What did this amazing story teach the heroes of the fairy tale? The role of fairy tales in child development. What do fairy tales teach? What does the fairy tale about Morozko teach?

All adults read fairy tales to their children. And it's very correct solution, since it is with the help of fairy tales that it is easiest to explain to a child what is good and what is bad. Classic children's stories are often funny and educational, with lots of colorful illustrations, they can be purchased at any bookstore.

It is not surprising that adults also like fairy tales, and they happily spend time reading books, plunging headlong into the world of fairy tales. Below are the most popular classic fairy tales that each of us probably read in childhood:

1. "The Ugly Duckling"

"The Ugly Duckling" is a fairy tale written by a Danish novelist and poet, an author worldwide famous fairy tales for children and adults, by Hans Christian Anderson (1805-1875). The fairy tale tells about a little duckling who is constantly being bullied by the other inhabitants of the poultry yard. But this does not last long, as over time the little duckling turns into a beautiful white swan- the most beautiful bird among all. This fairy tale is liked by both adults and children, because it shows personal growth, transformation, change into beautiful, more better side.

The tale, along with three other works by Anderson, was first published on November 11, 1843 in Copenhagen, Denmark, and was very critically received by the public. However, the fairy tale was immediately included in the repertoire opera house, a musical was staged based on the fairy tale, and an animated film was also shot. This work does not belong to folklore or folk tales, as it was invented by Hans Christian Anderson.

This is one of those fairy tales, after reading which we understand that we are not what we seem at first glance. We are all different, we are all different from each other, but it is one thing to know that you are not like the others, and another thing to be surprised at your own, unexpected, wonderful transformation. Each of us must learn to forgive ourselves for past mistakes, learn to change for the better and strive for self-development and self-knowledge.

2. "The Boy Who Cried Wolf"

Entertainment for the boy, the main character of this fairy tale, was to lie to people from his village about a wolf who was supposedly going to eat the flock of sheep that the boy was herding. He shouted: “Wolf!”, but in fact there was no wolf when people from the village came to the rescue. The boy was amused by this situation and laughed at those who came to his aid. It so happened that one day a wolf finally came to profit from a flock of sheep. When the boy began to call for help, no one from the village paid attention to this, since everyone decided that the boy was lying again. Ultimately, he lost all his sheep. The moral of the story is: Never break people's trust, as it is sometimes very difficult to restore it.

3. “Thumbelina”

The fairy tale "Thumbelina" (Danish: Tommelise), written by Hans Christian Anderson, was first published on December 16, 1835 by K.A. Reitzel in Copenhagen, Denmark. Together with the fairy tales “The Bad Boy” and “Sputnik,” “Thumbelina” was included in the second collection entitled “Fairy Tales Told for Children.” In his fairy tale, the author talks about the adventures of a tiny girl, Thumbelina, about her acquaintance with a family of toads, a cockchafer, and her marriage to a mole. Thumbelina goes through a lot of tests and at the end of the fairy tale she marries the king of flower elves, who was as small as Thumbelina herself.

This fairy tale is one of the most famous in the world. Children love to read about the adventures of a little girl and her difficult journey. With his fairy tale, the author wanted to convey to us that the most important thing is not what awaits you at the end of your journey, but what happens to you during the journey.

4. "Elves and the Shoemaker"

Always be friendly and kind! Remember to say “Thank you” and truly be grateful. These are the main tips that the Brothers Grimm fairy tale “The Elves and the Shoemaker” gives us.

The fairy-tale elves helped the shoemaker to do very beautiful shoes, which were madly loved by many wealthy people. Ultimately, the Shoemaker became very rich by selling wonderful pairs of shoes to the townspeople, but he did not become arrogant and always said words of gratitude and was very respectful of the little creatures who once helped him bring his dreams to life. cherished dreams. Never forget to say “Thank you” to the people around you, and you will be rewarded for your respectful behavior hundreds of times more than you expected.

5. "Hansel and Gretel"

This is a fairy tale about young Hansel and Gretel, brother and sister, about their courage and how they overcame the spell of the old witch - the cannibal. But the lesson this tale conveys most likely applies to adults, namely fathers. The moral is this: a man, if he marries a second time, must take the choice of a second wife very seriously, especially if he has children from his first marriage; the future wife should not want to get rid of the children.

6. "Puss in Boots"

"Puss in Boots" is a very famous European fairy tale, which is about a cat with unusual abilities and a sharp mind. The cat, with the help of cunning and thanks to his business acumen, helps his poor and rootless owner get what he wanted: power, wealth and the hand of a princess. The tale was written at the end of the seventeenth century French author fairy tales for children by Charles Perrault, a retired civil servant and member of the French Academy.

Another version of the tale, entitled "Cagliuso", was published in 1634 by Giovani Battista Basile. This version of the tale, in print and with illustrations, appeared two years before Perrault's version was published in 1967, included in a collection of eight tales entitled Histoires ou contes du temps passé. Charles Perrault's version was published by Barbin. The collection of fairy tales was a great success, and the fairy tale about Puss in Boots remains one of the most beloved in the world to this day.

Everything can be obtained with the help of charm and a bit of cunning - this is the main idea that the author wanted to convey to the reader. The fairy tale tells about a cat that was inherited from his father by one poor young man. Thanks to intelligence, dexterity and ingenuity, the cat helped its owner live a better life, rich life. He found for the young man new clothes, helped to impress the king, the cat even coped with the cannibal giant, fooling him and turning him into a mouse.

7. "The King's New Clothes"

“The King’s New Dress” (Danish: Keiserens nye Klæder) is a short fairy tale by the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen about two weavers who promised the King to sew for him a dress that would be invisible to people who do not match the King’s rank - people who are stupid, incompetent, poor . When the King walked in his new outfit among ordinary people, one a little boy declared: “The king is naked!” The tale has been translated into hundreds of languages ​​around the world.
When you need advice or an opinion on something, ask your child. The child will answer you honestly and tell you the truth without hiding. In fact, the King was not wearing any new dress, but the people on the street preferred to feign admiration for the new outfit, everyone was afraid of looking like a fool. Only one Small child sincerely told the truth.

We all come from childhood and understand perfectly well that children need fairy tales for a better worldview and development. The benefits of fairy tales are simply priceless, as a child is immersed in a world of magic and wonder, experiencing every situation, every adventure together with his favorite characters, this is what allows him to develop imagination and memory.

Russians folk tales They teach good, good always defeats evil, but the path to victory can be too long. Fairy tales give the child the first idea of ​​such concepts as good and evil, wisdom and deceit, forgiveness, compassion. If you believe in yourself and don’t deviate from your principles, everything will work out. In the images of fairy-tale heroes, in their interaction with the outside world, the realities of life are adapted for children's perception. Children perceive everything, and even if they don’t realize the morality that the text contains, they at least try to be like the kind, sympathetic and resourceful heroes.

Russian folk tales introduce the child to the vast universe in which he will have to live, with its physical laws, wildlife, history and culture.

Heroes of Russian fairy tales

Main character fairy tales - always courageous, fearless. He overcomes all obstacles on the path to his happiness. In the course of the adventures, the hero undergoes a transformation: Ivan the Fool, simple-minded and lazy, at the end of the fairy tale necessarily turns into a handsome young man and marries the princess.

Other characters help the hero overcome trials: wonderful animals, wise advisors. But help is not given so easily: even Baba Yaga helps the hero if he shows himself to be hardworking, well-mannered and purposeful. This expresses popular ideas about human morality and morality. Wonderful helpers have magical means (flying carpet, walking boots) that personify people's dreams.

Women in Russian folk tales always unusually beautiful and smart. Intelligence, beauty, hard work, resourcefulness, a mandatory attribute - a braid to the waist (hair was previously associated with vitality) - all these are traits that, in the popular imagination, should be present in any girl.

The protagonists of the main characters are dark, evil forces(Kashchei the Immortal, Serpent Gorynych). They are treacherous, cruel, greedy - this is how the concept of violence and evil is expressed in the minds of the people. The more terrible the monster, the more significant the feat of the main character seems. But the fight against dark forces is carried out not only with the help of strength and intelligence: the popular consciousness sometimes endows villains with comic stupidity, because of which they fall into traps set by the main character.

Animal world

Animals in Russian folk tales personify qualities of human character. There were “cliches” of images that were the same for all fairy tales.

For example, the Fox is a cheat and a deceiver. She personifies cunning, deceit, and a penchant for tricks. She will pretend to be weak and use eloquence to get her way. But the Fox is often punished for her tricks (receives a well-deserved punishment for deception), especially if her tricks cause serious harm to one of the heroes.

The wolf personifies greed and anger. But, at the same time, he is stupid and easily deceived by the more cunning characters in the fairy tale. The confrontation between the Wolf and the Fox is especially common, and the Wolf falls for the fox’s tricks again and again, no matter how much he refuses to trust the Fox. But the Wolf is also the personification of death (since he often eats someone). But kind and smart characters always defeat the wolf.

The bear in fairy tales represents brute strength, slowness, and slow-wittedness. He can be either fierce or kind and naive. The bear, as the owner of the forest, has power over other animals. In the image of the Bear one can trace a parallel with the images of rich landowners-serfs. As a result, such a bear is always defeated. But sometimes the Bear also personifies good forces nature, giving gifts and helping the hero for hard work and honesty.

And small animals in fairy tales (hares, mice) are cowardly, but kind. They are ready to help, they are good friends. And in difficult moments real courage can awaken in them. True, they often win victories by accident, since they cannot compare with other characters either in intelligence or strength.

So Russian folk tales are not as simple as they might seem at first glance. They teach us a lot, so even adults should read fairy tales.

Consultation for parents:

The role of fairy tales in child development. What do fairy tales teach?

The role of fairy tales in child development. What do fairy tales teach? Every good parent wants his child to grow up kind and smart, to be able to stand up for himself and for people close to him, to care for and respect his parents and grandparents. But few people think about the important role fairy tales play in the development of a child. Let's try to figure out what fairy tales teach?

The role of fairy tales in child development

IN early childhood Children practically live in the world of fairy tales and fairy-tale heroes. They invent friends for themselves when there are none around, they invent their future, and it changes in their imagination with every new fairy tale they hear or see. We, without realizing it, sometimes teach them to navigate the world around them with the help of the same fairy tales. We can confidently say that with the help of fairy tales a child gets to know this huge world.

What do fairy tales teach?

Let's take a few examples.

What does the tale of Little Red Riding Hood teach?

From the first words, the child learns that old people need care. And the little girl brings pies to her grandmother, although the road is long and passes through a terrible forest.

What does the tale of the sleeping princess and the seven heroes teach?

This fairy tale teaches brotherly love and pure feelings between young people. Many Russian folk tales about the Tsar-Father and his children remind us that parental love is limitless, but children should always honor their parents.

What does the fairy tale about Morozko teach?

Above all, it condemns greed and glorifies obedience and respect for elders.

What does the fairy tale about Pinocchio teach?

The tale of Pinocchio criticizes laziness and parasitism, and teaches you to listen to the advice of your elders.

What does the tale of Bluebeard teach?

The story of Bluebeard teaches not to be overly curious and condemns cruelty.

What does the tale of the Ugly Duckling teach?

The Ugly Duckling Warns: Don't Judge People appearance, but look at their soul.

Sometimes parents just read fairy tales to their children from time to time, as if they were serving their duty. It should not be! Fairy tales must be read with expression, always in a calm and quiet voice, so that the child can well perceive their content. At semantic moments, it is advisable to take short pauses and find out whether your baby understands the meaning of this expression or phrase. After all, many speech patterns are no longer used in modern life, and the child cannot always understand them correctly.

The fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it...

After reading any fairy tale, even the simplest one in your opinion, it is necessary to clarify the educational role it carries. If a child, during or after reading, asks you to further explain something to him, do not rush to refuse! This doesn't mean your baby is too stupid. This means that he reflects on the content of the fairy tale, on the behavior of the characters and tries to draw the first independent conclusions for life. And this is why you read or tell him children’s stories in the evenings! Feel the inner unity that occurs at this moment between you and your child! In such magical moments, you return to a step back in your childhood. And your baby is moving up a step towards his adult life.

Let's talk about what fairy tales teach us, because, strange as it may seem, almost all of us grew up on fairy tales, and our children will also grow up on them, if, of course, foreign cartoons will not at all displace this manifestation of our folk culture, and perhaps an unusual method of teaching our ancestors.

But what can a fairy tale really give a child or an adult?

Can you dream?

“Why don’t people fly like birds? You know, sometimes I feel like I'm a bird. When you stand on a mountain, you just want to fly. That’s how I would run up, raise my hands and fly!” - this is what Ostrovsky’s familiar heroine told us all from school.

And, probably, many of us are painfully familiar with this feeling - the desire to take off, overcome the force of gravity, rise above the familiar, the ordinary and feel free. A similar feeling is experienced by those who are accustomed to living not only to satisfy the needs of the body, but also the life of the Soul.

And the Soul, as we know, perceives not only the visible, familiar world, but also another, subtle, magical one, which is actually nearby, you just need to be able to feel it.

That is why people with a fine mental organization have such a developed ability to dream, strive for something, at first glance, unrealizable, incomprehensible to the vast majority of the inhabitants of our world.

After all, this is precisely why Richard Bach’s Jonathan Livingston seagull sought to fly not in order to get food, but for the joys of flight, and ultimately, in order to know itself. And that's why in fairy tales different nations, including Russians, there is also this longing for another reality, another kingdom, which one so wants to achieve.

Fairy tales of many nations teach to go beyond the possible and try to introduce a person to another “alternative reality.”

Do fairy tales help you remember the journey of the soul?

The famous Russian philosopher Evgeny Trubetskoy wrote about this at the beginning of the last century in his work “Another kingdom and its seekers in a Russian folk tale.” There he argues that in many Russian fairy tales the dream of another reality, beautiful and bright, which one so wants to find, is very clearly expressed.

The hero of a Russian fairy tale, Ivan the Fool is filled with “disgust for everything ordinary, everyday” and experiences an “irresistible attraction to the miraculous.” He leaves his yard “at random” and when asked where he is going, he answers: “God knows!” “Seekers of the miraculous are attracted by the very uncertainty of what they are looking for, and that is why they so often themselves do not know where they are going and what they are looking for.”

In fact, they can look for what the Soul remembers even before incarnation into the physical body, and for which it feels longing. And at one time, it was precisely this property of the Soul that Plato drew attention to in his dialogues, when he said that the Soul actually tries to remember the world from which it came, and it succeeds when in our world it encounters something similar to what I saw then.

“Thanks to memory, there is a longing for what was then... Beauty shone among everything that was there.” Probably, it is precisely this need for unearthly beauty that prompts the hero of a Russian fairy tale to leave the familiar world and rush in search of an unknown country. And this experience of a mystical miracle, a passionate thirst for something mysterious, unknown, is evoked in the Soul by sunset and sunrise.

“This appearance and disappearance of the day on our horizon is a natural reminder of the undying day beyond the edge of the earth, beyond the boundaries of the earth’s circle visible to us; in this mysterious distance, the fullness of light and the fullness of life is preserved even when everything earthly is plunged into the darkness of the night or is painted in dull, hopeless gray tones... These are the eternal stimulants of an enthusiastic mood, spiritual and especially fabulous uplift.” E. Trubetskoy.

Why do we need a fairy tale?

But why do adults need a fairy tale and what is it trying to teach us? Obviously, this state of the Soul is the very memory that Plato spoke about, the memory of that unearthly beauty from which we all came, and which we must bring into our world.

And it is precisely after her, Beloved beauty, that the hero of the Russian fairy tale rushes. But reaching this kingdom, as we know, is not easy, and you cannot do it with ordinary, earthly methods. For this, a person “requires the assistance of living forces - those prophetic animals that, overcoming the heaviness of the earth, rise “higher than a standing forest, lower than a walking cloud.”

To get to the “other kingdom,” you need to fly into the heavens on the wings of an eagle or “mogul bird,” or even better, fly on the wings of the wind.”

Naturally, assistance magical powers It is not given to a person for nothing and is sometimes acquired through difficult sacrifices. “In order to grow wings that lift him above the ground, or to acquire the help necessary for this, a person must be ready to give not only his beloved horse, as in the fairy tale about Ivan Tsarevich, but also all his property, the last thing he has.

And sometimes this is not enough: in order to reach the goal, he must feed the prophetic bird carrying him with his own body.” And I see this as a very symbolic moment.

Indeed, in order for the Soul to again achieve a heavenly state and manifest here, in the body, what it once knew, it is necessary to sacrifice your animal nature to the Divine, in other words, overcome the resistance of matter, spiritualize your nature, only then can you gain wings and make even your reality fabulous.

Is a fairy tale a path to spiritual development?

“Beloved Beauty is separated from the everyday life of our lives by an endless distance and insurmountable obstacles. Only the one who does not stop at any sacrifices for this, who is ready to give himself up to be torn to pieces for her sake, can fly to her, get her.”

What does it mean to give yourself up to be torn to pieces? The body symbolizes the lower, animal nature of a person, and “giving yourself up to be torn to pieces” in this context can mean that in order for a person to achieve the heavenly state of the Soul (or for the Soul to remember it), it is necessary to sacrifice the lower, animal part in favor of the higher , which is symbolized by the prophetic bird.

“The price of rising to heaven is not human meat, but human sacrifice. Until this sacrifice is made, the bird always threatens to sink, before reaching its goal, to the ground, underground, and sometimes into forests or impenetrable swamps.” Accordingly, such semi-esoteric tales can teach us the right path of self-development and access to new stage consciousness and awareness.

Fairy tales teach harmony with the surrounding world and living beings.

There is another significant point that stands out in Trubetskoy’s fairy tale, this is “the secret of the solidarity of all living creatures.” According to his observations, the hero of a fairy tale rises above the egoistic-utilitarian attitude towards the animal world and makes it friendly; accordingly, fairy tales teach children to live in harmony with the world around them and living beings.

“Every creature begs man for mercy and help in a “human voice” that is understandable to him... And man is connected with the creature by a strong bond of mutual compassion and rejoicing.”

So, when the hungry hero of a fairy tale comes across an animal on his way that he wants to shoot and eat, he prays every time in a “human voice”: “Don’t eat me, Ivan Tsarevich, I will be useful to you!” And the hero of the fairy tale stops, driven by a feeling of compassion, and this is what subsequently serves him well - all the animals he meets come to the rescue.

"In countless fairy tale images this spiritual movement of pity is reproduced, which triumphs over animal egoism.” And the fairy-tale hero, conquering the animal nature in himself, acting according to the law of Unity, compassionate to any living creature, thereby showing his true human nature, in the end, is rewarded, since all the animals spared and saved by him help him achieve his goal, the dream for which he set out on his journey.

“Ivan Tsarevich is looking for his beloved “Beloved Beauty,” and all creation is called to participate in his search. His desire and his rise to beauty are considered by the fairy tale as something close and necessary to all living things, for which all creation is called to account.”

Thus, a person, called to return Beauty to the world, does this not only for himself, but also for all living things, so that they are all transformed and spiritualized, filled with the light of the Other Kingdom.

“Here another feature of the “other kingdom” is revealed to us. It is beautiful, indescribable, which neither earthly creatures nor people know, and at the same time that which the whole world is looking for, to which every breath submits.”

And a person who reads fairy tales and understands at least a fraction of them true meaning is the connecting link that makes these two worlds one, brings the distant light of that very Other kingdom into our ordinary life.

But in order to truly be able to do this, he himself needs to go through the path of magical transformation, so to speak, to reveal the inherent in him internal forces to become who he really can be.

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Safronova Tatyana

Hypothesis: if people believe in fairy tales, they become kinder, because fairy tales teach goodness and justice.

Objective of the project: find out how fairy tales were composed and whether they really exist, whether we need fairy tales.

Tasks:

ü find out what a fairy tale is, consider the history of the appearance of fairy tales in Rus';

ü get acquainted with the genres of Russian fairy tales;

ü attract the attention of classmates and adults to fairy tales;

ü Conduct a survey among children and adults.

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Scientific competition research work And creative projects among

students of the first stage of education “I am a researcher”

Direction "Humanitarian"

What do fairy tales teach?

Safronova Tatyana Stanislavovna,

3 In class.

Project Manager:

Malysheva Svetlana Alexandrovna,

primary school teacher

Municipal educational

Institutions "Secondary general education

School No. 3 with in-depth study

individual items"

Labytnangi

2013

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…3
2. From the history of the origin of fairy tales in Rus' …………………………………………....4
3. Genres of Russian folk tales …………………………..………….……………….4

1. Fairy tales……………………………………………………………….5
2. Magically - heroic tales………………….……………………………..5
3. Tales about animals…………………………………………………………………………………5
4. Everyday tales…………………………………………………………………………………..6
5. Adventure tales…………………………………………………………………………………6

1. Fairytale rules…………………………………………………………………………………6
2. What fairy tales teach us……………………………………………………………….7
3. Own research……………………………………………………………..8
4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………....…9
5. References………………………….…………………………………….…..…..…10

Applications

Introduction

There are words in the Russian language that can transport us to distant fantasy lands and return us to childhood for a short time. Among such words, the sweetest and most magical is the word fairy tale.

Fairy tales... Having heard this word, without noticing it ourselves, we are mentally transported to Magic world. Each of us has our own favorite fairy tale, and it came to us from early childhood.

Fairy tales lull you to sleep, immersing you in an atmosphere of magic and wonder. They teach adults to look at the world with a direct, open gaze, and they reveal important life truths to children in an easy and entertaining way.

The fairy-tale world is extraordinary, it is alive, it is animated. Mandatory attributes of this world are miracles, extraordinary animals, birds, plants, sudden transformations, talismans, prophetic words.

Every fairy tale teaches us something, we just need to take a closer look and listen to it.

Relevance . The times we live in are very hectic. People communicate on the Internet, everyone is in a hurry to get somewhere. Children watch more TV, play computer games, and less and less attention is paid to fairy tales. A fairy tale is a miracle of miracles. And I really want to believe in fairy tales, where good defeats evil and all wishes come true. The ancient traditions of our people are rooted in Russian folk tales. No wonder they say: “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, good fellows lesson”, so it is very important to know the wisdom of the fairy tale and be able to use its lessons in everyday life.

Hypothesis: if people believe in fairy tales, they become kinder, because fairy tales teach goodness and justice.

Target: find out how fairy tales were composed and whether they really exist, whether we need fairy tales.

Tasks:

• find out what a fairy tale is, consider the history of the appearance of fairy tales in Rus';
• get acquainted with the genres of Russian fairy tales;
• attract the attention of classmates and adults to fairy tales;
• conduct a survey among children and adults.

Methods observation, excursion, interviewing, sociological research, analysis and synthesis of information.

Object: literature.

Subject of study: Russian folk tales.

The history of fairy tales in Rus'

Fairy tales have come to us from time immemorial. Written by folk storytellers, wonderful stories were passed down from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. Then the time came when fairy tales began to be collected and written down. Some fairy tales reached us unchanged - some passed literary treatment, thus becoming clearer and more accessible to modern man. Sometimes, fairy tales were modified and supplemented by storytellers - after all, the “age” of many fairy tales is estimated at thousands of years!

Many years have passed since fairy tales began to be told. Already in the 12th century there was a custom of “bayat fables” (“bayat” - to speak, to tell). Storytellers were called bahari.

Telling fairy tales is an old Russian custom. Even in ancient times, the performance of fairy tales was available to everyone: men, women, and children. There were people who cherished and developed their fabulous heritage. They have always been respected by the people.

The word "fairy tale" in it modern sense appeared only in the 17th century. Foreign travelers mention that Russians amused themselves by listening to fairy tales during feasts. Kings also loved to listen to fairy tales. Even Tsar Ivan the Terrible could not fall asleep without the bakhar's story. In the bedchamber, 3 blind elders were usually waiting for him, who took turns telling him fairy tales and fables. Storytellers were rewarded with expensive gifts. Telling stories before bed has survived to this day.

2. What kinds of fairy tales are there?

Russian folk tales contain treasures of that great wisdom that has been accumulated over generations. In it, what did not and could not happen is told as if it actually happened.

A fairy tale is a work that depicts the wonderful and unusual. It has a beginning, a saying and an ending. (2) Folk tales are the oldest form of oral folk art a separate region, present among all peoples. Such a fairy tale reflects beliefs, views, main features national character, exposes class relations, while simultaneously exposing ancient life, which is often reflected in individual works- everyday fairy tales. (2) But not every fiction becomes a fairy tale. Only what was important to people is passed on from generation to generation. Fairy tales expressed the wisdom of their people, their aspirations and dreams.

In the fairy tale we see a very definite moral code: the glorification of courage, honesty, love, loyalty, intelligence, dexterity, strength and courage. But difficulties, meanness, laziness, stupidity, stinginess, greed are always ridiculed. A fairy tale is always instructive, helps to understand the complex relationships between people, evaluate their actions and show either sympathy or condemnation.

2.1. Fairy tale

Fairy tales are divided into: magical, magically heroic, legendary, about animals, everyday, adventurous.

A fairy tale is usually longer than other types of fairy tales. In its origins, it goes back to the techniques of magical rituals, to the entire set of mythical views on the world. In fairy tales, people dreamed of overcoming the real power of the external forces of nature and society, depicted an imaginary victory over them, and the performance of a magical ritual accustomed a person to passive waiting. Then fiction in fairy tales became a poetic convention, and the dreams of the people were embodied in them.

The main features of fairy tales are the motives of transformation, which we encounter in the texts “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”, “The Frog Princess”.

Alyonushka is one of the most touching and beloved characters in Russian folk tales. She goes through many difficult tests to save her brother Ivanushka, who violated the ban and therefore turned into a kid. The frog princess, whom Ivan Tsarevich finds in the swamp, turns out to be a beautiful, kind princess, punished by Koshchei.

IN fairy tales In addition to people of ordinary rank (peasant, soldier, etc.), the heroes are kings and princes, kings and princes.

2.2. Magically - heroic tale

Magical heroic tales in which epic heroes, in contrast to the epic, are nameless or endowed with general names such as “Ivan the Fool”, “Ivan the Fool” and supernatural beings. In such fairy tales, heroes fight tooth and nail, defeat enemies, save friends, when faced with evil spirits.

Subject heroic tales is the theme of the hero protecting “his” world and the people living in it from enemies, expressed in the motif of the hero’s struggle with a terrible monster, the “snake”.

2.3. Tale of Animals

The oldest type are tales about animals. They have their own circle of heroes. Animals talk and behave like people. The fox is always cunning, the wolf is stupid and greedy, the hare is cowardly. Fairy tales about animals have their own poetics and style (for example, compositional devices are often used: unexpected encounters of animals, song inserts, etc.).

Over time, fairy tales about animals become predominantly for children; they take into account the peculiarities of age-related perception of fiction. Children identify positive and negative characters, generously share their experiences and sympathy with fairy-tale characters, subsequently transferring these feelings to people close to them.

2.4. Everyday tales

Most recent fairy tale genre- everyday tales. They reproduce paintings ordinary life, ridiculed social vices. The heroes of these tales are a peasant, a soldier, a shoemaker, who live in real world and they usually fight with a master, a priest, a general. They win thanks to resourcefulness, intelligence and courage.Everyday fairy tales also characterize such traits of the hero as personal nobility, selflessness, respect for other people, cordiality and a constant desire to come to the aid of a person, of any living creature in trouble.

2.5. Adventure tales

This type of fairy tale is very close to fairy tales, but the main difference between adventure fairy tales is that the hero solves difficult problems thanks to resourcefulness and intelligence, and not to any magical powers.

Adventure tales set out the extraordinary adventures of the hero, usually interpreting them without magical fiction. The heroes of these fairy tales show not only a flexible mind, but also resourcefulness and dexterity.

But one thing all fairy tales have in common is that every fairy tale, fictional story with a happy ending and the obligatory victory of good over evil. A goodies, invariably emerging victorious in the irreconcilable struggle over evil and injustice.

3. Fairytale rules

Many things happen differently in a fairy tale than in life. The storyteller takes the listener to another world that lives by its own rules:

1.Happy ending rule.

More often than not, a fairy tale starts badly and ends well. If, for example, the beginning of a fairy tale about poor girl, then in the end she will definitely marry the prince.

2. The rule of fairy tale justice.

Everyone knows that good triumphs over evil in fairy tales. Behind good deeds In a fairy tale, there is always a reward, and evil deeds are punished. At the beginning of the fairy tale, a good worker and her envious, lazy sisters appear. The end of the fairy tale is known: the worker should be given gold, and the envious sisters should be given tar.

3. The rule of everything is the best.

Rule superlatives and greatest contrast. According to the fairy tale law, in a fairy tale everything is always “the best.” Beauties are “the first beauties in the whole wide world.” The horrors are “the likes of which the world has never seen.” The path to the far side is so far that neither the sun nor the month knows how to go there. The magic window is so far-sighted that you can see through it “everything both on earth and underground.”

4. Rule of the opposite.

In a fairy tale, “the very best” constantly collides with something opposite. The poorest become the richest. Those who are considered stupid turn out to be smarter than everyone else. The most beautiful become the ugliest, and vice versa.

5. The rule of omnipotent desire and words.

The fairy tale rule requires that the hero's wish must come true, even if there is a test, everything is threatened by evil magic. But he does difficult task and is saved. When the hero cannot cope with enemies on his own, magical assistants and magical objects help him out.

The fairy tale word also has magical power. Everything fabulous is addressed to someone or something we're talking about. Therefore, if the hero made a promise, he must fulfill it.

4. What do fairy tales teach us?

Fairy tales play an important role in the development of a child’s personality and, moreover, play an important role in shaping his behavior patterns. They teach to show empathy and compassion, teach kindness and justice.

I have read a lot of fairy tales and I can say that for me the fairy tale opened amazing world magic, where good defeats evil, where everyone gets what they deserve, where dreams come true. This is an incredible land of fantasy and wonder that teaches a person to be kind, sympathetic, honest and decent. A fairy tale helps us believe in ourselves and our strengths, helps us overcome difficulties, cultivate fortitude and courage. Gives hope, and sometimes even helps to accept the right decision in a difficult life situation.

My mother, just like me, loves fairy tales. She says that fairy tales teach a lot not only to children, but also help adults to look at themselves from the outside.

Listening to fairy tales, we deeply sympathize with the characters and experience the events described, trying on ourselves best features people, we learn good and evil, cowardice and courage, we show empathy and compassion, we are charged with positive energy, we gain knowledge about the world and learn to live.

Children's fairy tales are a necessary element of education; they accessible language They tell us about life, teach us, illuminate the problems of good and evil, and show us the way out of difficult situations. By telling and reading fairy tales, we develop inner world, we gain knowledge about the laws of life and ways to demonstrate creative ingenuity. Reading a fairy tale forms the foundations of behavior and communication for life, teaches perseverance, patience, and the ability to set goals and go towards them. The fairy tale develops creative potential, fantasy, imagination and empathy.

The fairy tale teaches us that miracles in the world occur not only thanks to magic and witchcraft. A person can make the best, most interesting and most truthful fairy tale a reality only through his own efforts, because kind heart and faith in the best are the most powerful wizards.

5. Own research

To prove that we really need fairy tales, I went on a tour of the nursery city ​​library. It turns out that fairy tales are very loved by children. Most of all, the guys give preference, of course, to Russian folk tales, since they are close to them not only in their characters, but also in the plots that are described in them. And for reading fairy tales, the library itself has a “Fairy Tale Room”, where young readers can happily plunge into the fairy-tale world(Appendix I).

It’s as if the children are entering a fairy-tale setting that is unusual for them, instantly turning into the King’s son or Snow White, and at the same time just as freely switching to prosaic everyday life. Probably, we, readers, intuitively feel that fairy tales are unreal, but at the same time we admit that this could happen in reality. This is how the duality of our literary experiences is manifested: the feeling of the fabulous in the real, ordinary and the real in the fabulous, magical.

I myself really like to read fairy tales. Kind, cheerful and instructive, they are long years become our friends and advisers in different difficult situations. Fairy-tale heroes through their actions they help us learn to distinguish good from evil, truth from lies, to become honest, courageous, and just.

Very often I go to kindergarten“Katyusha”, where little fairy tale lovers are waiting for me. I don’t just read their favorite fairy tale to the kids, but I try to dramatize it, convey the character, feelings, and emotions of the characters. Often children become active participants in the performance. Yes, children of all ages love fairy tales.(Appendix II).

I not only love to read fairy tales, but I also try to write them myself. I take part in many literary competitions, including International and All-Russian distance learning events, where I send my creative works(Appendix III).

I decided to spend sociological survey among their peers and adults.

I became interested in how children and adults relate to fairy tales and whether they believe in them. I interviewed 30 people: 15 children and 15 adults. I asked everyone two questions: “Do you believe in fairy tales?”; “Why do you read fairy tales?” And this is what I found out on the first question: among 30 people, 26 people believe in the fairy tale and consider it instructive, four people do not believe it. The answers to the second question showed that for adults a fairy tale is wisdom, but for my peers it is magic and fantasy. Adults also note that a fairy tale is needed as a lesson, an example of behavior, and the children say that a fairy tale is needed for pleasure and development(Appendix IV) .

Based on this, it is clear that children even now, in the age of computerization, love to read and prefer fairy tales(Appendix V).

Conclusion

The purpose of writing the project: to find out how fairy tales were composed and whether they really exist. Do we need fairy tales?

Analysis of the literature studied and the work done allowed us to draw the following conclusions:

• in the 12th century there was a custom of “telling fables”; storytellers were called bahari. The word “fairy tale” in its modern sense appeared only in the 17th century;
• having read many different Russian folk tales, I learned to understand their genres;
• in most Russian folk tales there are situations from which the heroes, that is, we, the readers, can always learn a lesson in goodness and justice;
• The survey showed that children, as well as adults, even now in the age of computerization, love to read and prefer fairy tales.

Only what was important to people is passed on from generation to generation. Fairy tales express the wisdom of their people, their aspirations, dreams, tell about the most important things in our lives, teach us to be kind and fair, to resist evil under any circumstances, to despise flatterers and cunning people, villains and enemies. People have composed many fairy tales. Fairy tales are similar to our lives. This means they exist. You definitely need to read fairy tales and believe in them. After all, in a fairy tale, not only good defeats evil, but also all wishes are fulfilled.

Our assumption: if people believe in fairy tales, they become kinder, because fairy tales teach goodness and justice, it has been confirmed. Do you believe in fairy tales?!

Literature

1. Encyclopedia of Russian legends, Grushko E.A., Medvedev Yu.M. EKSMO-Press, 2001

2.Russian folk tales processed by A.N. Tolstoy, M.: Publishing house: “Petrushka”, 1993.