevsky was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress and sentenced to be shot. Although the harsh sentence was overturned by Emperor Nicholas I, the execution was staged on December 22, 1849. Petrashevtsev, after an eight-month stay in solitary confinement at the Peter and Paul Fortress, was brought to the Semyonovsky parade ground, dressed in white shrouds, and pointed their guns. But the command "pli" did not follow. With a drumbeat, the verdict was canceled. One of the participants in this painful action, Grigoriev, went mad, and Dostoevsky's epilepsy worsened. Terrible moments of waiting for death are reflected in the novel "The Idiot". For four years, the writer served hard labor, about which he later wrote the book "Notes from the House of the Dead."

Family relationships

Dostoevsky's family life began quite late, at the age of 36. His first wife was Maria Isaeva, a widow with a child in her arms and the debts of her ex-husband.

This union, which lasted 7 years, did not bring both happiness, the couple often quarreled. Maria Dmitrievna believed that if she had not married Dostoevsky, she would have been much happier. And Dostoevsky himself said that they lived "somehow." In 1860, the writer was allowed to return from Semipalatinsk to St. Petersburg, where four years later, literally one after another, his wife and older brother died.

Dostoevsky's next hobby was Appolinaria Suslov, and only in his declining years did Dostoevsky find family happiness with the young girl Anna Snitkina, who adored him. From an ordinary stenographer who helped her employer, she turned into a faithful wife and friend who appreciated the talent of her husband-writer and adored him. Soon after the wedding, the Dostoevskys went on a long trip abroad, visited Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and in 1871 returned to St. Petersburg.

In Geneva, the Dostoevsky couple had their first child, daughter Sophia, who died at the age of three months, which plunged his father into deep despair. The bitterness of the loss was a little smoothed by the birth in 1869 in Dresden of the daughter of Lyuba, and already in Russia of the sons of Fyodor and Alexei.

In Europe, FM Dostoevsky wrote the novel "The Idiot".

Disease

It's no secret that F.M. Dostoevsky suffered from epilepsy, from the time Ancient Rus called "epilepsy". This fact at one time shocked his first wife and negatively affected their family life... After all, those suffering from the disease develop a kind of "epileptic character", which is characterized by irritability, sluggishness, mood swings. The severe nature is complemented, moreover, by convulsive seizures, which the patient does not even remember later.

Dostoevsky did not dwell on his ailment and called him "kondrashka with a breeze." According to him, before each attack, he experienced a state of unearthly bliss, which he would not agree to exchange for anything in the world. All manifestations of the insidious disease have been described in several works based on their own feelings and experiences. Epilepsy is reflected in the writing style of the writer - some sentences are incredibly long and take up almost an entire page.

Roulette love

Dostoevsky threw out all the emotions of a person who became addicted to roulette in the novel The Gambler (1866).

The writer himself was brought to the casino by the hope of winning large sum money. During years he was a slave to roulette and sometimes let all the money he had to the wind. But it was not possible to break out of the "monetary clutches" with the help of the game, the scheme of the probable big win didn't work.

Anna Grigorievna had to pawn things after her husband's visits to gambling establishment... Dostoevsky was tormented, felt a sense of guilt before his wife, but again walked maniacally to the green table. And only in mature age Dostoevsky managed to overcome his pernicious passion for gambling.

Creative summary

Peru F.M. Dostoevsky belong wonderful works: "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot", "The Gambler", "The Brothers Karamazov", in which the emphasis is on human psychology, the struggle between good and evil.

Dostoevsky's idols were A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol, although he very highly appreciated the works of Shakespeare, Balzac, Hugo.

Dostoevsky considered himself a realist, drawing material from the surrounding reality.

On the morning of January 28, 1881, Dostoevsky told his wife that he would die that day. And so it happened. By the evening, blood went down in his throat, he lost consciousness, his pulse began to weaken, and at 20 hours 28 minutes Fyodor Mikhailovich departed into another world in his wife's arms. Before his death, he thanked Anna Grigorievna for happy life and in last time confessed his love to her.

And finally,

All works of the writer in chronological order:

1846 - the novel "Poor people", the story "The Double", the stories "Mister Prokharchin" and "How dangerous it is to indulge in ambitious dreams."

1847 - humorous story"Novel in 9 Letters", the story "The Hostess", collection of feuilletons "St. Petersburg Chronicle"

1848 - stories "Weak Heart", "Netochka Nezvanov" and "White Nights", stories "Sliders", "Honest Thief", "Christmas Tree and Wedding".

1849 - the story "The Little Hero"

1854 - the poem "On European events in 1854" was created

1855 - poem "On July 1, 1855"

1856 - the poetic work "For the coronation and the conclusion of peace"

1859 - the stories "Uncle's Dream", "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants."

1860 - story "Another's wife and husband under the bed", collection "Notes from the House of the Dead"

1861 - the novel "Humiliated and Insulted"

1862 - satirical story"Bad Anecdote", journalistic essay "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions"

1864 - the story "Notes from the Underground", "Epigram on the Bavarian Colonel"

1865 - story "Crocodile"

1866 - The Gambler and Crime and Punishment novels

1868-69 - The Idiot novel

1870 - the story "Eternal Husband"

1871-72 - work on the novel "Demons"

1873 - story "Bobok", feuilleton "The Struggle of Nihilism with Honesty"

1874 - an epigram on Leskov "Describe everything entirely of priests"

1875 - the novel "Teenager"

1876 ​​- the stories "The Peasant Marey" and "The Boy at Christ's on the Tree", the story "Gentle", the essay "Centennial", the poem "The collapse of Baimakov's office."

1877 - the story "Dream funny person", The poem" Children are expensive "

1879-80 - the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" was completed, the journalistic essay "Pushkin" (1880), the comic poem "Do not rob, Fedul" (1879) were written.

abstract

The life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky

Completed by: Buryanova A.I.
Checked by: E.V. Kotova
2011
Content

Introduction
The life and work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

I chose this topic for my essay because I am interested in the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky. He lived a bright, eventful life and his work is recognized as one of the best. Yes, the writer's work cannot be called rosy, but at the same time Dostoevsky deeply believed in good beginnings in a person. According to his works, it is clear that all his life he nurtured the idea of ​​a future perfect and just society. This wonderful, humanistic idea is preached by his heroes - Prince Myshkin from The Idiot and Alyosha Karamazov from The Brothers Karamazov. This idea is a common thread in the diaries and letters of the great writer. The writer saw the realization of his dream in the transformation of man. He believed that a person should improve his own nature, realize responsibility to other people, and unselfishly work for the common good.