Culture and life in the second half of the 18th century in Russia. What was life like for townspeople at the end of the 18th century in Russia?

The 18th century is a period of real contrasts. Everyday life, as well as the way of life of the Russian people, completely depended on what niche a person occupied in society.

In post-Petrine Russia, luxurious social receptions and the arrogant luxury of the life of the nobility stood next to the hungry and difficult existence of the serfs. Unfortunately, this did not cause any discomfort on the part of the former. And the profound differences between the lives of the upper and lower classes were taken for granted.

Life of nobles in the 18th century

Prestige and a high position in society, often supported by material well-being, allowed the Russian aristocracy to lead an idle lifestyle. Public idleness - this is how one can characterize the main occupation of the noble nobility.

The life of the pedigree families seemed to be tied only to secular receptions. The houses in which the aristocracy lived were spacious and richly decorated. Their design is already beginning to be influenced by the Western trend of educational absolutism.

Every home had libraries filled with books by Western authors. The living room was a wide hall, often with a fireplace. But all the efforts of the nobility to arrange a beautiful home for themselves consisted not in the desire to achieve comfort, but, first of all, not to fall face down in front of the high society, since social receptions and balls were very often held in the houses.

However, the idleness of high society also brought its positive results - the concepts of honor, morals and education, which were the cult of the nobility, were able to significantly raise the culture of Russia. Primary education for young children was provided by specially hired foreign teachers.

Later, upon reaching the age of 15-17, they were sent to educational institutions closed type, where boys were taught military strategy, and girls were taught mainly the rules of good manners and the basics of family life.

The distribution of family responsibilities was rather blurred. Men had no need to earn money, since they often had enough for an idle life. stable income from property, the main function of a woman was rather not raising children, but searching for a profitable match for them, which actually began from the infancy of the child.

Provincial nobility

Representatives provincial nobility They felt that they were lagging behind their metropolitan relatives, so they built their life in such a way as to correspond to them in everything. Often this represented a kind of caricature of the aristocracy.

The noble estate was often a copy of the houses of the St. Petersburg nobility. However, here, next to the beautiful and luxurious houses, there were many outbuildings where living creatures lived. The families of provincial nobles received their main income from the taxation of serfs.

Their life was hopeless and devoid of any cultural development. He did not even attach much importance to the education of his children. Very often, the children of nobles completed their educational process at the stage of learning the basics of arithmetic and grammar.

Lack of education gave rise to complete ignorance, and as a result - neglect of their metropolitan aristocracy. The main leisure activity of men was hunting, women got together and talked about fashion and the imperial court, without having a reliable idea of ​​either one or the other.

Life of peasants in the 18th century

Six days a week, serfs were forced to work for the landowner. The lack of time and money determined their simple life. On Sundays and holidays they were forced to work on their own plots of land in order to somehow provide food for their family, which often included up to 10 children.

The estates of Russian nobles in the 18th century were a manorial estate with villages, forests, meadows, arable land, and a river.

The estate of a wealthy landowner, a noble nobleman

In the center of the estate there is a two-story manor house. It is built of stone in a fashionable classicism style. Main facade The building is decorated with a portico with columns. The owner's coat of arms and his monogram are placed on the pediment. The entrance of the manor house faces the park, which is the pride of the owner. Linden, maple, oak, and spruce trees are planted in small groves. Trees planted along the paths form alleys. Exquisite bridges span the small river. And here is the greenhouse, in which exotic southern plants grow - oranges, bananas, pomegranates, laurel... Among the greenery of the park, the contours of fashionable buildings appear: on a hillock there is a stone round gazebo, on the river bank - a mill, and in a small ravine - the tower, or rather its artificial ruins. It was precisely these romantic park structures that architects built at the end of the 18th century. Next to the manor's dwelling there is a house (outbuilding) for servants. At some distance there are a church and outbuildings - a cookhouse, barns, glaciers and cellars, stables, a kennel, a barnyard, a bathhouse.

Lord's house

Climbing up the porch and passing through the oak doors of the manor house, we find ourselves in a spacious lobby. A suite of rooms radiates from it in both directions: a state hall, a living room, an office, a library, a dining room. The pantry stores tablecloths, napkins and dishes. We go up a wide staircase to the second floor: here are the bedrooms, a children's room, a boudoir - a ladies' room... The ceilings of the rooms are high, decorated with stucco and paintings. The floors are made of expensive parquet. The walls of many rooms are covered with damask (silk), and in the library and office they are trimmed with wood. Instead of stoves, the house has fashionable fireplaces. The furniture is made from valuable wood. The house is decorated with floor and Wall Clock, many paintings and mirrors, various lighting fixtures - chandeliers, wall sconces, candlesticks on tables and fireplaces.

Celebration in the Tauride Palace in 1791

This is exactly what Prince Potemkin did when in April 1791 he organized a gala reception at the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg. Three thousand people, led by the empress, were invited to the holiday. Near the palace, tables were set where people from the people could eat. The halls of the palace were illuminated by 140 thousand lamps and 20 thousand candles. IN winter garden, among the orange trees, rose bushes and jasmine, there was a fountain that flowed with lavender water. The nightingales began to sing. In the center of the garden there was a marble gazebo with a statue of Catherine II in the form of a legislator. As soon as the guests filled the hall, the music started playing. 300 musicians and singers were invited. At the first sounds of music, 24 dancing couples appeared in the hall, led by the Grand Dukes Alexander and Konstantin, Catherine’s grandchildren. This was followed by a theatrical performance. A ball follows. And at the end - dinner. 50 tables were set in different parts of the palace. The empress's table was set with gold dishes. Potemkin personally served the guest. The holiday cost the owner 200 thousand rubles.

The 18th century can be called a period of real contrasts. This also applies everyday life nobles, who in the 18th century was distinguished by a special wave of feelings. Moreover, the richer a person was, the more varied his life was. The same cannot be said about the poor population.

For example, it can be emphasized that in Russia after Peter the Great the nobles felt very good. The same cannot be said about the peasants, since it was especially bad for them. It is interesting that compared to the rich, the poor looked especially like beggars. But the nobles did not pay attention to this. Their life, full of fun and joy, was in no way uncomfortable.

The life of the nobles of the 18th century was distinguished by the fact that they had prestige. Having the high position they held in society, as well as reinforcements material benefits, the nobles could lead an idle life. They have been idle throughout their lives. This was their main occupation.

The aristocracy's entire life and way of life were connected only with secular receptions. Therefore, in all the houses of the boyars there was a lot of wealth, which beautifully decorated them. The beauty of houses is also influenced by the West. Now educational absolutism is entering the houses of the boyars.

In all the houses of aristocrats one could find a library, in which there were many books, the authors of which were Western writers. The living room looked like a luxurious room, which always had a fireplace. Such winter residences greatly delighted their owners, especially in winter. At the same time, the nobility tried to arrange a home for themselves not so much for living, but in order not to lose face. After all, they often invited each other to visit, organizing balls and rich receptions.

But there were also positive aspects to the idleness of the nobility. For example, they had time for education. Their honor and morals also meant a lot to each individual. Thanks to all this, the culture of Russia rose. In addition, the children of the boyars received a good education, which was given to them by foreign teachers, because at that time there was tension in Rus' with educated people.

When a child turned 15-17 years old, after receiving primary education he was sent to closed schools. The boys there learned how to conduct war, studied the strategic influence on victory, and the girls learned the rules of good manners. They learned more about the basics of family life.

At the same time, husband and wife conducted their family responsibilities in a blurred manner. For example, in modern world men are breadwinners; as for the nobles, they did not need to work. Since men, like women, led an idle life. After all, they receive their income from the profits of the estate. Stable supply material resources, the inheritance was a good help for the comfortable existence of the nobleman. There were even means to support his wife and several children.

As for women's responsibilities in the family, they also did not have to clean or cook. All that was required of them was to take care of the children. At the same time, not so much by education, but by searching for profitable parties. Moreover, such a search began right from infancy. However, having a daughter was usually not as pleasant as having a boy. After all, it was necessary to prepare a dowry for the daughter, and it was precisely she who needed a good rich husband.

In addition to the urban nobility, there were also provincials in Russia. They were less educated, but just as rich and lazy. But at the same time, the provincial nobles did not want to retreat from their metropolitan relatives. Therefore, they also spent a lot of money on education and on improving their homes. They held rich receptions so as not to differ in any way from their relatives.

Therefore, noble estates are often a complete copy of the houses that existed in St. Petersburg. True, in addition to a beautiful and luxurious house, the provincials had many outbuildings on the site. It's a village after all. These buildings naturally housed living creatures. The income of the provincial nobles depended on the serfs, or rather on the taxes they paid. It turns out that the well-being of the nobles directly depended on the well-being of the peasants. For example, you can remember “Dead Souls”.

This story clearly shows that the greater the number of peasants or souls on the estate, the more expensive it is. And selling an estate at a profit is a great success. This was also the case among the provincial nobles. They were actually poorer than the capital's nobles, but they spent just as much, if not more.

Also, the provincials did nothing else besides pleasure. In their houses, even if there was a library, no one read books. Most people were simply lazy. This also applied to children. They didn't learn anything either. The only thing the provincials knew how to do was read and write their first and last names, and also count how much income they had.

Such lack of education led to the fact that the nobles living in the villages became more and more different from the urban nobles. Idleness led to more and more ignorance. Men loved hunting, and women loved gossip. At the same time, the subject of their conversation can be called fashion and the imperial court, which none of them knew anything about for certain.

Target:

1. Show students the features of life of the main classes of Russia in the 18th century against the background of a transition period in the development of the country - the decomposition of feudal orders and the emergence of capitalist ones.
2. Based on the technology of cooperation, develop skills in working with primary sources, compare material and draw conclusions, draw up reference summary, work with concepts.
3. To educate on the cultural traditions of Russia, to cultivate a love for the beautiful in life, respect for the working people.

Lesson type: combined, immersion in the subject.

Basic concepts:“enlightened absolutism”, culture, class, nobles, rent,
corvée, enslavement, patrimony, guild, estate, enslavement, manufacture.

Equipment:

1. Reader on the history of Russia from ancient times to the 18th century.
2. A. Radishchev “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
3. D. Fonvizin “Brigadier”
4. V.S. Polikarpov. History of Russian morals. East or West.
5. A. Tereshchenko. Life of the Russian people.
6. B. Krasnobaev. Essays on the history of Russian culture of the 18th century.
7. I'm exploring the world. Fashion history.
8. M. Semenova. We are Slavs.
9. Reproductions by artists of the 18th century.
10. Musical works XVIII century

Plan.

1. Teacher's introduction.
2. The position of the nobles in Russia in the 18th century.
a) high society
b) provincial nobility
3. Life and life of the clergy.
4. Peculiarities of life of a merchant.
5. Russian Cossacks of the 18th century.
6. The main tax-paying class of Russia.

Exercise. Prove that the position of the classes of Russia in the 18th century has changed compared to the 17th century. and how this was expressed.
To answer the question, each student receives a questionnaire, which they must fill out by the end of the lesson, and at home make a supporting note - a project and defend it.

A person changes, and in order to understand the logic of the actions of people of the past, you need to imagine how they lived, what kind of world surrounded them, what their ideas about life were, job responsibilities; customs, clothing; why did they act this way and not otherwise.
Consequently, historical knowledge presupposes the study of life and customs. At the same time, everyday life is understood as the usual course of life in its real-practical forms, and morals are understood as a custom, a way of social life. L.N. Tolstoy believed that without knowledge of simple life, without comprehending its small details, there is no understanding of history.

Very often behind events
And behind the bustle of days
We don’t remember our antiquity,
We forget about her.
And at least more familiar
We're flying to the moon,
Let's remember Russian customs
Let's remember our old days.

Today we will go to the museum of life and customs of the population of Russia in the 18th century.
The museum exhibits will help us tell about this: documents from the 18th century, paintings, household items, architecture.
The life and morals of the population were different. What determined this?
By the 18th century, estates had formed. What is an estate? What classes were there in Russia during this period?

Exercise. Prove that the life of the classes has changed compared to the 17th century.
More personalized survey sheets will help with this. You will use the material for the project for the next lesson.
The museum displays the document “Certificate of Nobility.”
Remember who ruled in Russia at this time?
What do historians call domestic policy Catherine II?
Why were the nobles the backbone of the autocracy? What was life like for the nobles?
1)Tale about high society and provincial nobility.
Music is playing. Boccherini "Minuet".

Students talk about high society, education at the Smolny Institute, leisure, nutrition, and provincial nobility.

Elite. Nobility.

Owning more property also means greater prestige, a higher position in the social hierarchy. Members of the owning class sought to demonstrate their wealth; an idle lifestyle and “demonstrative behavior” are the most important properties of the “leisure class.” The desire for idleness gives rise to both a code of decency and rules of behavior. The upper layer of the nobility, in which the remnants of the boyars drowned, is a fusion of representatives of the pedigree boyars (Golitsyns, Dolgorukies, Sheremetevs), provincial nobility (Ordin - Nashchekin), “poor nobility” and layers “below the nobility” (Naryshkins, Lopukhins), servility ( Kurbatov, Ershov)), foreigners (Shafirov, Yaguzhinsky, Minikh). The ethnic composition of the upper layer of the nobility was very diverse - it included service people from the Moscow state, from the Tatar hordes, their Caucasian peoples, from Poles, Germans, Lithuanians, etc. To the evolution of the morals of high society, one can apply the characteristic of V. Klyuchevsky: “... Peter's artilleryman and navigator after a while turned into an Elizabethan petimer (high-society gentleman), and the petimer under Catherine II turned in turn into a home de letters (writer), who by the end of the century became a freethinker...; passed the indicated moments of development during the 18th century. The position of this class in society rested on political injustice and was crowned by social idleness; From the hands of a sexton - a teacher, a person of this class passed into the hands of a French - tutor, completed his education in an Italian theater or a French restaurant, applied the acquired concepts in the capital's living rooms and ended his days in a Moscow or village office with Voltaire in his hands... In the West, beyond border, they saw him as a Tatar in disguise, and in Russia they looked at him as if he were a Frenchman accidentally born in Russia.” However, “idleness” in the history of Russian morals was not fruitless - as a result, good manners are developed and the level of culture increases. In high society, it is required that a noble person be able to understand the subtleties of the quality of food, drink, costume ... "this has an impact on the way of life and upbringing. For such aesthetic development abilities require time, effort and demands placed on the noble gentleman. All taken together leads to the transformation of his idle life into the diligent pursuit of mastering the secrets of a decent lifestyle. Hence the arrangement of expensive entertainments, feasts and balls, and the distribution of gifts. As an example, we can cite fragments from the life of Catherine II’s favorite, Prince G. Potemkin. In honor of the queen, he organized a holiday at the Tauride Palace. An orchestra of 300 musicians performed music, the palace was illuminated by 140 thousand lamps and 20 thousand wax candles. After watching two French comedies and two ballets, the ball began. Then dinner was served on 42 tables, laden with silver and porcelain dishes with excellent dishes. The ball lasted until the morning. The whole holiday cost, according to conservative estimates, 200,000 rubles. During the reign of Catherine II, exorbitant luxury was so strong that the Empress issued a decree on how and to whom to travel. The two first classes (according to the table of ranks) ride in a train with two tops; grades 3,4,5 - only in a train; 6-8 grades – quadruplet; chief officers - in pairs; those without officer ranks - on horseback. The liveries of footmen also varied depending on the rank of their masters. And the morals in high society were such that if someone came to visit a nobleman in a carriage and clothing inappropriate for his position, he was simply not received, and then they expressed censure and indignation. In 1763 On the initiative of Catherine II, a public education commission was created, headed by I. Betskoy. Discussing the project, they talked about educating a “new breed” of people, the name meaning the education of girls in the spirit of “well-being”, secular manners and courtesy, the development of their intellect, the formation of character. In 1764 The Educational Society of Noble Maidens was created in St. Petersburg. The educational institution is located on the territory of the Resurrection Monastery, where the Resin Yard was previously located. Therefore, the new institution began to be called the Smolny Institute. It was closed educational institution for girls from privileged families of the noble nobility. The institute assigned 200 pupils aged from 6 to 18 years. In 1765 under him, a department for bourgeois girls was opened. The girls were prepared for social life, the habit of luxury was maintained: for example, the tablecloths on the tables were changed for each meal, silverware was served. The institute was closed; for the entire period of study, families handed over their daughters to the educational council, which managed the affairs of Smolny.
The memories of Smolyanka women have been preserved (dramatization technique).

“The routine was strict. At seven o'clock in the morning the wake-up call rang in the dormitories. The pupils washed and dressed in a suit for gymnastic exercises. Then prayer was performed separately in each class. After that, everyone went to gymnastics. At about 8 o'clock in the morning the Smolyankas were collected on big prayer, which was carried out in the presence of the head of the establishment and the inspector on duty. After prayer, everyone went to the dining room, where they served hot tea, milk, White bread with butter, ham, meat.
Lessons began at 9 a.m. and lasted three hours with 10-minute breaks. At 12 o'clock there was breakfast and prayer. After which the Smolensk women went for a walk. From two to five o'clock in the afternoon there are classes in classes again. This was followed by lunch and a half-hour rest. From six to eight in the evening, homework was prepared, evening tea was served at eight, and for an hour the pupils went about their business. We went to bed at 21:00.”
From 6 to 9 years old they taught Russian, French, arithmetic, drawing, handicrafts, dancing, and music. From 9 to 11 years old, girls read moralizing and historical books, they were taught to sew dresses for themselves and knit stockings. The institute taught poetry, singing, playing musical instruments, and introduced heraldry and architecture. In high school, classes have been introduced to introduce home accounting: recording expenses, business calculations. In two last grades girls received social skills. By Sundays balls were held where parents, relatives, and gentlemen were invited. In Smolny they watched literary life societies, read magazines, had their own theater.

Provincial nobility.

When telling a story about the provincial nobility, the technique of dramatization based on the play “Brigadier” by D. Fonvizin is used.

D. Fonvizin “Brigadier”.

The comedy was written in 1769. Brigadier is a military rank higher than colonel and lower than general, which existed in the Russian army of the 18th century. Advisor is the title of an official.
"Son. Mon pere! Don't get excited!
Brigadier. Yes, the first word, God knows, I don’t understand.
Son. Ha, ha, ha, now it’s my fault that you don’t speak French.
Advisor. That's enough, sir. Should your son only speak the language you know?
Brigadier. ...let Ivanushka speak as he wants. What can I say? Learning is light, ignorance is darkness.

Advisor. Of course, mother! To whom God has revealed the letter, His grace shines upon him. Now, thank God, these are not the old days. How many literate people have we got? It used to be that those who wrote well in Russian knew grammar, but now no one
doesn’t know her, but everyone writes.
Brigadier. Why, matchmaker, grammar? I lived without her until I was 60, and I also had children. Now Ivanushka is over 20, and he is in good hour to speak, to remain silent at worst - and have never heard of grammar. Brigadier. Of course, grammar is not needed. Before you start teaching it, you still need to buy it. You’ll pay eight hryvnia for it, but whether you learn it or not, God knows.
Advisor. Damn me if grammar is needed for anything, especially in the village. In the city, at least, I tore one into papillotes (papers for curling hair).

Son. I agree with this, what about grammar! I myself have written thousands of billedou (love notes), and it seems to me that my light, my soul adieu, ma reine (Farewell, my queen) can be said without looking at the grammar.
Advisor. My husband is an order line. I have been living with him in the village for several years. All our neighbors are such ignoramuses, such brutes who sit in their homes, hugging their wives. And their wives - ha, ha, ha - their wives still don’t know that this is a desabille (a fashionable morning dress) and they think that it is possible to live in this world in half a dressing gown (an ordinary dressing gown). They, my soul, think of nothing more than table supplies, straight pigs...
Son. Madame! Tell me, how do you spend your time?
Advisor. My soul, I'm dying of boredom. And if I hadn’t sat at the toilet for three hours in the morning, I can say that I would have died anyway; The only thing I can breathe is that they often send me hats from Moscow, which I put on my head every now and then.

Son. In my opinion, lace and blondes make the best decoration for the head. Pedants think that this is nonsense and that one should decorate the inside of the head, not the outside. What emptiness! Does the devil see what is hidden? But everyone sees the outside.”
The life and everyday life of the provincial nobility were greatly distorted and took on ugly forms under the influence of serfdom. V. Klyuchevsky wrote about this: “The most caustic element of class mutual alienation was serfdom, made up of slaves and peasant slaves... All classes of society in the greater or to a lesser extent, directly or indirectly participated in the sin of serfdom in one or another fortress... But this right had a particularly harmful effect on the social position and political education of the landowning classes.”

Serfdom had a strong influence on the provincial nobles, who on their estates acted as serf owners, hence their especially wild morals. The transformations of Peter I penetrated like rays into the provinces. The provincial nobility is little familiar with the sense of personal honor. At the top of the nobility there was a highly developed sense of family honor. Catherine II explained that nobility is not a duty, but an honorary title, recognition of services to the state, however, some landowners signed their documents with the rank of court “lackey.”
This disfigured the morals of the nobles and humiliated them as individuals. The noble estate was a relatively closed, integral little world, subject to the will of the landowner. IN noble estate the main contradiction is revealed culturally - historical process the era of the decomposition of serfdom and the emergence of bourgeois relations. However educated people There were few among the provincial nobility; the majority had semi-savage morals. In his “Notes,” Prince P. Dolgoruky wrote: “The life of the landowners in the villages was, with very few exceptions, a vegetative, dull, hopeless life. In autumn and winter there is hunting. All year round - vodka; no books, no newspapers. The ignorance was unimaginable"

2) The church was a major land owner. For example, the Alexander Nevsky Lavra had 25,000 male souls, the Belozersky Monastery – 22,000 souls.
Hallelujah music sounds. The paintings “Monastery Meal” and others appear. Students talk about the life of the clergy.

Clergy.

From the very beginning human society the need for faith took on a religious character and to satisfy it arose social institution clergy with its sacred texts, rites and ceremonies. The contradictions of Russian life have left their mark on the morals of the Orthodox clergy - among them the “white” clergy (patriarch, metropolitan, archbishop) and the “black” (monks) stand out.
By the beginning of the 17th century. Russian clergy imbued with religious self-confidence, considering itself the sole owner and custodian of Christian truth, pure Orthodoxy. The dominant mood has become that Orthodox Rus' has everything a believer needs, that there is nothing left for her to learn. The position of the clergy during the 18th century. It improved because the volume of class rights and privileges increased. Elizabeth abolished the last natural duties that fell on the clergy; Catherine II in 1764 freed him from extortions in favor of the diocesan authorities in 1767. banned corporal punishment of priests in 1771 - deacons according to the verdicts of spiritual courts, and in 1801. according to the verdicts of secular courts. The financial situation of the clergy improved, and their cultural and educational level increased. This increased the importance of clergy in the eyes of the population. The aesthetic impact came from the beauty of the temples. The word and preaching played a big role in raising morals. Metropolitan Platon - hierarch of the 18th century. He was distinguished by excellent eloquence. However, in the 18th century. Morals such as drunkenness, debauchery, and dishonesty also persist.

3) Work with the document “Certificate of Letters to Cities.”
The music “Peddlers” and a story about the life of the merchants sound.

Students fill out the table.

Merchants.

The morals of the merchant class are described in the notes of foreigners. Regulations of the Chief Magistrate of 1721 The city population was divided into two guilds. The first includes “bankers, noble merchants... The second guild includes all those selling small goods and grub supplies... The third category, which is not called a guild, includes laborers and hired workers. The final formation of the merchant class was completed with the publication in 1785. “Certificates of rights and benefits to cities of the Russian Empire.” Religiosity and the desire to find grace in eternal life through observance of the Gospel commandments in earthly life also played a role in the improvement of merchant morals, as was said by the prominent Moscow merchant N.P. Vishnyakov. March 17, 1775 Manifesto of Catherine II on the establishment of merchant guilds, membership in which depended on the capital declared by each merchant - “according to conscience.” City regulations 1785 included merchants with capital over 10 thousand. rubles to the first guild; with capital 5 - 10 thousand. to the second guild; with a capital of 1 - 5 thousand - to the third (in 1861 the third guild was officially abolished). Merchants of all three guilds were exempt from natural conscription, and the 1st and 2nd guilds were exempt from corporal punishment. As a result, a social pyramid of the merchant class emerged with a very thin top in the form of a small layer of the first guild merchants with their bizarre customs. The merchants were under the pressure of the arbitrariness of a capricious government; they had to pay off bribes from greedy clerks. The rich merchants were in a hurry to enroll their sons in the service so that they could achieve the title of nobleman that had now become available. Lifestyle of a merchant of the 18th century. Can be described as follows. The height of his dreams was “to have a fat horse, a fat wife, strong beer, and in his own house his own light, a bathhouse and a garden. Therefore, he sought to get as much profit as possible, otherwise the dream would not come true. The merchant got up early and came to the shop in winter with the first ray of sun, and in summer at six o’clock in the morning. He opened it, sat down at the table and drank sbiten or tea with his friends and customers, and then got down to business. Then success in trade depended on the ability to attract a buyer to oneself, winning him away from a neighbor. When a buyer entered the shop, the merchant pleased him in various ways, trying to sell the goods at exorbitant prices. The treatment of the buyer depended on his class affiliation - they did not stand on ceremony with the peasant, they treated him familiarly, they bowed to the important person and pleased him in every possible way, they demonstrated to the clergyman their knowledge of the “Holy Scripture” and holiness. On the day of his and his wife's name day, if they have good relations(and it also happened that a drunken and brutal merchant kicked his pregnant wife in the stomach), he organized dinner parties, and sometimes luxurious balls. At balls, the young dance, the elderly play fly, piquet and boston, aged merchants devour food and, during short conversations, nod their heads decorated with pearls and diamonds. At dinner, guests drink a lot to the health of the host; guests often break dishes, thereby testifying friendly attitude to the owner. Many merchants indulged in drunkenness. A week was allotted for a “small binge”, and up to a month for a “big” binge. One should not think that all merchants weighed, shortchanged and robbed the buyer; there were also decent ones who valued their honor.
4) The music “At Petrushka’s” and a story about the life of the Cossacks sound.
The teacher uses pictures dedicated to the life of the Cossacks.

History of the Cossacks.

The beginning of the formation of Cossack communities was usually attributed to the end of the 15th century. The Troubles played a big role in the formation of the Cossacks. One of the main reasons for its occurrence is the flight of peasants, serfs, and townspeople from the center of Russia due to the strengthening of feudal oppression. The basis of the Cossack economy was fishing and cattle breeding; income was received from campaigns to the shores of the Black and Azov seas, to the Volga and Caspian Sea. From the end of the 17th century. The land on the Don begins to acquire significance as the main condition for economic life. By a number of grants, especially the charter of 1793, the state transferred lands to Cossack societies for eternal use, and the army societies transferred them to the same use Cossack villages, from which the Cossacks received it in shares. The areas of Cossack settlement were part of the Russian state, but were in a special position, playing the role of a kind of buffer zone between state estates and neighboring possessions of vassal dependents. Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde and Kalmyk taishas (princelings). The tsarist government was unable to constantly maintain an army in the South. The solution was to attract public service Cossacks. At first, the service was not systematic, but during the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the Cossack villages were united and formed into a single military organization- the Don Army, whose members began to receive annual salaries in money, bread, wine, cloth, gunpowder, lead, weapons, etc. Atamans periodically received expensive gifts on behalf of the king and sums of money over and above salary. The government provided a number of benefits. So in 1615 “For service, traveling along the roads, taking care of transportation,” the Don Cossacks were granted freedom of trade. For social organization characterized by: personal freedom, social equality, democracy in decision-making combined with strict discipline and unity of command in their implementation. The military, political and social form of organization was the army. The highest legislative power was exercised by the circle - a meeting of full-fledged Cossacks from the entire river. Executive branch belonged to the military chieftain, elected by the circle. The rules of the circle are binding on everyone. the main role in decision-making belonged to the old Cossacks.
As the class organization of the Cossacks developed, its interests diverged from the interests of other classes - not only the nobility, but also the bulk of the peasantry. Until the middle of the 17th century. Relations between the Cossacks and Russia were similar to relations between independent states. In matters of foreign relations, the Cossacks were guided by their own interests, which did not always coincide with the plans of Moscow. Relations with the indigenous population varied depending on the circumstances. The Cossacks valued their freedom and independence. However, the Don and other regions of Cossack settlement were not a paradise for the fugitives, since the Cossacks did not represent a homogeneous mass. Wealthy Cossacks grouped around the military ataman and the foreman, in their hands was most of livestock, fisheries, plows, they received most of the military spoils. Sharply different from them were the golutvenny Cossacks, newcomers who often worked for good village workers for hire. Ordinary everyday life Zaporizhian Cossacks was as follows:
“The Cossacks rose to their feet at sunrise, washed themselves cold water, prayed to God and after prayer, after some time, sat down at the table for a hot breakfast. The Cossacks spent the time from breakfast to lunch differently: some rode their horses, some inspected their weapons, some practiced shooting, some mended their dresses, and some simply lay on their sides, puffing from a cradle - a nose warmer, talking about their own exploits in the war, listening to the stories of others and laid out plans for new campaigns. Exactly at 12 o'clock the cook hit the cauldron and the Cossack hurried to his kuren for dinner. Entering the kuren, the Cossacks found food: wheat porridge mixed with sour rye dough, pork,
hominy, cheese, fish, etc.; drinks: vodka, honey, beer, mash, liqueur. The time from lunch to dinner was spent in the same activities. In the evening we ate a hot dinner, prayed and went to bed. Others gathered in small groups and had fun: they played kobzas, cymbals, leathers, whistled on sopilkas and immediately danced. Still others simply sang without music or dancing; the fourth gathered in the corners of the kuren and played cards with lighted candles, the loser was dragged by the forelock; played dice...”
Major holidays were celebrated solemnly. Don Cossacks highly valued family life, married people were treated with respect. Morals are characterized by respect for elders, a cheerful disposition, a good mind, cunning, and merciless revenge on the enemy.
From the end of the 17th century. the government began to destroy some dangerous, in its opinion, Cossack liberties and privileges. It prohibited the admission of new members to the Cossack army, demanded the extradition of fugitives, and abolished the election of military commanders. The Cossacks gradually turned into a closed military class. It came under government control. In the 18th century the government increasingly attracted Cossacks to serve outside their areas of permanent residence; permanent military service was approved. In the Cossack regions, the class division was consolidated, and private land ownership at the top was legitimized in the form of private grants. Thus, throughout its existence, the Cossacks went from a free society to a closed military class. The Cossacks were an important element of all-Russian statehood, a conductor of Russian culture and language on the outskirts of Russia. Not only the principles of equality and brotherhood were at work in it, but there were sharp contradictions between its upper and lower layers with all the consequences

Cossacks.

The customs of the Cossacks, who made a significant contribution to the defense of our Fatherland from external enemies, are very peculiar. To understand the customs of the Cossacks, it is necessary to know their origin. Harsh and cruel living conditions also dictated certain morals.
The beginning of the formation of Cossack communities was usually attributed to the 15th century. Researchers give different answers to the question of what the Cossacks are - a class, a nationality, a people, an ethnic group, or one of the states of the Russian people. In a series of charters, especially the charter of 1739, the state transferred lands to Cossack societies for eternal use, and societies or troops transferred them to Cossack villages for such use. As the class organization of the Cossacks developed, its interests diverged from the interests of other classes - not only the nobility, but also the bulk of the peasantry. From the end of the 17th century. The government began to eliminate certain liberties: it prohibited the admission of new people, demanded the extradition of fugitives, and abolished the election of military commanders. In the 18th century The Cossacks turned into a closed military class. The Cossacks were not a homogeneous mass. Wealthy Cossacks grouped around the ataman; in their hands was most of the livestock, fisheries, and plows; they received most of the spoils of war. The Golutven Cossacks, newcomers, were sharply different from them. War for the Cossack was as necessary as wings for a bird, like water for a fish. He was not so much afraid of war, but loved it and cared about dying in battle like a true knight. Therefore, a Cossack is characterized by a mixture of virtues and vices. Compassion, generosity, selflessness, simplicity in everyday life, honesty. But on the other hand - boasting, frivolity, laziness and carelessness, drunkenness. The ordinary daily life of the Zaporozhye Cossacks developed as follows: “The Cossacks rose to their feet at sunrise, washed themselves with cold water, prayed to God and after prayer, after some time, sat down at the table for a hot breakfast. The Cossacks spent the time from breakfast to lunch differently: some rode their horses, some inspected their weapons, some practiced shooting, some mended their dresses, and some simply lay on their sides, puffing from a cradle - a nose warmer, talking about their own exploits in the war, listening to the stories of others and laid out plans for new campaigns. Exactly at 12 o'clock the cook hit the cauldron and the Cossack hurried to his kuren for dinner. Entering the kuren, the Cossacks found food: wheat porridge mixed with sour rye dough, pork, hominy, feta cheese, fish, etc.; drinks: vodka, honey, beer, mash, liqueur. The time from lunch to dinner was spent in the same activities. In the evening we ate a hot dinner, prayed and went to bed. Others gathered in small groups and had fun: they played kobzas, cymbals, leathers, whistled on sopilkas and immediately danced. Still others simply sang without music or dancing; the fourth gathered in the corners of the kuren and played cards with lighted candles, the loser was dragged by the forelock; played dice."
Major holidays were celebrated solemnly. The Don Cossacks highly valued family life and treated married people with respect. Morals are characterized by reverence for elders, cheerful disposition, good intelligence, cunning, merciless revenge on the enemy

5) Peasants were the main tax-paying class in Russia.
The music “Luchinushka” is playing.
Dramatization technique: A. Radishchev “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”

Life of peasants.

A.N. Radishchev “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” Lyubani.
“...A few steps from the road I saw a peasant plowing a field. It was a hot time. I looked at my watch. - First forty minutes. I left on Saturday. It is a holiday today. The peasant plows with great care. Niva, of course, is not the master’s.
Master. God help you. (I approached the peasant.) God help. Peasant. Thank you, master (he shook off the coulter and moved the plow to a new furrow).
Master. You are certainly a schismatic for plowing on Sundays. Peasant. No, master, I am baptized with a straight cross, And God is merciful and does not order me to die of hunger when I have strength and family.
Master. Don’t you have time to work all week, why don’t you stop working even on Sunday, and even in the heat of the day?
Peasant. There are six days in a week, master, and we go to corvée six times a week; Yes, in the evening we take the hay left in the forest to the master’s yard, if the weather is good; and women and girls go for walks on holidays to the forest to pick mushrooms and berries.
Master. Is your family big?
Peasant. Three sons and three daughters. The first one is ten years old.
Master. How do you manage to get bread if you only have a free holiday?
Peasant. Not only holidays, but the night is ours. If our brother is not lazy, he will not die of hunger. You see, one horse is resting, and when it gets tired, I’ll take on the other. Master. Is this how you work for your master? Peasant. No, sir, it would be a sin to work the same way. On his arable land he has a hundred hands for one mouth, and I have two, for seven mouths, you yourself know the brush. Yes, even if you stretch yourself out at a gentleman’s job, they won’t say thank you. The master will not pay the capitation; he will not give up a ram, a canvas, a chicken, or butter. Whether it’s for our brother to live, like where the master takes rent from the peasant. True, sometimes good gentlemen take more than 3 rubles per soul; but anything is better than corvée. Nowadays there is still a belief that villages are given away... for rent. And we call this giving with your head. A naked mercenary skins men; even best time does not leave us. In winter, he is not allowed to drive or work in the city; work for him, so that he pays our capitation for us. The most diabolical invention is to give your peasants to work for someone else.
Master...the laws prohibit torturing people. Peasant. Torture? Is it true; but I suppose, master, you won’t want to get into my skin.
The plowman harnessed his horse and started a new furrow.”
Teacher's conversation on this passage. Conversation on the document “From the Landowner’s Journal”
Paintings by Atkins, Shibanov, Ermenev. A story about the life of peasants.

The teacher checks the questionnaires, draws conclusions, and conducts reflection.
Our journey has come to an end. Sounds like Mazurka.
The teacher explains homework.

Dosu.

Nobles took part in balls, masquerades, and dinner parties. At the same time, they considered themselves very busy. It was customary to dance at balls. Going to the theater was fashionable.
One of the most popular activities in high society was collecting paintings, sculptures, snuff boxes, jewelry, canes, etc.
The townspeople took part in the festivities of the aristocrats. On coronation days, people were treated to beer, pies, mead, and fireworks were displayed. In 1756 A theater was created in St. Petersburg - “Russian Imperial Drama Theater”. The first actor, director and organizer Fyodor Volkov is considered the “father” of Russian theater. The theater has firmly entered into the life of Muscovites. Theater advertisements are published in each issue of Moskovskie Vedomosti. December 30, 1780 The Petrovsky Theater (named after the street) was opened. The theater was built by Maddox. In 1783 On Taganka he built a voxal (from the English Woux-Hall), a Summer Theater for small comic operas and comedies.
Folk festivities - New Year's, Maslenitsa; There was a circus, a carousel, and booths.
The peasants had no free time. In their free time from work, they most often did housework or went to church. On winter holidays we rode from the mountains; on Christmas Eve - from Christmas to Epiphany - they caroled and danced in circles.

Nutrition.

Nutrition of the main part of the population of Russia in the 18th century. remained traditional. The rich and middle urban population now have new innovations on their tables: sausages and sausages, zrazy, salads, sausages, cutlets. The main principle of the pre-Petrine “separate” food system was violated. If earlier the whole bird or pig carcass was roasted on a spit, now the meat was cut into pieces, for which stoves and frying pans were used for the first time. Western cooking was popular among aristocrats. The French chef Olivier invented the salad recipe. Following Western fashion in food led to the fact that the nobles consumed ordinary Russian dishes at home. Cabbage soup and stews disappeared from official receptions and dinners. Broths and soups were served instead. Russian pies have been replaced by puff pastries in the French style.

Architecture.

This period is transitional, which is why there is so much intertwined in life between old and new, so many unsettled tastes and aspirations. This is especially noticeable in the appearance of cities. In 1778 The English historian W. Cox visited Russia. He was struck by Moscow: “This is something so wrong, peculiar, unusual, everything here is so full of contrasts. The streets are for the most part unusually long and wide; some of them are paved with stone, others - especially in settlements - are paved with logs or boards like a wooden floor. Pitiful shacks cluster near palaces, one-story huts are built next to rich and stately houses... Some quarters of this huge city seem like complete wastelands; others are densely populated; some look like poor villages, others have the appearance of a rich capital.” Geographical Dictionary 1788 reported that 4,021 stone and 55 wooden shops appeared on Red Square on the eastern side (China - the city), and 270 shops were newly built. In China Town, stone houses predominated. There were 26 stone stone ones of the nobility, 75 stone ones of common people, including clergy, and 5 wooden ones; merchants - stone 46 and wooden 1; 27 stone taverns, 16 drinking houses, 2 wooden baths, 1 brewery, 6 forges in houses, 3 factories - wire, gold, silk.
Moscow in the last decades of the 18th century. called "Kazakovskaya". M.F. Kazakov not only built a lot in Moscow, he managed to embody the spiritual aspirations of his contemporaries. His creations unite common features: expediency, clarity of composition, noble simplicity, attention to the person. The architect sought to bring the interior spaces closer to the functions that this structure is intended to perform.

Moscow.

The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper paints a vivid picture of the everyday life of Moscow, the everyday needs, and tastes of its inhabitants. What didn’t Muscovites buy in last decades XVIII century Arkhangelsk merchant Pavel Palyanov offered smoked salmon, whole fish and half-fish, fresh cod; at the Sretensky market, in the stone shop of the butcher Ivan Krivosheya, fresh sturgeon and white fish were sold; Cows were brought from Kholmogory, and ridden riding horses were sold in Pashkov's house.
They sold: candied ginger, cherries and raspberries; Vologda saffron milk caps; French pears; Persian pomegranates and olives, almonds, lemons; olive oil; white and green Swiss cheese; pasta and vermicelli; Turkish halva and tobacco; Portuguese and French wine; black and green tea; coffee...And also gold and silver pocket watches, wall and table watches, “new invention alarm clocks,” pianos, violins, sheet music. It was possible to buy canaries, Bolognese dogs, and tame monkeys. Muscovites willingly bought hyacinths, daffodils, Dutch tulips, and roses. Fashionable shops were located on all the crowded streets of the city, especially on Kuznetsky Most.
Here you could buy straw hats, gold and silver jewelry, English ribbons, blush, lace, kid gloves, scarves, and artificial flowers for dresses and hats. Prince Shakhovsky made the following announcement in Moskovskie Vedomosti:
“...I propose to buy construction spruce timber, pine boards, as well as a gardener and a carriage maker.” In one of the newspaper issues from 1781. An announcement was made: “Mr. Mechanic Megelius will show various mechanical, mathematical, balancing and all sorts of funny things, as well as ballet and pantomimes, to the most respectable public for another two weeks. His theater is located at the Myasnitsky Gate.”