I offer my top list, top 5 Heroes of the war of 1812 and their exploits.
Each battle of that war was bloody and resulted in great casualties. Initially, the forces were not equal: from France - about six hundred thousand soldiers, from Russia - more than two times less. The war of 1812, according to historians, posed a question for Russia - a choice: either win or disappear. In the war against the Napoleonic troops, many worthy sons of the Fatherland showed themselves in battles, many of them died on the battlefield or died from wounds (as, for example, Prince Dmitry Petrovich Volkonsky, we wrote).

The exploits of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812:

1. Kutuzov Mikhail Ivanovich

A talented commander, perhaps one of the most famous heroes of the war of 1812. Born in St. Petersburg, in a noble family, his father was a military engineer, a participant in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74. From childhood, a strong and healthy boy was talented in the sciences, received a special education, graduated with honors from an engineering artillery school. After graduation, he was introduced to the court of Emperor Peter III. Over the years of service, Kutuzov had to fulfill various assignments - he was a commander and fought in Poland with opponents of a Russian supporter elected to the throne of the Commonwealth in Poland, fought and proved himself in battles in the Russian-Turkish war under the command of General P.A. Rumyantsev, took part in storming the fortress in Bendery, fought in the Crimea (where he received a wound that cost him an eye). For all the time of his service, Kutuzov received vast command experience. And during the second Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, he fought with Suvorov against a five thousandth Turkish landing detachment. The Turkish detachment was destroyed, and Kutuzov received a second wound in the head. And even then, the military doctor, who gave the operation to the commander, said that fate, preventing Kutuzov from dying after two wounds to the head, was preparing him for something more important.

Kutuzov met the war of 1812, being at a fairly mature age. Knowledge and experience made him a great strategist and tactician. Kutuzov felt equally comfortable both on the "battlefield" and at the negotiating table. At first, Mikhail Kutuzov opposed the participation of the Russian army, along with the Austrian army, against Austerlitz, believing that this was largely a dispute between two monarchs.

The then Emperor Alexander I did not listen to Kutuzov, and the Russian army suffered a crushing defeat at Austerlitz, which was the first defeat of our army in a hundred years.

During the war of 1812, the government, dissatisfied with the retreat of Russian troops from the borders inland, appoints Kutuzov Commander-in-Chief instead of Minister of War Barclay de Tolly. Kutuzov knew that the skill of a commander lies in the ability to force the enemy to play by his own rules. Everyone was waiting for a general battle, and it was given on the twenty-sixth of August near the village of Borodino, one hundred and twenty kilometers from Moscow. During the battle, the Russians chose a tactic - to repel the attacks of the enemy, thereby exhausting him and forcing him to suffer losses. And then on the first of August there was a famous council in Fili, where Kutuzov made a difficult decision - to surrender Moscow, although neither the tsar, nor society, nor the army supported him.

4. Dorokhov Ivan Semyonovich

Major General Dorokhov had serious military experience before the start of the War of 1812. Back in 1787, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, fought in the troops of Suvorov. Then he fought in Poland, took part in the capture of Prague. Dorokhov began the Patriotic War of 1812, being the commander of the vanguard in Barclay's army. In the Battle of Borodino, a bold attack by his soldiers drove the French back from the fortifications of Bagration. And after they entered Moscow, Dorokhov commanded one of the created partisan detachments. His detachment inflicted enormous damage on the enemy army - one and a half thousand prisoners, of which about fifty were officers. Absolutely brilliant was the operation of the Dorokhov detachment to take Vereya, where the most important French deployment point was located. At night, before dawn, the detachment broke into the city and occupied it without firing a shot. After Napoleon's troops left Moscow, a serious battle took place near Maloyaroslavets, where Dorokhov was seriously wounded in the leg by a bullet right through, and died in 1815, the lieutenant general of the Russian army was buried in Vereya, according to his last will.

5. Davydov Denis Vasilyevich

In his autobiography, Denis Davydov would later write that he "was born for 1812". The son of a regimental commander, he began military service at the age of seventeen in a cavalry guard regiment. He took part in the war with Sweden, the battle with the Turks on the Danube, was Bagration's adjutant, served in a detachment at Kutuzov.

He met the war of 1812 as a lieutenant colonel of the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment. Denis Davydov perfectly understood the state of affairs on the front line and proposed to Bagration a scheme for conducting a guerrilla war. Kutuzov considered and approved the proposal. And on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Denis Davydov with a detachment was sent behind enemy lines. Davydov's detachment carried out successful partisan actions, and following his example, new detachments were created, which especially distinguished themselves during the French retreat. Near the village of Lyakhovo (now - detachments of partisans, among which was a detachment under the command of Denis Davydov, captured a column of two thousand Frenchmen. For Davydov, the war did not end with the expulsion of the French from Russia. He already fought valiantly in the rank of colonel near Bautzen, Leipzig , and in the rank of major general - in the battle of Larotiere. Denis Davydov received fame and recognition as a poet. In his works, he mainly sings of the hussar, "Lieutenant Rzhevsky" is, by the way, "the work of his hands." Creativity Pushkin appreciated Davydov, and Denis Davydov died in 1839.

The war with Napoleon became nationwide for Russia - ordinary people helped to stop the army of the “little general” of the army. The confrontation with the French gave rise to many heroes whose names are still known.

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration

This Russian commander of Georgian origin was the author of one of the plans for defense against Napoleonic troops. However, the emperor did not accept him, which almost caused the defeat of the Russian army. She was saved from this by the same Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, who united two fronts into one.

Rice. 1. Bagration.

Pyotr Ivanovich supported Kutuzov's plan for a general battle on the Borodino field and was mortally wounded in this battle. The commander was taken to his estate, where he died.

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

By origin, this Russian commander was a Scot. He also took the initiative to repulse the French attack, and even before open war broke out. On his initiative, many fortresses were built, but the emperor did not accept the most important one - on the distribution of instructions by the commander in case of an attack.

When Napoleon invaded Russia, de Tolly commanded the western army and, having united with Bagration, did not allow the French to completely defeat the army. However, he was soon removed from the post of commander - he was replaced by Kutuzov.

After the battle of Borodino, he received the Order of St. George, and after the death of Kutuzov, he completed his work to defeat the French army - it was under his command that the Russian army entered Paris. Emperor Alexander rewarded him with a princely title.

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Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

In 1812, when the Patriotic War began, he was in a tense relationship with the emperor, who decided not to trust him with the overall command. Instead, Kutuzov was put in charge of the people's militia in St. Petersburg, which he became famous for, because it was the actions of the partisans that to a large extent undermined not only the forces, but also the morale of the French.

It was he who decided to give the enemy a fight on the Borodino field and then another, much more difficult - to leave Moscow. It caused a lot of criticism, but in the end broke Napoleon and caused ferment in his army. He died in 1813, before the complete defeat of the Napoleonic army, but even then it was clear that this was not to be expected for long. Buried Kutuzov in St. Petersburg.

Rice. 2. Kutuzov.

There were other heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, known not only for their exploits, but also distinguished themselves in a different way.

Denis Davydov

It was he who proposed to Bagration the idea of ​​forming partisan detachments and took upon himself the implementation of this initiative. On September 1, 1812, their first raid took place, and on November 4, they captured several French generals. For his exploits, he received the Order of St. George, and after his retirement he began to write poetry.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

The only female soldier in the Russian army, by the time the war began, she had already served for six years, since 1806. Durova met the year 1812 with the rank of second lieutenant of the Ulansky regiment and participated in many iconic battles of the Patriotic War, including Borodino, where she was wounded but survived. In September 1812, she became an orderly at Kutuzov's headquarters. She retired in 1816 and wrote memoirs of her service, especially the events of the War of 1812.

Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. There are many of these heroes, we will talk about some of them briefly.

The victory of the Russian army created a wonderful constellation of the names of its participants - outstanding generals and privates. The gallery of heroism, courage and courage is the military glory of Russia and begins with the Emperor Alexander I.

Alexander I the Blessed (1777 - 1825)

The years of his reign are a difficult period in European politics, when Russia had to maneuver between the powerful Great Britain and France, striving for world domination.

Participating in the anti-French coalition of 1805-1807 allowed Russia to become one of the decisive players in European politics. After these events, the Russian empire turned from a regional country into a serious adversary.

The events of the Patriotic War of 1812 fully confirmed the strength of the Russians, and Emperor Alexander I personified the prestige of the country, unprecedented to this day.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813)

Sometimes even now, as in life, one can hear skeptical statements that Kutuzov was not the most outstanding strategist and tactician, they were better, smarter, smarter.

These critics of Mikhail Illarionovich's actions forget that it was his figure of a military leader who personified the national self-consciousness in the troops. The officers and soldiers in the difficult hour of trials needed the Russian commander in chief and the merit of Emperor Alexander, that he was able to catch this patriotic impulse not only in the troops, but also in society, and appointed Kutuzov to command the Russian army.

Under his command, the Russian army was able to defeat the hitherto invincible army of Napoleon. He was the first full knight of the Order of St. George.

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich (1761 -1818)

By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly had been in military service for more than 30 years and was considered a competent and courageous commander. He distinguished himself in several major military companies.

Michael Barclay de Tolly photo

At the beginning of 1812, he served as Minister of War, and with the outbreak of hostilities, he was at the head of the 1st Western Army. At the same time, the 2nd Western Army was transferred to his submission. Despite the military-literate actions of Barclay de Tolly during the retreat of the Russian army, the military, like the whole society as a whole, were dissatisfied with him as commander in chief.

Barclay was removed from general command, only one army remained under his command. During the Battle of Borodino, Mikhail Bogdanovich ruled with great skill and personal courage the right wing and the center of the Russian army. He was a full knight of the Order of St. George.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova (1783-1866)

This little woman defended her Motherland. Back in 1806, she ran away from home and changed into a Cossack uniform. In the city of Grodno, she was assigned to a cavalry regiment. Serving Nadezhda was difficult, but she enjoyed it. Later, she wrote a letter to her father, asking him to forgive her. The uncle told one general about the nephew, and soon Emperor Alexander 1 himself found out about the brave girl.

At a meeting with Durova, the emperor handed her the St. George Cross with admiration. It was in December 1807. In the Patriotic War of 1812, Nadezhda Andreevna participated in many battles, both near Smolensk and on the Borodino field. She was wounded, but remained in the ranks.

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration (1765-1812)

Hereditary military man from the family of Georgian princes. Field Marshal Suvorov's favorite, distinguished himself in his European campaigns. A general who never lost a single battle.

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration photo

He was distinguished by great courage and often showed heroism at critical moments of the battle - he personally led the attack, for which he received a very honorable nickname "The Lion of the Russian Army". He was respected by the common people for supporting the partisan movement.

During Borodino, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army and in this sector all French attacks were repulsed. The general himself was mortally wounded on the battlefield, but did not leave the position until it became clear that the Russian army had won.

Alexei Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861)

A talented general, a brave and strong-willed man, one of the most talented military leaders. Alexey Petrovich was the chief of staff of the 1st Western Army and was the organizer of the defense of Smolensk.

Alex Ermolov photo

He proved himself in the battle of Maloyaroslavets, preventing Napoleon from approaching the grain regions. By right he deserves to be a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Tormasov Alexander Petrovich (1752-1819)

Despite the fact that he served in the main military companies as an adjutant, he was a courageous and intelligent commander. This allowed him to prove himself excellently and successfully advance in the service.

Tormasov Alexander Petrovich photo

By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, he commanded the Russian army in the Caucasus, but was appointed commander-in-chief of the 3rd Observation Army, which won the first significant victory in this company - captured the Saxon brigade of General Kleingel and at the same time successfully repelled the onslaught of two Napoleonic corps. Tormasov was the only one who received the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called for the Patriotic War of 1812.

"The heroic feat of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812"

There are such events in the Patriotic history that every person should know. Such events, of course, include the Patriotic War of 1812. After all, it was at that difficult time that the fate of the Motherland, of the entire people, was being decided. The theme of our lesson: "The heroism of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812."

Our lesson today is unusual - integrated. And we spend it together with a teacher of literature. After all, literature and history are two related subjects. In history lessons, we often hear poems and fragments of works of art. Today we will reveal our topic using the examples of historical figures and literary images (consider the final stage of the war).

Definitions and terms (they will be our transition to the topic of the lesson).

What war is called Patriotic War? What is a people's militia? Who is a patriot? And which of the famous personalities of Russian history can be called a patriot?

Confrontation between two armies. Guerrilla war.

The Russian army is located near the village of Tarutino, 80 km. From Moscow, covering the Tula arms factories and the fertile southern provinces. Napoleon, who was in Moscow, believed that the campaign was over and was waiting for an offer of peace. But no one sent ambassadors to him. The army, led by Kutuzov, was opposed to peace negotiations. However, a behind-the-scenes struggle was going on at the tsar's court (the empress-mother, brother Konstantin and the favorite of the tsar, Arakcheev, demanded peace with Napoleon). Tensions arose between the army and the court. And Tsar Alexander I refused to enter into negotiations with Napoleon. The hatred for the enemy and the patriotic upsurge in society were such that there could be no question of any peace.

1 part of the movie.

- What was Kutuzov's goal in leaving Moscow? Why? How do you evaluate his action?

Kutuzov took a risk. If his general plan had failed, he would have been severely punished by the emperor. And what a coward he would have remained in the memory of the people. He could give Napoleon one more battle, and even in the event of a defeat, his honor would be out of danger. Kutuzov risked his name and position. He put the sacred duty of saving the Fatherland above personal well-being. Like a patriot!

From the beginning of the invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia, a people's war began to unfold against the enemy, peasant detachments spontaneously arose. The excesses of the enemy, the fire of Moscow caused even greater indignation of the people. The people's war engulfed the entire territory occupied by the enemy. Partisan detachments detached from the armies made bold raids deep into the territory occupied by the enemy. The merit of Kutuzov is that he attached great importance to this small war, which raised the spirit of the population of the front-line provinces. The popular character of the war was most clearly manifested in the actions of the peasants. The peasants refused to supply the French with food, they killed enemy foragers (after all, the French army had long since broken away from its rear bases, and existed at the expense of extortions from the population). But the soldiers sent to the villages for food disappeared without a trace. In one of the orders, Napoleon wrote that the French army loses more every day from partisan attacks than on the battlefield.

Kutuzov, who quickly appreciated the importance of guerrilla warfare, began to send flying cavalry detachments behind enemy lines; army partisan detachments began to be created.

He commanded the first detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks.

“Denis Davydov is remarkable as a poet, and as a military writer, and in general as a writer, and as a warrior - not only for exemplary courage and some kind of chivalrous enthusiasm, but for the talent of a military leader.”

Davydov gave military service 35 years of his life out of the 55 years allotted to him by fate. With the government, he enjoyed a reputation as a brash and politically unreliable person. But he was one of the most popular people of his time. he was loved, admired, poems dedicated to him.

Student message:

Davydov, what is called in the family, was written to be a military man. Denis was not ten years old when he met with the greatest commander of Russia -. This meeting determined the choice of his life path. “This one will be a military man. I won’t die yet, and he’s already won three battles!”

For 5 years, Davydov was an assistant and adjutant to the remarkable commander Bagration. During the attacks, he was with Bagration at the head of the troops. On the Borodino field, on the very eve of the battle, he received Kutuzov's consent to lead the very first partisan detachment.

Bagration, saying goodbye to Davydov on the Borodino field, handed over to him a personally written order on partisan action and presented his map of the Smolensk province, which the partisan poet carefully kept until the end of his life.

From the very beginning of the raid of the partisan detachment behind enemy lines, Davydov begins to keep a diary, on the pages of which he conveys with remarkable truthfulness everything that was seen, felt in moments of the greatest danger for the motherland. He contributes in every possible way to the development of a people's war - he distributes weapons to the peasants, encourages them to create partisan detachments, and gives advice on how to fight the French. Although Davydov wrote about himself: “I am not a poet, I am a partisan, I am a Cossack” - he was a real, talented poet, who was highly appreciated by his contemporaries. Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, Pushkin admired him.

Literature teacher.

The literary fame of the poet-hussar, a thoughtless brave man and unrestrained revelers, somehow merged with the partisan glory of Davydov and turned into a kind of legend.

His colleague characterizes Davydov's literary pursuits in an emotionally elevated tone: “Most of his poems smell like a bivouac. They were written on halts, on day trips, between two shifts, between two battles, between two wars; these are trial handwriting of a pen made for writing reports. Davydov's poems were very popular at noisy meals, at merry feasts, among wild revelry.

Let's all plunge into the era when such wonderful people lived and try to feel the spirit of that time.

A film fragment from the film "The Squadron of the Flying Hussars".

- I suggest you listen to D. Davydov's poem "Song" and think about what the hero poet is singing in this poem.

- This poem is like a panorama of the life of a hussar. What is the main thing for a lyrical hero? (the desire to fight for the Motherland, selflessly, headlong to serve Mother Russia).

There were many rumors at that time about D. Davydov. They were also exaggerated about the love victories of the hussar. Although, as a war hero, a charming and witty man, he was, in fact, popular with women. And, of course, the theme of love sounded in his work.

- Listen to D. Davydov's romance, the music for which was written by the famous composer Alexander Zhurbin.

It sounds like a romance from the movie "Squadron of Flying Hussars" - "Don't Awaken".

What is the feeling of this romance?

- At what point in the life of D. Davydov could it sound?

- Why is this romance still perceived by us very emotionally?

There is an objective testimony of Vyazemsky (a friend of the poet): “A cordial and pleasant drinking buddy, he was actually quite modest and sober. He did not justify our proverb: “Drunk and smart, two lands in him.” He was smart, but he had never been drunk. Therefore, it would not be superfluous to note that, singing wine and revelry in verse, D. Davydov in this respect was somewhat poetic.

Here, for example, is “The Song of the Old Hussar”. At first glance, the author yearns here for those times when the hussars at the feast "not saying a word" indulged in endless libations. However, in fact, the reproach “Jomini da Jomini” (denoting the name of a famous general and military historian) was more suitable for D. Davydov himself than “hussarism”, described with exaggeration in the first lines.

– What is typical for D. Davydov's poems? What is the theme of his poetry?

- You have handout No. 1 on your tables with the statements of famous people about Davydov. What can be said about this person as a person?

Nearly a century and a half has passed, but the most noble personality, original poems and military-patriotic works of D. Davydov have not been forgotten. Not forgotten is his friendship with him, who devoted many poems to the partisan poet, from whom he learned a lot. And it was Davydov (as Pushkin once said) who helped him find his own way into the poetic era.

There are beautiful lines of Yaroslav Smelyakov, a famous poet:

In the morning, putting your foot in the stirrup -
Ah, what a blessing! -
You are currently
Managed to jump.

And it is true. The poems of this wonderful poet have survived to our times, and will live for many years, leaving the memory of the one who left them to us as a legacy.

Student messages.

Another staff captain Alexander Figner, fluent in French, collected information behind enemy lines, including in captured Moscow. (Here Figner even intended to kill Napoleon). Bold raids on the rear of the enemy were carried out by detachments of officers Seslavin and Doronov.

Peasant partisans Yermolai Chetvertakov and G. Kurin inflicted great damage on the enemy. The soldier Chetvertakov was captured in one of the battles, soon fled and led a partisan detachment numbering more than 4 thousand people. was even larger.

The peasants also created many small detachments. The headman Vasilisa Kozhina, who led a detachment of teenagers and women, gained fame.

“The guerrillas destroyed the great army piecemeal. They picked up those fallen leaves that fell by themselves from the withered tree of the French army,” he wrote. During the month of their stay in Moscow, the French troops lost about 30 thousand people.

And the Russian army during the weeks spent in the Tarushinsky camp was replenished with new guns. The whole country, all the peoples of Russia helped the army. Every day, people's militias were created. Every day spent in the camp, Kutuzov called the Golden Day

War and woman are incompatible concepts. War has no feminine face. But in harsh times, women could not stand aside.

Literature teacher.

One of the works dedicated to the heroism of the Russian people in the war of 1812 is “ Notes of a cavalry girl”. They were written by a legendary woman - an officer.

She was born in September 1783. His father was a hussar captain, his mother was the daughter of a wealthy landowner. She married for love, having run away from her parents' house. Dreamed of a son. But the firstborn was a girl who immediately became an unloved child. “I was very strong and cheerful, but only incredibly noisy. One day my mother was in a very bad temper. I kept her up all night; went on a hike at dawn. Mama was about to fall asleep in the carriage, but I began to cry again. This overwhelmed my mother's annoyance, she lost her temper and, snatching me from the hands of the girl, threw me out the window! The hussars screamed in horror, jumped off their horses and lifted me up, all bloody and showing no sign of life. To everyone's surprise, I came back to life. Father... said to my mother: “Thank God that you are not a murderer! Our daughter is alive, but I will not hand her over to you, I will take care of her myself.”

From that moment on, the father gave the girl to the care of his batman Astakhov. In the morning, the uncle put his pupil on his shoulders, walked with her to the regimental stable, entertained the girl with various military techniques. Mother was ashamed of her "hussar girl", showered abuse, often punished, tried to re-educate. Nothing happened. At night, Nadia somehow climbed onto the back of her father's Alcides and galloped away into the field, clutching her mane with her hands.

“Perhaps I would have forgotten all my hussar habits if my mother had not presented me in the most bleak way the fate of a woman. She spoke to me in the most offensive terms about the fate of the female sex: a woman, in her opinion, should be born, live and die in slavery; that woman is full of weaknesses, devoid of all perfections, and incapable of anything; that a woman is the most unfortunate, most insignificant and most contemptible creature in the world! My head was spinning from this description: I decided, even if it cost me my life, to separate from the floor, which, as I thought, was under the curse of God ... ”.

One day, seeing a Cossack regiment passing through their Sarapul, Nadya cut off a long scythe with her father's saber, saddled Alkid and caught up with the Cossack regiment. She posed as Alexander Durov and begged the colonel to accept her temporarily into the Cossack regiment. As part of the Lithuanian Lancers Regiment, she entered the Patriotic War of 1812. At the head of her squadron, she participated in the battles near Smolensk, near the Koltsky Monastery, in the famous Battle of Borodino.

After a shell shock, he serves as an orderly at Kutuzov. The caring field marshal insisted that she take a vacation and go home for treatment. After ten years of military service, Durova retired in the blue of a staff captain and a pension of one thousand rubles a year.

Living in Yelabuga, she took up the writer's pen. Readers were amazed to see that the tender fingers that once gripped the hilt of the lancer's saber also own the pen. Denis Davydov, a glorious partisan of the war of 1812 and a strict critic, wrote about Durova’s novel like this: “It seems that Pushkin himself gave her his prose pen, and she owes him this courageous firmness and strength, this bright expressiveness of his story, always full, imbued with some kind of hidden thought.

The last years of Durova's life were spent in Yelabuga. She had few close friends. She didn't like talking about her past. She was also cold to her literary fame. She died on March 21, 1866 at the age of 83. She was buried with military honors.

The Napoleonic army felt in Moscow as in a besieged fortress. Three times Napoleon tried to start negotiations with Alexander I and Kutuzov, but failed. Napoleon decided to leave Moscow and move the remnants of the army to the unravaged south of Russia. Before leaving, he ordered the Kremlin, St. Basil's Cathedral and other national shrines to be blown up. It was only thanks to the dedication of the Russian patriots that this plan was thwarted.

Movie - part 2.

On October 6, the French left Moscow, but the strengthened and numerically increased Russian army stood in their way. Russian troops inflicted a defeat on the French near Tarutino... The small town changed hands 8 times. The Russian army tightly closed the road to Kaluga. This battle forced the French command to change the path of further retreat of the French army and turn to the devastated Smolensk road.

Kutuzov organized the pursuit of the retreating French troops. The enemy suffered heavy losses. The retreat became more and more disorderly. An early and harsh winter turned the French army into an uncontrollable, hungry and shabby crowd. When crossing the Berezina River, Napoleon lost another 30 thousand of his soldiers.

Only the miserable remnants of the “great army” managed to cross the border. The emperor himself, leaving his troops, fled to Paris with the words: “There is no more army!”

Do you think Russia should have continued the war after the expulsion of Napoleon from its borders?

At the end of 1812, Field Marshal General reported to the Tsar: “ The war ended with the complete annihilation of the enemy". On December 25, Alexander I issued a manifesto about the expulsion of the enemy from Russia and the end of the Patriotic War.

The meaning of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the reasons for the victories

What is the significance of the victory of the Russian army? (the myth of the invincibility of Napoleon's army). Using the materials of today's lesson, show that the war of 1812 was Patriotic. Why did they win the Patriotic War? How did you manage to do it? Who can you call a patriot? Do you agree with the opinion of the historian Tarle about the main reason for the defeat of Napoleon in Russia? What are the main reasons for winning in your opinion?

Output: In the war of 1812, the Russian army showed its best qualities: steadfastness, courage, bravery. All participants in the war were awarded medals. The order for the army said: “Each of you is worthy to wear this sign, a venerable sign, this evidence of labor, courage and participation in glory, for all of you equally bore the burden and lived with unanimous courage.”

The protagonist is the people who have risen to defend the state independence and national freedom of their great Motherland.

This war contributed to the growth of national self-awareness of people.

Summarizing.

Putintsev Sevastyan, Mitrafanov Vadim

HEROES OF THE WAR OF 1812

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration

1778 - 1834

Denis Vasilievich Davydov

1784 – 1839

The son of the commander of the Poltava Light Horse Regiment, Brigadier Davydov, who served under the command of Suvorov, Denis Davydov was born on July 17, 1784 in Moscow. His clan, according to family tradition, goes back to Murza Minchak Kasaevich (baptized Simeon), who entered Moscow at the beginning of the 15th century.

From the age of 17, he began military service as an Estandart Junker in the Cavalier Guard Regiment, a year later he was promoted to the first officer rank, and two years later he was expelled from the guard to the army for writing "outrageous poems".Belarusian hussar regiment. Davydov quickly settled into a new environment for him and continued to write poems in which he sang the delights of the reckless hussar life. These poems diverged in numerous lists and brought the young Davydov the first - poetic - glory.

In 1806 he was returned to the guards, who had just returned to St. Petersburg after a campaign in Austria. D.V. Davydov writes in his autobiography: "I smelled of milk, she (of the guard. - A.P.) smelled of gunpowder." Dreaming of the laurels of a hero, caressed in childhood by Suvorov, who promised him a brilliant military future, Davydov decided on a daring act: at four o'clock in the morning, "in order to preempt a new column of relatives" who were busy with their loved ones, he entered the hotel where Field Marshal M. F. Kamensky, appointed commander-in-chief in the upcoming new campaign against Napoleon, and asked to be sent to the army in the field. Davydov's perseverance was crowned with success in the end, and he became Bagration's adjutant. Together with him, the young officer went through the campaign of 1807, participated in all the battles and received five military awards, including a golden saber with the inscription "For Bravery".

In 1808 - 1809, during the war with Sweden, Davydov, being in the avant-garde detachmentKulneva committed with him hiking in northern Finland to Uleaborg and famous crossing the ice of the Gulf of Bothniato the coast of Sweden. In the same year, 1809, as Bagration's adjutant, in 1810, he transferred to Kulnev, who, in his own words, "finishes the course of outpost service begun in Finland."

Loud military glory Denis Davydov earned in World War II. At the beginning of the campaign, he commanded a battalion with the rank of lieutenant colonel.Akhtyrsky hussar regimentin the army of Bagration, to whom he turned shortly before the battle of Borodino with a project of guerrilla warfare. Kutuzov approved the submission of Bagration, and on August 25, on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Davydov, having received 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks at his disposal, moved behind enemy lines. On his first "search", on September 1, when the French were preparing to enter Moscow, Davydov defeated on the Smolensk road, near Tsarev Zaimishch, two gangs of marauders who covered the carts with "the belongings robbed from the inhabitants", and transport with bread and cartridges, taking more than 200 people captured. The weapons repulsed at the same time, he immediately distributed to the peasants who were rising to the people's war. Davydov's success was complete. Almost every day, his detachment captured prisoners, carts with food and ammunition. Following the example of the Davydov detachment (its number increased to 300 people), other partisan detachments were created from regular and Cossack troops.

Davydov's success was largely due to his close ties with the population - the peasants served him as scouts, guides, they themselves took part in the extermination of gangs of foragers. Since the uniforms of the Russian and French hussars were very similar and the peasants often mistook Davydov for a Frenchman, he dressed in a Cossack caftan, grew a beard and is depicted in this form on several engravings of that time.

Particularly wide scope of action of military partisan detachments was adopted during the retreat of the French from Russia. Day and night, the partisans did not give the enemy a moment's rest, destroying or capturing small groups and uniting to strike at large columns. So, on September 28, the partisan detachments of Davydov,Seslavina, Figner and Orlov-Denisov were surrounded in the village of Lyakhovo, attacked and captured a 2,000-strong French column led by General Augereau. About the case near Lyakhov, Kutuzov said: "This victory is all the more famous because for the first time in the continuation of the current campaign, the enemy corps laid down weapons in front of us."

Denis Davydov with his detachment "escorted" the French to the very border. For distinction in the 1812 campaign, he was awarded the George Cross and promoted to colonel. In 1813 Davydov fought near Kalisz, Bautzen andLeipzig. At the beginning of the 1814 campaign, he commanded the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment, for his distinction in the battle on January 20 at Larotiere he was promoted to major general and entered Paris at the head of the hussar brigade.

In 1823, Davydov retired, but in 1826 he returned to the service. Participated in the Russian-Persian war of 1826-1828. On September 21, 1826, he defeated a 4,000th Persian detachment. He commanded a detachment during the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1830-1831, and only then finally "unbelted and hung his hat on the wall."

The name of Davydov as a "poet-partisan" fanned with loud romantic glory. He had a close friendship withPushkin, linguistic, Vyazemsky, Baratynskyand other poets who sang of him in their poems; his ownlyric and satirical poetry. As early as 1821, he published "An Experience in the Theory of Partisan Action", and after retiring, he "indulged in military notes", creating a number of essays on the events in which he was a witness and participant. Written, according to Pushkin, in "an inimitable style," these vivid and lively essays are of exceptional historical and literary interest.

In 1839, when in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov suggested the idea of ​​transferring the ashes of Bagration there. Davydov's proposal was accepted and he was supposed to accompany the coffin of Bagration, whose memory he revered, but on April 23, a few months before the Borodino celebrations, he suddenly died in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

1745 - 1813

Since 1770, during the decisive events of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774, Kutuzov was sent to the 1st. Danube army P. Rumyantsev. In the positions of a combatant and staff officer, he took part in the battles that were the pride of Russian weapons - at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul; at Larga, a grenadier commanded a battalion, at Cahul he acted in the vanguard of the right wing. For the battles of 1770 he was promoted to major. In the post of chief of staff of the corps, he distinguished himself in the battle of Popesti (1771), granted the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1772, due to manifestations of a cheerful disposition (sometimes he imitated the gait and speech of superiors, including the commander), Kutuzov was sent by Rumyantsev to the 2nd, Crimean army of V. Dolgorukov. Since that time, Mikhail Illarionovich has changed dramatically, having learned to completely control his behavior and expression of thoughts. In 1774, in a battle with the Krymchaks near Alushta, he led a soldier into battle with a banner in his hand, while pursuing the enemy he was seriously wounded: a bullet entered below the left temple and exited at the right eye. Mikhail Illarionovich was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th degree and sent by Catherine II for treatment abroad. While recovering, at the same time he got acquainted with the experience of military affairs in Austria and Prussia, had a conversation with Frederick II the Great.

In 1776, upon returning to Russia, Kutuzov was sent by the Empress to the Crimea to help Suvorov, who ensured order there. Won his trust by performing responsible tasks; on the proposal of Suvorov, he received the rank of colonel (1777), and then the brigadier (1782). In 1784, on behalf of G. Potemkin, he negotiated with Krym-Giray, the last Crimean khan, convinced him of the need to abdicate and recognize Russia's rights to the lands from the Bug to the Kuban; for this he was awarded the rank of major general. From the following year, Mikhail Illarionovich commanded the Bug Jaeger Corps that he had formed; supervising his training, he developed new tactics for rangers and outlined them in a special instruction. In 1787 he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree.

At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Kutuzov with his corps guarded the southwestern borders of Russia along the Bug River. As part of Potemkin's Yekaterinoslav army, he took part in the siege of Ochakov (1788). Here, during the reflection of the sortie of the Turks, he was seriously wounded for the second time (a bullet hit the cheek and exited the back of the head). When he recovered, the doctor who treated him remarked: "Providence seems to be saving this man for something extraordinary, because he was healed of two wounds, of which each was fatal." The very next year, commanding a separate corps, Kutuzov successfully fought near Akkerman and Kaushany, participated in the capture of Bender by Potemkin, and received new awards.

Karl Osipovich Lambert

1773 - 1843