"The heroic feat of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812"

There are such events in the Patriotic history that every person should know. Such events, of course, include the Patriotic War of 1812. After all, it was at that difficult time that the fate of the Motherland, of the entire people, was being decided. The theme of our lesson: "The heroism of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812."

Our lesson today is unusual - integrated. And we spend it together with a teacher of literature. After all, literature and history are two related subjects. In history lessons, we often hear poems and fragments of works of art. Today we will reveal our topic using the examples of historical figures and literary images (consider the final stage of the war).

Definitions and terms (they will be our transition to the topic of the lesson).

What war is called Patriotic War? What is a people's militia? Who is a patriot? And which of the famous personalities of Russian history can be called a patriot?

Confrontation between two armies. Guerrilla war.

The Russian army is located near the village of Tarutino, 80 km. From Moscow, covering the Tula arms factories and the fertile southern provinces. Napoleon, who was in Moscow, believed that the campaign was over and was waiting for an offer of peace. But no one sent ambassadors to him. The army, led by Kutuzov, was opposed to peace negotiations. However, a behind-the-scenes struggle was going on at the tsar's court (the empress-mother, brother Konstantin and the favorite of the tsar, Arakcheev, demanded peace with Napoleon). Tensions arose between the army and the court. And Tsar Alexander I refused to enter into negotiations with Napoleon. The hatred for the enemy and the patriotic upsurge in society were such that there could be no question of any peace.

1 part of the movie.

- What was Kutuzov's goal in leaving Moscow? Why? How do you evaluate his action?

Kutuzov took a risk. If his general plan had failed, he would have been severely punished by the emperor. And what a coward he would have remained in the memory of the people. He could give Napoleon one more battle, and even in the event of a defeat, his honor would be out of danger. Kutuzov risked his name and position. He put the sacred duty of saving the Fatherland above personal well-being. Like a patriot!

From the beginning of the invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia, a people's war began to unfold against the enemy, peasant detachments spontaneously arose. The excesses of the enemy, the fire of Moscow caused even greater indignation of the people. The people's war engulfed the entire territory occupied by the enemy. Partisan detachments detached from the armies made bold raids deep into the territory occupied by the enemy. The merit of Kutuzov is that he attached great importance to this small war, which raised the spirit of the population of the front-line provinces. The popular character of the war was most clearly manifested in the actions of the peasants. The peasants refused to supply the French with food, they killed enemy foragers (after all, the French army had long since broken away from its rear bases, and existed at the expense of extortions from the population). But the soldiers sent to the villages for food disappeared without a trace. In one of the orders, Napoleon wrote that the French army loses more every day from partisan attacks than on the battlefield.

Kutuzov, who quickly appreciated the importance of guerrilla warfare, began to send flying cavalry detachments behind enemy lines; army partisan detachments began to be created.

He commanded the first detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks.

“Denis Davydov is remarkable as a poet, and as a military writer, and in general as a writer, and as a warrior - not only for exemplary courage and some kind of chivalrous enthusiasm, but for the talent of a military leader.”

Davydov gave military service 35 years of his life out of the 55 years allotted to him by fate. With the government, he enjoyed a reputation as a brash and politically unreliable person. But he was one of the most popular people of his time. he was loved, admired, poems dedicated to him.

Student message:

Davydov, what is called in the family, was written to be a military man. Denis was not ten years old when he met with the greatest commander of Russia -. This meeting determined the choice of his life path. “This one will be a military man. I won’t die yet, and he’s already won three battles!”

For 5 years, Davydov was an assistant and adjutant to the remarkable commander Bagration. During the attacks, he was with Bagration at the head of the troops. On the Borodino field, on the very eve of the battle, he received Kutuzov's consent to lead the very first partisan detachment.

Bagration, saying goodbye to Davydov on the Borodino field, handed over to him a personally written order on partisan action and presented his map of the Smolensk province, which the partisan poet carefully kept until the end of his life.

From the very beginning of the raid of the partisan detachment behind enemy lines, Davydov begins to keep a diary, on the pages of which he conveys with remarkable truthfulness everything that was seen, felt in moments of the greatest danger for the motherland. He contributes in every possible way to the development of a people's war - he distributes weapons to the peasants, encourages them to create partisan detachments, and gives advice on how to fight the French. Although Davydov wrote about himself: “I am not a poet, I am a partisan, I am a Cossack” - he was a real, talented poet, who was highly appreciated by his contemporaries. Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, Pushkin admired him.

Literature teacher.

The literary fame of the poet-hussar, a thoughtless brave man and unrestrained revelers, somehow merged with the partisan glory of Davydov and turned into a kind of legend.

His colleague characterizes Davydov's literary pursuits in an emotionally elevated tone: “Most of his poems smell like a bivouac. They were written on halts, on day trips, between two shifts, between two battles, between two wars; these are trial handwriting of a pen made for writing reports. Davydov's poems were very popular at noisy meals, at merry feasts, among wild revelry.

Let's all plunge into the era when such wonderful people lived and try to feel the spirit of that time.

A film fragment from the film "The Squadron of the Flying Hussars".

- I suggest you listen to D. Davydov's poem "Song" and think about what the hero poet is singing in this poem.

- This poem is like a panorama of the life of a hussar. What is the main thing for a lyrical hero? (the desire to fight for the Motherland, selflessly, headlong to serve Mother Russia).

There were many rumors at that time about D. Davydov. They were also exaggerated about the love victories of the hussar. Although, as a war hero, a charming and witty man, he was, in fact, popular with women. And, of course, the theme of love sounded in his work.

- Listen to D. Davydov's romance, the music for which was written by the famous composer Alexander Zhurbin.

It sounds like a romance from the movie "Squadron of Flying Hussars" - "Don't Awaken".

What is the feeling of this romance?

- At what point in the life of D. Davydov could it sound?

- Why is this romance still perceived by us very emotionally?

There is an objective testimony of Vyazemsky (a friend of the poet): “A cordial and pleasant drinking buddy, he was actually quite modest and sober. He did not justify our proverb: “Drunk and smart, two lands in him.” He was smart, but he had never been drunk. Therefore, it would not be superfluous to note that, singing wine and revelry in verse, D. Davydov in this respect was somewhat poetic.

Here, for example, is “The Song of the Old Hussar”. At first glance, the author yearns here for those times when the hussars at the feast "not saying a word" indulged in endless libations. However, in fact, the reproach “Jomini da Jomini” (denoting the name of a famous general and military historian) was more suitable for D. Davydov himself than “hussarism”, described with exaggeration in the first lines.

– What is typical for D. Davydov's poems? What is the theme of his poetry?

- You have handout No. 1 on your tables with the statements of famous people about Davydov. What can be said about this person as a person?

Nearly a century and a half has passed, but the most noble personality, original poems and military-patriotic works of D. Davydov have not been forgotten. Not forgotten is his friendship with him, who devoted many poems to the partisan poet, from whom he learned a lot. And it was Davydov (as Pushkin once said) who helped him find his own way into the poetic era.

There are beautiful lines of Yaroslav Smelyakov, a famous poet:

In the morning, putting your foot in the stirrup -
Ah, what a blessing! -
You are currently
Managed to jump.

And it is true. The poems of this wonderful poet have survived to our times, and will live for many years, leaving the memory of the one who left them to us as a legacy.

Student messages.

Another staff captain Alexander Figner, fluent in French, collected information behind enemy lines, including in captured Moscow. (Here Figner even intended to kill Napoleon). Bold raids on the rear of the enemy were carried out by detachments of officers Seslavin and Doronov.

Peasant partisans Yermolai Chetvertakov and G. Kurin inflicted great damage on the enemy. The soldier Chetvertakov was captured in one of the battles, soon fled and led a partisan detachment numbering more than 4 thousand people. was even larger.

The peasants also created many small detachments. The headman Vasilisa Kozhina, who led a detachment of teenagers and women, gained fame.

“The guerrillas destroyed the great army piecemeal. They picked up those fallen leaves that fell by themselves from the withered tree of the French army,” he wrote. During the month of their stay in Moscow, the French troops lost about 30 thousand people.

And the Russian army during the weeks spent in the Tarushinsky camp was replenished with new guns. The whole country, all the peoples of Russia helped the army. Every day, people's militias were created. Every day spent in the camp, Kutuzov called the Golden Day

War and woman are incompatible concepts. War has no feminine face. But in harsh times, women could not stand aside.

Literature teacher.

One of the works dedicated to the heroism of the Russian people in the war of 1812 is “ Notes of a cavalry girl”. They were written by a legendary woman - an officer.

She was born in September 1783. His father was a hussar captain, his mother was the daughter of a wealthy landowner. She married for love, having run away from her parents' house. Dreamed of a son. But the firstborn was a girl who immediately became an unloved child. “I was very strong and cheerful, but only incredibly noisy. One day my mother was in a very bad temper. I kept her up all night; went on a hike at dawn. Mama was about to fall asleep in the carriage, but I began to cry again. This overwhelmed my mother's annoyance, she lost her temper and, snatching me from the hands of the girl, threw me out the window! The hussars screamed in horror, jumped off their horses and lifted me up, all bloody and showing no sign of life. To everyone's surprise, I came back to life. Father... said to my mother: “Thank God that you are not a murderer! Our daughter is alive, but I will not hand her over to you, I will take care of her myself.”

From that moment on, the father gave the girl to the care of his batman Astakhov. In the morning, the uncle put his pupil on his shoulders, walked with her to the regimental stable, entertained the girl with various military techniques. Mother was ashamed of her "hussar girl", showered abuse, often punished, tried to re-educate. Nothing happened. At night, Nadia somehow climbed onto the back of her father's Alcides and galloped away into the field, clutching her mane with her hands.

“Perhaps I would have forgotten all my hussar habits if my mother had not presented me in the most bleak way the fate of a woman. She spoke to me in the most offensive terms about the fate of the female sex: a woman, in her opinion, should be born, live and die in slavery; that woman is full of weaknesses, devoid of all perfections, and incapable of anything; that a woman is the most unfortunate, most insignificant and most contemptible creature in the world! My head was spinning from this description: I decided, even if it cost me my life, to separate from the floor, which, as I thought, was under the curse of God ... ”.

One day, seeing a Cossack regiment passing through their Sarapul, Nadya cut off a long scythe with her father's saber, saddled Alkid and caught up with the Cossack regiment. She posed as Alexander Durov and begged the colonel to accept her temporarily into the Cossack regiment. As part of the Lithuanian Lancers Regiment, she entered the Patriotic War of 1812. At the head of her squadron, she participated in the battles near Smolensk, near the Koltsky Monastery, in the famous Battle of Borodino.

After a shell shock, he serves as an orderly at Kutuzov. The caring field marshal insisted that she take a vacation and go home for treatment. After ten years of military service, Durova retired in the blue of a staff captain and a pension of one thousand rubles a year.

Living in Yelabuga, she took up the writer's pen. Readers were amazed to see that the tender fingers that once gripped the hilt of the lancer's saber also own the pen. Denis Davydov, a glorious partisan of the war of 1812 and a strict critic, wrote about Durova’s novel like this: “It seems that Pushkin himself gave her his prose pen, and she owes him this courageous firmness and strength, this bright expressiveness of his story, always full, imbued with some kind of hidden thought.

The last years of Durova's life were spent in Yelabuga. She had few close friends. She didn't like talking about her past. She was also cold to her literary fame. She died on March 21, 1866 at the age of 83. She was buried with military honors.

The Napoleonic army felt in Moscow as in a besieged fortress. Three times Napoleon tried to start negotiations with Alexander I and Kutuzov, but failed. Napoleon decided to leave Moscow and move the remnants of the army to the unravaged south of Russia. Before leaving, he ordered the Kremlin, St. Basil's Cathedral and other national shrines to be blown up. It was only thanks to the dedication of the Russian patriots that this plan was thwarted.

Movie - part 2.

On October 6, the French left Moscow, but the strengthened and numerically increased Russian army stood in their way. Russian troops inflicted a defeat on the French near Tarutino... The small town changed hands 8 times. The Russian army tightly closed the road to Kaluga. This battle forced the French command to change the path of further retreat of the French army and turn to the devastated Smolensk road.

Kutuzov organized the pursuit of the retreating French troops. The enemy suffered heavy losses. The retreat became more and more disorderly. An early and harsh winter turned the French army into an uncontrollable, hungry and shabby crowd. When crossing the Berezina River, Napoleon lost another 30 thousand of his soldiers.

Only the miserable remnants of the “great army” managed to cross the border. The emperor himself, leaving his troops, fled to Paris with the words: “There is no more army!”

Do you think Russia should have continued the war after the expulsion of Napoleon from its borders?

At the end of 1812, Field Marshal General reported to the Tsar: “ The war ended with the complete annihilation of the enemy". On December 25, Alexander I issued a manifesto about the expulsion of the enemy from Russia and the end of the Patriotic War.

The meaning of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the reasons for the victories

What is the significance of the victory of the Russian army? (the myth of the invincibility of Napoleon's army). Using the materials of today's lesson, show that the war of 1812 was Patriotic. Why did they win the Patriotic War? How did you manage to do it? Who can you call a patriot? Do you agree with the opinion of the historian Tarle about the main reason for the defeat of Napoleon in Russia? What are the main reasons for winning in your opinion?

Output: In the war of 1812, the Russian army showed its best qualities: steadfastness, courage, bravery. All participants in the war were awarded medals. The order for the army said: “Each of you is worthy to wear this sign, a venerable sign, this evidence of labor, courage and participation in glory, for all of you equally bore the burden and lived with unanimous courage.”

The protagonist is the people who have risen to defend the state independence and national freedom of their great Motherland.

This war contributed to the growth of national self-awareness of people.

Summarizing.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

G. Astrakhan "Secondary school No. 27"

research project

Kutlambetova Camilla

Nasanbayeva Elvira

Abakumova Xenia

Head: Menalieva Olga

Alexandrovna

Content

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Main part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Vasilisa Kozhina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eleven

Praskovya the Lacemaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova. . . . . . . . . .fourteen

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Introduction

The history of Russia is rich in significant events. The Patriotic War of 1812 is a war between Russia and the army of Napoleon Bonaparte that invaded its territory. The war ended with the complete annihilation of the Napoleonic army. The main role in the victory over the invaders was played by the Russian people, who defended the Fatherland with their breasts.

In this regard, my teacher and I decided to find out if our peers know about it. To do this, we used one of the methods of collecting information - questionnaires. In total, 69 fourth-graders and third-graders participated in the survey.

The conducted survey revealed the following results:

Do you know anything about the War of 1812?

Out of 69 students, only 27 people answered this question in the affirmative.

Then we asked these guys to answer the following question:

From what sources do you know this information:

Fiction

media

Parents

Three children learned about it from the literature (11.1%). 10 people - from the media (37%), and the remaining 14 people - from their parents (51.8)

The next question was addressed to all students. He was like this:

What are the Russian generals participating in the war of 1812?

They know (17 people - 24.6%), do not know (42 people - 75.4%)

Of the 17 people, only 12 wrote the correct names.

The answers to the proposed questions were deplorable. But we, the younger generation, should know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.

The first thing we decided to do after the survey was to help our teachers to spend the class hour..

From this classroom hour, we learned that this victory was over a worthy opponent, over the strongest army in the world, led by the generally recognized military genius of all times and peoples, NapoleonBonaparte Emperor of the French. Napoleon was born in 1769. Since childhood, he was considered a strong-willed and strong-willed person, as well as very developed and capable. His military career began quite early: at the age of 27, he was appointed to the post of commander in chief of the Italian army. Before Bonaparte became emperor, he made a coup in the country and became consul at the age of 30. Being in this position, he also served the people a lot: he established merchant shipping, social relations between France and the allied countries, with which he successfully established economic relations. France got stronger, people began to look to the future with confidence.

The defeat of Napoleon's troops in the war of 1812 against Russia marked the beginning of the collapse of the empire of Napoleon I. Soon, the entry of troops of the anti-French coalition into Paris in 1814 forced Napoleon I to abdicate. However, later (in March 1815) he again took the French throne. After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time (June 22, 1815) and spent the last years of his life as a prisoner on the island of St. Helena.English.

And from the speeches of our classmates, we learned about the great strategists - the commanders of the war of 1812. Such as Mikhail Illarionovich - Kutuzov (Golenishchev), Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, Mikhail Bogdanovich Barkley - de - Tolly.

At the end of the class hour, the teacher suggested that we read books about the war of 1812.

While rereading the literature about the war of 1812, Irina Strelkova's book "To the Glory of the Fatherland" fell into our hands. Leafing through the pages of this book, we were more and more surprised. Our surprise was due to the fact that war, in our view, has always been considered a masculine affair, and here, from the pages of the book, the sweet female, still childish, face of Nadezhda Durova looked at us. We wondered why this very young girl took up arms? Who else among the women, just like Nadezhda Durova, stood up to defend their homeland?

In this regard, we have chosen the topic of our research work - "Women - heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812".

Object of study : women who took an active part in the war of 1812.
Subject of study : Rrole of women in the war of 1812, their contribution to the victory of the Russian people over Napoleon's army.

The research is based onhypothesis: Is it only with the unity of the whole people against the enemy that victory comes.

Objective: nfind information about the legendary women participating in those distant events of 1812, and tell your friends and classmates about them.

To achieve this goal, the followingtasks:

1) analyze the studied literature on the topic;

2) find out the names of women - participants in the war;

3) provide information on this topic in the form of a presentation.

We believe that the topic of our study is relevant. After all, along with the heroes who commanded the armies, whose names were now known to us, there were other legendary heroes - women,which played an important role in Russian history.

Main part

« Women make history, although history remembers only the names of men ... "wroteHeinrich Heine.

The poet sincerely admired the courage and selflessness of women who are able to act in a critical situation in a collected and independent manner. Indeed, Russian women are able to protect not only the well-being of their family hearth, but also their homeland. There are many examples of this in Russian history.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

The childhood years of Nadezhda were not carefree. The mother really wanted her son, but on September 17, 1783, a girl was born and she disliked her daughter. The father entrusted the upbringing of his daughter to servants. So the retired hussar Astakhov became a nanny for little Nadia, he could not captivate the girl with anything, but only with the romance of military service. From early childhood, Nadenka fell in love with the beauty and freedom of military service, got used to horses, took care of them with pleasure, felt weapons.

At the age of 12, her father gave Nadia a horse. Nadia fell in love with him so much that she was ready to spend every minute with him. Alkid, as the horse was called, obeyed the girl in everything. Her father began to take her on long rides on horseback. « I will become, father, your real son. I will become a warrior and prove that the fate of a woman can be different ... ”- once she promised her father.

In 1806, on her birthday, Nadezhda finally decided to change her fate. She cut off her hair, took an old Cossack dress prepared in advance, removed her father's saber from the wall and at night, with her Alkid, she fled from her home. Once in the Cossack regiment, she called herself the noble son Alexander Sokolov, who is not allowed to go to war. Under the name of Alexander Sokolov, in 1807 she joined the Konnopolsky Ulanovsky Regiment and joined him on a campaign in Prussia.

Alexander Sokolov, despite his youth, showed excellent success on the battlefield, entered the battle first and got out of all sorts of military alterations safe and sound.

The father, worried about the fate of his daughter, submits a petition to the highest name of the emperor with a request to find his daughter and return her home.

Emperor AlexanderIhe himself was surprised by such an act and ordered to send a courier to Prussia to deliver this Alexander Sokolov, without disclosing his name to anyone. Ulan was taken to Petersburg. In his service record, the emperor was surprised to read about the excellent fighting qualities of the young officer. Conversing with this young lancer,

At first, Alexander thought to return Nadezhda to his native home, but surprised by her ardent desire, the emperor changed his mind.

Russian Emperor AlexanderIpersonally awarded Nadezhda Durova with the St. George Cross for saving the life of an officer on the battlefield. He ordered to be called by his name Alexandrov.

Soon the thunder of the Patriotic War of 1812 broke out, the French troops under the command of Napoleon invaded Russia. Departing with battles, the Russian army moved towards Moscow. The regiment in which Nadezhda served, among the best cavalry regiments, covered the retreating army. Cornet Alexandrov takes part in the battles near Mir, Romanov, Dashkovka, in a horse attack near Smolensk.

August 26, 1812 the village of Borodino (110 km from Moscow). Here the decisive battle took place between the French army of Napoleon I and the Russian army under the command of M. I. Kutuzov. The battle was fierce and bloody.

During the Battle of Borodino, Alexandrov was at the forefront, rushing into the thick of the battle. In one of the battles, a bullet scratched his shoulder, and fragments of a shell hit his leg. The pain was unbearable, but Durova remained in the saddle until the end of the battle.

Kutuzov noticed the efficient lieutenant, he had heard about the exploits of the lancer and knew that a brave woman was hiding under this name, but did not show that he knew this secret. And Nadezhda began a new service in the role of orderly Kutuzov. Several times a day, under enemy fire, she hurried to the commanders. Kutuzov could not get enough of such an orderly.

The wounds of the Battle of Borodino constantly worried Nadezhda, prevented her from serving. Durova takes a vacation for treatment, and spends it in her home. After the end of her vacation, Nadezhda and her regiment took part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army.

In 1816, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova retired with honors and awards.

Durova spent the rest of her life in a small house in the city of Yelabuga, surrounded by her beloved animals. Nadezhda Durova died in 1866 at the age of 83. She was buried in a man's dress with military honors.

Vasilisa Kozhina

A common misfortune brings people together. The entire population of Russia rallied in the fight against the enemy. The Russian people, when the enemy appeared, rose voluntarily, and the peasants everywhere waged a guerrilla war, fought with amazing courage. The organizers of the partisan movement were both officers of the Russian army and ordinary people, and ordinary Russian women did not stand aside. One of those not indifferent to the misfortune of the people was Vasilisa Kozhina.

After the death of the headman of the village of Sychevka, Porechensky district, Dmitry Kozhin, the villagers unanimously chose his wife Vasilisa.

Vasilisa was an inventive and cunning woman. When the French appeared in the village, she invited them into the house, fed and watered them. But as soon as the unexpected guests went to bed, she burned down the house with them.

Vasilisa organized a detachment of partisans from teenagers and women. They armed themselves with pitchforks, scythes, axes, destroyed and captured Napoleonic soldiers and officers during their retreat from Russia.

For heroism, Vasilisa was awarded a cash prize and was awarded the medal "In memory of the Patriotic War."There were rumors that the Most Serene Prince Kutuzov himself met with her.

History has immortalized the name of a simple Russian woman, the great daughter of Russia.In honor of Vasilisa Kozhina, one of the Moscow streets, located in the western part of Moscow, is named.

Praskovya the Lacemaker

Spontaneously created peasant detachments provided very significant assistance to the army in the field. These detachments consisted mainly of peasants who were not familiar with military affairs, they were used to being controlled with scythes, pitchforks and axes.

We found information about another heroine of the Patriotic War - Praskovya the lace maker, it's a pity that we could not find out the name of this woman.

In the small village of Sokolovo, Dukhovshchinsky district, Smolensk province, the twenty-year-old beauty Praskovya lived.

A French detachment appeared in this village, which robbed the inhabitants of everything that they liked. Two Frenchmen entered Praskovya's house, the girl was not at a loss, grabbed an ax and hacked them both. Then she gathered the villagers and went with them into the forest. “It was a terrible army: 20 strong, young guys armed with axes, scythes and pitchforks, and at the head of them was the beautiful Praskovya.”

At first they guarded the French along the road and attacked them when they saw no more than ten or twelve people, but soon scythes and axes were replaced by their guns and sabers.

Praskovya herself showed an example of courage, and they, daring day by day, began to attack the armed detachments, and once recaptured the convoy from the French.

The rumor about Praskovya and her assistants spread throughout the county, and guys from neighboring villages began to come to her. She accepted the choice, and soon she formed a detachment of 60 selected fellows, with whom Praskovya reached almost all the way to Smolensk.

With amazement and fear, the French general, who had been appointed governor in Smolensk, thought about Praskovye. A large sum was assigned for the head of Praskovya, who had recaptured a fair share of French equipment and provisions with her detachment.

But they could not catch Praskovya, although a large reward was placed on her head. Praskovya was awarded a medal for courage and bravery."In memory of the Patriotic War." The further fate of this amazing woman is not known. But in the memory of the descendants, "Praskovya's lace" forever remained as a symbol of a Russian woman.

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova

Devotion to their Motherland was proved by one of the best daughters of Russia, Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova. She was a faithful companion of the worthy defender of the Fatherland, General A. A. Tuchkov.

Margarita is the eldest daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Petrovich Naryshkin from her marriage to Princess Varvara Alekseevna Volkonskaya. She received her name in honor of her maternal grandmother, Margarita Rodionovna Volkonskaya. In addition to her, the family had five more daughters and two sons.

Margarita from an early age was distinguished by a passionate, nervous and receptive character, loved reading and music and was gifted with a wonderful voice. She was tall and very slender, but her features were irregular, and her only beauty consisted in the striking whiteness of her skin and the lively expression of her green eyes.

At the age of 16, Margarita Naryshkina married Pavel Mikhailovich Lasunsky. The marriage was short-lived: two years later, Margarita divorced her husband, a reveler and a player. The young Lasunsky's reputation was already so well known that a divorce was obtained easily.

Margarita Mikhailovna met Alexander Tuchkov at the time of her first unhappy marriage. Young people fell in love with each other. Upon learning of the divorce, he was not slow to woo, but the Naryshkins were so frightened by the failure of their daughter's first marriage that they refused. They did not agree to her second marriage for a long time. The wedding took place only in 1806, and for the 25-year-old Margarita Mikhailovna, short years of complete happiness of marriage began.

She was proud of the beauty of her husband, who was compared in society with Apollo, his courage and valor. Margarita Mikhailovna accompanied her husband in the Swedish campaign and shared with him all the difficulties of military life, accompanying him more than once on horseback in the form of a batman, hiding her scythe under her cap, since it was forbidden for wives to be with the army on a campaign. In her face, for the first time in the Russian army, a sister of mercy appeared. She created food points for the starving population in areas covered by battles. In the Finnish campaign, she lived in a fierce cold in a tent, she had to make her way with the troops among the snowdrifts, cross rivers waist-deep in icy water.

In 1812, Margarita Mikhailovna could not follow her husband. At this time, their young son needed her more. It was decided that she would accompany her husband to Smolensk and go to her parents in Moscow. From Moscow, the Naryshkins left for their Kostroma estate, Margarita Mikhailovna wished to stay in the county town of Kineshma, where on September 1, 1812 she learned from her brother Kirill Mikhailovich about the death of her husband, who was killed in the battle of Borodino.

Kirill Mikhailovich Naryshkin was Barclay de Tolly's adjutant, he was on his way to the army and stopped by his sister to report her husband's death. For several years, Margarita Mikhailovna could not see her brother, so as not to remember their meeting in Kineshma, she felt sick every time he appeared.

Margarita went to the battlefield to look for her husband's body: from a letter from General Konovnitsyn, she knew that Tuchkov died in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe Semyonovsky redoubt. Searches among the tens of thousands of the fallen yielded nothing: the body of Alexander Tuchkov was never found. She was forced to return home.

The horrors she endured affected her health so much that for some time the family feared for her sanity. Having recovered a little, she decided to build a church at her own expense on the site of her husband's death. Margarita Mikhailovna sold her diamonds and, with the assistance of Empress Maria Feodorovna, bought three acres of land, where in 1818 she began to build the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Watching the construction of the church, Tuchkova lived with her son Nikolai and his French governess in a small gatehouse.

Initially, Tuchkova intended to build only a small chapel, but "Alexander I granted her 10 thousand rubles, with these funds a stone church-temple was built and consecrated in 1820" , pilgrims from all over Russia came here. Margarita herself lived for a long time on the Borodino field, in a small, specially built house.

Tuchkova decided to dedicate her life to the memory of her husband and the upbringing of her only son Koko, so affectionately she called him. Nikolai Tuchkov was enrolled in the Corps of Pages, but due to poor health, he lived with his mother. He grew up not knowing noisy and frisky games, everyone loved him for his cordial gentleness and kindness. Margarita Mikhailovna could not get enough of her son, but she was worried about his poor health, the doctors assured him that he would grow stronger over the years, that he was exhausted by growth. In 1826, Nikolai Tuchkov caught a cold, he was treated by the best doctors, the famous doctor Mudrov was invited to the consultation, who confirmed that there was no danger, he would definitely recover. The reassured Margarita Mikhailovna saw off the doctors, and a few hours later her 15-year-old boy died unexpectedly. He was buried in the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands.

The exile of his brother Mikhail, a Decembrist, to Siberia, the death of his father in 1825 and his son finally defeated Tuchkova. Now there was nothing holding her back in the world. She moved forever to her lodge on the Borodino field. About her life at that time, she wrote to a friend: “A day is like a day: matins, mass, then tea, a little reading, dinner, vespers, insignificant needlework, and after a short prayer - night, that's all life. It is boring to live, it is terrible to die. Mercy of the Lord, His love - this is my hope, so I will end!

In her broken life, Tuchkova sought solace in helping the unfortunate and poor: she helped the surrounding population, treated the sick and attracted those who wanted to share her labors for the benefit of her neighbor. She devotes herself to the main cause of her entire subsequent life - the construction of a new convent.

In 1838 Tuchkova takes small tonsure under the name of nun Melania. The Spaso-Borodino community, by the Highest Command, became the Spaso-Borodino dormitory monastery of the 2nd class in 1839. During the grand opening of the Borodino monument in 1839, Emperor Nicholas I visited the monastery and Tuchkova's cell. She, who endured so much suffering, made a strong impression on the sovereign. He granted her the forgiveness of her brother Mikhail, and in 1840 summoned her to St. Petersburg to be the successor to the wife of the heir, Maria Alexandrovna, with whom she corresponded until her death.

The tonsure of nun Melania into a mantle with the adoption of the name of Mary took place on June 28, 1840. The next day, Maria became abbess of the Spaso-Borodino Monastery. The elevation to the abbess was carried out according to the rite of ordination to the deaconess. The name of Mary was chosen “in memory of an incident that happened to her on the day of her second wedding: a holy fool ran towards the newlywed, shouting: “Mary, Mary, take the staff!” Under her kamilavka and monastic mantle, Tuchkova remained a completely secular woman and, with her rare appearances in society and at court, captivated everyone with her brilliant speech and grace of receptions.

Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova died on April 29, 1852 and was buried in the Spassky Church of the monastery, next to her husband and son.Conclusion

In the process of researching this topic, we came to the conclusion that Russian women, the fair sex, never stayed away from those significant events that worried Russian society, the Russian state. Despite the difference in social classes, hatred for the invaders, love for the Motherland and faith in victory over the enemy lived in the heart of every Russian woman.

February 5, 1813 Emperor AlexanderIestablished the medal "In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812" to reward combatants. They were received not only by men, but also by women who fought with the enemy on an equal basis with men and those women who worked in hospitals and cared for wounded soldiers.

We learned that on August 1, 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a series of commemorative coins dedicated to the anniversary of the victory in the Russian-French War. The coins depict well-known and distinguished participants in the Patriotic War of 1812. There are 16 coins in the series, each worth 2 rubles: two of which bear girls (Nadezhda Durova, Vasilisa Kozhina).

The material collected by us can be used in lessons, class hours. Exploring this topic, we realized how interesting it is to know about the heroic past of our Motherland. After all, without the past there is no present and future.

Literature

1. Alekseev S.P. Battle of Borodino: Stories. - M .: Bustard, 1998

2. Antonov V.S. A book to read on the history of the USSRXIXcentury. - M.: Enlightenment, 1989

3. Ishimova I. History of Russia for children. - M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2001

4. Nadezhdina N.A. No wonder the whole of Russia remembers. - M .: Malysh, 1986

5. Strelkova I.I. For the glory of the Fatherland. - M .: Malysh, 1990

6. Srebnitsky A. Dashing century cavalryman - girls. Sports life in Russia. 1997. No. 5.

7. Pokrovskaya N. Lacemaker Praskovya. Moscow truth. 10.10.2011

8. How was the fate of the cavalryman - the maiden Nadezhda Durova? [Electronic resource] // URL: http://militera.lib.ru/bio/pushkin_kostin/04.html (date of access: 21.12.2012)

12.A. E. Zarin Praskovya-lace. [Electronic resource] // URL: (date of access: 01/17/2013)

The main anniversary that all of Russia will celebrate this year is the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812, during which the heroic Russian army, all the peoples of our Fatherland defended its freedom and independence in a glorious struggle against the invasion of "twelve languages" - the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte .

Two hundred years on the scales of History is a grain of sand. And for this, in general, a short period - two bloody wars, two Patriotic. Involuntarily, analogies arise. Both wars began in June. Why? And everything is simple - the calculation for a lightning war. Both Napoleon and Hitler expected to strangle the "Russian bear" in a month or two. June - because the spring thaw is over, and before the autumn one - it is quite possible to manage. In a conversation with the French ambassador in Warsaw, Pradt, Napoleon said: "I'm going to Moscow and I'll finish everything in one or two battles." Characteristically, the invasions of the French and Nazi troops began without a declaration of war. On the night of June 24 (12 according to the old style), 1812, the Napoleonic corps crossed the Russian border on the Neman River. The 1st and 2nd armies under the command of M.B. met the enemy. Barclay - de - Tolly and P.I. Bagration. The Russian corps were stretched along the front line, there was a threat of being broken in parts due to the rapid advance of the Napoleonic troops. Giving up settlements with battles, the Russian armies sought to unite in order to give the invaders a decisive battle. On August 3, they retreated to Smolensk and, as a result of a bloody battle, finally united.

The Russian troops numbered 120 thousand people against 200 thousand of Napoleon. The active actions of the Russians on the flanks fettered the significant forces of the Napoleonic army. But Smolensk was surrendered, the retreat caused general discontent. This forced Alexander I to appoint General M.I. Kutuzov, whose name was especially popular in connection with his victories over Turkey.

Kutuzov withdrew troops to the village of Borodino, where he gave a decisive battle to the French army.

Near Borodino on September 5, 1812, a battle took place - one of the greatest in history, in which the fate of the peoples of Russia was decided. In this battle, the patriotic spirit of the Russian army and the entire Russian society manifested itself with the highest force. Borodino - the beginning of the sunset and the final death of the "invincible" troops of Napoleon. Despite the fact that the enemy lost 58 thousand killed (Russians - 44 thousand), Kutuzov retreated to Moscow, then left it. Having saved his troops, he took the French in the ring.

Napoleon occupied the capital on 14 September. On the night of the same day, the city was engulfed in fire, which on the next day intensified so much that the conqueror was forced to leave the Kremlin. The fire raged until September 18 and destroyed most of Moscow. There are several versions of the fire - organized arson when the city was abandoned by Russian troops, arson by Russian spies, uncontrolled actions of the invaders, an accidental fire, the spread of which was facilitated by the general chaos in the abandoned city. There were several foci, so all versions are true to some extent. But the main thing remained in the people's memory: God's will was done.

The invasion of foreign invaders caused a patriotic upsurge among various segments of the Russian population. By the autumn of 1812, a partisan movement had unfolded, and a people's militia had been formed. The resistance of the peasants to foreign invaders began spontaneously in Lithuania and Belarus after the retreat of the Russian army, first expressed in the massive abandonment of villages and the destruction of food and fodder. It actively unfolded in late July - early August in the Smolensk province, and then in Moscow and Kaluga, where armed detachments of peasants attacked separate enemy groups and convoys. Some landlords began to organize partisan detachments from the peasants.

Army detachments also began to be created for partisan operations behind enemy lines. The first such detachment (130 people) was created by Lieutenant Colonel D.V. Davydov at the end of August 1812. Great importance was attached to the partisan movement by the commander-in-chief M.I. Kutuzov. He contributed to the organization of army partisan detachments, gave instructions on their weapons and tactics, sought to link the popular movement with his strategic plans and give it an organized character.

In September, 36 Cossack regiments, 7 cavalry regiments, 5 squadrons, 5 infantry regiments, 3 battalions were already operating in the army partisan detachments. At the head of the military detachments, in addition to Davydov, were I.S. Dorokhov, A.N. Seslavin, A.S. Figner, M.A. Fonvizin and other Russian officers.

During the retreat of the French troops, the partisans assisted the regular units in pursuing and destroying the enemy, playing an important role in defeating the conquering army. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the backbone of the invader was broken by the cudgel of the people's war.

The critical situation forced Napoleon to send his general to the headquarters of the Russian high command with peace proposals, but Kutuzov rejected them, saying that the war was just beginning and would not be stopped until the enemy was expelled from Russian soil. The denouement came on the Berezina River, where the strategic encirclement of the Napoleonic army closed. On December 21 (January 2), 1813, Kutuzov congratulated the troops on the expulsion of the enemy from Russia.

The war of 1812 ended with the almost complete annihilation of the invading "great army". The assessment of these events by an impartial observer, the German military theorist K. Clausewitz, is very curious: “The Russians rarely outran the French, although they had many opportunities for this. When they managed to get ahead of the enemy, they released him every time. In all battles, the French remained victorious; the Russians gave them the opportunity to do the impossible; but if we sum up, it turns out that the French army ceased to exist, and the whole campaign ended with the complete success of the Russians ... "

The moral strength of the French attacking army was exhausted ... Not that victory, which is determined by the picked up pieces of matter on sticks, called banners, and the space on which the troops stood and are standing, but a moral victory, one that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and in its impotence, was defeated by the Russians near Borodino ... A direct consequence of the Battle of Borodino was Napoleon's causeless flight from Moscow, the return along the old Smolensk road, the death of a five hundred thousandth invasion and the death of Napoleonic France, on which for the first time near Borodino was laid the hand of the strongest enemy in spirit.

This day will remain an eternal monument to the courage and excellent courage of the Russian soldiers, where all the infantry, cavalry and artillery fought desperately. Everyone's desire was to die on the spot and not yield to the enemy. The French army did not overcome the firmness of the spirit of the Russian soldier, who sacrificed his life with courage for his fatherland.

M.I. Kutuzov

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration

Prince from the Georgian royal house of Bagrationi. Participated in the conquest of the Caucasus in 1783 - 1790, in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791, the Polish war of 1794; in the Italian and Swiss campaigns, where he was the right hand of A.V. Suvorov; during the capture of Brescia, Bergamo, Lecco, Tortona, Turin and Milan, in the battles of Trebbia and Novi, where he was in the most difficult and decisive places; in the wars against France in 1805-1807, in the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 and the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809.

At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, the 2nd Western Army was located near Grodno and was cut off from the main 1st Army by the advancing French corps. Bagration had to retreat with rearguard battles to Bobruisk and Mogilev, where, after the battle near Saltanovka, he crossed the Dnieper and on August 3 connected with the 1st Western Army of Barclay de Tolly near Smolensk. Bagration was a supporter of involving broad sections of the people in the fight against the French, and was one of the initiators of the partisan movement.

At Borodino, the army of Bagration, constituting the left wing of the battle formation of the Russian troops, repelled all the attacks of Napoleon's army. According to the tradition of that time, decisive battles were always prepared as for a show - people changed into clean linen, carefully shaved, put on full dress uniforms, orders, white gloves, sultans on shakos, etc. Exactly the way it is depicted in the portrait - with blue St. Andrew's ribbon, with three stars of the orders of Andrei, George and Vladimir and many order crosses saw the regiments of Bagration in the Battle of Borodino, the last in his military life. A fragment of the nucleus crushed the general's tibia of the left leg. The prince refused the amputation proposed by the doctors. The next day, Bagration mentioned in his report to Tsar Alexander I about the injury:

“I was wounded rather lightly in the left leg by a bullet with crushing of the bone; but I don’t regret it in the least, being always ready to sacrifice the last drop of my blood to defend the fatherland and the august throne ... "

The commander was transferred to the estate of his friend, who also participated in the Battle of Borodino, Lieutenant General Prince B. A. Golitsyn (his wife was the fourth cousin of Bagration, and their son, N. B. Golitsyn, was his orderly), in the village of Sima Vladimirskaya provinces.

On September 23, 1812, Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration died of gangrene, 18 days after being wounded.

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay-de-Tolly

Commander, Field Marshal General (1814), Prince (1815), Minister of War (1810-1812). During the Patriotic War of 1812, Barclay de Tolly commanded the 1st Army, in July-August he actually commanded all the active Russian armies. In 1813-1814 he was commander-in-chief of the Russian-Prussian army in foreign campaigns. Michael Barclay de Tolly came from an old family of Scottish barons. His ancestors moved to Germany at the beginning of the 17th century due to religious persecution, and then to the Baltic states. In 1767, a ten-year-old boy was enrolled as a corporal in the Novotroitsk cuirassier regiment, and began active service in 1776 in the ranks of the Pskov carabinieri regiment with the rank of sergeant major. In 1778, Barclay de Tolly received the first officer rank of cornet. He received his baptism of fire during the Russian-Turkish war (1787-1791) during the assault on Ochakov (1788) in the army of G.A. Potemkin, then participated in the Russian-Swedish war (1788-1790) and in the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1794, during which he was awarded the Order of George of the fourth class.

In the first period of the Patriotic War of 1812, Barclay served as commander-in-chief of the 1st Western Army and was able, despite the resistance of part of the generals and the officer corps, to put his plan into practice. From the beginning of hostilities, he organized the withdrawal of Russian troops, and his units avoided the blows of superior enemy forces. After the connection of the two Western armies at Smolensk, Mikhail Bogdanovich began to exercise overall leadership of their actions, continued the retreat, which caused an explosion of discontent and accusations against him in the army environment and Russian society. After arriving at the troops of M.I. Kutuzov on August 17, he handed over to him the overall command, but remained at the head of the 1st Western Army. In the battle of Borodino, Barclay de Tolly was subordinate to the center and the right flank of the Russian positions, he took part in repelling enemy attacks in its most dangerous areas. His skillful leadership of the troops at Borodino was highly appreciated by Kutuzov, who believed that it was largely due to the firmness shown by him that the “striving of the superior enemy” was kept in the center of the Russian position, and “his courage surpassed all praise.” As a reward, Barclay de Tolly received the Order of George 2nd class. At the military council in Fili, Mikhail Bogdanovich acted as the main opponent of L.L. Bennigsen, criticizing his chosen position on the Sparrow Hills, and was the first to strongly advocate leaving Moscow in order to preserve the army. He organized the passage of the retreating troops through Moscow.

Then Barclay de Tolly found it necessary to leave the active army, the command of which was completely concentrated in the hands of M.I. Kutuzov. On September 21, Mikhail Bogdanovich left all his posts and left the army. During the foreign campaigns of the Russian army (1813-1814), on February 4, 1813, he took command of the 3rd Army. The troops under his command took the fortress of Thorn, distinguished themselves in the battle of Koenigswart, and participated in the battle of Bautzen. In 1813, Barclay was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian-Prussian troops, and after Austria joined the ranks of the allies, he commanded the Russian-Prussian troops as part of the Bohemian army. Under his leadership, a victory was won near Kulm, for which he was awarded the Order of George, first class. Barclay de Tolly was one of the heroes of the victory in the Battle of Leipzig and, together with his offspring, was elevated to the dignity of a count. After the end of hostilities, Barclay de Toglii led the 1st Army, at the head of which he made a campaign in France in 1815. After a review of Russian troops near the city of Vertu, he received a princely title. M. Barclay de Tolly was buried at the estate of his wife Bekgoff in Livonia.

Denis Vasilievich Davydov

Lieutenant General, ideologist and leader of the partisan movement, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, Russian poet of the Pushkin Pleiades.

At the beginning of the war of 1812, Davydov was a lieutenant colonel in the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment and was in the vanguard troops of General Vasilchikov. On August 21, 1812, near the village of Borodino, where he grew up, where they were already hastily dismantling the parental house for fortifications, five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of ​​​​a partisan detachment.

He borrowed this idea from the Guerillas (Spanish partisans). Napoleon could not deal with them until they were united in a regular army. The logic was simple: Napoleon, hoping to defeat Russia in twenty days, took that much food with him. And if you take away carts, fodder and break bridges, then this will create big problems for him. Bagration's order to create a flying partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino, where he was mortally wounded.

On the very first night, Davydov's detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants, and Denis Vasilievich almost died. The peasants were poorly versed in the details of the military uniform, which the French and Russians had similar. Moreover, the officers spoke, as a rule, in French. After that, Davydov put on a peasant's caftan and grew a beard.

Napoleon hated Davydov and ordered him to be shot on the spot upon arrest. For the sake of his capture, he singled out one of his best detachments of two thousand horsemen with eight chief officers and one staff officer. Davydov, who had half as many people, managed to drive the detachment into a trap and take him prisoner along with all the officers.

The awards for the campaign of 1812 to Denis Davydov were the orders of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree and St. George of the 4th degree: “Your Grace! While the Patriotic War was going on, I considered it a sin to think of anything other than the extermination of the enemies of the Fatherland. Now I am abroad, then I humbly ask Your Grace to send me Vladimir of the 3rd degree and George of the 4th class, ”Davydov wrote to Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov after crossing the border.

For the battle at the approach to Paris, when five horses were killed under him, but he, along with his Cossacks, nevertheless broke through to the French artillery battery and decided the outcome of the battle, Davydov was given the rank of major general.

Ivan Ivanovich Dibich

Famous Russian commander, one of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. Unfortunately, few people know the name of Dibich today, although there is one very remarkable fact in the biography of this remarkable person. Ivan Dibich is a full cavalier of the Order of St. George, and there are only four of them in Russian history - Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly, Paskevich and Dibich.

Ivan Ivanovich Dibich was the son of a Prussian army officer who entered the Russian service. Dibich was born in the spring of 1785 in Silesia, where he grew up. Ivan Ivanovich received his education in the Berlin Cadet Corps. During his studies, Dibich proved himself to be an outstanding personality. In 1801, Dibich's father achieved serious success in the service in the Russian army, becoming a lieutenant general. At the same time, the father attaches his son to the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment in the rank of ensign. Soon a series of wars broke out with Napoleonic France. Ivan Dibich received his first combat experience on the battlefields near Austerlitz.

The battle of Austerlitz was lost, but the courage and stamina of the Russian soldiers and officers in this battle could only be envied. Dibić was among those who managed to prove themselves in this fierce and bloody battle from the best side. Ivan Dibich was wounded in the hand, but remained in the ranks. He hastily dressed his wound and continued the fight, remaining in the battle formation of his company. But Dibich already held the weapon not with his right, but with his left hand. For the courage shown in the battle of Austerlitz, Dibich found his first award - a golden sword, on which the words: "For courage" flaunted. There were only a few people awarded after Austerlitz, this added special value to Dibich's award. For the successful disposition of troops in the battle of Heilsberg, Ivan Ivanovich was awarded the Order of St. George of the fourth degree. For participation in the fierce battles of the war of 1812. Ivan Dibich was awarded another award - the Order of St. Hero of the third degree. Before Dibich, the Order of St. George of the third degree was awarded only to generals, now a 27-year-old colonel of the Russian army was presented for the award. During the Patriotic War of 1812, Ivan Ivanovich Dibich was engaged not only in staff work, but also personally led soldiers into attacks, always finding himself at the very epicenter of events. Under the command of Dibich, cavalry attacks on the French army at Lützen are organized. He takes the Russian army out of the blow at Bautzen, courageously fights near Dresden. Dibich's contribution to the victory near Leipzig is so great that the Austrian General Field Marshal Schwarzeberg, right on the battlefield, takes off the Order of Maria Theresa (this is the highest Austrian order) and puts Dibich on his chest.

Durova Nadezhda Andreevna

The first female officer in Russia ("cavalry girl").

The daughter of a poor nobleman-hussar. Durova's childhood passed in the conditions of a camp life, and she got used to military life and fell in love with him. In 1789 settled with her father, who retired, in the city of Sarapul. In 1801 Durova was given in marriage to a petty official and gave birth to a son. Family life did not work out, and Durova returned to her parents, never again maintaining relations with either her husband or her son.

In 1806, dressed in a men's suit, she fled from home with a Cossack regiment, calling herself the son of a landowner, and managed to enter the service in a cavalry lancer regiment. Participated in the war between Russia and France in 1806-1807. first as a private, then as a cornet. When it was accidentally discovered that Durova was a woman, she was summoned to St. Petersburg by Alexander I and after a conversation received permission from the tsar for further service under the name Alexandrov. For saving an officer in battle, she was awarded the St. George Cross. Participated in the Patriotic War of 1812. and was wounded on the eve of the Battle of Borodino.

She participated in the battles of Gutshadt, Heilsberg, Friedland, everywhere she showed courage. For rescuing a wounded officer at the height of the battle, she was awarded the soldier's George Cross and promoted to non-commissioned officer. Amazingly, participating in the battles, she never shed someone else's blood.

She served as an orderly at M.I. Kutuzova and in 1816 she retired with the rank of staff captain. She was engaged in literary activity: she wrote several novels and short stories. Widely known for her "Notes of a cavalry girl", first published in 1836. in “Notes of the Fatherland” and deserved an approving review by A.S. Pushkin. The story of Durova's extraordinary life subsequently became the basis for a novel, novel, play, film and opera.

Alexey Petrovich Ermolov

Military and statesman. Born into a poor noble family. He was educated at home and at the Noble Boarding School at Moscow University. Enrolled in the army from childhood, he began active military service in the Nezhinsky Dragoon Regiment in 1792 with the rank of captain. Fascinated by the educational ideas of the French Republicans, Yermolov was arrested on the case of an officer's political circle and, after a short imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress, was exiled "forever" to Kostroma. In 1801 after the death of Paul I, among many, he was forgiven and continued his service.

In campaigns against France 1805 - 1807. commanded the artillery of the vanguard and showed courage and skill. In 1808 Yermolov was promoted to major general. in the Patriotic War of 1812. Yermolov participated in all major battles, especially distinguished himself in the battles of Smolensk, Borodino, Maloyaroslavets and Berezina. At the very beginning of hostilities, Alexander I appointed Major General Yermolov to the post of chief of the main headquarters of the Western Army, commanded by Minister of War Barclay de Tolly.

From that time on, Yermolov was a direct participant in all more or less major battles and battles of the Patriotic War of 1812, both during the offensive of the French army and during its exile from Russia. In heavy battles near Smolensk, Yermolov was later promoted to lieutenant general at the suggestion of Barclay de Tolly. In the Battle of Borodino, the general was at Kutuzov himself. At the critical, decisive moment of the battle, he accomplished an outstanding feat. Having discovered, following with a reserve to the 2nd Army, that the French had gained the upper hand on Kurgan height and captured the Raevsky redoubt, Yermolov instantly decided to restore order here, to knock the enemy out of the redoubt, dominating the entire battlefield and rightly called the key of the Borodino position. He deployed units retreating from the heights and personally led the attack. Raevsky's battery was repulsed. After the battle of Borodino, Alexei Petrovich was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree. He was convinced that in the Battle of Borodino the entire Russian army crowned itself with immortal glory. Yermolov played a decisive role in stopping Napoleon's attempt to retreat to Kaluga. After three days of fierce fighting for Maloyaroslavets, the French army had no choice but to turn off the Kaluga road and retreat through the ashes of the burned cities and villages of the old Smolensk road, where hunger and Russian partisan detachments awaited it. Accepting the proposal of the chief of the army headquarters Yermolov, Kutuzov began his famous parallel pursuit, which led the French army to disaster. After the battle of Krasny, Yermolov received the rank of lieutenant general.

Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

A descendant of Serbian nobles who moved to Russia (in the Poltava province) under Peter I. From childhood he was enrolled in the guards, was considered on vacation until he completed his education, which he received at several foreign universities. He began military service in the guards regiments in 1787 with the rank of ensign. He took part in the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-90.

Produced in 1798 to the rank of major general, he especially distinguished himself in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov in 1799-1800, as well as in the campaign against the French in 1805. Commanding a corps, from 1806 he participated in hostilities against the Turks and for the victory at Rassevat received the rank of general of infantry (1809). On August 14, 1812, M. A. Miloradovich, in the campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte, forms a detachment of troops for the army between Kaluga and Volokolamsk and Moscow, and then goes to war with this detachment. In the Battle of Borodino he commanded the right wing of the 1st Army. Then he led the rearguard, held back the French troops, which ensured the withdrawal of the entire Russian army. The main quality that won respect among his soldiers and the enemy was courage, fearlessness, bordering on recklessness.

His adjutant, poet and writer Fyodor Glinka left a verbal portrait of Mikhail Andreevich during the battle:

Here he is, on a beautiful, jumping horse, sitting freely and cheerfully. The horse is richly saddled: the saddle is covered with gold, decorated with order stars ... He himself is dressed smartly, in a brilliant general's uniform; there are crosses on the neck (and how many crosses!), on the chest of a star, on a sword a large diamond burns ... A smile brightened up narrow, even pursed lips. For others, this means stinginess, in him it could mean some kind of inner strength, because his generosity reached the point of extravagance ... Cheerful, talkative (as he always was in battle), he drove around the field of death as in his home park ... The French called him Russian Bayard; we, for daring, a little dapper, were compared with the French Murat. And he was not inferior in courage to both.

It was M. A. Miloradovich who agreed with Murat on a temporary truce when the Russian troops left Moscow. In the battle of Maloyaroslavets, he did not allow the French to immediately overturn the Russian troops. During the pursuit of the Napoleonic army, the rearguard of General Miloradovich turned into the vanguard of the Russian army.

On October 22, 1812, the battle near Vyazma of the vanguard of the Russian army under the command of General Miloradovich and the Don ataman M.I. Platov (25 thousand people) with 4 French corps (37 thousand people in total) ended in a brilliant victory for the Russian troops, and as a result of which the French lost 8.5 thousand people. killed, wounded and captured. The damage of the Russians amounted to about 2 thousand people.

Miloradovich gained the greatest fame and glory as one of the most experienced and skillful avant-garde commanders of the Russian army, who successfully pursued the French to the borders of the Russian Empire, and then in a foreign campaign, participated in the capture of Paris. In the battle of Leipzig, he commanded the Russian and Prussian guards. For the successful actions of his corps in early 1813, M. A. Miloradovich was the first to receive as a reward the right to wear the cypher of Emperor Alexander I on epaulettes, and for the skillful leadership of troops in a foreign campaign on May 1, 1813 - the title of Count of the Russian Empire. As a motto, he chose the words: "My directness supports me."

Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich

Born into a family of Belarusian and Ukrainian nobles who lived in Poltava. Paskevich had four younger brothers, who, like him, later became famous and respected people. The Paskevich brothers should be grateful to their grandfather, who in 1793 took his grandchildren to the capital of the Russian Empire. Two brothers - Stepan and Ivan Paskevich were enrolled in the Corps of Pages. Ivan Paskevich did not have much to study, when he suddenly became the personal page of Emperor Paul I.

Soon, having the rank of lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, he was promoted to the adjutant wing. The first military campaign in which Paskevich participated was the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. Paskevich was an adjutant to the commanders-in-chief of the Russian army, who changed like gloves. Despite the rank of adjutant, Paskevich sought to take part in the battle directly at every opportunity. In the war with Turkey, Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich was awarded the Order of St. George of the third and fourth degrees. For participation in the same war, Paskevich was granted the rank of colonel.

The division, led by Paskevich, proved to be excellent during the Patriotic War of 1812. For participation in the battle of Smolensk, Paskevich was personally thanked by Bagration for his courage and steadfastness. In the battle of Borodino, Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich and his division fought fierce battles for the "Raevsky battery". The French had a five-fold numerical superiority, but the Russian soldiers were not afraid. The Knights of Paskevich repulsed the attacks of the enemy over and over again. Under Ivan Paskevich during the Battle of Borodino, two horses died, and Paskevich himself was not even shell-shocked. For courage and courage shown on the Borodino field, Paskevich was awarded the Order of St. Anna of the second degree. Paskevich, probably no worse than Kutuzov, knew how to beat the French. Throughout the campaign of the Napoleonic wars, Ivan Fedorovich was invariably lucky. But this luck smiled on Paskevich for his courage, courage, audacity, intelligence and readiness to give his life for the glory of the Fatherland. In the battle near Krasnoy, Ivan Fedorovich led the bayonet attack of the Russian army and overturned the enemy's line, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the second degree. Near Leipzig, Dresden and Hamburg, too, it was not without the active participation of Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich. For successes on the European battlefields, Paskevich was promoted to lieutenant general of the Russian army, awarded the Order of St. Anna of the first degree. At the beginning of 1814, Paskevich was appointed commander of the second grenadier division, in which he smashed Marshal Ney and took Paris.

Matvey Ivanovich Platov

General of the cavalry. Graph. The most famous ataman of the Cossack troops of Russia.

The number one Cossack ataman in the history of the Russian state, no doubt, was and remains M.I. Platov. He was born on the Don in the village of Pribylyanskaya, descended from "foreman's children of the Don Army." Father - Colonel Ivan Fedorovich Platov, who taught his son all the wisdom of military Cossack skills.

He received a baptism of fire in a campaign in the Crimea, distinguished himself during the capture of Perekop (Turkish Wall), in the capture of the fortress of Kinburn. Platov ended up in the composition of those Russian troops who happened to fulfill a truly historic mission - to put an end to the Crimean Khanate, the last fragment of the Golden Horde. In 1772, Matvey Platov received the rank of Cossack colonel and at the same time (at the age of 18!) began to command a Cossack regiment. In 1774, in the Kuban, he skillfully and independently repelled seven attacks of "non-peaceful" highlanders on a Cossack camp on the Kalnakh (Kalalakh) River. For this feat, he was awarded, by decree of Empress Catherine II, a nominal gold medal. Then the words of Matvey Ivanovich Platov sounded, which became his life motto: “Honor is dearer than life!” ...

Commander's glory came to the three times St. George Cavalier General from the cavalry M.I. Platov during the Patriotic War of 1812. From the very beginning of the invasion of the Russian borders of the Great Army of the conqueror Napoleon I, the regiments of the Don Cossacks of the Platov flying (irregular) corps did not leave the battles. The corps covered the retreat of the Russian armies to Smolensk from the side of Rudnya and Porechye. List of battles conducted by the irregular cavalry represented by the flying corps of ataman M.I. Platov in the first period of the war is impressive: these are Karelichi and Mir, Romanovo and Molevo Boloto, Inkovo ​​... In the fact that the Russian 1st Western Army, General of Infantry M.B. Barclay de Tolly and the 2nd Western Army of Infantry General P.I. Bagration united in the Smolensk region, a huge merit belongs to the flying Cossack corps. After the connection of the two armies and their retreat to Moscow, Platov commands the rearguard battles. In the battle of Borodino, the corps of General Platov's cavalry was on the right flank of the Kutuzov army, opposing the cavalry of the Italian Viceroy. After the battle of Borodino, the chieftain goes to his native Don, where the Don militia is created in the shortest possible time. And 26 cavalry regiments of the Don militia in a swift forced march arrive at the Tarutinsky camp of the Main Russian Army. During the retreat of the Russian army from Moscow, the Cossack regiments formed the rearguard forces. They managed to hold back the onslaught of the cavalry of the Marshal of France, the King of Neapolitan Joachim Murat near the city of Mozhaisk.

When the relentless pursuit of the fleeing Napoleonic army began, it was the Cossack commander Platov who was entrusted with the command of the vanguard of the Main Army. Platov did this great deed for the history of Russia together with the troops of General M.A. Miloradovich successfully and effectively. Strong blows are inflicted on the troops of the famous Marshal Davout, from whom, near the Kolotsky Monastery, the Cossacks beat off 27 guns in battle. Then the Platov cavalry takes part in the battle near the city of Vyazma, in which the French corps of marshals Michel Ney, the same Davout and the Italian viceroy are completely defeated. The Cossack cavalry also won a brilliant victory on October 27 in the case on the banks of the Vop River, defeating the French troops of Marshal Eugene Beauharnais and recapturing 23 artillery pieces from them. For this genuine victory, the chieftain of the Don Cossacks was elevated by Alexander I to the dignity of a count of the Russian Empire. On November 8, the flying corps of the cavalry general Count M.I. Platov, when crossing the Dnieper River, utterly defeated the remnants of the corps of Marshal Ney. Three days later, the Cossacks occupied the city of Orsha. Emperor Alexander I repeatedly expressed the monarch's "favor" to the Cossack commander from the banks of the Don. The effectiveness of the combat activities of the Cossack troops under the command of Ataman Count M.I. Platov during the Patriotic War of 1812 is amazing. They captured 546 (548) enemy guns, 30 banners and captured more than 70 thousand Napoleonic soldiers, officers and generals. Commander M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov wrote the following words to the military leader of the Cossacks of Russia: “The services you rendered to the Fatherland have no examples, you proved to the whole Europe the power and strength of the inhabitants of the blessed Don ...”

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky

A cavalry general, a friend of A. S. Pushkin, who wrote about him: “I spent the happiest minutes of my life in the midst of the family of the venerable Raevsky. Witness of the Catherine's century, a monument of the 12th year; a man without prejudices, with a strong character and sensitive, he will unwittingly bind to himself anyone who is worthy of understanding and appreciating his high qualities.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky is the pride of the Russian army. A man of high honor, selfless devotion to duty, a gifted military leader. He was appreciated even by opponents. Napoleon said of him: "This general is made of the material from which marshals are made." During the retreat of Bagration's army under the onslaught of Napoleon's troops from the border, Raevsky's corps marched ahead of the troops - seventeen thousand soldiers. At the Belarusian village of Saltanovka, Raevsky's corps met with French troops under the leadership of Marshal Davout, who were twice as many. General Raevsky could evade the battle, but he knew that on this day Bagration's troops were crossing the Dnieper, and they could be easily destroyed at the crossing.

The duty and honor of Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky did not allow him to evade the fight with the enemy. “Many officers and lower ranks, having received two wounds and bandaged them, returned to the battle, as if to a feast ... All were heroes,” Nikolai Nikolayevich wrote in his report. But the forces were unequal: the regiment held back the attacks of the whole army. There was a moment when the death of the corps seemed inevitable. A gap began to form in the middle of the Russian system. Where to get new strength? How to help your soldiers? And then Raevsky took his sons, the youngest, Alexander, held on to his father's hand, on the other side was the eldest, Nikolai, with the banner of the Smolensk regiment. The three of them ran towards the enemy, who was marching with hostility. This heroic deed in the name of the Motherland shocked not only Russian soldiers. With a vengeance, the soldiers rushed to save their commander and his sons and with a bayonet charge forced the French to retreat. At night, Raevsky's corps joined the army and went with it to Smolensk. Unusual heroism was shown by General Raevsky in the Battle of Borodino. A battery of 18 guns stood at Kurgan height on the right flank. It was surrounded by a parapet more than two meters high, surrounded by a wide moat two meters deep. The infantry corps of General Raevsky defended the height, and therefore the battery was called the “Raevsky battery”. The French attacked, but having met the fire of our guns, they retreated. After the Patriotic War, Raevsky was listed as the commander of an army corps. In 1824 he retired.

Alexander Alekseevich Tuchkov

The Russian commander, major general, died during the Battle of Borodino. He came from an old noble family, the founder of which moved from Prussia to Russia. In the family of engineer-general-lieutenant A.V. Tuchkova Alexander was the youngest of five sons. (All rose to the rank of general and four - Nikolai, Pavel, Sergei and Alexander - of them participated in the Patriotic War of 1812). In 1788 he was recorded as a bayonet junker in the Bombardier Regiment.

Promoted to captain June 27, 1794. and began service in the 2nd artillery battalion. In 1799 He received the rank of colonel in 1800. appointed commander of the 6th artillery regiment. In 1801 left the service, "desiring to improve his knowledge and get acquainted with European states." Since 1804 continued military service in the Murom infantry regiment, and two years later was transferred to the Tauride Grenadier, with whom he fought in 1806-1807. He was appointed chief of the Revel Musketeer (after 1811 - infantry) regiment on December 3, 1806. May 24, 1807 the Revelians bravely fought near Gutstadt in the forefront of P.I. Bagration, for which their chief on December 27, 1807. was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class.

At the beginning of 1812, the Revel Infantry Regiment, headed by Tuchkov, as part of the 1st Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division, was part of the 3rd Infantry Corps of the 1st Western Army. Tuchkov also commanded this brigade. Tuchkov's brigade held back the enemy near Vitebsk, Smolensk and Lubin. On the Borodino field, he, inspiring the Revel regiment, which trembled under a hurricane of enemy fire, rushed forward with a regimental banner in his hands and was mortally wounded in the chest by a canister bullet near the middle Semyonov flush. They could not take him out of the battlefield, plowed up by artillery shells and completely swallowing the hero ... Two months passed. Napoleon's army, retreating from Moscow, moved past the Borodino field, where more than fifty thousand bodies were decaying. Following the French, the peasants of the surrounding villages came to this terrible field. It was necessary to destroy the remains of people and horses so that they would not become a source of infection for the whole region. Bonfires blazed, on which the corpses were burned. And in their smoke, between groups of peasants and mountains of dead bodies, two figures dressed in black moved - Margarita Mikhailovna Tuchkova and the old monk of the nearby Kolotsk monastery who accompanied her. An inconsolable widow searched for the remains of her husband. And I didn't find them. Three years after the end of the war with Napoleon, Tuchkova built a small church near the village of Semenovskoye, on the spot where, according to eyewitnesses, her husband fell.

In 1806, in Moscow, Colonel Alexander Tuchkov married a lovely girl from Russian aristocrats. Her name was Margarita Mikhailovna Naryshkina.

A young woman fell in love with Tuchkov without a memory, which is not surprising: what a romantic look, and what awards on her chest! Indeed, the young man fought brilliantly. As General Bennigsen wrote about him, Tuchkov, in the battle against the French at Golymin, “acted like a drill under a hail of bullets and grapeshot,” i.e. calmly and coolly. Then he was awarded George 4th degree - an outstanding military award.

After the wedding, Tuchkov left for another, this time the Russian-Swedish war. And his young wife, instead of waving her cap from the porch and shedding tears, changed into a soldier's uniform, jumped on a horse and, under the guise of a batman Tuchkov, followed him on a hard winter campaign. Margarita withstood this test on a par with her husband - a freshly minted general with two new orders and the glory of a brave warrior.

In 1811, she gave birth to a son, Nikolai, so that with the outbreak of the war of 1812, she could no longer follow her husband, as before. She accompanied him only to Smolensk, and then returned to her parents in Moscow.

And then the day of Borodin came - August 26. During the battle, both Tuchkov brothers were mortally wounded: Nikolai, who at a critical moment led the counterattack of his corps, and Alexander, who also fell with a banner in his hands in front of his regiment.

Nikolai was carried out of the battlefield, and he died after it, and Alexander's fate was even worse: a French bomb - a cast-iron ball filled with gunpowder - fell into a stretcher on which the soldiers carried the commander out, and nothing was left of his body - it disappeared, dissolved in this hell...

Margarita found out about this misfortune at the very beginning of September. Then, in many noble and peasant families, widows howled - the losses of the Russian army were horrendous. The mother-in-law of Margarita, having received the news of the fate of her sons, became blind once and for all. Margarita, who fled with everyone from Moscow, held out for two months, but when she received a letter from Alexander's boss, General Konovnitsyn, she made up her mind - she quickly packed up and went to the battlefield. For two days in a row, together with a monk from a neighboring monastery, Margarita searched for the remains of her husband, but found nothing: only an eerie mess stuffed with lead and cast iron from the earth, the remains of human bodies and weapons.

I had to return home. With difficulty, she withstood this test, and then suddenly decided: since it is impossible to bury Alexander in a Christian way, then in the place where his body dissolved in the ground, a church should be built. She sold the diamonds, received another 10,000 rubles from Alexander I, and set about building. Son Nikolai grew up, his mother adored him, for every month the features of Alexander appeared in him more and more clearly.

Margarita moved to St. Petersburg, where the boy was accepted into the Corps of Pages. Life seemed to straighten out, time heals wounds. But the year 1826 was fatal for Margarita's family. In the case of the Decembrists, her younger brother Mikhail went to hard labor in Siberia. Then, unable to stand the test, the mother died, and after her, scarlet fever carried away 15-year-old Nikolai. The suffering seemed unbearable to her: "It is boring to live - it is terrible to die," she wrote to her friend. This continued until Metropolitan Filaret, the saint of rare human virtues, came to her. He managed to inspire Margarita with the idea that she was leading a non-Christian life, that her pain was only a part of the general pain: after all, there is so much grief around, so many widows, orphans and unfortunate people like her, and you need to give yourself to serving them, suffering.

It was as if a veil had fallen from her eyes, and Margarita energetically set to work: she formed a widow's community around the church. It turned out to be difficult for Margarita to serve others - she had neither the experience nor the ability to communicate with ordinary people, but gradually the life of the community improved, and in 1833 it turned into the Spaso-Borodino community...

She was not a saint, did not perform miracles, did not heal the sick, and was not even included in the church annals as a righteous and passion-bearer, but she did so much good that when she was buried, all the nuns wept so much that they could not sing, and the burial took place without a choral singing according to the Orthodox rite. In fact, Margarita Tuchkova was like thousands of other Russian women who lost loved ones and remained faithful to their memory to the end. She, like these women, carried her cross - as best she could - and, probably, until her death hour she had no doubts on the chosen path - like her husband in his hour of death, in the same place, at the Semyonovsky flushes, on August 26 1812.

Bibliography:

1. 1/62011 N. Pochko. General N.N. Raevsky. M., 1971
2. 61/33131 G.I. Bobenko. General Miloradovich - Boyard of Russia. St. Petersburg, 2006
3. H II 6478-1127 A. Bondarenko. Miloradovich. M., 2008
4. J II 12377 Science and religion. No. 3, 1990
5. J II 12377 Science and religion. No. 8, 1990
6. 7/47981 V. Bezotosny. Don Generals and Ataman Platov in 1812. M., 1999
7. F II 18885 part 1 A.T. Borisevich. Cavalry General N.N. Raevsky. St. Petersburg, 1912
8. F II 13383 Notes of Alexei Petrovich Yermolov. About the War of 1812 London, 1863
9. 51/88744 N. Durova. Selected works of a cavalry girl. M., 1988
10. 51/66355 D. Davydov. Diary of partisan actions, 1812 L., 1985
11. F II 18874 M.B. Barclay de Tolly Depiction of the military operations of 1812. St. Petersburg, 1912
12. H I 3966 I.I. Polosin. Bagration, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Tashkent, 1942
13. F II 24217 General Bagration. Collection of documents and materials. L., 1945
14. 52/39001 Yu.Koginov. He is the god of the army. M., 2003
15. F II 10615 A. Raevsky. Memories of the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. M., 1822
16. 7/23567 V.M. Glinka, A.V. Pomarnatsky. Military gallery of the Winter Palace. L., 1974
17. 61/27121 Field Marshal Kutuzov: myths and facts. M., 2003
18. 61/24669d A.V. Shishov. Unknown Kutuzov. New reading of the biography. M., 2002
19. 52/34862 O. Mikhailov. Kutuzov. M., 2001
20. 5/37384 B.B. Kafengauz, G.A. Novitsky. Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812. M., 1966
21. F II 15835 E.D. Zhelyabuzhsky. Patriotic War of 1812 and Kutuzov. M., 1912
22. 61/16277 N.A. Trinity. Alexander I and Napoleon. M., 1994
23. E II 5153 Works by D.V. Davydov. St. Petersburg, 1848
24. 52/10641 V.P. Totfalushin. M.B. Barclay de Tolly in the Patriotic War of 1812. Saratov, 1991
25. 52/39002 V. Balyazin. Barclay de Tolly. Loyalty and patience. M., 2003
26. 51/58225 V. Pukhov. Denis Davydov. M., 1984
27. 52/34183 A. Barkov. Denis Davydov. M., 2002
28. H I 4146 M.I. Kutuzov. M., 1945
29. 4/8402 M. Bragin. Commander Kutuzov. M., 1941
30. F II 26157 P.A. Zhilin. Kutuzov's counteroffensive in 1812. M., 1950
31. H II 6478 M. Bragin. Kutuzov. M., 1970
32. 6/8410 Borodino. Documents, letters, memories. M., 1962
33. 8/7032 Borodino 1812. M., 1987
34. F II 15227 Napoleon and Alexander I. T.1. St. Petersburg, 1910
35. H II 7554 To the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812. SPb., 1912
36. F I 6350 A.G. Elchaninov. Patriotic War. M., 1912
37. F II 19421 P.G. Vasenko. Twelfth year. St. Petersburg, 1912
38. F II 21525 E. Bogdanovich. 1812. SPb., 1912
39. F II 15227 A. Vandal. Napoleon and Alexander. T.3. St. Petersburg, 1913
40. F II 15227 A. Vandal. Napoleon and Alexander. T.2. St. Petersburg, 1911
41. J II 828 Historical Bulletin. Historical and literary journal. October, 1903. St. Petersburg, 1903
42. F III 2570a T.2. Proceedings of the Moscow Department of the Imperial Russian Military Historical Society. T.2. M., 1912

Putintsev Sevastyan, Mitrafanov Vadim

HEROES OF THE WAR OF 1812

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration

1778 - 1834

Denis Vasilievich Davydov

1784 – 1839

The son of the commander of the Poltava Light Horse Regiment, Brigadier Davydov, who served under the command of Suvorov, Denis Davydov was born on July 17, 1784 in Moscow. His clan, according to family tradition, goes back to Murza Minchak Kasaevich (baptized Simeon), who entered Moscow at the beginning of the 15th century.

From the age of 17, he began military service as an Estandart Junker in the Cavalier Guard Regiment, a year later he was promoted to the first officer rank, and two years later he was expelled from the guard to the army for writing "outrageous poems".Belarusian hussar regiment. Davydov quickly settled into a new environment for him and continued to write poems in which he sang the delights of the reckless hussar life. These poems diverged in numerous lists and brought the young Davydov the first - poetic - glory.

In 1806 he was returned to the guards, who had just returned to St. Petersburg after a campaign in Austria. D.V. Davydov writes in his autobiography: "I smelled of milk, she (of the guard. - A.P.) smelled of gunpowder." Dreaming of the laurels of a hero, caressed in childhood by Suvorov, who promised him a brilliant military future, Davydov decided on a daring act: at four o'clock in the morning, "in order to preempt a new column of relatives" who were busy with their loved ones, he entered the hotel where Field Marshal M. F. Kamensky, appointed commander-in-chief in the upcoming new campaign against Napoleon, and asked to be sent to the army in the field. Davydov's perseverance was crowned with success in the end, and he became Bagration's adjutant. Together with him, the young officer went through the campaign of 1807, participated in all the battles and received five military awards, including a golden saber with the inscription "For Bravery".

In 1808 - 1809, during the war with Sweden, Davydov, being in the avant-garde detachmentKulneva committed with him hiking in northern Finland to Uleaborg and famous crossing the ice of the Gulf of Bothniato the coast of Sweden. In the same year, 1809, as Bagration's adjutant, in 1810, he transferred to Kulnev, who, in his own words, "finishes the course of outpost service begun in Finland."

Loud military glory Denis Davydov earned in World War II. At the beginning of the campaign, he commanded a battalion with the rank of lieutenant colonel.Akhtyrsky hussar regimentin the army of Bagration, to whom he turned shortly before the battle of Borodino with a project of guerrilla warfare. Kutuzov approved the submission of Bagration, and on August 25, on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Davydov, having received 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks at his disposal, moved behind enemy lines. On his first "search", on September 1, when the French were preparing to enter Moscow, Davydov defeated on the Smolensk road, near Tsarev Zaimishch, two gangs of marauders who covered the carts with "the belongings robbed from the inhabitants", and transport with bread and cartridges, taking more than 200 people captured. The weapons repulsed at the same time, he immediately distributed to the peasants who were rising to the people's war. Davydov's success was complete. Almost every day, his detachment captured prisoners, carts with food and ammunition. Following the example of the Davydov detachment (its number increased to 300 people), other partisan detachments were created from regular and Cossack troops.

Davydov's success was largely due to his close ties with the population - the peasants served him as scouts, guides, they themselves took part in the extermination of gangs of foragers. Since the uniforms of the Russian and French hussars were very similar and the peasants often mistook Davydov for a Frenchman, he dressed in a Cossack caftan, grew a beard and is depicted in this form on several engravings of that time.

Particularly wide scope of action of military partisan detachments was adopted during the retreat of the French from Russia. Day and night, the partisans did not give the enemy a moment's rest, destroying or capturing small groups and uniting to strike at large columns. So, on September 28, the partisan detachments of Davydov,Seslavina, Figner and Orlov-Denisov were surrounded in the village of Lyakhovo, attacked and captured a 2,000-strong French column led by General Augereau. About the case near Lyakhov, Kutuzov said: "This victory is all the more famous because for the first time in the continuation of the current campaign, the enemy corps laid down weapons in front of us."

Denis Davydov with his detachment "escorted" the French to the very border. For distinction in the 1812 campaign, he was awarded the George Cross and promoted to colonel. In 1813 Davydov fought near Kalisz, Bautzen andLeipzig. At the beginning of the 1814 campaign, he commanded the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment, for his distinction in the battle on January 20 at Larotiere he was promoted to major general and entered Paris at the head of the hussar brigade.

In 1823, Davydov retired, but in 1826 he returned to the service. Participated in the Russian-Persian war of 1826-1828. On September 21, 1826, he defeated a 4,000th Persian detachment. He commanded a detachment during the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1830-1831, and only then finally "unbelted and hung his hat on the wall."

The name of Davydov as a "poet-partisan" fanned with loud romantic glory. He had a close friendship withPushkin, linguistic, Vyazemsky, Baratynskyand other poets who sang of him in their poems; his ownlyric and satirical poetry. As early as 1821, he published "An Experience in the Theory of Partisan Action", and after retiring, he "indulged in military notes", creating a number of essays on the events in which he was a witness and participant. Written, according to Pushkin, in "an inimitable style," these vivid and lively essays are of exceptional historical and literary interest.

In 1839, when in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov suggested the idea of ​​transferring the ashes of Bagration there. Davydov's proposal was accepted and he was supposed to accompany the coffin of Bagration, whose memory he revered, but on April 23, a few months before the Borodino celebrations, he suddenly died in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

1745 - 1813

Since 1770, during the decisive events of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774, Kutuzov was sent to the 1st. Danube army P. Rumyantsev. In the positions of a combatant and staff officer, he took part in the battles that were the pride of Russian weapons - at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul; at Larga, a grenadier commanded a battalion, at Cahul he acted in the vanguard of the right wing. For the battles of 1770 he was promoted to major. In the post of chief of staff of the corps, he distinguished himself in the battle of Popesti (1771), granted the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1772, due to manifestations of a cheerful disposition (sometimes he imitated the gait and speech of superiors, including the commander), Kutuzov was sent by Rumyantsev to the 2nd, Crimean army of V. Dolgorukov. Since that time, Mikhail Illarionovich has changed dramatically, having learned to completely control his behavior and expression of thoughts. In 1774, in a battle with the Krymchaks near Alushta, he led a soldier into battle with a banner in his hand, while pursuing the enemy he was seriously wounded: a bullet entered below the left temple and exited at the right eye. Mikhail Illarionovich was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th degree and sent by Catherine II for treatment abroad. While recovering, at the same time he got acquainted with the experience of military affairs in Austria and Prussia, had a conversation with Frederick II the Great.

In 1776, upon returning to Russia, Kutuzov was sent by the Empress to the Crimea to help Suvorov, who ensured order there. Won his trust by performing responsible tasks; on the proposal of Suvorov, he received the rank of colonel (1777), and then the brigadier (1782). In 1784, on behalf of G. Potemkin, he negotiated with Krym-Giray, the last Crimean khan, convinced him of the need to abdicate and recognize Russia's rights to the lands from the Bug to the Kuban; for this he was awarded the rank of major general. From the following year, Mikhail Illarionovich commanded the Bug Jaeger Corps that he had formed; supervising his training, he developed new tactics for rangers and outlined them in a special instruction. In 1787 he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree.

At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Kutuzov with his corps guarded the southwestern borders of Russia along the Bug River. As part of Potemkin's Yekaterinoslav army, he took part in the siege of Ochakov (1788). Here, during the reflection of the sortie of the Turks, he was seriously wounded for the second time (a bullet hit the cheek and exited the back of the head). When he recovered, the doctor who treated him remarked: "Providence seems to be saving this man for something extraordinary, because he was healed of two wounds, of which each was fatal." The very next year, commanding a separate corps, Kutuzov successfully fought near Akkerman and Kaushany, participated in the capture of Bender by Potemkin, and received new awards.

Karl Osipovich Lambert

1773 - 1843

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was born on July 10, 1765 in the North Caucasus, in Kizlyar. He came from an old Georgian princely family, in which service in the Russian army became a family tradition. He studied at the Kizlyar school for senior and non-commissioned officer children. He began military service in 1782. The first military rank was sergeant of the Astrakhan Musketeer Regiment. Bagration gained his first combat experience in clashes with the highlanders who attacked the Caucasian fortified border line. As an officer, Prince Bagration gained his first military awards and fame in the ranks of the Russian army during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 and the Polish campaign of 1793-1794. There, Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov drew attention to him and predicted a great future for the brave infantry commander.

Bagration's talent as a great military leader was revealed under the banner of Suvorov during the Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1799. In the course of campaigns against the troops of revolutionary France that captured Northern Italy, Major General Bagration commanded the vanguard of the allied Russian-Austrian army. He, as a rule, had to be the first to clash with the enemy and often decide the outcome of the battle, as, for example, in Italy - on the rivers Adda and Trebbia and near the city of Novi Ligure. Contemporaries were struck by his fearlessness and determination in the critical moments of the battle. Suvorov was proud of his talented student, and the French commanders saw Bagration as a dangerous enemy. The Patriotic War of 1812, as well as other anti-Napoleonic wars, confirmed these fears.During the Swiss campaign in the battle on the Saint Gotthard mountain pass, the Russian avant-garde under the command of Bagration brilliantly completed the task, and largely thanks to him, the French had to clear the way for the Suvorov troops, while suffering heavy losses.

In orders and reports to Emperor Paul I, Suvorov constantly noted the merits of the commander of his vanguard, who successfully coped with the most important combat missions. From a foreign campaign, General Bagration returned as a renowned military leader.

In the military campaign of 1805, when the army under the command of Kutuzov made the famous Ulm-Olmutsky march-manoeuvre, General Bagration led its rearguard, which had the most trials.Of these, the most serious was the battle on November 16, 1805 at Hollabrunn. The Russian 7,000th rearguard was opposed by the advanced 40,000th corps of the Napoleonic army under the command of Marshal Murat. Having secured a position at Hollabrunn, Bagration held out until the retreating main forces of the Russian army were at a distance inaccessible to the French army.

Genuine military recognition came to Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration after the battle of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805, which Napoleon considered the "sun" in his military biography. The army of the French emperor numbered 75 thousand people. His opponents are 85 thousand people (60 thousand Russians and 25 thousand Austrians) and 278 guns. The allied army was formally commanded by General Kutuzov, but during the battle, the Russian Emperor Alexander I and the Austrian Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Franz II constantly interfered in his decisions.Bagration commanded the troops of the right wing of the allied army, which for a long time steadfastly repulsed all the attacks of the French. When the victorious scale became

lean towards the Napoleonic army, almost caThe armed troops of Bagration formed the rearguard of the allied Russian-Austrian army, covering the withdrawal of the main forces and suffering heavy losses.The battle of Austerlitz - the “battle of the three emperors” - became for General Bagration a strict test of military maturity, which he honorably

survived. AfterbirthThe result of this battle was the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire and the formation of the Austrian state in its place, which ceased to be an ally of Russia.

During the Russian-Prussian-French war of 1806-1807, Bagration again commanded the rearguard of the allied army, which distinguished itself in major battles in East Prussia - near Preussisch-Eylau and near Friedland. In the first of them, which took place on February 7-8, 1807, Bagration commanded the rearguard of the Russian army, covering its retreat to Preussisch-Eylau. Then the Bagration regiments successfully repulsed the attacks of the French troops and did not allow the enemy to bypass them from the flank. After a bloody battle that lasted untilBy ten o'clock in the evening, the enemy armies remained in their original positions.