What types of fairy tales do you know? What types of fairy tales are there? What types of fairy tales are there?

The most important ideas, main issues, plot cores and - most importantly - the balance of forces that bring about good and evil are essentially the same in fairy tales different nations. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries; it is for all humanity.

Folklore studies have devoted a lot of research to the fairy tale, but defining it as one of the oral genres folk art still remains open problem. The heterogeneity of fairy tales, the wide thematic range, the variety of motives and characters contained in them, the countless number of ways to resolve conflicts really make the task genre definition fairy tales are very complex.

And yet, the divergence in views on a fairy tale is associated with what is regarded as the main thing in it: an orientation toward fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.

The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical existence is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.

On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not entirely uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure tales, social and everyday tales, anecdote tales, upside-down tales and others are distinguished.

The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply defined boundaries, but despite the fragility of the demarcation, such a classification allows you to start a substantive conversation with the child about fairy tales within the framework of a conventional “system” - which, of course, makes the work of parents and educators easier.
Today the following classification of Russians is accepted: folk tales:

1. Tales about animals;
2. Fairy tales;
3. Everyday tales.

Let's take a closer look at each type.

Animal Tales

Folk poetry embraced the whole world, its object was not only humans, but also all living things on the planet. By depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human traits, but at the same time it records and characterizes their habits, “way of life,” etc. Hence the lively, intense text of fairy tales.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature; he truly was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking its protection, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.

In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, make peace. The basis of such tales is totemism (belief in a totemic animal, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. He was often thought of as a terrible, vengeful beast, unforgiving of insults (the fairy tale “The Bear”). The further the belief in this goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible is his power over the animal, the “victory” over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales “The Man and the Bear” and “The Bear, the Dog and the Cat.” Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf is believed to be wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism and becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the closeness of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "Beasts in the Pit").

Tales about animals stand out in a special group by nature characters. They are divided by type of animal. This also includes tales about plants, inanimate nature(frost, sun, wind), about objects (bubble, straw, bast shoe).

In fairy tales about animals, man:
1) plays minor role(the old man from the fairy tale “The Fox Steals Fish from the Cart”);
2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (the man from the fairy tale “The old bread and salt is forgotten”).

Possible classification of tales about animals.

First of all, a fairy tale about animals is classified according to the main character (thematic classification). This classification is given in the index fairy tales world folklore, compiled by Arne-Thomson and in the "Comparative Index of Plots. East Slavic Fairy Tale":

1. Wild animals.
- Fox.
- Other wild animals.
2. Wild and domestic animals
3. Man and wild animals.
4. Pets.
5. Birds and fish.
6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena.

The next possible classification of a fairy tale about animals is a structural-semantic classification, which classifies the fairy tale according to genre. There are several genres in a fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp identified such genres as:

1. Cumulative tale about animals.

3. Fable (apologist)
4. Satirical tale

E. A. Kostyukhin identified genres about animals as:

1. Comic (everyday) tale about animals
2. A fairy tale about animals
3. Cumulative tale about animals
4. A short story about animals
5. Apologist (fable)
6. Anecdote.
7. A satirical tale about animals
8. Legends, traditions, everyday stories about animals
9. Tales

Propp, in the basis of his classification of animal tales by genre, tried to put a formal feature. Kostyukhin, on the other hand, partly based his classification on a formal feature, but basically the researcher divides the genres of fairy tales about animals according to content. This allows us to better understand the diverse material of fairy tales about animals, which demonstrates the variety of structural structures, diversity of styles, and richness of content.

The third possible classification of a fairy tale about animals is a classification based on the target audience. Tales about animals are divided into:

1. Children's fairy tales.
- Fairy tales told for children.
- Fairy tales told by children.
2. Adult fairy tales.

This or that genre of animal tales has its own target audience. Modern Russian fairy tales about animals mainly belong to a children's audience. Thus, fairy tales told for children have a simplified structure. But there is a genre of fairy tales about animals that will never be addressed to children - this is the so-called. A "naughty" ("cherished" or "pornographic") tale.

About twenty plots of fairy tales about animals are cumulative fairy tales. The principle of such a composition is the repeated repetition of a plot unit. Thompson, S., Bolte, J. and Polivka, I., Propp identified fairy tales with cumulative composition as a special group of fairy tales. The cumulative (chain-like) composition is distinguished:

1. With endless repetition:
- Boring fairy tales like “About the White Bull.”
- A unit of text is included in another text (“The priest had a dog”).
2. With End Repetition:
- “Turnip” - plot units grow into a chain until the chain breaks.
- “The cockerel choked” - the chain unravels until the chain breaks.
- “For a rolling duck” - the previous unit of text is negated in the next episode.

Another genre form fairy tales about animals is the structure of a fairy tale ("The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats", "The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox").

The leading place in fairy tales about animals is occupied by comic tales - about the pranks of animals ("The fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a cart"), "The wolf at the ice hole", "The fox coats its head with dough (sour cream), "The beaten one carries the unbeaten", "The fox midwife ", etc.), which influence others fairy tale genres animal epic, especially the apology (fable). The plot core of a comic tale about animals is a chance meeting and a trick (deception, according to Propp). Sometimes they combine several meetings and pranks. The hero of a comic fairy tale is a trickster (one who commits tricks). The main trickster of the Russian fairy tale is the fox (in the world epic - the hare). Its victims are usually a wolf and a bear. It has been noticed that if a fox acts against the weak, it loses, if against the strong, it wins. This comes from archaic folklore. IN modern fairy tale In animals, the victory and defeat of the trickster often receives a moral assessment. The trickster in the fairy tale is contrasted with the simpleton. It can be a predator (wolf, bear), or a person, or a simple animal, like a hare.

A significant part of fairy tales about animals is occupied by an apologist (fable), in which the comic beginning, but moralizing, moralizing. Moreover, the apologist does not necessarily have to have a moral in the form of an ending. The moral comes from the story situations. Situations must be unambiguous in order to easily form moral conclusions. Typical examples of an apologist are fairy tales where there is a clash of contrasting characters (Who is more cowardly than a hare?; Old bread and salt is forgotten; A splinter in the paw of a bear (lion). An apologist can also be considered such plots that have been known in literary fables since ancient times (Fox and sour grapes; The Crow and the Fox and many others). Apologist - a relatively late form of tales about animals. Refers to the time when moral standards They have already decided and are looking for a suitable form for themselves. In fairy tales of this type, only a few plots with tricksters' tricks were transformed; the apologist (not without the influence of literature) developed some of the plots himself. The third way of development of the apologist is the growth of proverbs (proverbs and sayings. But unlike proverbs, in the apologist the allegory is not only rational, but also sensitive.

Next to the apologist stands the so-called short story tale about animals, highlighted by E. A. Kostyukhin. A short story in an animal tale is a story about unusual cases with a fairly developed intrigue, with sharp turns in the fate of the heroes. The tendency towards moralization determines the fate of the genre. It has a more definite moral than the apologist, the comic element is muted or completely removed. The mischief of a comic fairy tale about animals is replaced in the novella with a different content - entertaining. Classic example short story about animals is "Grateful Animals". Most of the plots of folklore short stories about animals develop in literature and then pass into folklore. The easy transition of these plots is due to the fact that they themselves literary subjects are formed on a folklore basis.

Speaking about satire in fairy tales about animals, it must be said that literature once gave impetus to the development of the satirical fairy tale. The condition for the appearance of a satirical tale arises in late Middle Ages. The satirical effect in a folk tale is achieved by putting social terminology into the mouths of animals (Fox the Confessor; Cat and Wild Animals). The plot of “Ruff Ershovich”, which is a fairy tale of book origin, stands apart. Having appeared late in a folk tale, satire did not take hold in it, since in a satirical tale one can easily remove social terminology.

So in the 19th century satirical tale unpopular. Satire within a fairy tale about animals is only an accent in an extremely small group of stories about animals. And the satirical fairy tale was influenced by the laws of animal fairy tales with trickster tricks. The satirical sound was preserved in fairy tales where there was a trickster in the center, and where there was complete absurdity of what was happening, the fairy tale became a fable.

Fairy tales

Fairy tales of the fairy type include magical, adventure, and heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales is a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and a wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible “transformation”, amazing in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale “The Snow Maiden.” “Look, the Snow Maiden’s lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then she shook off the snow and walked out of the snowdrift live girl". "Conversion" in fairy tales of the miraculous type, as a rule, occurs with the help of magical creatures or objects.

Basically, fairy tales are older than others; they bear traces of a person’s primary acquaintance with the world around him.

A fairy tale is based on complex composition, which has exposition, plot development, climax and resolution.

The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming a loss or shortage with the help of miraculous means or magical helpers. In the exhibition of the fairy tale there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king and the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan and his brothers or sisters. Also included in the exhibition is the absence of the older generation. An intensified form of absence is the death of the parents. The plot of the tale is that main character either the heroine discovers a loss or shortage, or there are motives of prohibition, violation of the prohibition and subsequent disaster. Here is the beginning of counteraction, i.e. sending the hero from home.

Plot development is a search for what is lost or missing.

The climax of a fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the equivalent of fighting is solving difficult problems that are always solved).

Denouement is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) “reigns” at the end - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.

V.Ya. Propp reveals the monotony of a fairy tale at the plot level in a purely syntagmatic sense. It reveals the invariance of a set of functions (the actions of actors), the linear sequence of these functions, as well as a set of roles, in a known way distributed among specific characters and correlated with functions. Functions are distributed among seven characters:

Antagonist (pest),
donor
assistant
princess or her father
sender
hero
false hero.

Meletinsky, identifying five groups fairy tales, trying to resolve the issue historical development genre in general, and plots in particular. The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. The mythological origin of the universally widespread fairy tale about a marriage with a wonderful “totemic” creature who has temporarily shed its animal shell and taken on human form is quite obvious (“A husband is looking for a missing or kidnapped wife (a wife is looking for a husband)”, “The Frog Princess”, “ The Scarlet Flower", etc.). A tale about visiting other worlds to free the captives there ("Three underground kingdoms", etc.). Popular tales about a group of children who fall into power evil spirit, a monster, a cannibal and those who are saved thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them (“The Witch’s Little Thumb,” etc.), or about the murder of a mighty serpent - a chthonic demon (“The Snake Conqueror,” etc.). In a fairy tale, we are actively developing family theme(“Cinderella”, etc.). For a fairy tale, a wedding becomes a symbol of compensation for the socially disadvantaged (“Sivko-Burko”). Socially disadvantaged hero ( younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the fairy tale, endowed with everyone negative characteristics from his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence in the end (“The Little Humpbacked Horse”). The distinguished group of tales about wedding trials draws attention to the narrative of personal destinies. The novelistic theme in a fairy tale is no less interesting than the heroic one. Propp classifies the genre of fairy tales by the presence of “Battle - Victory” in the main test or by the presence of “Difficult task - Solution of a difficult problem.” The logical development of the fairy tale was the everyday fairy tale.

Everyday tales

A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction in them everyday life. The conflict of an everyday fairy tale often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of simplicity and naivety is opposed to those personality qualities that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).

As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since Good triumphs, but the randomness or singularity of his victory is emphasized.

The variety of everyday fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tales contain more significant element social and moral criticism, it is more definite in its social preferences. Praise and condemnation sound stronger in everyday fairy tales.

IN Lately V methodological literature information began to appear about a new type of fairy tales - fairy tales mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they have not been given of great importance, because they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.
They combine features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world and everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form of magical objects, around which the main action is grouped.

Fairy tales in different forms and scales strive to embody the ideal of human existence.
The fairy tale's belief in the intrinsic value of noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for the Good, are also based on a call to wisdom, activity, and true humanity.

Fairy tales broaden one's horizons, awaken interest in the life and creativity of peoples, and foster a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth engaged in honest work.

There are two types of fairy tales: original and folk. The name itself speaks for itself. Author's fairy tales include works written by one specific person. As a rule, he is the creator and parent whose name is advertised in the book.

Folk tales are passed down from generation to generation, by word of mouth. There is no one specific writer, everyone adds their own. As a result, with each reteller new actions appear, and then the fairy tale sounds in a new way.
From century to century, from generation to generation, stories are passed on where ancestors teach and pass on their wisdom, their instructions and enormous experience.

The common feature of the two types is deepest meaning, enclosed between the lines. For a child, a fairy tale is a fun and interesting story, a text for adults that carries moral and ethical implications.

Types of fairy tales by content

• magical
• about animals
• household

Fairy tales

Magic is present in almost every fairy tale. It is this that defeats evil and helps heroes cope with difficulties. Thanks to such stories, many children with early age They believe in miracles and magic. The author dives into fantasy world, where with the help of magical objects or actions, any desire comes true. The purpose of such stories is to convey to the reader that there should always be faith in miracles. Miracles can strike at the most unexpected moment. These are exactly what the main character lacks to achieve his goal.

Most read fairy tales:

• Princess Frog
• Koschei the Deathless
• Morozko
• Emelya

Animal Tales

In this form, the role of humans is replaced by animals, not only domestic ones, but also forest and wild animals. Fish, birds, insects, all living creatures are involved, each is assigned special role. Even natural phenomena gets, if not the main thing, then a secondary importance. Both animals have their own character and principles of behavior. We were taught that the hare is a coward - he is afraid of everything and everyone. The fox is cunning and greedy. Everyone is afraid of the bear, but according to the plan, he is one of the intelligent animals. At first glance, the wolf is toothy and predatory. It is often found in fairy tales where he turns out to be a coward and a compassionate animal. In all actions, these heroes perform similar roles. It is stories about animals that instill in readers how they should be represented.

The most popular fairy tales about animals include:

• Teremok
• Kolobok
• turnip

In turn, stories about our little brothers are divided into two subgroups: in some, animals play a secondary role - By pike command. In others, their importance is equal to that of humans - Dobrynya Nikitich and Zmey Gorynych.

Everyday tales

Works of this nature show that you shouldn’t expect miracles, you need to do everything yourself. Only a hardworking, fair and prudent person can achieve everything in life. They are showing inherent life each person. Focus on negative traits, ridicule and teach a necessary lesson. In these works, the main thing is not powerful force, but intelligence and morality. In these fairy tales, stingy and greedy people are always taught a lesson by the wise and noble.

These include:

• Porridge from an ax
• The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda
• Magic pipe

Whatever fairy tales are, children of all ages love them very much. After all, they are the lessons in Everyday life. They learn from the characters' mistakes and imitate the main characters. A fairy tale is important especially for young children. She subconsciously teaches lessons in different situations. Shows that protecting one's own opinion important. Also in relation to different nationalities and races should not be a barrier to communication. Correct address to adults and elderly people. It’s not for nothing that they say that they learn from fairy tales.

Some people distinguish 4 types of fairy tales, others 3 types. 5th grade, 2nd grade.

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The fairy tale has always kept pace with the times. The fairy tale once and for all set a sharp line between good and evil. She is a harsh accuser, able to simply and bluntly explain what is really good and what, on the contrary, is worthy of merciless condemnation. The fairy tale “gives” all its love and sympathy to good, and tries to destroy evil by any means available to it.

Fairy tales can be folklore (a genre of written and oral folk art) and literary.

Literary fairy tales have one or more authors. Characters literary fairy tales, as well as folklore, fictional. The text of fairy tales of this kind is unchanged, recorded in writing.

Folklore tales are the creativity of the people themselves. They are passed down from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. These tales reflect national ideals.

Folk tales are often characterized by a certain measure - “and I was there, I drank honey, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth.” The poetic character of fairy-tale language is also expressed in ordinary epic repetitions, usually up to three times– the hero’s feat, an important saying, a key meeting is repeated. There are often three heroes of a fairy tale - three brothers, three sisters.

What types of folk tales are there?
Magical, everyday, about animals, boring.

Fairy tales in which a miraculous beginning, supernatural events and persons predominate are called magical. The characters in them are Koschey the Immortal, Sea king, Morozko, Baba Yaga, Golden-Maned Horse, Firebird, Sivka-Burka, Pig - Golden Bristle. In them we also encounter wonderful objects - living and dead water, a flying carpet, an invisible hat, a self-assembled tablecloth.

It is believed that all this is the personification of the forces of nature. So, for example, Koschey the Immortal, a dry and angry old man with white hair, this is winter. The king of the sea is the sea, his daughters are the waves of the sea. The Firebird is the sun, Sivka-Burka is the horse from which the earth trembles, smoke comes out of his ears, and flames burst from his nostrils - thunder and lightning. Dead and living water– rain, flying carpet – wind...

The hero of a fairy tale, acting among these creatures and objects, is an ordinary person, most often, Ivan Tsarevich, or simply Ivanushka. The hero of the fairy tale struggles with various forces, suffers, but in the end emerges victorious, most often he is helped by mythical characters.

The hero of a fairy tale is often at first humiliated, despised by others, considered a fool, but then he rises above those who despise him. This is already a moral element in the fairy tale; it probably appeared later.

There are fairy tales in which the moral idea is invisible. And, for example, in the fairy tale about Koshchei the Immortal, who kidnapped Princess Marya and imprisoned her within the walls of his castle, Ivan Tsarevich, the bridegroom, defeats the enemy with his moral virtues: firmness of will, patience, kindness.

We also see a moral principle in the fairy tale about Morozk, who rewarded a kind girl-stepdaughter and punished the evil daughters of her stepmother.

In some fairy tales, in addition to wonderful people and events, there is an image of modern life. So, in the fairy tale about the Boy with a Thumb, peasant life: The woman is doing housework, the man is plowing in the field. The son brings lunch to his father in the field and helps him plow. This picture of agricultural life is a later layering in a fairy tale, the mythical basis of which, perhaps, formed even earlier than organized agriculture.

In an everyday fairy tale, wonderful events and characters are relegated to the background, and the main place is occupied by showing a person with all his advantages and disadvantages. Such tales are more late period than fairy tales. The main thing in these fairy tales is the depiction of characters and moral thought.

Everyday fairy tales are closest to real life; there is a certain fiction in it, with the help of which they are discovered. negative sides, or, on the contrary, the ingenuity and kindness of the characters is shown. In everyday fairy tales we can observe pictures of real, everyday life.

Tales about animals occupy an important place. These tales originate from ancient times, to those times when man looked at animals as beings similar to himself, gifted with reason and the gift of speech. These tales have survived to this day in a fairly unchanged form. Fairy tales of this kind are fun for children, although they have a moralizing moment.

The heroes of fairy tales about animals are the animals that are found in the country. In our Russian fairy tales, the main characters are a fox, a bear, a wolf, a cat, a rooster, and a ram. Fairy tales of this kind are distinguished by their artistry, both in language and in the depiction of characters - each animal with its own original appearance is described briefly, but often in many ways.

Boring fairy tales are a subject of special conversation. They are small in size and have the character of jokes. Boring tales are built on wordplay. In fairy tales of this kind, light humor and irony are certainly present.

Funny and sad, scary and funny, they are familiar to us from childhood. Our first ideas about the world, good and evil, and justice are associated with them.

Both children and adults love fairy tales. They inspire writers and poets, composers and artists. Based on fairy tales, plays and films are staged, operas and ballets are created. Fairy tales came to us from ancient times. They were told by poor wanderers, tailors, and retired soldiers.

A fairy tale is one of the main types of oral folk art. A fictional narrative of a fantastic, adventure or everyday nature.

Folk tales are divided into three groups:

Tales about animals - the most ancient look fairy tales. They have their own circle of heroes. Animals talk and behave like people. The fox is always cunning, the wolf is stupid and greedy, the hare is cowardly.

Everyday fairy tales - the heroes of these fairy tales - a peasant, a soldier, a shoemaker - live in real world and they usually fight with a master, a priest, a general. They win thanks to resourcefulness, intelligence and courage.

Fairy tales - heroes of fairy tales fight tooth and nail, defeat enemies, save friends when faced with evil spirits. Most of these tales involve the search for a bride or a kidnapped wife.

Tales about animals.

Young children, as a rule, are attracted to the animal world, so they really like fairy tales in which animals and birds act. In a fairy tale, animals acquire human traits - they think, speak, and act. Essentially, such images bring to the child knowledge about the world of people, not animals.

In this type of fairy tale, there is usually no clear division of characters into positive and negative. Each of them is endowed with one particular trait, an inherent character trait, which is played out in the plot. Yes, traditionally main feature foxes are cunning, wolves are greedy and stupid. The bear does not have such an unambiguous image; the bear can be evil, but it can also be kind, but at the same time it always remains a klutz. If a person appears in such a fairy tale, then he invariably turns out to be smarter than the fox, the wolf, and the bear. Animals in fairy tales observe the principle of hierarchy: everyone recognizes the strongest as the most important. It's a lion or a bear. They always find themselves at the top of the social ladder. This brings fairy tales about animals closer to fables, which is especially evident from the presence in both of them of similar moral conclusions - social and universal.

Among the tales about animals, there are some quite scary ones. A bear eats an old man and an old woman because they cut off his paw. An angry beast with a wooden leg, of course, seems terrible to kids, but in essence it is the bearer of fair retribution. The narrative allows the child to figure out a difficult situation for himself.

Russian folk fairy tales, their features.

This is the most popular and most loved genre by children. Everything that happens in a fairy tale is fantastic and significant in its purpose: its hero, finding himself in one or another dangerous situation, saves friends, destroys enemies - fights for life and death. The danger seems especially strong and terrible because its main opponents are not ordinary people, and representatives of the supernatural dark forces: Serpent Gorynych, Baba Yaga, Koschey the Immortal, etc. By winning victories over these evil spirits, the hero, as it were, confirms his high humanity, closeness to the light forces of nature. In the struggle he becomes even stronger and wiser, makes new friends and receives every right fortunately - to the satisfaction of little listeners.

In the plot of a fairy tale main episode- this is the beginning of the hero’s journey for the sake of one or another important task. On his long journey, he encounters treacherous opponents and magical helpers. He has very effective means at his disposal: a flying carpet, a wonderful ball or mirror, or even a talking animal or bird, a swift horse or a wolf. All of them, with some conditions or without them at all, in the blink of an eye fulfill the requests and orders of the hero.

Russian folk social and everyday life fairy tales and their features.

An everyday (satirical) fairy tale is closest to everyday life and does not even necessarily include miracles. Approval or condemnation is always given openly, the assessment is clearly expressed: what is immoral, what is worthy of ridicule, etc. Even when it seems that the heroes are simply fooling around, amusing the listeners, their every word, every action is filled with significant meaning, connected with important parties human life.

The constant heroes of satirical fairy tales are “ordinary” poor people. However, they invariably prevail over a “difficult” person - a rich or noble person. Unlike the heroes of a fairy tale, here the poor achieve the triumph of justice without the help of miraculous helpers - only thanks to intelligence, dexterity, resourcefulness and even fortunate circumstances.

The everyday satirical tale has absorbed for centuries character traits the life of the people and their relationship to those in power, in particular to judges and officials.

In everyday fairy tales, sometimes animal characters appear, and perhaps the appearance of such abstract characters as Truth and Falsehood, Woe and Misfortune. The main thing here is not the selection of characters, but the satirical condemnation of human vices and shortcomings.

Sometimes such a specific element is introduced into a fairy tale children's folklore, like a shapeshifter. In this case, a shift in real meaning occurs, encouraging the child to correctly arrange objects and phenomena. In a fairy tale, the shapeshifter becomes larger, grows into an episode, and already forms part of the content. Displacement and exaggeration, hyperbolization of phenomena give the child the opportunity to laugh and think.

MBOU "Petrushinskaya Secondary School"

Research work: What kinds of fairy tales are there?

Performed: Klimenkova Veronica

Supervisor: teacher primary classes Klimenkova Olga Nikolaevna

1. Introduction.

2. Main part.

3. Conclusion.

4. List of references.

Introduction:

Great is the Earth-planet,

And there are countless miracles on it.

They say that even somewhere

There is one magical forest.

All the birches there are in earrings

And not scary at all,

There's a hut on chicken legs

Invites you to relax.

In this fairy forest

Miracle horses drink dew

The miracle birds are singing,

The miracle lake sparkles...

V. Suslov

Do you like fairy tales? I think that everyone loves fairy tales: both adults and children. They live everywhere: in the dense forest, in the field. The fairy tale originated with man, and as long as man is alive, the fairy tale is alive. They contain many different miracles.

I became acquainted with fairy tales when I was very little and could not read, then my mother and grandmother read fairy tales to me... I listened to them with pleasure. Now I’m in second grade, I can read on my own. While reading fairy tales, I noticed that all fairy tales are different. In some, the main characters are animals, in others, people and magical creatures. And I began to worry about the question “What kind of fairy tales are there?”

Hypothesis: I made the assumption that fairy tales are different and arose a long time ago.

Target: find out what kind of fairy tales there are and when they originated.

To achieve the goal of the research work, I had to decide the following

tasks:

5. Draw conclusions.

Research methods. Reflections, reading books, surveys, analysis of results.

To solve the problems, I went to the library, looked at fairy tale books at home in my library and read them, Olga Nikolaevna and I went online and found information about types of fairy tales, and composed questions for the survey:

1. Do you love fairy tales and why?

2. How long ago did fairy tales appear?

3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?

4.What does the fairy tale teach?

25 students participated in the survey primary school 1-4 grades. As a result of the survey, 100% of students answered the question: Do you love fairy tales and why? When asked why, they answered: “Because it’s interesting.” To the next question: How long ago did the fairy tale appear? 80% of students answered that it appeared a long time ago, 15% answered that the fairy tale appeared not so long ago, and 5% answered I don’t know. To the question: Are all fairy tales the same? 100% of respondents answered: “All fairy tales are different.” And to the fourth question: What does a fairy tale teach? 63% of the children answered that the fairy tale teaches goodness, 20% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches mutual assistance, 11% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches justice and 6% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches love for people. Then I independently read the following fairy tales: Russian folk tales “Porridge from an Axe”, “The Thrush and the Fox”, “The Frog Princess”, “At the Command of the Pike”. “The Fox and the Crane”, Brothers Grimm “Rapunzel”, Hans Christian Anderson “Thumbelina”, Dutch fairy tale “Snow White”, A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of dead princess and about the seven heroes”, Charles Perrault “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”.

Main part.

What is a fairy tale?

At all times of his life, man encountered difficulties and inexplicable phenomena in the reality around him. And there was always a desire to overcome, to know the world. Dreams about this were reflected in oral folk art, one of the forms of which is a fairy tale.

Fairy tale- one of the popular and favorite genres in folklore and literature of the peoples of the world.

In additional literature I found this definition of a fairy tale:

Fairy tales

Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and even writing. People composed them in ancient times and, passing them on from mouth to mouth, carefully carried them through the centuries.

Scientists have interpreted the tale in different ways. A fairy tale was everything that had anything to do with fiction. A number of folklore researchers called everything that was “told” a fairy tale.

Fairytale world alive. Mandatory attributes of this world are miracles, extraordinary animals, birds, plants, sudden transformations, talismans, prophetic words.

Classification of fairy tales.

I divided the fairy tales I read into two groups: literary (author’s) and folk. These two groups can be divided into fairy tales: fairy tales, everyday tales, tales about animals and epic tales.

Folk

Types of fairy tales

Magical

Bogatyrsky (epics)

Folk- these are those who do not have a specific author; the fairy tale was passed down among the people by word of mouth and no one will say who it was originally written by. For example, fairy tales that are familiar to everyone from childhood: “Kolobok”, “Turnip”, “The Ryaba Hen”, etc.

Tales about animals.

They involve permanent characters (bear, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, etc.). Mainly indicated constant signs animals (fox - cunning, bear - strong, cat - smart, hare - timid, etc.). For example, from the fairy tales that I read are “The Blackbird and the Fox”, “The Fox and the Crane”.

Fairy tales.

They involve romantic heroes, which embodies the most best qualities person. Required for this tale: image positive hero+ helpers + magic items. The main thing in such fairy tales is: the struggle for love, for truth, for good. In fairy tales there are negative characters– fantastic (Baba Yaga, Leshy, Kikimora, Zmey-Gorynych). These fairy tales must have a beginning, a middle and an ending. Fairy tales. For example, from the fairy tales that I read, these are the Russian folk tale “The Frog Princess”, the Brothers Grimm “Rapunzel”, Hans Christian Anderson “Thumbelina”, the Dutch folk tale “Snow White”, A.S. Pushkin “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, Charles Perrault “Cinderella”, Russian folk tale “At the Command of the Pike”.

Everyday tales.

They show real life, ridicule negative human qualities. Most often it is the greed and vices of rich people. For example, from the fairy tales that I read, these are the tales “Porridge from an Ax”, “Two Geese”.

Heroic tales (epics).

B ylina- This folk songs. They were created to be performed at holidays and feasts. They performed them special people- storytellers who chanted epics from memory and accompanied themselves on the harp.

In epics you can learn not only about the exploits and battles of Russian heroes, but also about the lives of people in those days: where they lived, how they dressed, with whom they traded, what trades they had, how they worked.

Research results.

General conclusions.

Thus, in all the fairy tales I read, I noted its structure, and it was basically the same. This saying. “And I was there...” “Soon the fairy tale will tell...” Fairy tales have a beginning (beginning). The beginning defines the characters of the fairy tale, the place and time of action. “Once upon a time there were...”, “Once upon a time there was...”. Fairy tales have beginnings: “In a certain kingdom, a certain state”, “Once upon a time”, “In far away kingdom, in a distant country."

Fairy tales also have unique endings. This is how fairy tales traditionally end: “They live, live well and make good things,” “I was there, drank honey and beer. It flowed down my mustache but didn’t get into my mouth.” Sometimes the ending is a proverb. Basically, in all fairy tales, the heroes undergo tests, but he has helpers, for example, Snow White was helped by gnomes, and the Tsarevich from the fairy tale “The Frog Princess” was helped by animals to whom he provided a service. It should be noted that in fairy tales there are repetitions, most often three times.

Analysis of the research results.

Based on the connections between various items, phenomena, actions of heroes in a fairy tale, one can draw a conclusion about its essence. The fairy tale originated a long time ago. The word “fairy tale” (fairy tale) itself appeared in the Russian language no earlier than the 17th century. But this does not mean that there were no fairy tales before that time.

All fairy tales are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's). Moreover, they can be everyday, magical, heroic and fairy tales about animals.

Conclusion.

During the research itself, I found answers to many questions. I read a lot of folk and original fairy tales. I learned that there are not only Russian folk tales, but also those of other peoples of the world, not only folk and also literary (author's) ones. I really enjoyed analyzing fairy tales. I learned to draw conclusions: who the main character of the fairy tale is, what he looks like, I learned about the essence of the fairy tale itself.

I realized that the fairy tale originated in ancient times, but remained beloved and understandable to us. I would like to involve my classmates in reading and analyzing fairy tales, so that they fall in love with fairy tales and can not only read them, but also tell them. My research work will be useful to me in class. literary reading, because throughout our studies we will become familiar with various fairy tales. Fairy tales teach us to help others, to look at ourselves from the outside and correct our shortcomings. They teach kindness, love, etc.

View presentation content
“What kind of fairy tales are there?”

Research on the topic “What kinds of fairy tales are there?”

Completed by: Veronika Klimenkova

Head: primary school teacher Olga Nikolaevna Klimenkova

Great is the Earth-planet,

And there are countless miracles on it.

They say that even somewhere

There is one magical forest.

In this fairy forest

Miracle horses drink dew

The miracle birds are singing,

The miracle lake sparkles...

V. Suslov

Hypothesis

Fairy tales are different and arose a long time ago

Target : Find out what kind of fairy tales there are and when they originated.

To achieve my goal, I had to decide the following tasks :

1. Find in additional literature and study the definition of a fairy tale;

3. Identify the classification of fairy tales;

4. Conduct a survey on the topic of work among primary school students of our school;

5. Draw a conclusion.

Object of study : original and folk tales. Research methods : thinking, reading books, questioning, analyzing results.

Questionnaire

1. Do you love fairy tales and why?

2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?

3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?

4. What does the fairy tale teach?

Survey results

• Do you love fairy tales and why?

100% - yes, because it’s interesting

2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?

80% - appeared a long time ago, 15% - appeared not so long ago, 5% - I don’t know

3. Are all fairy tales the same?

100% - all fairy tales are different

4. What does the fairy tale teach?

63% - kindness, 20% - mutual assistance, 11% - justice, 6% - love for people.

Fairy tales– these are entertaining stories about unusual, fictional events and adventures.

All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other. Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad and what is good in life.

Fairy tales read

Russian folk: “Porridge from an axe”, “Thrush and the Fox”, “The Frog Princess”, “At the command of the pike”, “The Fox and the Crane”.

G.H. Anderson "Thumbelina".

C. Perrault “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”.

Brothers Grimm "Rapunzel".

Dutch fairy tale “Snow White”...

Classification of fairy tales

Folk

Types of fairy tales

Magical

Bogatyrskie

Animal Tales

The structure of a fairy tale.

1. Proverb: “Soon the tale is told, but not soon the deed is done”

2. Beginning: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state”; "Lived once…"

3. Ending: “They live well and make good things”; “And I was there, drinking mead beer. It flowed down my mustache but didn’t get into my mouth.”

Conclusion

Fairy tales have been around for a long time.

They are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's).

Moreover, they can be everyday, magical, heroic

and tales about animals.

Bibliography:

1. V.I. Dahl Dictionary Russian language - Moscow, 2007;

2. Collection The best fairy tales world - RIPOL Classic, 2008;

3. Collection of Russian folk tales - Moscow “Swallowtail”, 2004;

4. Internet tools.