Research work on the topic "proper names in proverbs and sayings." Proper names in proverbs and sayings “Proper names in proverbs and sayings”

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Municipal AUTONOMOUS GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 67

CITY OF TYUMEN NAMED AFTER HERO OF THE SOVIET UNION BORIS KONSTANTINOVICH TANYGIN

(MAOU secondary school No. 67 of the city of Tyumen)

City scientific and practical conference “Step into the future - 2016”

Direction: Philology

Work on the topic: “Proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings”

Completed by: Dolgikh Anastasia,

student of 6th grade

MAOU secondary school No. 67 of the city of Tyumen

Scientific supervisor: Vlasova E.S.,

teacher of Russian language and literature

Tyumen – 2016

Introduction 3

Main part 4-11

1.1 Proverbs and sayings: history of origin, similarities and differences 4-6

1.2 The role of a name in a person’s life and in Russian folklore. 6

2.1 Men's and female names in proverbs and sayings. 7-10

3.1 Names of cities in proverbs. 10-11

4.1 Names of rivers in proverbs and sayings. eleven

Conclusion 12-13

References……………………………………………………………………………………….14

Introduction

In literature lessons we studied the section “Oral folk art" More from primary school I was interested in the genre of proverbs and sayings. The name is one of the important components life path person. That is why I decided to take on the topic “ Proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings."

Why do we even need proper names in proverbs? Let's take as an example the proverb: “Fedot is not the same.” Is this what they say about a person who can’t do anything? Or about a person who lies a lot? Is the name Fedot used for rhyming? (Fedot is not the same).

Purpose of the study – find out what the role of proper names is in Russian proverbs and sayings.

Research objectives:

Define the concepts “proverb” and “saying”.

From a huge number of Russian proverbs and sayings, make a selection with proper names found in them.

Find out why male and female names are needed in proverbs and sayings.

Analyze proper names denoting the names of cities and rivers.

Object of study – Russian proverbs and sayings

Subject of study - proper names (male and female names, names of rivers and cities).

Research methods – reading educational, popular science and reference literature; searching for information in global computer networks; analysis; etymological analysis; generalization and systematization.

Main part

Oral folk art, or folklore, was born in ancient times, in the preliterate era. In the countless works of nameless authors, who for centuries composed and retold epics and legends, fairy tales and parables, lullabies and laments, nursery rhymes and carols and many other works of different genres, amazing talent, true wisdom, humanity and beauty, mischief and good humor of the people are forever captured. . It is not for nothing that the living roots of folklore nourished the work of such masters of words as Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Tolstoy, and continue to infuse a living stream into the language of modern writers.

Proverbs and sayings are considered one of the most popular small genres of folklore. They are usually placed side by side, although there are clear differences between them.

Proverbs are short folk sayings applied to various life phenomena. They arose during the primitive communal system, long before the appearance of the first literary monuments. Since they were passed on from mouth to mouth, their main feature was the accuracy and conciseness of their content. To convey the necessary information, the authors of proverbs had to be extremely careful in choosing certain words.

Usually a proverb consists of two or three parts. The first part contains an apt description of a phenomenon or object, and the second contains an expressive assessment of it.Most often, a proverb has a double meaning: direct and figurative. The direct meaning is associated with a specific observation and its assessment, the hidden meaning reflects the centuries-old experience of the people, therefore, in some cases, the proverb must be solved in the same way as the riddle: “Know your cricket.”

The source of proverbs can be not only everyday Speaking, but also literary works. Thus, in A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” according to researchers, there are approximately 60 expressions that have become proverbs.

The first proverbs appeared a long time ago. They were formed by ordinary Russian people. Many of the proverbs were used in ancient chronicles and works.One of the first collections of proverbs was compiled by Aristotle. In Russia, collections of proverbs appear in late XVII century and almost immediately began to be published. The most famous collection, “Proverbs of the Russian People,” containing more than 25,000 texts, was compiled by V.I. Dahl.

A proverb is a phrase that reflects a phenomenon in life, often of a humorous nature. Distinctive feature is a combination of brevity and vividness of assessment or description. Unlike a proverb, it does not contain a general instructive meaning and is not a complete sentence. A saying can usually replace a word. For example: “He doesn’t knit” instead of “drunk”, “I didn’t invent gunpowder” instead of “fool”.

Unlike proverbs, many sayings came into everyday speech from literary works and began independent life How folk genre.

Sometimes they completely lose touch with the works they came from. Here, for example, is the expression “from the ship to the ball.” All reference books indicate that its source is a novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Meanwhile, it was known in Russian back in the 18th century, since it appeared during the reign of Peter I and had already become a proverb. It was in this meaning that A.S. Griboyedov used it in the comedy “Woe from Wit.”

Some proverbs and sayings appeared in connection with historical events. This is how the times of the period were reflected in popular sayings Tatar-Mongol invasion, events of the Russian-Swedish war at the beginning of the 18th century, Patriotic War with Napoleon, civil war the beginning of the 20th century, the Great Patriotic War with Nazi Germany.

Some proverbs and sayings come from works of Russian folklore - songs, fairy tales, riddles, legends, anecdotes. For example, proverbs and sayings came from fairy tales: “The beaten one carries the unbeaten,” “Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.” Some proverbs originated from church books. For example, the saying from the Bible “The Lord gave, the Lord and the father” was translated into Russian: “God gave, God took away.”

What is the main difference between a proverb and a saying?

So, a proverb is a whole sentence, and a saying is just a phrase or phrase. This is the main feature that distinguishes proverbs from sayings.

The proverb contains moral teaching, morality, instruction. A saying is simply an eloquent expression that can be easily replaced with other words.

For example:

"Small spool but precious". (Proverb) “Small, but bold.” (Proverb)

“If you don’t know the ford, don’t poke your nose into the water” (Proverb) “Stay with your nose” (Proverb)

During the research, we noticed that proverbs and sayings are often confused. The title says: “Proverbs and sayings,” but the text itself contains only proverbs. In order not to confuse them, you need to know the definition of these terms.

1.2. The role of a name in human life and in Russian folklore.

Pproverbs and sayings are perhaps the first brilliant manifestations of the creativity of the people. The ubiquity of proverbs is striking - they touch all objects, invade all areas of human existence. Folk art also paid attention to the “nominal” theme.

Our name is both the history of the Russian people and component Russian language. The role of a name in a person’s life is very great. Everyone can be called only by name, so all his good or bad deeds are made public thanks to his name. Names have played a significant role in communication between people in all eras. People's personal names are part of history and universal human culture, since they reflect everyday life, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity peoples

Poetic creativity, represented by proverbs and sayings, truly reflects the original, rich mind of the Russian people, their experience, views on life, nature, and society. In oral language creativity, the people captured their customs and morals, hopes, high moral qualities, national history and culture. Thus, rhyming sayings with names that have become a permanent characteristic are very popular: Alekha is not a catch; Andrey the mouthy; Afonka-quiet, Fedul pouted his lips; Filat is not to blame, etc. Proverbs and sayings are applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name, which does not coincide with the name in the proverb. It is through this collision of two names – real and “unreal” – that a generalization is achieved. Thus, the proverbial name is a generalization characteristic properties person.

2.1. Male and female names in proverbs and sayings.

We studied 220 proverbs and sayings with proper names. They can be divided into 3 groups:

1) Personal male and female names.

2) Names of cities

3) Names of rivers.

The first group includes 170 proverbs and sayings with male and female names. Of the 170 proverbs, there were 129 with male names. The most common name wasThomas . It has been used 15 times.

In proverbs and saying the nameThomas was given to indicate character traits such as stupidity (They talk aboutThomas , and he’s talking about Yerema.), stubbornness (Erema into the water,Thomas to the bottom: both are stubborn, have never been to the bottom.), inattention (I went toFoma , but went to see my godfather.), irresponsibility (BiliThomas for Eremin's guilt), absent-mindedness (Good toFoma it came, but went between the hands), laziness (Who cares, butFoma before duda), inadequacy (People are like people, butThomas like a demon), self-criticism (he liked to joke aboutFoma , so love yourself.) and a person with a memorable appearance (They knowThomas and in the matting row).

This name was very popular in the 19th - early 20th centuries, especially in the provinces and villages. Now the name is almost never used, probably because its sound energy is completely preserved in Russian sound and amazingly accurately conveys the character of the Apostle Thomas, nicknamed the unbeliever.
Thomas - Holy Apostle, October 19 (6). Saint Thomas was a Galilean fisherman who followed the Lord Jesus Christ and became his disciple and apostle. According to the testimony of Holy Scripture, the ApostleThomas did not believe the stories of other disciples about the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. On the eighth day after the Resurrection, the Lord appeared to the ApostleFoma and showed his wounds, after which he was convinced of the truth Happy Resurrection Christ's apostle exclaimed: "My Lord and my God." According to church tradition, Saint Thomas preached Christian

faith in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. For the conversion of the son and wife of the ruler of the Indian city of Meliapora (Melipura) to Christ, the holy apostle was imprisoned, endured torture, and died, pierced by five spears.

In proverbs, the Russian people representThomas simpletons, stupid and lazy person.

Name comes second Eremey, used 13 times. In the text the name was used in an abbreviated form: Erema, Ermoshka.

Name Eremey has Hebrew roots, translated means “exalted by God.” The name was borrowed with the adoption of Christianity; it was adapted to the peculiarities of the phonetics of the Old Russian language. In a vast layer of proverbs the name Eremey appears together with the name Thomas; these proverbs are reinterpretations of the folklore “The Tale of Thomas and Erem” - literary work XVII century.

Erema- a hero of a literary work who tries his hand at different activities, tries to take on everything at once, but nothing comes of it. This is manifested in proverbs. " Erema, Erema, You should sit at home and sharpen your spindles.” "Erema, stay at home - the weather is bad.” "Everyone Eremey Understand to yourself: when to sow, when to reap, when to throw into stacks.” These proverbs speak of the need for timeliness of certain actions.

And in this proverbErema - an envious person. “Ereme’s tears are flowing over someone else’s beer.”

Characters with nameEremey proverbs paint a portrait of a loser.

The third most popular nameMakar . Namemasculine, Greek origin, translated as “blessed” “happy”.

In the Christian naming book the name Macarius correlates with several early Christian saints, among whom the most famous Macarius The Great (IV century) - hermit, author of several spiritual works. Macarius Alexandrian, who was his contemporary and friend, is also venerated among the saints. Macarius Antioch was subjected to torture and exile during the reign of Julian the Apostate (361-363). Also known as a martyr Macarius, executed for professing Christianity in 311 under Emperor Galerius.

In proverbs and sayings the name Makar occurred 9 times and was used to indicate the following character traits:

Luck. "YesterdayMakar I dug ridges, and nowMakar got into the voivode.” I believe that the proverb is related to the meaning of the name itself.

Makar associated not only with luck, but also with misfortune. “All the cones are falling on poor Makar - both from the pines and the fir trees.” Sounds like a martyr's storyMacaria.

“They’ll drive you where they want to go.”Makar I didn’t drive the calves.” Previously, cows and calves were grazed far away in meadows or fields. That is, very far away, where the calves were not driven.

Sounds like a storyMacaria Antioch, who was sent into exile.

« Makaru bow andMakar on seven sides." This describes a case where a person becomes arrogant.

There are also proverbs that have the same meaning, but they use different names. "RichErmoshka : there is a goat and a cat.” "In the houseMakara a cat, a mosquito and a midge.” Proverbs indicate the poverty of the characters.

We examined another 43 male names: Vavila, Nikita, Ivan, Vlas, Philip, Peter, Pavel, Arseny, Ilya, Kuzma, Fedot, Isai, Gerasim, Danilo, Aksen, Demid, Klim, Filat, Mosey, Yakov, Avdey, Gregory , Maxim, Boris, Martyn, Savely, Andrey, Trifon, Nikola, Afonya, Anton, Pakhom, Taras, Kirilo, Avoska, Nesterka, Egor, Sidor, Nazar, Styopa, Foka, Emelya, Sema, Fadey, Ipat and Trofim.

These male names appeared in proverbs and sayings from one to five times.

During the research process, we studied 41 proverbs and sayings with female names. Among them were Agrippina, Akulina, Antipa, Varvara, Mina, Katerina, Fedora, Ulita, Malanya, Gagula, Masha, Olena, Alena, Aksinya, Ustinya, Pelageya, Thekla. Some names are practically not used nowadays.

The full name Malanya Malanya is the most common name in proverbs and sayings with female personal names. Used 6 times. Translated from Greek, Malania means “dark, black.”

The origin of the name is related to Ancient Greece, very common in English speaking countries. It became widespread on the territory of the Slavic states back in the early Christian period.

Often, with age, admiration for talent and indulgence in whims, which took place in childhood, contribute to the development of not the most best qualities in the character of the adult Malania. She grows into a smug and self-centered woman, intolerant of the shortcomings of others. Malania's narcissism reaches the point of ridiculousness and sometimes confuses friends and acquaintances. She still plays to the public, loves to laugh loudly, show emotions violently and attract attention to herself. I must say that Malania does this quite well.

These character qualities are used in proverbs and sayings. For example: “Dress up like Malanya for a wedding.” “They gave pancakes to hungry Malanya, but she said: they weren’t baked well.”

In proverbs, Malanya is a picky and selfish girl.

The second most frequently used name is Akulina. Also used in abbreviated form: Shark and Akulka.

Akulina has straightforwardness and firmness. Usually such a woman is very purposeful, energetic, and knows how to stand up for herself. Doesn't like to cry and complain about life.

I think this description is more suitable for a man. This can be seen in the proverb. “If I weren’t a great guy, they would have called me Akulka.”

Despite such tough character traits, they felt pity for her.

“It’s a pity for Akulin, but send him raspberries.” Because raspberries were picked in the forest, and they were very prickly.

The remaining female names were used once each, except for five names: Antipa, Varvara, Mina, Katerina and Fedora, which we met twice each.

3.1. Names of cities in proverbs.

The second group includes 43 proverbs and sayings with names of cities. In the process of research, we came across sayings and proverbs mentioning cities such as Moscow and Kyiv. St. Petersburg, Kazan, Ryazan, Tula, Rostov, Tver, Yaroslavl.

The most common proper name was the capital of Russia -Moscow . This name appeared 25 times.

"INMoscow you will find everything except father and mother"

"INMoscow To save money is not to protect yourself.”

"Everyone inMoscow don't bow"

“And you’ll put on a new scarf, but halfMoscow will not visit."

« Moscow doesn’t believe in tears, give her the job.”

“Thank you godfather, go toMoscow went."

"For the proverb, a man inMoscow I was walking."

« Moscow miles away, but close to my heart"

In proverbsMoscow represented by a large, majestic city. She is far away, but people still remember and respect her. It’s not for nothing that they say: “Moscow is the mother of all cities.” This is probably why Moscow was included in proverbs with other cities.

"Kazan-town -Moscow corner"

“Yaroslavl is a town -Moscow corner."

“Moscow hits from the toe, and Peter wiped his sides.”

Often the name of the city serves to indicate the advantages of each region:

“They don’t go to Tula with their own samovar”

“Kazan boasts sturgeon, Siberia boasts of sables”

“Kashira covered everyone with matting, and Tula shod them in bast shoes.”

In the third group, 7 proverbs with such proper names as the names of rivers were studied. In most cases there were riversVolga.

“Every country has its own national river. Russia has the Volga - the largest river in Europe, the queen of our rivers - and I hastened to bow to her majesty the Volga River!” - Alexander Dumas wrote about the great Russian river. Main nurse and waterer European Russia, including Moscow. One of the truly Russian natural wonders is the great Volga River. One of the largest and most beautiful rivers in Europe, it is especially loved by the Russian people. Mother Volga - this is how it is affectionately called not only in Russia.

More than half of Russia's industrial enterprises are concentrated in the Volga basin. And almost half of the food needed by our population is produced on the Volga region.

And she really is the queen of the rivers. Power and grandeur, fabulous beauty of the surrounding nature and rich history glorified the Volga throughout the world back in ancient times.

Probably because of its great glorification, the Volga River was most often used by people in proverbs and sayings.

« Volga - the river is the mother of everyone"

"A lot onVolga water, a lot of troubles"

"What's not inVolga , then all forVolga »

"WhenVolga will flow upward"

“When there is nothing to pay the debt, one will go byVolga »

"Mother-Volga It hurts your back, but it gives you money.”

The last two proverbs say that working on the river provides an opportunity to earn money; the Volga-nurse will not let you die of hunger.

Also nameVolga used to compare to a riverDanube.

« Volga - it's a long swim, butDanube - wide." This proverb talks about lengthVolga and latitudeDanube.

Conclusion

Having analyzed groups of proverbs and sayings that include proper names, we can draw the following conclusions:

All analyzed names used in proverbs and sayings had Hebrew, Greek or Latin roots and were subject to adaptation of the phonetics of the Old Russian language.

Proverbs and sayings reflect the life of the people and historical events: « I was going to see Foma, but stopped by my godfather’s,” “Seven will go and take Siberia.”

Each name in a proverb or saying denotes its own character and is used to ridicule shortcomings, compare different character traits, or indicate a person’s merits.

Men's names are used to ridicule shortcomings: “Stupid Avdey was stabbed in the neck.”“Goodness came to Thomas, but went between his hands”;to show pity: “Filya was strong - all his friends flocked to him, but trouble came - everyone left the yard,”“All the cones are falling on poor Makar - both from the pines and the fir trees”; to indicate positive traits character: “To the good Savva, goodness and glory.”

In proverbs and sayings with female names, people most often make fun of the heroines: “And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a crow,” “Grandmother Varvara was angry with the world for three years; That’s why she died because the world didn’t recognize her.”

The most common male names were Foma: “Who cares what, but Foma cares about the pipe”; Eremey: “Every Eremey understands himself”; Makar: “Makar went into the hut where the calves are grazed”; female names: Akulina: “It’s a pity for Akulina, but send raspberries”; Malanya: “Dress up like Malanya for a wedding.”

In proverbs and sayings, paired use of proper names is often found: “Malashka has the lambs, and Foma has two bags,” “Own, Fadey, the crooked Natalya.”

Proper names can be used in proverbs and sayings for rhyme: “Ananya and Malanya, Thomas and godfather, and they took their place.” (Ananya - Malanya, Foma - godfather); “Let’s take it and paint it, and Gerasim will come out” (let’s paint it - Gerasim).

The names of cities are used to indicate any shortcomings of the city: “To wander to Moscow means to carry your last penny.” But most often the advantages are emphasized: “Kashira covered everyone with matting, and Tula shod in bast shoes,” “Kyiv is the mother of Russian cities,” “Mother Moscow is white-stone, golden-domed, hospitable, Orthodox, talkative”; or for comparison: “Moscow hits from the toe, and St. Petersburg wiped its sides,” “Kazan - with sturgeon, Siberia boasts of sables.”

The name of the city Moscow appears most often - 28 times. The proverbs emphasize the magnitude of Moscow: “You can’t bow down to everyone in Moscow,” “Our town is a corner of Moscow,” “Yaroslavl is a town – a corner of Moscow.”

In proverbs with names of rivers greatest number times the name Volga appeared - 7 times.

Bibliography

Anikin V., Selivanov F., Kirdan B. Russian proverbs and sayings. - M.: “Fiction”, 1988.- 431 p.

Zarakhovich I., Tubelskaya G., Novikova E., Lebedeva A. 500 riddles, sayings, counting rhymes, nursery rhymes. - M.: “Baby”, 2013.- 415 p.

Zimin V., Ashurova S., Shansky V., Shatalova Z. Russian proverbs and sayings: educational dictionary. - M.: Shkola - Press, 1994. - 320 p.

Kovaleva S. 7000 golden proverbs and sayings. - M.: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003. - 479 p.

Rose T. Large explanatory dictionary of proverbs and sayings of the Russian language for children. Edition 2 revised. - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2013. -224 p.

List of Internet resources

http://potomy.ru/world/

http://potomy.ru/begin/

http://riddle-middle.ru/pogovorki_i_poslovicy/

https://horo.mail.ru/namesecret/foma/

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

http://znachenie-imeni.com/pages/melanija

http://volamar.ru/subject/05romashka/names/woman/akulina.php

http://lady-uspech.ru/rossiya/reka-volga

PROVERBS

9th grade student

Supervisor:

Radjabov Rustam Muradalievich,

teacher of Russian language and literature

first qualification category

With. Halag 2015

CHAPTER 1. PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

1. 1. Proverb as a genre of oral folk art.......................................5

1.2. Sayings as a genre of oral folk art...............................................7

CHAPTER 2. PROPER NAMES IN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

2.1. Study of proper names in proverbs and sayings.................................11

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………..18

LITERATURE................................................. ........................................................ .........19

INTRODUCTION

Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom; they express the truth, verified by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. “What a luxury, what a meaning, what a point in every saying of ours! What gold!” - this is what A.S. said about Russian proverbs. Pushkin. “It’s not for nothing that the proverb is said,” says folk wisdom. They express joy and grief, anger and sadness, love and hatred, irony and humor. They summarize various phenomena of the reality around us and help us understand the history of our people. Therefore, in texts, proverbs and sayings acquire special meaning. They not only enhance the expressiveness of speech, add spice, deepen the content, but also help to find a way to the heart of the listener, reader, and win their respect and affection. Fluent language is a sign high culture, erudition, breadth of outlook, erudition. Therefore, the study of proper names in proverbs and sayings is relevant.

Russian proverbs and sayings are apt expressions invented by the Russian people, as well as translated from many ancient written sources, as well as borrowed from various works of literature, expressing wise and deep thoughts in a short form. Many Russian proverbs and sayings consist of two or more proportionate, rhyming parts. Proverbs, as a rule, have a literal and figurative meaning. There are often several versions of proverbs with the same moral (moral invariant). Proverbs differ from sayings in that they have a higher general meaning. The most ancient works of Russian writing that have survived to this day, containing proverbs, date back to the 12th century.

Purpose of the study - identify the role of proper names in proverbs and sayings, the frequency of their use.

Research objectives:

Identify the artistic features of proverbs and sayings;

Many successful expressions from works of fiction become proverbs and sayings. " Happy Hours don’t observe”, “How not to please to a loved one“,” “Silent people are blissful in the world,” “You can’t get well from such praise,” “In more numbers, at a cheaper price” - these are a few sayings from the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”, existing in the language as proverbs. Love for all ages; We all look at Napoleons; Whatever passes will be nice; And happiness was so possible - all these lines from the works of A. S. Pushkin can often be heard in oral speech. The man exclaiming: “There is still gunpowder in the flasks!” - may sometimes not know that these are words from a story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

I.A. Krylov, who based his work on living colloquial and often introduced folk proverbs and sayings into his fables, he himself created many proverbial expressions: “And Vaska listens and eats”; "And nothing has changed"; “But I didn’t even notice the elephant”; "A helpful fool more dangerous than the enemy"; “The cuckoo praises the rooster because he praises the cuckoo”; “Why count godmothers, isn’t it better to turn on yourself, godmother?”

A saying is an established phrase or phrase, figurative expression, metaphor. Not used on its own.

Proverbs are used in sentences to give a bright artistic color to facts, things and situations.

1.2. Artistic Features proverbs and sayings

Due to its specificity, the proverb, striving for the most vivid expressiveness, quite often resorts to comparing two objects or phenomena; people either compare or contrast them (“Speech is like honey, but deeds are like wormwood”, “Sleep like a pebble, and wake up like a feather”, “A kind word, like a spring day”...).

Antithesis is one of the most characteristic artistic means. Proverbs manifest a desire to morally and ethically influence the listener, showing what is possible, what is not, what is good, what is bad, what is useful, what is harmful, i.e. a proverb, characterizing a phenomenon, gives it an assessment (Labor feeds, but laziness spoils, Learning is light, but ignorance is darkness).

Less often than comparison and antithesis, the epithet is used in proverbs (“Life is given for good deeds”, “The master is afraid of every work”, “A long thread is a lazy seamstress”...).

A favorite technique in proverbs is the use of proper names: “Our Andryushka doesn’t have a half-ruble,” “Our Pelageya has new ideas.” This is a type of synecdoche.

Proverbs widely use various forms of tautologies: “Everything is great for a healthy person,” “Play but don’t play around, write but don’t sign up, serve but don’t deserve it.”

A typical form of artistic imagery in proverbs is irony. This is the mockery that A.S. Pushkin noted when defining the features national character, reflected in our language: “Turnips are not strong for the stomach”, “There is a lot of summer - but many are gone”, “The bear is wrong for eating a cow, and the cow is wrong for entering the forest.”

The specific characteristics of proverbs as a genre are also related to language style. The style of proverbs was influenced, first of all, by the desire to teach and give advice. This was clearly manifested in the selection of verb forms and in the general syntactic structure. The proverb widely uses the type of generalized personal sentences with imperative forms of the verb: “Live forever, learn forever,” “Don’t teach a pike to swim.” The instructive nature of proverbs is completely clear

Sayings.

The use of a number of sayings is limited not only to a certain range of situations, but is also associated with a certain context. The main feature of the content of sayings is that the thought in them is expressed not directly, but idiomatically, with one or another deviation from the standard component meaning of the phrase - through image, hyperbole, irony, indirect inference, understatement (truncation) or “excessive” elements and etc.

Accordingly, by the nature of the relationship between the total meaning of a saying and its component meaning, one can distinguish figurative sayings built on metaphorical rethinking; ironic sayings, the meaning of which is directly opposite to their component meaning; sayings, the meaning of which is indirectly derived from their component meaning; persistently truncated sayings; sayings, the objective content of which is limited to their first part.

It is also necessary to distinguish from proverbs a saying that is close to an idiom, a common figure of speech and does not have a clearly expressed teaching or didactic character. “A proverb,” says Dahl, “is a roundabout expression, figurative speech, a simple allegory, a circumlocution, a way of expression, but without a parable, without condemnation, conclusion, application: this is the first half of the proverb.” Instead of: “he’s stupid,” she (the proverb) says: “He doesn’t have everything at home, he’s missing one stave, he’s nailed to the brim, he can’t count three.” In live speech P. can be reduced to a saying, just as a saying can develop into P.: “Putting the blame on a healthy head” - a saying; “It’s not expensive to blame a sick head on a healthy one” - P. (Dahl’s example). So. arr. P. is a poetically formulated aphorism, a saying - a saying, a figure of speech, a popular expression.

Today we have at our disposal a significant number of collections of folk sayings. The most significant of all collections of proverbs is considered to be the collection of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl “Proverbs of the Russian People”, published for the first time in the “Readings of the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University” (1861 - 1862) (last edition – M., 1957). The collection was ready by 1853, but Dahl had to endure “many ordeals” and overcome the resistance of censorship and conservative academicians. circles before the book was published. The sources for it were several printed collections of the last century, the collection of I. Snegirev, handwritten notebooks of notes delivered to Dahl from all over Russia, and, above all, the living speech of the Russian people. Dahl, in his words, spent his entire life collecting “bit by bit what he heard from his teacher, the living Russian language.” This collection, the result of thirty-five years of work, contains more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings, sayings, jokes and other “small” genres of Russian folklore. He grouped proverbs and sayings according to a thematic principle, trying to characterize the opinion of the people and the peculiar phenomena of nature and society: “The arrangement of proverbs according to concepts gives a true moral outline of the people; it was composed not by the heated imagination of one person, but by entire generations, experienced in the field of life and tempered in crucible of experience."

The artistic nature of a proverb is laconicism, catchiness, and memorability. Laconism, brevity, ease of pronunciation of the proverb. as a single whole in the size of a single statement - this is what determines the syntactic side of the proverb. If a long proverb is remembered, then later they begin to pronounce it without finishing it. In the proverb “A jug gets into the habit of walking on water, and there it breaks its head,” the second part is often omitted. There are P. and book ones, but they immediately give themselves away with their syntax. The proverb skillfully uses proper names, playing with them with rhymes and consonances: “You can see from Reshma to Kineshma with your eyes!”

CHAPTER 2. PROPER NAMES IN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

2.1. Study of names in proverbs and sayings

Having analyzed the proverbs with names selected as research material. These are fifty proverbs (Appendix No. 1). Of these, sixteen proverbs use the name Ivan. This proves that the name Ivan was the most popular and widespread in Rus'. Other male names: Bogdan - 2 times, Roman - 2 times, Sasha - 2 times, Vasily - 3 times, Makar - 3 times. In proverbs the female name is used - Maria (7 times). Thus, we can conclude that the proverbs reflect the most common names Ivan and Marya.

Ivanov, like rotten mushrooms.

Damn Ivan Ivanovich.

Foku and Yakov know even magpies.

It became bad: Anokha’s pointer.

Alekha is not a catch; stupidly straight.

Mashka the goat and Vaska the goat.

Vaska walks along, shaking his beard.

Roman - leather pocket.

Our Demid is looking in the wrong direction.

The rooster on the eggs is rotten.

Pavlushka - copper forehead.

Marya-Marina - the eyes of a dove.

Meli, Emelya, your week.

Vanya has to get married, and the night is short.

Where did Makar drive the calves?

CONCLUSION

Folk wisdom is the experience accumulated over hundreds of years of human development. Each people on planet Earth is characterized by certain behavior patterns, communication characteristics, and mentality. Besides everything else, every nation has its own set of proverbs and sayings. It was proverbs and sayings that became the true embodiment of folk wisdom. Thanks to proverbs, you can easily decide what to do in a difficult situation. Guided by proverbs, you can be sure that you are doing the right thing. Proverbs and sayings were invented a long time ago and have also been time-tested for a long time, so it is difficult to make a mistake when acting as folk wisdom dictates. The main thing in this matter is to understand what the proverb or saying says.

The basis of a proverb or saying is an example of a life situation and sometimes a hint, sometimes a direct indication of correct solution. Proverbs and sayings have been compiled for many centuries and embody the entire history of the development of the people.

The work examined some folklore genres related to proverbs and sayings in order to more accurately distinguish the proverbs being studied. I highlighted proverbial sayings, sentences (bad words), proverbs, jokes (bad tales), sayings, riddles. After analyzing the data I collected, I came to the conclusion that all of the above genres should be considered as genres related to the proverb, except for proverbial sayings, which, on the contrary, are similar in properties to the proverb.

Now you can select distinctive features Proverbs and sayings.

Proverb:

3. Constructed according to the above formulas. Cannot contain the function P - interpretation.

Proverb:

1. A grammatically and logically complete sentence.

3. Constructed according to the above formulas. It cannot contain the function C - teaching and Z - judgment.

The derived formulas can already be a classification.

As a result, it is possible to characterize proverbs and sayings, which will better clarify their differences.

The study of folklore is important for the development of many sciences. Linguists, historians, psychologists, and sociologists turn to folklore. Streamlining and accumulating knowledge in this area is necessary to strengthen national science and culture.

LITERATURE

I. Buslaev F., Russian proverbs and sayings. Archive of historical and legal information, ed. N. Kalachev, vol. II, no. II, M., 1855.

2. Glagolevsky P., Syntax of the language of Russian proverbs, St. Petersburg, 1874.

3. Dal V., Proverbs of the Russian people, Sat. proverbs, sayings, sayings, sayings, proverbs, jokes, riddles, beliefs, M., 1862 (ed. 2, St. Petersburg, 1879, 2 vols.);

4. Dikarev M. A., Proverbs, sayings, signs and beliefs of the Voronezh province, Voronezh ethnographic collection, Voronezh, 1891.

Illustrov I.I., Life of the Russian people in its proverbs and sayings, ed. 3, M., 1915.

5. Kazarin G., Collection of French proverbs and sayings (with translations and dictionary), vol. I and II, 1915.

APPENDIX No. 1

With the name Ivan, without a name - a blockhead.

The baby is not baptized - Bogdan (custom).

Born, not baptized, so Bogdashka.

Priest Ivan baptized him, but people called him a blockhead.

Ivanov, like rotten mushrooms.

Damn Ivan Ivanovich.

Ivan is also bad in teas (Ivan-tea, Koporsky tea).

There are no names opposite Ivan (plural); there are no icons against Nikol.

One Ivan - must; two Ivan - possible; three Ivans is absolutely impossible (said the German about Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov).

You can't get far with Vanka (cab drivers in St. Petersburg).

Ivan Marye is not a comrade. Ivan Marye is an ordinary friend.

Foku and Yakov know even magpies.

Fofan with oatmeal, and Sidor with fiber.

And by the snout you know what to call Season.

Uncle Mosey loves fish without bones.

Emelya is a fool. Ivan the Fool. I look like a fool.

It became bad: Anokha’s pointer.

Fomka the thief: he fishes for fish with a chisel.

Sergey (Seryozha) - open your ear (rogue).

In people there is Ananya (lasa), and at home there are rascals.

Alekha is not a catch; stupidly straight.

In three brothers, the fools are Ivanushki, and the single ones are Emeli and Afoni.

Filimon Ivanovich and Marya Ivanovna (eagle owl and owl).

Mikhail Potapovich Toptygin (bear).

Matryona Mikhailovna Toptygina (bear; she is also Avdotya, Akulina, Marfushka, Matryona).

Mashka the goat and Vaska the goat.

Marya Vasilievna and Vasil Vasilich (goat with a goat).

Vaska walks along, shaking his beard.

Makar and a cat - a mosquito and a midge.

Vanka, stand up; Semka, let's go; go ahead too, Isaiah!

You, Isaiah, go upstairs; you, Denis, go downstairs; and you, Gavrilo, hold on to the threshing hammer!

Roman - leather pocket.

There are no thieves against the Romanovs, there are no drunkards against the Ivanovs.

Our Demid is looking in the wrong direction.

Place the lens on the side, and Demid looks straight ahead.

A bitter share for Kuzenka Gorky.

Poor Makar gets a lot of bumps.

Stepanidushka will sweep everything with her tail.

Katya-Katerina - pigeon's leg.

The rooster on the eggs is rotten.

Pavlushka - copper forehead.

Marya-Marina - the eyes of a dove.

Sasha, Mashenka - wow, what an abyss!

Sashka is a bastard, Mashka is a bug, Marinushka is a bastard.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Scientific and practical conference

for 6th grade students

humanitarian section

nomination literary criticism

“Proper names in proverbs and sayings”

Completed by: student 6 “B” class MBOU Lyceum No. 21

Podymov Egor Sergeevich

Head: Vildanova Svetlana Grigorievna

Subject: Proper names in proverbs and sayings

Introduction

Chapter 1

The role of a name in a person’s life

Chapter 2 Names in Russian proverbs and sayings

2.1. A proverbial name as a means of rhyming in the structure of a stable saying.

2.2. A proverbial name as a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person

Chapter 3.

Anthroponyms in Russian proverbs and sayings

3.1. Anthroponyms, their functions in Russian proverbs and sayings.

3.2. Research of proverbs containing anthroponyms, their classification.

Conclusion

Introduction

The creativity of the people goes back to ancient times. Enough to remember cave drawings and stone idols primitive people. The need for creativity arises in people from the desire to decorate their life (painting, carving, weaving, embroidery). This applies no less to spiritual life (dancing, singing, playing the musical instruments). Speech occupies a special place in people's lives. Using language, people communicate with each other. They pass on to others their life experience, their knowledge, sorrows and hopes, their mood. Oral folk art is diverse: epics, songs, fairy tales, sayings and proverbs. Proverbs occupy a special place in creativity

Proverbs and sayings are common and viable genres of oral folk art. They have the closest, direct connection with language, being figurative speech expressions used in oral and written speech.

The earliest information about the creation and use of some proverbs and sayings is found in chronicles.

In the year 6370 (862): “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it.” (from The Tale of Bygone Years)

In the year 6453 (945): “The Drevlyans, having heard that he was coming again, held a council with their prince Mal: “If a wolf gets into the habit of the sheep; then he will endure the whole herd until they kill him.” (from The Tale of Bygone Years)

There is no doubt that the ancients include that part of the folk sayings that reflect pagan beliefs and mythological ideas: Mother is the raw earth - it is impossible to say (belief in the mysterious powers of the “living” earth); Prophetic dream will not deceive; Screams like a devil; The werewolf rushes across the road.

Some proverbs and sayings capture the norms of serfdom: A man is not a blow - he knows when St. George’s Day lives.

On St. George's Day (autumn, November 26, old style), peasants were allowed to move from one landowner to another. In 1581, Tsar Ivan IV temporarily banned the transition, and Boris Godunov completely banned it - the peasants were enslaved. All this is reflected in the proverb: Here's St. George's Day for you, grandma!

Proverbs arose among the people, which captured the events of the liberation struggle against external invaders: Empty, as if Mamai had passed; The Cossacks came from the Don and drove the Poles home (liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612); Died (disappeared) as a Swede near Poltava (1709). Especially many proverbs arose about the Patriotic War of 1812: A goose flies to Holy Rus' (about Napoleon); Kutuzov came to beat the French; The hungry Frenchman is happy with the crow; On the Frenchman and the pitchfork - a gun; He disappeared (disappeared) like the Frenchman in Moscow.

Proverbs and sayings capture the bravery, courage and heroism of the Russian people: A Russian does not joke with a sword or a roll; Cheek brings success; Happiness helps the brave; If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest.

In popular sayings, labor and human diligence are glorified and laziness is castigated: Without labor there is no fruit; Labor feeds, but laziness spoils.

Proverbs and sayings arose, which reflected social and material inequality (One with a fry, and seven with a spoon; The rich - as he wants, and the poor - as he can; bribery of judges and officials (Every clerk loves a hot roll; greed of the clergy (Pop that a sheaf like a haystack is all one (everything is small);

Proverbs and sayings condemn flattery, sycophancy, fanaticism, and hypocrisy. They express hope for the triumph of truth and justice: Truth will purify itself; The truth will take its toll.

Even in conditions of material and social inequality the working people did not leave a high sense of honor: Goal, but not a thief; Not a penny of money, but good fame; Poor, but honest.

Thus, proverbs and sayings that arose as a genre folk poetry in ancient times, they live an active life for many centuries: some - without changes, others - gradually changing and being rethought; outdated ones are forgotten, their place is taken by newly created ones.

Proverbs and sayings are an encyclopedia folk knowledge, as well as the “moral code” of the people, who composed proverbs about the proverbs themselves: A good proverb is not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye; A stump is not an outskirts, and stupid speech is not a proverb;

Our special attention was drawn to proverbs in which proper names occur. For what purpose are they used in proverbs?

Hypothesis: names in proverbs are used for rhyme and consonance, receiving a general, typical, common noun meaning, or the proverbial characteristic is inextricably linked with specific personal names.

Target: analyze Russian proverbs and sayings that reflect the evaluative behavior of a person bearing a specific personal name and the characteristics of his character.

Tasks:

1) study Russian folklore more deeply

3) analyze thematic group proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure,

4) classify proverbs containing anthroponyms;

5) find out what human character traits are reflected in these linguistic units

Object of study: V.I. Dahl’s dictionary “Proverbs of the Russian people”;

Subject of study: proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure.

M research methods:

studying scientific and reference literature on Russian folklore, Internet resources

analysis of the collected material,

classification of proverbs and sayings containing anthroponyms.

survey

Chapter 1

“A person’s destiny can transform

for us the sound and meaning of the name"

L.V.Uspensky

The role of a name in a person’s life

It is known that every person has a name. The three-member naming of people - first name, patronymic, last name - became a feature of the Russian language back in the era of Peter the Great.

What is a name? Looking into S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary, we learned one of its meanings is that a name is “the personal name of a person given at birth, often the personal name of a living being”

Linguists call people's personal names anthroponyms. The section that studies anthroponyms is called anthroponymy

Names, as a rule, are not invented, but are formed from common nouns or borrowed from other languages. When we hear a familiar name, we do not think about its meaning and origin, we imagine the person we are talking about or addressing. People very correctly evaluate a person’s name as such. “A person does not recognize himself in person, but he knows his name,” says one of the Russian proverbs (p. 442). However, we must study the history of our name, its origin, meaning and significance, just as we must know the ancestral roots of our family and country. Our name is both the history of the Russian people and an integral part of the Russian language.

How the world is changing, and how I myself am changing,

All my life I have been called by only one name.

The role of a name in a person’s life is very great. Everyone can be called only by name, so all his good or bad deeds are made public thanks to his name. Hence the possibility of figurative use of the word name. They say: “The dashing is called dashing, but the good is remembered as kind.”

It is impossible to imagine the vocabulary of any language without proper names. Proper names can be social signs; some names were common only in certain social strata. So, in Russia of the 19th century, the names Agafya, Thekla, Efrosinya, Porfiry were found only among the peasantry and merchants, and in Pushkin’s times, even Tatyana was considered common. Personal names may be fashionable or, on the contrary, not accepted by society. Nowadays, many parents choose simple, popular names: Ivan, Ignat, Egor, Maria, Daria and the like. But beautiful names - Rosalind, Evelina, Romuald and others - are not popular.

Interest in names, knowledge of their origin and meaning foster feelings of patriotic involvement, love for the homeland, for the people, their language and culture of communication.

Chapter 2

Names in Russian proverbs

2.1. A proverbial name as a means of rhyming in the structure of a stable saying.

Personal names must be included in the outer clothing of proverbs. V.I. Dal believed that they were mostly taken at random, or for rhyme, consonance, measure: such, for example, are the proverbs that mention: Martyn and Altyn, Ivan and the fool, Gregory and grief.[p.14]

This means that proverbs emphasize the “accidentality” of the name. One name could be replaced by another or, in most cases, chosen “to rhyme.”

Did a proper name create a generalized image of a person? In Russian folklore, stable sayings with proper names are widely used, which contain an assessment of a person’s behavior and the characteristics of his character. Often the names came from fairy tales, stories, where people of known properties usually bear the same name, which in proverbs retained the same meaning: Ivanushka and Emelya are fools; Fomka and Sergei are thieves, rogues; Kuzka is a wretch. From these concepts expressions have emerged: to enlarge - to deceive, to fool, to warn - to deceive cleverly, cunningly; a crowbar, in the language of scammers, is a large chisel or a one-handed crowbar for breaking locks; to bribe someone - to deceive, to deceive, to offend.

2.2. A proverbial name as a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person.

The meaning of a personal name in the structure of proverbs and sayings differs from the name in everyday communication. There is no usual connection between a name and an individual person. A proverb is applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name, which does not coincide with the name in the proverb. It is through this collision of two names – real and “unreal” – that a generalization is achieved. The speech in a proverb, when it is used in life, is not about the proverbial Emel, Phil, Thomas, Erem, Kiryukha, Erokh, etc., but about specific life characters, acting as Emelya, Phil, Thomas, Erema, Kiryukha, etc. do. The anthroponym acquires a generalized meaning, gravitating towards a common noun. The development of the figurative basis of the name, its rethinking occurs on the basis of random associations. These associations are subsequently consolidated in people's memory as a generalization of some human properties.

The social assessment of many names is deeply embedded in the language. Often, knowledge of this assessment helps to understand a proverb.

For example, Greek name Philip, transformed on Russian soil into Filya, Filka, Filyukha, the bars often called their servants. Remember Famusov’s appeal to his Filka: “You, Filka, you are a straight block of wood, You made a lazy grouse into a doorman...”? It is not surprising that the typified name of a servant joined the synonymous series with the meaning “stupid and lazy person.” This was also facilitated by the use of the name Phil in Russian proverbs, where its owner plays the role of a simpleton, a loser, a simpleton: “They drank at Fili’s and beat Filya”, “Philip got used to everything”, “They put Phil in damn sandals (they deceived)”, “Filka sleeps without bedding,” etc.

An equally deep contradiction lies in the name Sidor, which goes back to the ancient Egyptian goddess of agriculture Isis. The Greek Isidore, which we turned into Sidor, means “gift of Isis,” that is, an abundant, generous gift. But in Russian proverbs and sayings, Sidor is usually a rich, but stingy and petty person. Maybe that’s why, as the proverb says, “Not a single misfortune came to Sidor,” because he had a pretty penny saved up for any hungry year. Knowing the social associations associated with the name Sidor, it is easy to understand the motivation for the expression “To fight like Sidor’s goat”: to the miserly owner, even a small injury seems like a big disaster. The mischievous nature of the goat constantly pulls it into the garden. The owner’s persistent desire to wean her from this habit became a proverb. However, another interpretation of this expression is also known: perhaps it “reflected the desire for revenge on Sidor, if he himself is unattainable, then at least let his goat get it thoroughly.”

For Sidor's bad character, his goat takes the rap. Poor Makar, as a rule, has to be the “scapegoat” himself. Russian proverbs give a detailed unflattering description of this unfortunate man. He is poor (“At Makar’s, just warm up (i.e., snot.) steam,” “It’s not Makar’s hand who eats rolls”) and homeless (“Makar is coming for vespers from the dogs to the tavern”), humble (“It’s not Makar’s hand with the boyars to know"), obedient and respectful (“I bow to Makar, and Makar to seven sides”), and most importantly, irresponsible (“Poor Makar gets all the trouble”). Proverbs emphasize that he usually engages in hard peasant labor: “Hitherto Makar was digging ridges, but now Makar has become a governor.” This is how the image of the poor simpleton and incompetent Makar gradually took shape.

Approximately the same qualitative associations are characteristic of the name Kuzma in Russian proverbs. Kuzma is angry and pugnacious: “Our Kuzma always beats evil,” “Don’t threaten, Kuzma, the inn doesn’t tremble.” He is poor, so he gets all the worst and most worthless “What is lame, what is blind, then Kozma” (we are talking about poultry, sacrificed on the day of Kozma). He is not smart: “This proverb is not for Kuzma Petrovich.” His origin is as low and poor as Makar: “Before Kuzma dug vegetable gardens, but now Kuzma has become a governor,” “To Gorky Kuzenka - a bitter song.” Being the son of a pugnacious and poor loser is not particularly pleasant. Unless extreme need forces one to recognize such a relationship: “Once you live, you’ll call Kuzma your father.” Apparently, the expression “Show Kuzma’s mother” summarizes the unflattering idea of the parents and relatives of the loser Kuzma.

Thus, we see that a proverbial name is a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person with such a name. Unfortunately, I noted that mostly proverbs with personal names captured negative traits person. The same name most often reflects the same characteristic. For example, Avdey in Russian dialects is a good-natured, meek person, this is evidenced by all the proverbs that include this anthroponym: “Our Avdey is not a villain to anyone,” “Avdey disappeared from evil people,” “Stupid Avdey was stabbed in the neck.” The characterization of the dreamy, good-natured Andrei is confirmed by the sayings: “Our Andrei is not a villain to anyone,” “Andrei is a rotten one,” “Our Andryushka doesn’t have half a dime,” “For each other, everything is for Andryushka.” The merry fellow and joker Taras retains his character in the following statements: “Our Taras is good at making jokes,” “Bald Taras is an unarrogant man,” “Our Taras is good at everything: drinking vodka and threshing barn,” “Taras got married, without asking”, etc.

Chapter 3.

Anthroponyms in Russian proverbs and sayings

3.1. Anthroponyms, their functions in Russian proverbs and sayings.

An anthroponym (ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος - person and ὄνομα - name) is a single proper name or a set of proper names that identify a person. In a broader sense, this is the name of any person: fictional or real, which is officially assigned to an individual as his identification mark.

According to their original meaning and origin, anthroponyms, for the most part, are everyday words. Some of them still retain their meaning in the native language (for example, Faith, Hope, Love),

Anthroponyms contain the following features:

An indication that the bearer of the anthroponym is a person, for example: Maria, Mikhail.
An indication of belonging to a national - linguistic community, for example: Vladimir, Jean.
An indication of the gender of a person, for example - Peter, unlike Anastasia.

The anthroponym also performs another important function in proverbs and sayings; it creates the effect of one of the participants in a speech act becoming acquainted with the bearer of this name. The speaker includes the addressee in his personal sphere. This is indicated by the form of the name, possessive pronoun- ours, uniting the addresser and the addressee, who is included in the proverbial situation.

Even if the speaker is trying to generalize what is happening, what can he indicate? attributive pronoun each in conjunction with an anthroponym, it can be assumed that in speech the proverb characterizes the actions of a specific person. For example: Every Fedorka has his own excuses; There is a saying for every Yegorka; Each Moses has his own idea; Every Filatka has his own tricks.

Personal names are used in proverbs and sayings in a general sense:

any person: Every Paul has his own truth.
young man: There was money - the girls loved Senya.
husband: I had a husband Ivan, God forbid you too.

Or wife..., son, groom and bride...

Personal names, in proverbs and sayings, name a person who characterizes him according to the following characteristics:

appearance: height (Fedora is great, but at an angle of support), face (Parashka has the eyes of a lamb)…
intellectual abilities: intelligence/stupidity (Ivan is not a blockhead)
attitude towards work: hard work / laziness (The girl Gagula sat down to spin and fell asleep...
interpersonal relationships: (They beat Foma for Eremin’s guilt), etc.

3.2. Research on proverbs containing anthroponyms, their classification.

Proverbs are a genre of folklore that most clearly reflects the mentality of a particular people, its cultural and religious traditions, and the peculiarities of everyday life. For the reconstruction of the views of people of the past and present, the proper names contained in the folklore text are of particular value. They are the most specific element of folklore, with the help of which a model of behavior of a representative of a certain people is created in various life situations. In this regard, the purpose of my research is an attempt to characterize the views of the Russian people, reflected in proverbs containing proper names.

During the research, we analyzed proverbs and sayings, which can be divided into three groups:

1) exposing human vices;

2) depicting the life of the Russian people;

3) the character’s characteristics are determined solely by random associations of his name under the influence of rhyme.

The largest group consists of proverbs telling about human vices, namely:

stupidity and stubbornness (“Fedora is great, but a fool (and support at an angle)”, “Erema into the water, Thomas to the bottom: both are stubborn, they have never been from the bottom”, “Grandmother Varvara was angry with the world for three years; and with that she died, that the world didn’t recognize”, “Danilo is crazy, but has no idea”, “Humpbacked Ipata will fix the coffin”; “You’re talking to him about the priest, but he’s talking about Emelya the Fool”);

ingratitude and ignorance (“They gave pancakes to the hungry Malanya, but she said: they were baked wrong,” “Ilya is in people, but at home there is a pig”; “Every Jacob blathers to himself”; “Every Jacob has a bad share, as he is not fit for anywhere”);

friendship out of self-interest and betrayal (“Filya was in power - everyone else flocked to him, but trouble came - everyone left the yard”; “Just as Senyushka has two money - so Semyon and Semyon, but Senyushka has no money - nothing Semyon "; "There was money - the girls loved Senya, but there was no money - the girls forgot Senya"; "As misfortunes come upon Foma, so people will leave Foma");

laziness and carelessness at work (“The girl Gagula sat down to spin and fell asleep”; “Live, Ustya, in a hurry”; “Nesterka’s husband, and six children: we are lazy to work, but we are afraid to steal - how can you live here?”);

drunkenness (“Ivan was there, but he became a blockhead, and all the wine is to blame”; “Tatyana is wandering around drunk,” “Tatyana gasped, having given her husband drunk”);

adultery (“It seems from Thomas that he is grieving for his godfather”);

vanity and pride (“And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a raven”);

enmity with neighbors, scandals, curses, insolence (“Dmitry and Boris fought over the garden”);

slander, condemnation, slander (“Akulina cooked up, scolded about Peter”);

mismanagement (“Goodness came to Thomas, but went between his hands”);

doing good deeds for show (“Uncle Filat gave a couple of ducklings: there, he says, they are flying”).

A number of proverbs contain the idea that everyone has what they deserve (“Like Ananya, such is his Malanya”; “Like Dema, such is his home”; “Like Martyn, such is his altyn”); “ As is Pakhom, such is the hat he wears”; “As is Savva, such is his glory”; “As is Aksinya, such is Botvinya”; “As is on Thomas, so is himself”).

It is especially noteworthy that there are significantly fewer proverbs praising a person for any positive qualities: “Business Melania even comes to mass with a spinning wheel.”

Proverbs included in the second group paint pictures of the difficult life of the Russian people: “Ermoshka is rich: there is a goat and a cat (he got a cat and a cat)”, “Hungry Fedot and empty cabbage soup for the hunt (and radish with kvass for honey)”, “Until now Makar I dug vegetable gardens (ridges), and now Makar has become a governor,” “When Ivashka has a white shirt, then Ivashka has a holiday.”

The third group includes proverbs that assess the personal qualities of a character, based on random associations of his name under the influence of rhyme: “Even if he’s a blockhead, yes Ivan”, “Foma of the great mind”, “Ananya in people, a rascal at home”, “Dema, Dema , you should have stayed at home,” “There was kvass, but Vlas drank.”

Analyzing the above, we can do the following conclusions: the majority of proverbs containing proper names condemn human vices and shortcomings (51% of proverbs), stupidity and stubbornness, ingratitude and ignorance, as well as drunkenness are most zealously denounced; proverbs depicting the life of the Russian people make up 27% of the total number of proverbs under consideration, this group proverbs talk about poverty, hopelessness and difficult working conditions of ordinary people; the smallest group consists of proverbs that characterize characters based on random associations of their names under the influence of rhyme (22% of proverbs); found in last group According to proverbs, proper names, the bearers of which are the “lower classes,” represent their owner as a stupid person, a simpleton and a loser.

Questionnaire

I conducted a study by surveying my classmates. The survey was structured in the form of a discussion on the topic “Proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings.” For this purpose, I selected several proverbs with traditionally used Russian proper names, as anthroponyms of Russian proverbs and sayings.

Questions

1 What associations did these proverbs evoke in you?

2 What properties do you think the hero has?

3 In your opinion, the properties of the hero in different proverbs are similar or different.

Name	Meaning	Researched proverbs	Questionnaire analysis
Egor	Egor (from the Greek farmer) in Russian dialects means ‘a rogue, a person of dubious behavior.	“Fedora does not marry Yegor; but Fedora goes, but Egor doesn’t take it”; “There is a saying for every Yegorka”; “Not every saying is for our Yegorka” “Egor talked like crazy, but everything was out of season.”	13% consider it positive 46% consider it negative 41% consider him a person of questionable behavior 27% believe that the proverbs are similar 73% believe that proverbs are different
Phillip	Acts as a simpleton, a loser, a dupe.	“They drank at Fili’s and beat Filya” “Philip is used to everything” “They put Filya in damn bast shoes (they deceived him)” “Filka sleeps without bedding”	18% consider it positive 56% think he's a simpleton 27% consider him a loser 96% believe that the proverbs are similar 4% believe that proverbs are different
Makar	Makar has to be the scapegoat. He is poor and homeless, ignorant, obedient and respectful, and most importantly irresponsible (“Poor Makar gets all the shots.	“At Makar’s, just warm up (i.e. snot.) steam” “Makar is coming for Vespers from the dogs to the tavern” “Poor Makar gets all the trouble”	4% consider it positive 24% consider it negative 17% consider him a scapegoat 55% consider him poor 72% believe that the proverbs are similar 28% believe that proverbs are different

Conclusion: In the situation with the names Philip and Makar, the meaning of a personal name in the structure of a proverb and saying differs from the name in everyday communication. There is no usual connection between a name and an individual person. A proverb is applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name, which does not coincide with the name in the proverb. An anthroponym acquires a generalized meaning, gravitating toward a common noun. The development of the figurative basis of the name, its rethinking occurs on the basis of random associations.

Conclusion

Having analyzed the thematic group of proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure, we can draw the following conclusions:

Proverbs in folk life play an important role: they serve as guiding principles for activities; they are referred to to justify their actions and actions, they are used to accuse or denounce others.

Personal names in proverbs are important, as they specify a certain quality and help to compare different people and indicate the strengths and weaknesses of a person.

Most of the names used in oral folk art are not originally Russian; they are borrowed mainly from Greek, Hebrew, and Latin.

The most common names in proverbs and sayings are the names Ivan, Thomas, Erema, Makar and Malanya, which have a common meaning and create the image of a stupid, lazy person, a simpleton and a buffoon.

In Russian folklore, stable sayings with proper names are widely used, in which personal names are used for rhyme and consonance of measure: such, for example, are proverbs in which they are mentioned: Andrey is a mouthful, Vavilo is a snout, Ivan is a blockhead, Martyn is an altyn, Roman is pocket, Savva – glory, Fedora – fool, etc.

In all proverbial sayings, people of well-known properties usually bear the same name, which has one meaning: Andrei is a crook, Ivanushka and Emelya are fools, Fomka and Sergei are thieves, rogues, Kuzka is a wretched man, Petrak is a farm laborer, etc.

Bibliography:

Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people. M.: Bustard, 2007. 814 p.

Kondratyeva T.N. Metamorphoses of one's own name. Kazan, Linguistics, 1983. 238 p.

Lazutin S.G. Poetics of Russian folklore. M.: Higher School, 1989. 345 p.

Mokienko V.M. Into the depth of the proverb. M.: Education, 1995. 256 p.

Parfenova N.N. Personal names in small folklore genres in the aspect of linguoculturology. M.: Education, 1995. 295 p.

Dictionary of Russian folk dialects / Ch. ed. Filin F.P. – 3rd ed. L.: Nauka, 1998. 1047 p.

Uspensky L.V. You and your name. L.: Children's literature, 1972. 264 p.

Introduction

Main part

1.1 Proverbs and sayings: history of origin, similarities and differences.

1.2 The role of a name in a person’s life and in Russian folklore.

2.1 Male and female names in proverbs and sayings.

3.1 Names of cities in proverbs.

4.1 Names of rivers in proverbs and sayings.

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In literature lessons we studied the section “Oral Folk Art”. Since elementary school, I have been interested in the genre of proverbs and sayings. A name is one of the important components of a person’s life path. That is why I decided to take on the topic “Proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings” for research.

The purpose of the study is to find out what is the role of proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings.

Research objectives:

Define the concepts “proverb” and “saying”.

From a huge number of Russian proverbs and sayings, make a selection with proper names found in them.

Find out why male and female names are needed in proverbs and sayings.

Analyze proper names denoting the names of cities and rivers.

Object of study - Russian proverbs and sayings

The subject of the study is proper names (male and female names, names of rivers and cities).

Research methods - reading educational, popular science and reference literature; searching for information in global computer networks; analysis; etymological analysis; generalization and systematization.

Main part

Proverbs and sayings: history of origin, similarities and differences.

Proverbs and sayings are considered one of the most popular small genres of folklore. They are usually placed side by side, although there are clear differences between them.

Usually a proverb consists of two or three parts. The first part contains an apt description of a phenomenon or object, and the second contains an expressive assessment of it. Most often, a proverb has a double meaning: direct and figurative. The direct meaning is associated with a specific observation and its assessment, the hidden meaning reflects the centuries-old experience of the people, therefore, in some cases, the proverb must be solved in the same way as the riddle: “Know your cricket.”

The source of proverbs can be not only everyday colloquial speech, but also literary works. Thus, in A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” according to researchers, there are approximately 60 expressions that have become proverbs.

The first proverbs appeared a long time ago. They were formed by ordinary Russian people. Many of the proverbs were used in ancient chronicles and works. One of the first collections of proverbs was compiled by Aristotle. In Russia, collections of proverbs appeared at the end of the 17th century and almost immediately began to be published. The most famous collection, “Proverbs of the Russian People,” containing more than 25,000 texts, was compiled by V.I. Dahl.

A proverb is a phrase that reflects a phenomenon in life, often of a humorous nature. A distinctive feature is the combination of brevity and vividness of the assessment or description. Unlike a proverb, it does not contain a general instructive meaning and is not a complete sentence. A saying can usually replace a word. For example: “He doesn’t knit” instead of “drunk”, “I didn’t invent gunpowder” instead of “fool”.

Unlike proverbs, many sayings came into everyday speech from literary works and began an independent life as a folklore genre.

Some proverbs and sayings appeared in connection with historical events. Thus, the times of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the events of the Russian-Swedish war of the early 18th century, the Patriotic War with Napoleon, the civil war of the early 20th century, and the Great Patriotic War with Nazi Germany were reflected in popular sayings.

What is the main difference between a proverb and a saying?

So, a proverb is a whole sentence, and a saying is just a phrase or phrase. This is the main feature that distinguishes proverbs from sayings.

The proverb contains moral teaching, morality, instruction. A saying is simply an eloquent expression that can be easily replaced with other words.

For example:

"Small spool but precious". (Proverb) “Small, but bold.” (Proverb)

“If you don’t know the ford, don’t poke your nose into the water” (Proverb) “Stay with your nose” (Proverb)

1.2. The role of a name in human life and in Russian folklore.

Proverbs and sayings are perhaps the first brilliant manifestations of the creativity of the people. The ubiquity of proverbs is striking - they touch all objects, invade all areas of human existence. Folk art also paid attention to the “nominal” theme.

Our name is both the history of the Russian people and an integral part of the Russian language. The role of a name in a person’s life is very great. Everyone can be called only by name, so all his good or bad deeds are made public thanks to his name. Names have played a significant role in communication between people in all eras. People's personal names are part of history and universal human culture, since they reflect the life, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples.

Poetic creativity, represented by proverbs and sayings, truly reflects the original, rich mind of the Russian people, their experience, views on life, nature, and society. In oral language creativity, the people captured their customs and morals, hopes, high moral qualities, national history and culture. Thus, rhyming sayings with names that have become a permanent characteristic are very popular: Alekha is not a catch; Andrey the mouthy; Afonka-quiet, Fedul pouted his lips; Filat is not to blame, etc. Proverbs and sayings are applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name, which does not coincide with the name in the proverb. It is through this collision of two names - real and “unreal” - that a generalization is achieved. Thus, a proverbial name is a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person.

2.1. Male and female names in proverbs and sayings.

We studied 220 proverbs and sayings with proper names. They can be divided into 3 groups:

1) Personal male and female names.

2) Names of cities

3) Names of rivers.

The first group includes 170 proverbs and sayings with male and female names. Of the 170 proverbs, there were 129 with male names. The most common name was Thomas. It has been used 15 times.

In proverbs and sayings, the name Thomas was given to indicate such character traits as stupidity (They talk about Thomas, and he talks about Yerema), stubbornness (Erema into the water, Thomas to the bottom: both are stubborn, they have never been from the bottom.), inattention ( I went to see Foma, but stopped at my godfather's), irresponsibility (They beat Foma for Eremin's guilt), absent-mindedness (Goodness came to Foma, but went between the hands), laziness (Who cares, but Foma cares), inadequacy (People are like people , and Foma is like a demon), self-criticism (He loved to joke about Foma, so love yourself.) and a person with a memorable appearance (They know Foma in the matting aisle).

This name was very popular in the 19th - early 20th centuries, especially in the provinces and villages. Now the name is almost never used, probably because its sound energy is completely preserved in Russian sound and amazingly accurately conveys the character of the Apostle Thomas, nicknamed the unbeliever.
Thomas - Holy Apostle, October 19 (6). Saint Thomas was a Galilean fisherman who followed the Lord Jesus Christ and became his disciple and apostle. According to the testimony of the Holy Scriptures, the Apostle Thomas did not believe the stories of other disciples about the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. On the eighth day after the Resurrection, the Lord appeared to the Apostle Thomas and showed his wounds, after which the apostle, convinced of the truth of the Holy Resurrection of Christ, exclaimed: “My Lord and my God.” According to church tradition, Saint Thomas preached Christian

In proverbs, the Russian people represent Thomas as a simpleton, a stupid and lazy person.

In second place is the name Eremey, used 13 times. In the text the name was used in an abbreviated form: Erema, Ermoshka.

The name Eremey has Hebrew roots and means “exalted by God.” The name was borrowed with the adoption of Christianity; it was adapted to the peculiarities of the phonetics of the Old Russian language. In a vast layer of proverbs, the name Eremey appears together with the name Thomas; These proverbs are reinterpretations of the folklore “Tale of Thomas and Erem” - a literary work of the 17th century.

Erema is the hero of a literary work, who tries his hand at different activities, tries to take on everything at once, but nothing works out. This is manifested in proverbs. “Erema, Erema, you should sit at home and sharpen your spindles.” “Erema, stay at home - the weather is bad.” “Every Eremey understands to himself: when to sow, when to reap, when to throw into haystacks.” These proverbs speak of the need for timeliness of certain actions.

And in this proverb, Erema is an envious person. “Ereme’s tears are flowing over someone else’s beer.”

Characters with the name Eremey in proverbs make up a portrait of a loser.

The third most popular name is Makar. The name is masculine, of Greek origin, translated as “blessed” or “happy.”

In the Christian naming book, the name Macarius is associated with several early Christian saints, among whom the most famous is Macarius the Great (IV century) - a hermit, author of several spiritual works. Macarius of Alexandria, who was his contemporary and friend, is also venerated among the saints. Macarius of Antioch was tortured and exiled during the reign of Julian the Apostate (361-363). Also known is the martyr Macarius, who was executed for professing Christianity in 311 under the emperor Galerius.

In proverbs and sayings, the name Makar appeared 9 times and was used to indicate the following character traits:

Luck. “Yesterday Makar was digging ridges, and today Makar has become a governor.” I believe that the proverb is related to the meaning of the name itself.

Makar is associated not only with luck, but also with misfortune. “All the cones are falling on poor Makar - both from the pines and the fir trees.” Similar to the story of the martyr Macarius.

“They will drive them to places where Makar never drove the calves.” Previously, cows and calves were grazed far away in meadows or fields. That is, very far away, where the calves were not driven.

Similar to the story of Macarius of Antioch, who was sent into exile.

“Bow to Makar, and Makar to seven directions.” This describes a case where a person becomes arrogant.

There are also proverbs that have the same meaning, but they use different names. “Ermoshka is rich: there is a goat and a cat.” “In Makar’s house there is a cat, a mosquito and a midge.” Proverbs indicate the poverty of the characters.

These male names appeared in proverbs and sayings from one to five times.

The full name Malanya Malanya is the most common name in proverbs and sayings with female personal names. Used 6 times. Translated from Greek, Malania means “dark, black.”

The origin of the name is associated with Ancient Greece, very common in English-speaking countries. It became widespread on the territory of the Slavic states back in the early Christian period.

Often, with age, admiration for talent and indulgence in the whims that took place in childhood contribute to the development of not the best qualities in the character of the adult Malania. She grows into a smug and self-centered woman, intolerant of the shortcomings of others. Malania's narcissism reaches the point of ridiculousness and sometimes confuses friends and acquaintances. She still plays to the public, loves to laugh loudly, show emotions violently and attract attention to herself. I must say that Malania does this quite well.

In proverbs, Malanya is a picky and selfish girl.

The second most frequently used name is Akulina. Also used in abbreviated form: Shark and Akulka.

Akulina has straightforwardness and firmness. Usually such a woman is very purposeful, energetic, and knows how to stand up for herself. Doesn't like to cry and complain about life.

I think this description is more suitable for a man. This can be seen in the proverb. “If I weren’t a great guy, they would have called me Akulka.”

Despite such tough character traits, they felt pity for her.

“It’s a pity for Akulin, but send him raspberries.” Because raspberries were picked in the forest, and they were very prickly.

The remaining female names were used once each, except for five names: Antipa, Varvara, Mina, Katerina and Fedora, which we met twice each.

3.1. Names of cities in proverbs.

The most common proper name was the capital of Russia - Moscow. This name appeared 25 times.

“In Moscow you will find everything except father and mother”

“In Moscow, if you take care of your money, you can’t take care of yourself.”

“You can’t bow to everyone in Moscow”

“And you’ll put on a new scarf, but half of Moscow won’t see it.”

“Moscow doesn’t believe in tears, give it a job.”

“For thanks, my godfather went to Moscow.”

“For the sake of the saying, the man walked to Moscow on foot.”

“Moscow is miles away, but close to my heart”

In proverbs, Moscow is represented as a large, majestic city. She is far away, but people still remember and respect her. It’s not for nothing that they say: “Moscow is the mother of all cities.” This is probably why Moscow was included in proverbs with other cities.

"Kazan-town - Moscow corner"

"Yaroslavl - a town - a corner of Moscow."

“Moscow hits from the toe, and Peter wiped his sides.”

Often the name of the city serves to indicate the advantages of each region:

“They don’t go to Tula with their own samovar”

“Kazan boasts sturgeon, Siberia boasts of sables”

“Kashira covered everyone with matting, and Tula shod them in bast shoes.”

Names of rivers in proverbs and sayings

In the third group, 7 proverbs with such proper names as the names of rivers were studied. In most cases, the Volga River was found.

“Every country has its own national river. Russia has the Volga - the largest river in Europe, the queen of our rivers - and I hastened to bow to her majesty the Volga River!” - Alexander Dumas wrote about the great Russian river. The main nurse and water provider of European Russia, including Moscow. One of the truly Russian natural wonders is the great Volga River. One of the largest and most beautiful rivers in Europe, it is especially loved by the Russian people. Mother Volga - this is how it is affectionately called not only in Russia.

More than half of Russia's industrial enterprises are concentrated in the Volga basin. And almost half of the food needed by our population is produced on the Volga region.

And she really is the queen of the rivers. Power and grandeur, the fabulous beauty of the surrounding nature and rich history glorified the Volga throughout the world even in ancient times.

Probably because of its great glorification, the Volga River was most often used by people in proverbs and sayings.

“The Volga is the mother river of everyone”

“There is a lot of water on the Volga, but there is also a lot of trouble”

“What’s not for the Volga, then everything is for the Volga”

“When the Volga flows up”

“When there is nothing to pay the debt, one will go to the Volga”

“Mother Volga bends your back, but gives you money”

The last two proverbs say that working on the river provides an opportunity to earn money; the Volga-nurse will not let you die of hunger.

The name Volga is also used to compare with the Danube River.

“The Volga is a long sail, but the Danube is wide.” This proverb speaks of the length of the Volga and the breadth of the Danube.

Conclusion

Having analyzed groups of proverbs and sayings that include proper names, we can draw the following conclusions:

All analyzed names used in proverbs and sayings had Hebrew, Greek or Latin roots and were subject to adaptation of the phonetics of the Old Russian language.

Proverbs and sayings reflect the life of the people and historical events: “I went to Thomas, but stopped at my godfather”, “Seven will go - they will take Siberia.”

Each name in a proverb or saying denotes its own character and is used to ridicule shortcomings, compare different character traits, or indicate a person’s merits.

Men's names are used to ridicule shortcomings: “Stupid Avdei was stabbed in the neck,” “Goodness came to Thomas, but went between his hands”; to show pity: “Filya was strong - all his friends came to him, but trouble came - everyone left the yard,” “All the cones fell on poor Makar - from the pines and fir trees”; to indicate positive character traits: “To the good Savva, goodness and glory.”

In proverbs and sayings, the paired use of proper names is often found: “Malashka has lambs, and Foma has two bags,” “Own, Fadey, crooked Natalya.”

The names of cities are used to indicate any shortcomings of the city: “To wander to Moscow is to carry your last penny.” But most often the advantages are emphasized: “Kashira covered everyone with matting, and Tula shod in bast shoes,” “Kyiv is the mother of Russian cities,” “Mother Moscow is white-stone, golden-domed, hospitable, Orthodox, talkative”; or for comparison: “Moscow hits from the toe, and St. Petersburg wiped its sides,” “Kazan - with sturgeon, Siberia boasts of sables.”

In proverbs with names of rivers, the name Volga appeared the greatest number of times - 7 times.

Bibliography
Anikin V., Selivanov F., Kirdan B. Russian proverbs and sayings. - M.: “Fiction”, 1988.- 431 p.
Zarakhovich I., Tubelskaya G., Novikova E., Lebedeva A. 500 riddles, sayings, counting rhymes, nursery rhymes. - M.: “Baby”, 2013.- 415 p.
Zimin V., Ashurova S., Shansky V., Shatalova Z. Russian proverbs and sayings: educational dictionary. - M.: Shkola - Press, 1994. - 320 p.
Kovaleva S. 7000 golden proverbs and sayings. - M.: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003. - 479 p.
Rose T. Large explanatory dictionary of proverbs and sayings of the Russian language for children. Edition 2 revised. - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2013. -224 p.

List of Internet resources

http://riddle-middle.ru/pogovorki_i_poslovicy/
http://znachenie-

And indeed, not a single proverb is devoid of an all-consuming passionate interest in everything it concerns. Behind each of them you see those who judge, dress up, argue, joke, mock, joke, grieve, mourn, rejoice, scold - representing a multiplicity of cases and life scenes. Folk art also paid attention to the “nominal” theme. Proverbs, sayings and even... Here's what we managed to collect:

Russian proverbs and sayings

Arinushka Marinushka is no worse.
Annushka is a good daughter if her mother and grandmother praise her.
Like Aksinya, so is Botvinya.
Each Alenka praises her cow.
Our Andrei is not a villain to anyone.
Our Afonya in one robe both at the feast, and in the world, and at the windowsill.
As Ananya is, so is Malanya.

Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selivan.

Varlam breaks in half, and Denis shares with everyone.
Our Varvara does not like fish soup without fat.

Every Grishka has his own affairs.
Don't be proud, Gordey, you are no better than people.

As Dema is, so is his home.
Two Demids, but both cannot see.
Dmitry and Boris fought over the garden
Our Marya to your Daria cousin Paraskovya.

The sparrow Eremey will offend even a sparrow.
Yegor talked all over the place, but everything was out of time.
There is a saying for every Yegorka.
Every Eremey understands himself.
Efrem loves horseradish, and Fedka loves radish.

All kinds of wood chips hit poor Zakhar.

In people Ilya, and at home - pigs.
Our Ivan has no talent anywhere: he came to mass - mass went away, he came to lunch - they dined.
Our Vanyukha has a pothole on the stove.
When Ivashka has a white shirt, then Ivashka has a holiday.
The filly runs, and Ivashka lies.
Ivan was in the Horde, and Marya tells the news.
Ivan plays the pipe, and Marya is dying of hunger.
Ivan gets the glory, but Savva is to blame.
Ipat made shovels, and Fedos went to sell.

Katerina wanders to her feather bed.
The princess has a prince, the cat has a kitten, and Katerina has her child (cuter)
Rejoice Kiryushka, grandma will have a feast.
Before, Kuzma dug vegetable gardens, but now Kuzma has become a governor.
Klim smears the cart, goes to the Crimea along the turnip.

Martyn does not wait for someone else’s half rubles; Martyn stands for his own altyn.
As is Martyn, so is his altyn.
You can't hit our Mina even with three clubs.
Our Mishka does not take extra.
Bow to Makar, and Makar to seven sides.
For every Makar there is his own Khavronya.
Lazy Mikishka has no time for books.
As is Malanya, so are her pancakes.
Grandfather Mosey loves fish without bones.
Maxim was warming himself near the aspen trees.

Don’t brag, Nastya: I was a little tense, and even then I lost it.
Not every Nahum will guide the mind.
Our Naum is on his own: to listen, he listens, but the knower slurps cabbage soup.
Nesterka’s husband, and six children, we’re afraid to steal, we’re lazy to work, how can you tell us to live here?
People are from the market, and Nazar is at the market.
Each Nikita is busy taking care of his belongings.

Our Obrosim was thrown into God knows where.
And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a crow.
Okulina cooked up and scolded about Peter.

Every Paul has his own truth.
So-and-so Panteley, but together it’s more fun.
Not everything is in Potap's favor.
Our Pakhom is familiar with Moscow.
Like the crotch, so is the hat he wears.

Hood Roman when your pocket is empty.

Savva ate the lard, wiped himself off, locked himself up, and said: I haven’t seen him.
Such is Savva, such is his glory.
Just as Senyushka has two money, so Semyon and Semyon, and Senyushka has no money - nothing worth it - Semyon.
Every Semyon is smart to himself.
According to Senka - a hat, according to Eremka - a cap, and according to Ivashka - a shirt.
And you can tell by his face that his name is Sazon.

One says about Taras, and the other: one and a half hundred devils.
Not every Taras is good at singing along.
Our Taras is no worse than you.

Ulyana woke up neither late nor early - everyone was leaving work, and she was right there.
Lakoma Ustinha to botvinha.

They gave Fedyushka money, but he also asks for altyn.
They sent Philip along the linden tree, but he was dragging the alder tree.
And Philip is glad that the pie is big.
Fedot plows with his mouth open, but the needle is of no use.
There is no honey from stone, no offspring from Fofan.
Our Thaddeus - neither for himself nor for people.
Our Filat is never to blame.
Thekla prayed, but God did not insert the glass.
If you loved to joke about Thomas, love yourself too.
People are like people, and Thomas is like a demon.
As misfortunes overwhelm Thomas, so people will abandon Thomas.
Don’t beat Foma for Eremin’s guilt.
As soon as Floriha comes to the point of desperation, Floriha will also come to the point of desperation.

Khariton came running from Moscow with news

Yakov is glad that the pie is with poppy seeds.

Ukrainian proverbs and sayings

On you, Gavrilo, I’m not pleased.

What Ivan doesn’t learn, Ivan won’t know.
Pan with pan, and Ivan with Ivan.

Your Katerina our Orina Odarka's cousin
Zbagativ Kіndrat - having forgotten, my brother.

Couple - Martin and Odarochka!
Yak Mikita willed, then Mikita y kumuvav.

Kazav Naum: take it to mind!

Rozumna Parasya gave in to everything.

The washerwoman is busy with her work, and in the winter, Teresya is not to be taken care of.
Ti yomu about Taras, and vin - pivtorast.

For our Fedot, robots are not scary.

Hold on, Khoma, winter is coming!
Some are about Khoma, some are about Yarema.
Yakbi Khomi pennies, b y vin good, but not - all mina.
Have fun, Khvedka, either horseradish or radish.

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According to characteristics and compatibility, the Leo-Rooster man is a generous and open person. These domineering natures usually behave sedately...

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In 2017, Nikita Mikhalkov was recognized as the largest real estate owner among cultural representatives. He declared an apartment in...

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Why do you dream of a ghost at night? The dream book states: such a sign warns of the machinations of enemies, troubles, deterioration in well-being....

Nikita Mikhalkov built an estate for $15 million

Nikita Mikhalkov is a People's Artist, actor, director, producer and screenwriter. In recent years, he has been actively involved in entrepreneurship. Born in...

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Research work on the topic "proper names in proverbs and sayings." Proper names in proverbs and sayings “Proper names in proverbs and sayings”

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Russian proverbs and sayings

Ukrainian proverbs and sayings