Belarus was part of the USSR. Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic: territory, flag, coat of arms, history. Trade unions and the Communist Party

The BSSR is the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the 16 republics that were part of the USSR. After the collapse of the USSR, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic of the BSSR became the city of Minsk, which was one of the largest and most populous cities in the Soviet Union. In addition, in the BSSR it is necessary to allocate 6 regions, 117 districts in rural areas, 98 cities, as well as 111 urban-type settlements.

The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic existed for a long time. The flag has been represented by various variants throughout its history. These options are presented in the article.

Interestingly, when Belarusian existed, it almost did not change.

History of education

Between such states as Poland, the Lithuanian SSR, the Latvian SSR, the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was created after the revolution. Its territory totaled about 207,600 km 2. Initially, the BSSR belonged to the RSFSR and only two years later became an independent republic. Immediately after the separation of the BSSR, it united with the Lithuanian Soviet Republic and the Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, or, as it was also called, the LitBel SSR, but only for a year and a half. The Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic of 1919 was actually part of a larger republic. The Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic consisted of two. The Moscow-Lithuanian Treaty, which was signed on July 12, 1920, was an omen of the collapse of the SSR LitBel. And already on July 31, the Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic completely disintegrated. Thus, the BSSR was created in 1919, then entered into a larger association, after, from 1920 to 1991, it existed in its former status and became an independent state.

Economic characteristic

In 1980, 4.3 billion rubles were invested in the BSSR for the development of industry, economy and infrastructure. The most developed industries of this state can be called the chemical, petrochemical and food industries. The rapid economic growth (from 1940 to 1980) was carried out due to the abundant capital investment and labor of the Belarusian people. People who lived in the republic after the war rebuilt cities, many of which, one might say, were rebuilt, set up production, and the volume of production increased by as much as 29 times in just 40 years. The fuel of the BSSR, as well as the Republic of Belarus, was and is provided with the help of its abundant reserves of natural gas, oil, coal and peat. Rich mineral deposits were also developed and developed with the help of investments from the USSR. The length of railways in the BSSR in 1982 was as much as 5,513 km, and roads for vehicles - 36,700 km.

Population

The BSSR was one of the most densely populated parts of the Soviet Union, in 1984 the population density was 47.6 people per 1 km2. The uniform population of the republic is determined by relatively equal population throughout its territory. However, the center of the country was the most populated, which can be explained by the location of large cities here, including Minsk. Between 1950 and 1970, the urban population increased faster than the Soviet average.

Nature of the BSSR

The republic is located on the East European Plain, occupying the basin of the middle Dnieper, as well as the western Dvina and Neman in its upper reaches. The flat surface type prevails. However, the area is characterized by an alternation of uplands and lowlands, which are very swampy in places, in addition, there were a large number of lakes on the territory of the BSSR. Quaternary glaciation determines this feature of the relief. In the northwestern part of the state there is a whole system of finite moraine ridges. Uplands are in the northeast.

Relief

In the direction from west to east, on the territory of the former BSSR, the Belarusian ridge stretches, which consists of separate parts, hills formed in the Moscow glaciation. Parallel to it are the glacial plains. Belarusian Polesye, located in the south of the state, is called a special case of the plain. Hills and ridges also protrude in the south, next to the Belarusian Polesye.

Climate

The BSSR was located in the temperate zone, which means that the climate is temperate continental. The temperature in January is about -4 °С, however, due to the relatively large length from north to south, this value may vary. The average temperature in July is about 17 ° C, but for the same reason the value cannot be accurate for absolutely all regions of the country. The climate is continental, which means that there is little precipitation - 550-700 mm.

Rivers

In the BSSR there were a large number of rivers, both small and large in length. Their total length is considered to be 90,600 km. All of them belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin, namely to the Black and Baltic Seas. Some rivers are used for transportation. The BSSR was very rich in forests, which occupied 1/3 of the entire territory, swamp vegetation and shrubs were located on 1/10 of the territory.

The territory of the BSSR was not on the edge of the East European Plate, which means that seismological activity could not be strong, the most powerful earthquakes did not even reach 5 points.

Minerals of the BSSR

The most important minerals, which are still found on the territory of Belarus in large quantities, are gas, oil, coal and various salts.

The region of the northern part of the Pripyat trough is very rich in oil and gas. A distinctive feature of oil deposits is their massiveness and their arrangement in layers. Natural gas is not presented in large volumes, and therefore is produced as a by-product.

and shale

Huge reserves of brown coal were also discovered on the territory of the BSSR. Peat is represented by 39 species. It is one of the main types of fuel in Belarus. As many as 7,000 coal deposits, the total area of ​​which is about 2.5 million hectares, simply cannot be unused. The total amount of peat is 1.1 billion tons, these are truly rich reserves.

In addition, oil shale began to be mined in the BSSR, which, according to geologists, are located at a depth of up to 600 m. Huge reserves of shale are also actively used as fuel.

salt

Potash and rock salts are mining and chemical raw materials. The thickness of the layers is 1-40 m. They lie under carbonate-argillaceous rocks. The reserves of potash salts amount to about 7.8 billion tons. They are mined at various deposits, for example, at Starobinsky and Petrikovsky. Rock salts are represented by 20 billion tons, they occur at a depth of up to 750 meters. They are mined at such deposits as Davydovskoye and Mozyrskoye. In addition, the BSSR was rich in phosphorites.

Building rocks

The territory of Belarus also has rich reserves of building and facing stone, chalk rocks, clays and building sands. Stocks of building stone - about 457 million m 3, facing - about 4.6 million m 3. The southern regions of Belarus are richest in building stones. Dolomites, on the other hand, come to the surface in the north. Their reserves are about 437.8 million tons. The BSSR was also rich in chalk rocks, the reserves of which today amount to about 3679 million tons. Clays of various types are represented on the territory of Belarus with reserves of 587 million m , Gomel and Vitebsk regions.

Development of mineral resources

On the territory of the BSSR, as already mentioned, mineral resources were actively mined. Their development began 30,000 years ago, in the late Paleolithic era. At that time, people who lived in this area mined flint from the surface of the earth. About 4500 thousand years ago, flint mining was already developed. A large number of mines have been discovered that were used even in the Cretaceous periods. Their depth is no more than 6 meters, however, given the time of their occurrence, we can assume that the extraction of flint was very developed among the inhabitants of these areas. There were also whole complexes of mines connected by passages, usually up to 5.

Production development

Ancient needles were found in the mines, which were intended for sewing together bags needed to transport the mined mineral. The material was processed near the exit. Flint was used to make axes. Already in the fifth century BC. the development of metal deposits began, from which people who lived on the territory of Belarus created household items and weapons. In addition, utensils for various needs were made from clay. Already from the 16th century, glass factories began to appear, and in the 18th, the first manufactories in this area arose.

Peat mining

Peat extraction in the BSSR has become an independent industry. Volumes have steadily increased due to increased usage. Peat enterprises appeared, which strengthened the industry. But during the Second World War, almost all of them were destroyed. Only by 1949 did the volume of extracted peat reach its previous values.

Salt mining

As already mentioned, potash and rock salts are found in large quantities on the territory of Belarus. But only in 1961 their active mining began. The underground mining method was used. The richest of them is Starobinskoye. The mechanization of most of the mining led to an increase in the volume of salts by 60% in 1965 and by 98% in 1980.

Subsoil protection

Minerals were actively mined in the BSSR, it is easy to guess that this greatly affected the environment. Huge areas were badly damaged. Therefore, recreational activities aimed at enriching the subsoil and restoring resources, such as fertilizing the soil and planting trees, began to be carried out.

Education of industrial specialists

The Belarusian Polytechnic Institute, formed back in the BSSR, trains personnel for work in the mining industry. It was founded in 1933 in Minsk. Already in 1969 there were as many as 12 faculties. There are also other educational institutions. Technical schools still provide education in the development of peat deposits, underground processing of ores and non-metallic minerals, and in other branches of industry.

Arena of Confrontation

In 1920, the BSSR, one might say, was the center of confrontation between bourgeois Europe and the USSR. The latter side wanted to retain power in Poland, the interests of the Soviet Union were represented by a delegation from the RSFSR. The decision was made not in favor of the BSSR. The resolution did not give the possibility of expanding Belarus at the expense of Poland.

The socialists of the BSSR were dissatisfied with the location of the borders with their neighbors, namely with the RSFSR and Poland. They believed that it was impossible to establish boundaries on an ethnographic basis. There was no unity on territorial issues.

The Great Patriotic War

During the Second World War, the BSSR and the Ukrainian SSR suffered more than other parts of the Soviet Union. More than 2 million people died in the BSSR, and about 380 thousand people were taken out of the country. The population that lived before the war was reached only by 1971. The Nazi invaders destroyed 209 cities and regional centers, many of which had to be rebuilt, only 2.8 million square meters of housing stock survived out of almost 10.8.

Gaining independence and interesting facts

In 1990, the Declaration on the BSSR was signed, which meant its imminent separation. On September 19, 1991, it officially became known as the Republic of Belarus. In the same year, an agreement on the creation of the CIS was created and signed. The association included the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus. An interesting fact in the history of this state is that for 46 years this republic, like the Ukrainian SSR, was one of the members of the UN (United Nations), although it remained a dependent state - the BSSR. In the 1920s and 1930s, constitutionalism was developing in the republic.

Belarus became one of the first 4 Soviet republics that signed the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR on December 30, 1922.

In March 1924 and December 1926, parts of Vitebsk (with Vitebsk), Smolensk (with Orsha), Gomel (with Gomel) provinces were transferred to the Byelorussian SSR. This decision was made at a meeting of the Politburo on November 29, 1923. These lands were defined as "related to it (BSSR) in domestic, ethnographic and economic relations."
The decree was signed by Joseph Stalin.

Initially, it was planned to transfer the BSSR to the entire province, but, according to the 1920 census, the majority of the population in them was Russian.

As a result of the first enlargement, the territory of the BSSR more than doubled, the population increased from 1.6 million to 4.2 million people.

As a result of the second consolidation, the population of the republic increased by 650 thousand people and amounted to a total of about 5 million people. The eastern border of the BSSR began to correspond to the eastern border of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania before the first partition of the Commonwealth.

Tarashkevitsa and the Belarusian language

The Belarusian language was standardized during the years of Soviet power. In 1918, a teacher at Petrograd University, Bronislav Tarashkevich, prepared the first grammar of the Belarusian language, normalizing spelling for the first time.

This is how the so-called tarashkevitsa appeared - a language norm later adopted in the Belarusian emigration.

In 1933, Tarashkevice was opposed by the grammar of the Belarusian language, which was created as a result of the language reforms of the 1930s. It was fixed and used in Belarus until 2005, when it was partially unified with tarashkevitsa.

In the 1920s, on the official coat of arms of the BSSR, the phrase "Proletarians of all countries unite!" was written in four languages: Russian, Polish, Yiddish and Tarashkevice.

In addition to the Belarusian language and tarashkevitsa, there is another form of existence of the Belarusian speech - trasyanka. It is a mixture of Russian and Belarusian languages, it is found everywhere in Belarus even now. Among its linguistic counterparts is surzhik (a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian), common in Ukraine and in the southern regions of Russia.

Belarusian oil

On August 6, 1958, by order of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, on the left bank of the Western Dvina, not far from Polotsk, construction began on a large industrial complex - the Novopolotsk oil refinery.

The plant was built "by the whole world", in the USSR the All-Union shock Komsomol construction was announced.

The place was not chosen by chance. The proximity of the western borders made it possible to export to the countries of Western Europe, the plant could provide oil to the western regions of the USSR, and the nearby Polotsk served as a convenient transportation hub.

Initially, the plant's capacity was designed to process 6 million tons of crude oil per year.

February 9, 1963 in Novopolotsk (the city was "born construction") received the first Belarusian gasoline. NAFTAN is still the largest oil refinery in Belarus.

fertilizers

During the years of Soviet power, Belarus became one of the largest producers and exporters of potash fertilizers in the world. In 1958, the development of the Starobinskoye potash deposit discovered in 1949 began in the Belarusian Polesie.

Soligorsk, the only "city of miners" in Belarus, was also built here.

In the 1980s, Belaruskali occupied 17% of the world market for potash fertilizers.

The enterprise survived the collapse of the Union with complications, but today, according to the International Fertilizer Association, Belaruskali produces a seventh of the world's potash fertilizers, exporting its products to more than 70 countries.

Giants

Belarus is still famous for its giant cars. The name "BelAZ" has become a household name. Soviet children called any very large trucks that way.

The first mining dump truck appeared in the USSR in 1951. It was the predecessor of the BelAZ MAZ-525, produced at the Minsk Automobile Plant from 1951 to 1959. After, until 1967 - at BelAZ. The carrying capacity of the machine was 25 tons. For the first time, a 12-cylinder diesel engine, power steering, planetary gears in the rear wheel hubs appeared on it. A hydraulic clutch was installed between the engine and the clutch.

The rear wheels of the MAZ-525 with a diameter of 172 cm were rigidly attached to the body, without suspension.

In 1965, the production of a radically new dump truck, BelAZ-540, one of the best mining dump trucks in the world, began at the Belarusian Automobile Plant in Zhodino. This giant became the first owner of the Quality Mark and was a real breakthrough in technological thought. BelAZ-540 was the first car produced in the USSR with a hydropneumatic wheel suspension, combined power steering and body lift hydraulic systems.

In BelAZ-540, a screw steering mechanism, a hydromechanical transmission, a pneumohydraulic suspension of the rear and front axles and a welded box-section frame were used.

By 1986, BelAZ produced up to 6000 vehicles per year (half of their world production).

BelAZ trucks remain the largest vehicles on the territory of the former Soviet Union, they operate in almost 50 countries around the world.

Appliances

During the years of the USSR, Belarus was one of the main manufacturers of high-quality electronics and household appliances. The transistor radios of the Speedola family, produced at the Minsk Radio Plant since 1960, have become cult. Their mass production began in 1962.

The Minsk Radio Plant also produced Horizontal TVs, which were among the most popular in the USSR.

Belarus was famous in Soviet times for its refrigerators produced at the Minsk plant. Here, for the first time in the USSR, two-chamber refrigerators, freezers and polyurethane foam insulation were developed. Belarusian Refrigerators were exported to more than 10 countries in Europe and Asia. The first refrigerator was released in 1962.

An interesting fact: in 1959-1961, Lee Harvey Oswald, the only official suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, worked at the Minsk Radio Plant as a turner.

In Minsk he met his wife Maria Prusakova. In Soviet Belarus, the Oswalds had a daughter, June. They left Minsk on May 22, 1962. Less than a year and a half was left before the events due to which Lee Harvey would become famous. After the death of her husband, Marina Oswald will be on the cover of Time magazine.

Belovezhskaya Pushcha

Speaking of Belarus, one cannot fail to mention Belovezhskaya Pushcha. The reserve was established by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on January 4, 1940. Until now, it is one of the largest tourist centers of the Republic of Belarus. The state border between Poland and Belarus passes through Belovezhskaya Pushcha.

On December 8, 1991, in the government residence of Viskuli, which is located on the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed a document that went down in history as the "Belovezhskaya Agreement". He stated: "The Union of the SSR as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist." The current president of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, regrets the collapse of the USSR even today, which he emphasizes in every second interview.

Belarus is a plain descending to the south (Polesskaya lowland) and northwest. Due to this, the Belarusian plain is open to the influence of warm and humid western winds from the Baltic Sea and has a slightly less continental climate compared to other regions of the European part of the USSR: milder winters and less hot summers during the middle years. temperature 5.5 ° and high humidity. The soils of the BSSR are predominantly podzolic, sandy, loamy and waterlogged; there are many lakes and peat bogs in the BSSR. The latter make villages difficult. x-in, but as a source of energy they represent one of the few natural wealth of the BSSR. The main wealth of the BSSR is forest, it occupies more than 1/4 of the entire area (oak, hornbeam), and in Polesie - up to 40% (needles, oak, ash, alder). The main rivers of the BSSR are the Dnieper (with the Berezina, Sozh and Pripyat), the Western Dvina (tributaries - the Drissa, Ulla, connected to the Berezina-Berezina water system).

Population

Occupying 0.6% of the area of ​​the Union (equal to 21,352.6 thousand km 2), the BSSR exceeds the Union average by 5.7 times in population density, second only to the Ukrainian SSR of all the Union republics. By national composition: 82.1% - Belarusians, living Ch. arr. in the villages, 9.9% - Jews, ch. arr. in small towns, Poles 2.3%, the rest. advantage Russians living Ch. arr. in big cities; urban population - 17%. The main commercial, industrial and cultural centers of the BSSR: Minsk (the capital of the BSSR - 123.6 thousand inhabitants), Gomel (83 thousand inhabitants) and Bobruisk (39.3 thousand inhabitants); factory centers: Vitebsk (98.8 thousand inhabitants) and Borisov (26 thousand inhabitants).

Ways of communication: main f. e.- Moscow-Belarusian-Balt. and Western with large railway. nodes - Gomel, Orsha, Polotsk, etc. The correct shipping communication is carried out along the Dnieper with Pripyat, Berezina and Sozh and Zap. Dvina. Other rivers serve mainly for rafting.

Agriculture

The agriculture of the BSSR is intensive and livestock-breeding; - so, at 2.9 million dess. sown area (approx. 2.9% of the sown area of ​​the USSR), the BSSR has 3.7% of all horses, 4.6% of all cows, 4.6% of the sown area under non-grain crops and 12.2% of all pigs. The BSSR is characterized by a lack of bread and an excess of meat, milk and cattle. Grains are dominated by: rye, oats, barley and buckwheat, among non-grains - potatoes, grasses, flax. The size of a peasant farm in the BSSR (4.04 hectares of crops) is somewhat higher than the average for the consuming zone of the USSR (3.05 hectares). The BSSR is characterized in the USSR by the smallest percentage of farms without sowing, without working livestock and without arable implements, and by the greatest distribution of arable land cultivation with their own implements and livestock. All this testifies to the lesser stratification of the peasantry in comparison with other parts of the USSR. Areas of industrial forestry in the BSSR are located in the river basins: Zap. Dvina (Polotsk district), Berezina and Drut (Minsk and Bobruisk districts) and Pripyat (Mozyr district). Only half (47%) of organized forests in the BSSR are in the state. lands and ca. 1/4 local forests values. Net income from forestry in the BSSR - approx. 20 million rubles in 1926/27.

Industry

The industry of the BSSR is poorly developed: only 1.35% of the factory-manager is concentrated in the BSSR. workers of the USSR with 3.4% of the population. Production in 1926/27 is 133 million rubles. with 33 thousand workers. The industries that process local raw materials are the most developed: of these, the food industry (distillery, starch-treacle, etc.) provides 24% of the total production of the BSSR, woodworking - 23% and paper - 10%. Yeast production is especially developed, giving approx. 1/4 allied products. 80% of yeast production is sent outside the BSSR. Industrial enterprises in the Byelorussian SSR are very small, more than a third of the output comes from private industry (chiefly food industry), while throughout the USSR private industry provides only 2.2% of output.

Budget of the BSSR(state and local) was measured at 80 million rubles. (1926/27), inferior in per capita average (15.8 rubles) to all the union republics, except for the Uzbek SSR.

public education

Public education has made great strides forward during the years of Soviet power. Before the revolution, 39% of school-age children studied in the BSSR, in 1925 - 68%, or 350 tons, children studied in 4,000 schools with a 4-year course and 261 schools with a 7-year course of study; In addition to a much larger network of primary and secondary education, the BSSR has a number of technical schools and four universities: the University in Minsk (2,500 students), S.-kh. academy in Gorki (1,400 students), Veterinary Institute in Vitebsk (350 students) and the Communist University in Minsk (200 students). Before the revolution, there was not a single university in the BSSR. The percentage of literate (conscripted) Belarusians is higher than in the USSR, and amounted to 91.8 in 1925 against the average for the USSR - 87.7. In the BSSR, 19 newspapers are published with a circulation of over 100,000 copies; however, the provision of the population with a newspaper in the BSSR (2 copies per 100 people) is inferior to all the union republics, except for the Central Asian ones. Of the purely scientific institutions, the following are of particular importance: the Belarusian Academy of Sciences in Minsk (transformed from the Institute of Belarusian Culture) and the Scientific Research Agricultural Institute. institute. Lenin.

Literature:

• Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, edition of the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR, Minsk, 1927;
• Ignatovich and Smolich A., Belarus, Minsk, 1926.

P. Semenovich.

Trade unions and the Communist Party

Trade unions and the Communist Party. Members of trade unions (on January 1, 1928) 234,193 people, workers - 56%, employees - 44%; on a national basis: Belarusians - 55.6%, Jews - 27.7%, Great Russians - 9.6%, others - 7.1%. Members and Cand. party on 1/IV 1928 - 31.546, members and candidates. Komsomol - 62.892.

History of the formation of the BSSR

Being one of the main theaters of military operations in the war of 1914-18, Belarus in 1915, after the defeat of the Russian armies, was torn into two parts. In Vilna, occupied by the Germans, under the tutelage of the German command, the Lithuanian-Belarusian state was proclaimed, with the Sejm in Vilna. After the February Revolution, in that part of Belarus, which was not occupied by the Germans, a series of congresses of peasants, front-line, and others took place, ending with the election of the Belarusian Central Rada, petty-bourgeois in its composition and counter-revolutionary in essence.

By the end of 1917, the workers and peasant masses of the BSSR, with the unanimous support of the soldiers of the Western Front, who were concentrated in Minsk, overthrew the power of the bourgeoisie. Soviet power was declared, headed by the Council of People's Commissars, which included the Bolsheviks represented by Comrades. Lander, Frunze, Myasnikov, Pozern, Knorin and others. On February 25, 1918, after the break in the Brest negotiations, the Germans occupied Minsk and part of Belarus up to Orsha. Power temporarily passed to the people's secretariat, acting on behalf of the Central Rada. In essence, it was the domination of the Germans, who invited counter-revolutionary organizations from the Byelorussian Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Cadets, etc., to their service. With this character of the Byelorussian government, the partisan movement is growing stronger. The partisan detachments were led by the communists, who had grouped the main core in Smolensk. The decisive role in this struggle of the Belarusian workers and peasants against the German occupation was played by the revolution in Germany, after which the Germans retreated along the entire front. In this regard, the Western Regional Party Committee, with the full support of the Belarusian peasantry, launched an intensified work on the Sovietization of Belarus in that part of it, which was cleared from the German occupation (Borisov, Minsk, Mogilev, etc.). Revolutionary military councils began to work intensively, trade unions began to organize.

Jan 1 , at the Congress of Soviets of Belarus, there was an unification of Belarus with Soviet Lithuania. Polish troops in April 1919 occupied almost the entire territory of the BSSR. The occupation of the BSSR by the Poles again caused an intensified partisan movement. As a result of the stubborn struggle of partisan detachments and as a result of the policy of oppression pursued by the Polish bourgeoisie in relation to the workers and peasants of Belarus. During the campaign of the Red Army against Warsaw, the BSSR was liberated from the Poles, and power passed into the hands of the Soviets. A revolutionary was formed. committee composed of Chervyakov, Adamovich and Knorin, which existed until the elections of the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR.

The western part of Belarus, after the conclusion of peace between Soviet Russia and Poland, remained within the borders of the latter. The population of the West Belarus is subjected to national oppression in the same way as other national minorities in Poland. During 1920-22, Soviet Belarus was attacked from Poland by the bandit White Guard detachments of Bulak-Balakhovich

Preparatory work for the creation of the BSSR began immediately after the dissolution of the All-Belarusian Congress. On December 21-23, 1918, a conference of Belarusian sections of the RCP(b) was held in Moscow. She decided on the need to form the BSSR. But a number of leading figures in the Western Region opposed it, they believed that the Western Region should be preserved as an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR. On December 24, 2018, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) adopted a resolution on the need to declare the sovereignty of the BSSR.

January 1, 1919 was made public Manifesto on the creation of the BSSR. The BSSR was originally called the SSRB. 27.02. In 1919, a decision was made to create the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus (LitBel).

June 1, 1919 an agreement on a military-political alliance was concluded between the Soviet republics. After the end of the war, the search and development of specific forms of unification of the Soviet republics into a single state began. This was necessary to overcome the consequences of wars and occupations that caused an economic crisis. July 31, 1920 The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was finally proclaimed.

Stalin came up with the idea of ​​"autonomization" - all the republics were to declare themselves constituent parts of the RSFSR and enter into its composition on the rights of autonomy. Lenin found a more acceptable form of government - a federation - a union of several states in which they are subordinate to a single center and at the same time retain independence in solving certain issues of domestic policy; general constitution, state bodies. authorities, citizenship, monetary units.

Declaring independence, Belarus initially transferred part of its economic and political sovereignty to the RSFSR, oriented towards the creation of a union state with it. By the time of its proclamation, the republic did not have a clear structure of state power. On December 13-17, 1920, the II All-Belarusian Congress of Soviets was held in Minsk. It became the highest authority in the republic. The Central Executive Committee (CEC) held supreme power between the congresses of Soviets, and the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was the government. He was entrusted with the overall management of the affairs of the SSRB. (The duties of the chairman of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars, as well as the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, were performed by A. Chervyakov). In the localities, power was in the hands of revolutionary committees, economic councils, local soviets and their executive committees.

An important event in the social and political life of Soviet Belarus was its entry into the USSR. December 30, 1922 At the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviets, the Declaration and the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR were signed. The formation of the USSR took place on the basis of the voluntary unification of the national republics and contributed to their socio-economic development. The congress elected the supreme legislative body of the Union - the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. After the creation of the USSR, the name of the BSSR was assigned to our country.

30. NEP: reasons for implementation, results.

The results of the First World War and the Civil War, the armed intervention of foreign states and the conditions of the Treaty of Riga caused a political and economic crisis in the republic.

Reasons for the NEP: 1) devastation after the civil war; 2) famine as a result of the policy of war communism; 3) the prestige of the Bolshevik Party is falling.

For Lenin, NEP was a temporary measure. The territory of Belarus has been the scene of hostilities for more than 6 years. This had a very negative impact on its economy. The post-war situation required the solution of a number of major tasks. The question was raised about the resumption of the economy devastated by the war. The peasants showed dissatisfaction with the surplus appraisal in the conditions of the transition to peaceful construction. They did not understand why now, after the end of the war, they had to give away almost all of their food.

The 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), held on March 8-16, 1921, decided to introduce new economic policy (NEP). The Bolshevik leadership already 3 days after the signing of the Riga M.D. decided to replace the surplus with a natural tax in kind.

The main events of the NEP

introduction of a tax in kind

free trade permit

permission for small private property, admission of foreign capital, permission for hiring labor and land lease

the introduction of the Soviet chervonets

free choice of forms of land use, development of agricultural cooperation

different forms of wages

use of commodity-money relations and economic accounting

Difficulties:

1) in the industry "price scissors". The peasant, after paying the food tax, had a surplus of products that he could sell on the market. But prices for agricultural products were significantly lower than the cost of manufactured goods. There were so-called. "price scissors" are not in favor of the peasants.

2) enterprises were allowed to sell part of the products on their own. Of all enterprises, 88% are leased, state - 8%.

The freedom to choose land use led to an increase in the number of farms.

The Soviet chervonets was equal to the pre-revolutionary 10-ruble gold coin and cost more than 5 US dollars on the world market until mid-1926.

The introduction of the NEP had a favorable effect on the position of agriculture. By 1927 it was completely restored. The Belarusian peasantry was able to provide the population of the republic with the necessary products. The growth of agricultural production has become the basis for the development of relevant industries. In 1927 the level of development of small industry exceeded the pre-war level.

The changes brought about by NEP penetrated into all spheres of society. The introduction of the New Economic Policy contributed to the democratization of social and political life, the spread and consolidation of forms of government based on the recognition of the principles of democracy, freedom and equality of citizens.

Certain sections of society turned out to be dissatisfied with the NEP: some part of the party and state leaders, supporters of command methods, part of the population that could not achieve the wealth that the so-called. Nepmen (owners of small enterprises, farmers). In the second half of the 1920s. NEP began to gradually wind down.

Don't call my republic

The land of dark forests!

Look -

Glowing above her

Factory building lights...

Don't call my republic

The land of marshy swamps!

And I garden her

Breathe freely

And loaves of bread sway over her,

And the roads

like arrows

out of the blue…

Kastus Kireenko

A demobilized soldier was returning to his native Belarusian village. The Patriotic War separated him from the region where he was born and raised. For many years he was not at home - having learned about the death of his loved ones, he remained to serve in the army, then he restored the Dneproges and the Kharkov Tractor Plant, built a railway in Siberia ...

The heart was beating fast. Right now, behind this copse, there is a swamp, and then ... Will they recognize him in the village? .. But what is it? Through the rare trunks of trees, where there should be a swamp, blue waves shimmer. The man could not believe his eyes. He rushed forward, parting the bushes… A huge field of blossoming flax swayed in the wind in front of him…

During the years of Soviet power, the face of Belarus has unrecognizably changed - the land of "hungry and mournful", as they wrote about it before the revolution. Hundreds of thousands of hectares of "junk lands" have turned into arable land, flowering meadows, vegetable gardens. By 1958, drainage work had been carried out on swamps and wetlands with a total area of ​​about 800 thousand hectares.

The face of the republic is constantly changing. And is it possible now in a country of powerful plants and factories, in a country where not only "gray bread" is produced, but also wheat and corn, flax and sugar beets, milk and meat, in a country that trades with almost half of the world, to recognize the former Belarus !

The history of the Belarusian people is closely connected with the history of the peoples of Russia and Ukraine. In the IX-XI centuries. the modern territory of the Byelorussian SSR was part of Kievan Rus. Approximately in the XIII century. the name Belaya Rus arose.

In the XII-XIV centuries. the territory of Belarus was captured by Lithuanian feudal lords. The Belarusian land groaned for a long time under the yoke of foreign invaders.

Progressive for Belarus was the reunification at the end of the 18th century. with Russia. It freed the Belarusian people from foreign slavery. True, now the tsarist autocracy dominated it. Together with other peoples of the Russian Empire, Belarusians began the struggle against tsarism. By the end of the XIX century. Byelorussia already had a numerous proletariat. About 50 thousand workers worked in factories and plants, 70-80 thousand worked in craft workshops. In addition, approximately 50 thousand people were employed in construction and seasonal work. Complete political lack of rights, beggarly wages raised the workers to strike. Marxist circles sprang up in many cities.

In March 1898, the First Congress of the RSDLP convened illegally in Minsk.

In 1905-1907. a revolutionary wave swept through Belarus. The peasants refused to work for the landlords, burned the estates, seized the lord's lands. The workers of Minsk and Gomel, Vitebsk and Brest were on strike, demanding political freedoms and better economic conditions.

Liberation brought Great October. Belarus for the first time in its long history became an independent state - the Soviet Socialist Republic.

The civil war, the defeat of the interventionists, the restoration and reconstruction of factories and factories, collectivization and the fight against the kulaks, overcoming technical and economic backwardness, the cultural revolution ... Together with our entire Motherland, with the help of the fraternal peoples of the Soviet Union, the Byelorussian SSR was rebuilt, grew richer, turned into a powerful socialist industrial republic.

But not all the people of Belarus were happy. The western regions of the republic remained under the rule of bourgeois-landlord Poland. For 20 years the working people here fought for their national liberation, for reunification with Soviet Belarus. In 1939, the western regions became part of the BSSR and began to build socialism with the help of the working people of the republic and our entire socialist Motherland.

However, the Soviet Republic faced severe trials. From the very first days of the Great Patriotic War, it became the scene of the most fierce battles.

The Soviet people stubbornly defended the Belarusian land, showing miracles of courage.

Now every schoolchild knows about the heroic defense of the Brest Fortress in the first weeks of the war. Enemies only captured it when almost all the defenders of the fortress fell the death of heroes.

The Nazis occupied Belarus. They exported to Germany the equipment of enterprises and manufactured goods, livestock and food, destroying everything that the republic had created with such difficulty in peaceful years. The land was taken away from the peasants, the workers were forced to work for the occupiers. A dense network of prisons, concentration camps, ghettos covered the whole of Belarus. Innocent people were hanged, shot, destroyed in gas chambers.

But the Belarusian people did not give up. People's avengers - partisans - acted behind enemy lines in each district. From the mainland they were delivered weapons, ammunition, food. Horror was brought to the Nazis by the detachment of Konstantin Zaslonov, the partisan brigades "Sturmovaya", them. M. V. Frunze, 2nd Minsk, 208th partisan regiment. The immortal feat of Ivan Susanin was repeated by the 70-year-old peasant Ivan Tsuba.

The memory of Belarusian heroes who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army will never die among the people. The son of the Belarusian people, Captain Nikolai Gastello, sent a burning plane to a column of enemy tanks and vehicles and died himself. Another pilot, Alexander Gorovets, fought alone with 20 German aircraft. The hero died, but first he shot down 9 fascist vultures.

The disasters brought to the Belarusian people by the war are innumerable. More than half of the republic's national wealth was looted and destroyed. The cities of Belarus turned into ruins, many villages were burned to the ground ... The economy of the republic had to be restored almost anew. All the fraternal peoples of the USSR came to the rescue. Trains with metal, machinery, seeds, thoroughbred livestock, food went to Belarus.

From the ruins, cities and villages were reborn, factories and factories were put into operation.

Before the revolution Belarus was a backward agricultural country. Its fossil wealth lay in vain. During the years of Soviet power, they - as well as throughout our country - were placed at the service of the people.

Belarus is very rich in peat, the reserves of which amount to billions of tons! This is the main energy raw material of the republic. Use peat as fuel and many industrial enterprises. Powerful thermal power plants will operate on peat, the construction of which in Belarus is provided for by the 20-year plan for building a communist society. In the near future, such energy giants as the most powerful in the republic Berezovskaya HPP, the second stage of the Vasilevichskaya HPP and the Polotsk Thermal Power Plant will come into operation. And the chemical industry begins to produce artificial wax, gas, phenol, acetic acid from peat.

Limestone, chalk, clay, glass sand, gravel and other materials make it possible to widely develop the building and glass industries. Bricks and tiles, gypsum and ceramic blocks, sewer pipes and reinforced concrete structures, window glass and utensils are provided by Belorussia to the entire Soviet Union.

Countless riches were discovered near the city of Starobin - deposits of potash and table salts. Now a new city has grown here - Soligorsk, the first city of miners and chemists in Belarus. A large potash plant is being built here. Thus, a new large base for the production of mineral fertilizers, especially necessary for the non-chernozem belt, will be created in the west of the USSR.

An oil refinery is being built near the ancient city of Polotsk. It will process oil coming through the pipeline from the Volga region. This new industry of the republic will create great opportunities for the development of chemistry.

On the eve of the 43rd anniversary of the Great October Revolution, the Dashava-Minsk gas pipeline, one of the largest construction projects of the seven-year plan, was put into operation ahead of schedule.

Construction was carried out in difficult conditions. Many places along which the gas pipeline is laid are swampy. But the Soviet people overcame all difficulties and won. The path to a powerful flow of natural gas is open. Soon a dense network of pipelines will cover the entire republic. Many residential buildings and enterprises in Minsk, Brest and a number of other cities of the republic have already received this valuable fuel.

Dashava gas will also serve as raw material for the Grodno nitrogen fertilizer plant, which will be built in the coming years. Belarus is becoming a republic of great chemistry. A complex of rubber industry enterprises will be created.

Artificial leather products are produced in Pinsk, a plant for the production of artificial astrakhan fur will operate in the city of Molodechno, and the Svetlogorsk artificial fiber plant is under construction.

Mechanical engineering occupies a special place in the industry of Belarus. It began to develop even before the Patriotic War, and in recent years has become the leading branch of the economy. Many machine-building plants of the republic, including the automobile and tractor plants in Minsk, are of all-Union importance. In the production of trucks, tractors, metal-cutting machine tools, Belarus occupies one of the first places in the country. Belarusian machine builders create new tractors, new cars. For example, they produce a "family" of huge vehicles with a carrying capacity of 25 to 40 tons. Such giants are necessary for the mining industry. In terms of their qualities, they are significantly superior to similar US cars. Mechanical engineering is developing rapidly and further. Enterprises for the manufacture of electrodes, various products from metals and plastics are being built, and the production of automatic machine tool lines has been mastered.

In the first two years of the seven-year plan alone, more than 60 large enterprises and shops were put into operation in the republic, more than 400 new types of machines, machine tools, and instruments were mastered. The task set before the industry of the republic is to help the further development of agriculture. To turn out more quickly and more new, more modern machines, mineral fertilizers and building materials.

The products of Belarus are known not only in our country, but also abroad. The republic exports its goods to more than 50 countries of the world. It exports machine tools, machines, equipment. Tractors "Belarus" successfully work in the boundless steppes of Mongolia, and on the stony lands of Greece, and on the dense calcareous soils of Syria. Ditch diggers and bulldozers of Belarusian brands came to the jungles of Ceylon. Powerful Belarusian dump trucks rush along the roads of the Middle East.

The woodworking industry is also developed in the republic. It produces plywood, lumber, standard houses, furniture. In the post-war years, Belarusian workers planted new forests on hundreds of thousands of hectares.

The Republic's transport provides for the needs of its national economy. The most important railway lines are: Moscow - Brest, Leningrad - Odessa, Riga - Gomel. Major highways Moscow-Minsk-Brest, Leningrad-Kiev pass through Belarus, and airlines are laid over its territory.

The agriculture of Byelorussia is constantly developing and strengthening. The sowing of cereals - including corn - and fodder crops has been expanded. The republic specializes in the development of dairy and meat animal husbandry, pig breeding, breeding of waterfowl, the production of potatoes, fiber flax and sugar beets. For the growth of these branches of agriculture in Belarus, the most favorable natural conditions. But in order to make good use of these favorable natural conditions, it is necessary to put in a lot of work, to give the fields more fertilizer, to create new perfect machines that will be able to better cultivate the land.

FOREST NEAR BELA VAZHA

This forest was mentioned for the first time in the annals of 983. But the white tower, a watchtower made of white stone, was built only in the 13th century, when the city of Kremenets was built on the banks of the Lesnaya River. It was from this white vezha that the ancient forest got its name, an insignificant part of the immense forest, which then stood like a wall in a vast expanse from the Baltic Sea and the Oder to the Bug and the Dnieper.

In the dense thickets of the forest, there is a diverse life hidden from the human eye. Brown hares, squirrels, elks, wild boars, deer, roe deer, ermines, weasels, badgers, foxes, bears, wolves, lynxes live here ... The world of birds is rich - capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodcocks, ducks, black grouse - more than 150 different species of birds.

But the most precious inhabitant of the protected forest for science is, of course, the famous Bialowieza bison... When livestock is crossed with bison, breeds are obtained that tolerate heat and cold well and are resistant to certain diseases.

In the last century, 70 animal species have become extinct on our planet. The bison, the largest of the animals inhabiting European forests, was also under the threat of extinction. During the years of intervention and civil war, bison were almost completely destroyed.

In 1923, at the World Congress for the Protection of Nature, an international society for the protection of bison was created. Thus, a new page in the life of Belovezhskaya Pushcha was opened. Scientists-zoologists have carried out difficult painstaking work to restore the herd of purebred bison living in natural conditions. Now in Belovezhskaya Pushcha there are already more than four dozen adult bison, many young ones. And all in the USSR - about a hundred bison.

At the first meeting bison seem heavy, slow, even passive. And no wonder! This forest giant reaches 3.5 m in length and about 1.9 m in height. It weighs almost a ton. However, bison instantly react to any irritation, they are surprisingly mobile and fast.

In summer bison climb deep into Belovezhskaya Pushcha and run wild. They feed on young green shoots, herbs, foliage. And in winter they keep close to the center of the nursery and know well those who feed them. It is enough for the “breadwinner” to give a voice, and huge animals with powerful heads and crescent-shaped horns come running and patiently wait for food at the feeders.

Remarkable people of the Belarusian land, “beacons of communism”, are working with great enthusiasm. This allows us to say with confidence that the task set by the Communist Party - to increase the productivity of agricultural crops, to significantly increase the number of livestock and the production of livestock products - will be fulfilled by the republic with honor.

Belarus is almost entirely green with forests, blue with rivers and lakes. The hills in Belarus are small. They were formed from glacial moraines. The highest point of the Belarusian Upland, Mount Dzerzhinskaya, rose 346 m above sea level. To the north of it lies the Belarusian Lakeland. There are many glacial lakes surrounded by dense forests and thickets.

The climate of the Belarusian Lake District is more severe than in other places of the republic. Flax growing and meat and dairy cattle breeding are developed here. In terms of flax sowing, this region is one of the first places in the Soviet Union.

To the south of the Belarusian Upland, Polesie is located in a giant triangle between the cities of Brest, Mogilev and Kiev. This is a huge swampy flat lowland. It stretches for 500 km from the Bug to the Dnieper. There are endless stagnant ponds all around, overgrown with sedge, alder, gnarled pine and birch. Among them, on sandy mounds and ridges, villages and cities are spread. There are many in Polissya and dense forests. From them this region got its name. In the lowest part of Polissya, in the direction from west to east, fancifully meandering, the river slowly flows. The Pripyat is a tributary of the Dnieper.

Before the revolution, Polissya was considered the edge of wild swamps and forests. Hunger, poverty, diseases were constant companions of the Poleshchuks - this is how the inhabitants of this area were called in the past. Rivers and bogs fenced them off from the outside world. People constantly struggled with swamps and small forests advancing on arable land. They plowed the earth with a plow, loosened with a hoe. For centuries Poleshchuks dreamed of draining bogs and marshes. But only the socialist state, with its powerful industry and collective farms armed with advanced technology, was able to turn the vast marshes into flourishing fields, meadows and pastures. Under the Program of communist construction, the melioration of Polesye will make it possible to develop more than 4.8 million hectares of land in Belarus and Ukraine.

Belovezhskaya Pushcha is located in the Grodno and Brest regions - one of the most wonderful corners of the nature of our Motherland, the oldest reserve.

Forest, forest and forest - that's what amazes a person who first came to Pushcha. It surprises with its variegation, the continuous alternation of different species, the size of the trees. Here are giant spruces over 50 m high, and there, on the sands, forty-meter pine trees rose. Giant oaks will not be able to clasp three adult men. The height of some oaks reaches 42 m, and the circumference is 10 m. Lindens reach unusually large sizes.

WHAT TO REMEMBER ABOUT BELARUS

1945 Black from conflagrations, desolated lay the Belarusian land. The Nazis turned many cities and villages of the republic into ruins and ashes. The level of the national economy became lower than in 1913.

1961 It's only been 17 years. With fabulous speed, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic arose from the ruins. Compared with 1913, its industrial output has grown almost 40 times. And this means that for every thousand people per year, the following is produced:

machine tools - more than in the US or England, France or Japan;

more trucks than in Italy or Austria;

tractors - more than in England or France, the Federal Republic of Germany or Italy.

In 1913, out of 100 inhabitants of Belarus, 80 were illiterate. And now all children study here, and there are more than 70 students for every 10 thousand inhabitants.

In terms of the number of students in universities per thousand people, Belarus is ahead of Japan, Belgium, France and Italy.

There are more doctors per 10,000 people in the republic than in the USA, England, France, Germany or Japan.

More than 100 thousand specialists with higher education are employed in the national economy of the republic.

In the reserve, tireless work is carried out to protect the rich fauna of this region and to acclimatize new animals.

On the southern slope of the Minsk Upland - the watershed of the basins of the Black and Baltic Seas - Minsk, the capital of the republic, is located. This is one of the oldest cities in our country. It was first mentioned in the chronicle in 1067.

Minsk is located on the shortest route from Western Europe to the central regions of our Motherland. In pre-revolutionary times, it was a provincial provincial town. On the eve of the First World War, there were the largest number of gymnasiums and elementary schools. At the same time, about 30 churches, churches and synagogues operated in the city. Most of the inhabitants were illiterate.

At the end of the XIX century. Minsk became the center of the labor movement and revolutionary Marxist thought in Belarus.

During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, Minsk turned into a large cultural and industrial center. The fascist invaders left ruins and ashes in place of the previously flourishing city. They destroyed 80% of residential buildings, all factories, plants, scientific and educational institutions, theaters, cinemas.

Soviet people restored the city in an unprecedentedly short time. Now Minsk is much more beautiful than before the war. Wide paved streets lined with trees, new high-rise buildings, many parks. In the post-war period, an automobile, tractor, motorbike, bearing and watch factories, a production line factory, fine cloth and worsted factories, and a radio factory were built here. There are factories for spare tractor parts, electrical panels, a printing plant, a plant for reinforced concrete products, and a motor plant is being built. The light and food industries are developed. The city has hundreds of schools, dozens of higher and secondary specialized educational

institutions, including Belarusian State University. V. I. Lenin, Polytechnic Institute, Institute of National Economy, Medical, Pedagogical, Technological, etc. Students in universities and technical schools of the capital - more than 40 thousand people.

The Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR and many research institutes are located in Minsk. There are three theaters, a large state library, the House-Museum of the 1st Congress of the RSDLP, the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

The second largest city of the BSSR is Gomel. It is located in a picturesque place on the river. Sozh.

This is a center for the production of agricultural machinery and machine tools, a large river port.

In the southwest, almost on the border with the Polish People's Republic, stands the city of Brest. It is covered with the heroic glory of the defenders of the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War. The heroes of the Brest Fortress fought to the death, defended their positions to the last fighter. The Nazis were forced to keep here for a long time significant military forces withdrawn from the front.

Modern Brest is a beautiful, comfortable city and an important transport hub of the country.

Not far from the borders with fraternal Poland is another oldest city in the republic - Grodno. A glass factory, a worsted factory, a leather and shoe factory, and a sugar factory operate in Grodno and the Grodno region.

Vitebsk is located on the high banks of the Western Dvina and Vitba. It is the center of machine tool building and the textile industry. The plush carpet factory in Vitebsk produces 40% of all factory carpets in the USSR. The city has a flax mill, a hosiery and knitwear factory.

To the north-west of Vitebsk on the banks of the Western Dvina lies one of the oldest cities in Russia - Polotsk. He is over 1100 years old. Once it was an important center of ancient Russian culture and education. Since then, remarkable historical and architectural monuments have been preserved in the city. Before the October Revolution, Polotsk looked like a run-down provincial town. In Soviet times, he grew up and changed. A glass fiber factory is operating here, the construction of an oil refinery is being completed, and new industrial enterprises are being created.

Speaking about the cities of Belarus, one cannot fail to mention Mogilev, located on the banks of the Dnieper. Famous before the revolution for the products of its leather and footwear enterprises, Mogilev in Soviet times became a major center of metallurgy, metalworking, mechanical engineering, and the textile industry.

The Belarusian collective-farm village is also becoming different. Villages and towns in Belarus are being rebuilt according to new plans. Projects of modern residential, industrial and cultural buildings for rural areas are being developed. Rural houses, like urban buildings, are increasingly being built from prefabricated structures.

The main prospects for the further development of the economy of the republic are connected with mechanical engineering and power engineering on peat, the chemical and food industries, meat and dairy farming.

The selfless labor of the peoples of Belarus (8316 thousand people as of January 1, 1962), the help of all Soviet republics, and primarily the RSFSR, made Belarus the way we see it today - free, rich, going with all our Motherland towards the bright communist future.