Characteristics of Eugene Onegin. As Pushkin shows the attitude of the high society to What advice do the representatives of the world give to Onegin
Lesson in grade 9 ... Analysis of chapter 6. Duel.
Goals:
1) continuation of work on the novel, analysis of chapter 6;
2) expanding the general cultural outlook, improving the skills of independent work with information, developing monologue speech; 3) fostering love for classical literature, interest in project activities, the formation of the moral foundations of the personality of a high school student.
Problematic question:"Is Onegin a cold-blooded killer of Lensky or a victim of circumstances?"
During the classes.
- Verification work (7 minutes)
- Conversation on Chapter 5.
What is the novel's calendar time? Look at the beginning of Chapter 5 for an indication of the exact dates. For what purpose does the author do this, what do you think?
What new sides of Tatyana's character are revealed to us in the fifth chapter? What makes her in common with the serfs? How does Pushkin substantiate the epithet "Russian in soul"?
Why, in your opinion, does Pushkin convey Tvtyana's dream in such detail?
How does Pushkin draw Tatiana's state at the holiday? What images, dream plots will come true on Tatyana's birthday?
How could Onegin feel, having got to this "huge feast"? What caused his irritation and discontent? To whom is his anger directed? What he did?
What did Lensky feel when he saw Onegin play with Olga? Why is Olga behaving this way? Whose experiences worries the author and why?
III. The word of the teacher.
The epigraph of the sixth chapter prepares the death of Lensky. Epigraph-epitaph, opening the sixth chapter of the novel - "Where the days are cloudy and short, a tribe will be born that does not hurt to die",
In Russian classical literature, a duel often becomes a means of characterizing a hero. Let us recall the stories "Shot" and "The Captain's Daughter". This is no coincidence. The duel was a very typical phenomenon in the life of the Russian nobility.
In 1837, a shot sounded on the Black River. A.S. Pushkin died in a duel from a bullet from Dantes. The poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Death of a poet". Denouncing the poet's murderers, Lermontov recalls the death of Pushkin's hero, Vladimir Lensky, who, like Pushkin, was slain by a "merciless hand":
And he is killed - and taken by the grave,
Like that singer, unknown but sweet,
The prey of deaf jealousy,
Sung by him with such wondrous power,
Struck down, like him, by a merciless hand.
We see that even Pushkin's contemporaries were not unanimous in their assessment of the novel's protagonist, Eugene Onegin.
Was the hero really the ruthless, selfish, cold-blooded killer of the "unknown but sweet singer"? We will answer this question today in the lesson, the topic of which is "Onegin - a cold-blooded killer of Lensky or a victim of circumstances?"
Duel - a duel, a pair fight that takes place according to certain rules. The purpose of the duel is to restore honor, to remove the shameful stain inflicted by the insult from the offended person. The word duel itself is translated from Latin as war.
The ideal of the Russian nobility 18 - early. 19th centuries there was a complete banishment of fear and the establishment of honor as the basis of the behavior of a nobleman. Of course, courage could be shown in the war, but the war was not every day, and in everyday life, courage was shown in a duel. The danger of being confronted face to face with death removed the insult from the offended.
The duel took place according to certain rules, tell us about them.
The rules were unwritten because dueling was prohibited by law. They were kept by living bearers of traditions, experts in dueling.
Duel Progress:
1. Collision.
2. Discussion of the upcoming duel with the second.
3. Challenge (cartel).
4. Negotiations of the seconds.
What was the role of the seconds?
The seconds had to make every effort to reconcile the opponents.
What did the offended person usually discuss with his second?
How significant the insult was. With a minor insult, it was necessary to demonstrate fearlessness, readiness for battle. A more serious insult must be washed off with blood, the duel ended after the first wound, which did not matter. Finally, the offended person could assess the offense as fatal, in which case the duel could end only with the death of one of its participants.
How was the degree of insult determined?
Everything was determined by unwritten laws and public opinion. A person who easily goes to reconciliation could be seen as a coward, too bloodthirsty - as a brute.
A duel is a duel, a way to protect personal honor is an armed struggle between two opponents to challenge one of them, in the presence of seconds.
Cartel - letter with a challenge to a duel.
The second is a mediator who accompanies each of the participants in the duel, a witness.
Barrier is the minimum distance between opponents to which they converge.
- What are the reasons for the duel between Lensky and Onegin? (Chapter 5)
On Tatyana Onegin's birthday, seeing her confusion, he only became embittered: after all, the tears of a girl in love could disturb his peace of mind! The hero is concerned only with his feelings. Before us is a cold, selfish person.
He is looking for the culprit:
He pouted and, indignant,
vowed Lensky to enrage
And take revenge in order.
After all, it was Lensky who invited him to the Larins. Enraging Lensky was not difficult. Olga is a coquette, a windy child, willingly accepts signs of attention.
Offended Lensky leaves the Larins' house, now only a duel:
Steam pistols
two bullets - nothing else -
suddenly decide his fate.
By the way, Pushkin's contemporaries believed that the reasons for calling
Lensky was not there.
In the morning, seeing Olga, Vladimir realized that he is still loved! "He's happy, he's almost healthy."
Olga did not feel the state of mind of her lover, did not see the melancholy and concern in his eyes. Now, if Tatyana knew about the upcoming duel ...
The young man realizes that he got excited, but there is no turning back. The romantic poet tries to convince himself that he must protect Olga from the insidious tempter - Onegin.
Expressive Reading XVII (ch. 6)
Noticing that Vladimir has disappeared, Yevgeny is quite pleased with his revenge and again misses. In the morning Zaretsky with a note from the poet. It was a challenge, cartel. Onegin's answer is laconic: "Always ready!"
But what happens in the soul of the hero! There is confusion in Onegin's soul. Maybe for the first time in his life he thinks about responsibility for his actions, about the feelings of others.
Expressive Reading X (chap. 6)
Could Onegin take a step towards reconciliation or refuse the duel?
No, it's too late now! Time has flown away. The use of perfective verbs emphasizes that the events have become fatal.The mechanism was launched. The duel, as we have already heard, represented an integral theatrical action and was played out according to a certain scenario. Like any harsh ritual, it deprived the participants of their individual will.
What is the role of Zaretsky in the novel?Expressive Reading XI (ch. 6)
Not the least role in the duel was played by Zaretsky, "a classic and a pedant in duels." He handled the case with great omissions.
Did NOT attempt to reconcile the transfer of the cartel.
Did NOT meet with the second second on the eve of the fight.
He did NOT announce Onegin not showing up, although he was 2 hours late.
Didn't react to the fact that the second second was Onegin's servant.
Did NOT attempt to reconcile opponents before the start of the duel.
Thus, we see that Zaretsky is interested in the most scandalous outcome of the duel.
No, for Zaretsky, a duel is an opportunity to dispel boredom, to be in the center of gossip and gossip.
So, Zaretsky measured 32 steps with excellent accuracy. We see that the opponents are outwardly cold-blooded (this was required by the ritual). Everyone takes four and then five steps. Thus, the distance between them is approximatelyfourteen steps.Onegin on the move, not reaching the barrier, raises the gun. Lensky does the same. It was at this moment that Onegin fired. Moreover, Pushkin does not use the word "aim".
IV. Version one: Onegin is a cold-blooded killer, an egoist, eager for Lensky's death.
Yesterday's buddies avoid looking each other in the eye. The eyes would betray their own feelings. Indeed, quite recently, "everything between them gave rise to disputes and led to reflections."
Expressive Reading XXVIII (Ch. 6)
Version two: Lensky's death is a tragic accident.The first argument is being late. Onegin "left the bed when the sun was rolling high," and arrived at the place of the duel two hours late. What is it? Dandy's negligence? No, rather, he did not attach serious importance to the duel and was completely devoid of bloodthirsty intentions.
Evgeny in vain expected conciliatory steps from Zaretsky.It is significant that with the words: "What should I start?" he addresses, contrary to all the rules, directly to Lensky, defiantly ignoring the experienced duelist. The author shows how Onegin, without respecting Zaretsky, in contradiction with himself, acts according to the scenario imposed on him by Zaretsky.
Onegin's behavior was determined by fluctuations between natural human feelings for Lensky and the fear of appearing ridiculous or cowardly, violating the norms of behavior at the barrier.
Expressive reading XXX, XXXI (chap. 6)
And I think that Onegin could have fired out of excitement and accidentally pulled the trigger. There were also such cases. Indeed, at the point of the enemy's pistol, in the face of death, a person's behavior becomes unpredictable.
- By what means of artistic expression and with what feelings does Pushkin write about Lensky's death?
Pushkin writes with undisguised regret about the death of Lensky. For a poet - a humanist, there is nothing more terrible - a man has died.
Expressive Reading XXXIII (Ch. 6)
Onegin's reaction to Lensky's death is also very revealing. Seeing a defeated friend, the hero does not control himself. His equanimity and composure turn into a deadly cold of horror before what happened, before him.
V. Which of the two versions seems most likely to you?
Vi. D \ Z: 7 chapter.
Tatiana at Onegin's house. What does this episode (XY-XXY) give for the disclosure of the images of Onegin and Tatiana?
Chapter # 7.
- How does Pushkin convey the sad and pensive mood in stanzas I-XIII of the 7th chapter, what caused it?
- Re-read stanzas XY-XXY (Tatyana in Onegin's house. What does this episode give for revealing the images of Onegin and Tatyana? What impression did the reading of books make on her?
- Reproduce, using the text of the 7th chapter, Tatiana's farewell to the village? Why does Pushkin keep our attention on this episode?
- Find in the 7th chapter the lines drawing the entry of the Larins into Moscow. What mood captures the poet when recalling the paintings of Moscow? Why are the words in the elegiac description so unexpectedly harsh?
- How do the Moscow nobles appear before us in the image of A.S. Pushkin? Compare them with Griboyedov's characters. (Stanzas XLV- LV)
- How does Pushkin convey in the 7th chapter the fussy and impetuous pace of life in Moscow? What does Tatyana find in this city? How does she feel here? (Analysis of stanzas XLVII-LIV.)
Chapter # 8.
- Analyze the lyrical digressions at the beginning of the 8th chapter. What facts of the author's biography are told at the beginning of the eighth chapter? What is the poet's Muse before us?
- How does Pushkin show the attitude of the upper world to Onegin, who returned from the trip? Why does the light accept it warily? What advice do the representatives of the world give to Onegin? Why does the poet take him under his protection?
- Where did Onegin come from and what happened to him during his absence? What did he see on the trip?
- Reread the new meeting of heroes (Stanza XIY-XXYIII) What impression did Tatiana make on Onegin? How does Pushkin prepare this impression? How does it stand out from the secular society?
- What does Onegin feel when he sees Tatiana?
How does Pushkin convey Onegin's excitement at the first meeting, alone with Tatyana, while waiting for a new date, after being invited to the evening?
- What has changed in Tatiana? Are the old features preserved in it? Prove by the text of the 8th chapter.
- Compare how Pushkin paints the feelings of Tatiana, who is in love with Onegin, and the feelings of Onegin, who is now in love with Tatiana (Chapters 3 and 8). Is it possible to compare these feelings in depth and sincerity. Why Onegin, who did not love Tatiana in the village, is now seized with such an all-consuming passion?
- Reread Onegin's letter. How does the hero appear before us in this message?
- Reread the scene of Tatyana's explanation with Onegin (Chapter 8). What feelings do the heroes have? Could there have been a happy reunion between Onegin and Tatiana?
- How do you understand stanzas XLYIII-LI (the author's farewell to the hero and the novel)?
The role of the epigraph to the fifth chapter is explained by Yu. M. Lotman in terms of setting the parallelism of the images of Svetlana Zhukovsky and Tatiana in order to identify the differences in their interpretation: "one focused on romantic fantasy, play, the other - on everyday and psychological reality." In the poetic structure of Eugene Onegin, Tatyana's dream sets a special metaphorical meaning for assessing the heroine's inner world and the narrative itself. The author expands the space of the story to mythopoetic allegory. Quoting Zhukovsky at the beginning of the fifth chapter - "Oh, do not know these terrible dreams, you, my Svetlana!" - clearly reveals the association with the work of the predecessor, prepares a dramatic plot. The poetic interpretation of the "wonderful dream" - a symbolic landscape, folklore emblems, open sentimentality - anticipates the tragic inevitability of the destruction of the world familiar to the heroine. The epigraph-warning, realizing a symbolic allegory, also draws the rich spiritual content of the image. In the composition of the novel, based on the techniques of contrast and parallelism with mirror projections (Tatyana's letter - Onegin's letter; Tatyana's explanation - Onegin's explanation, etc.), there is no opposition to the heroine's dream. The "awake" Onegin is set in the plane of real social existence, his nature is freed from the associative-poetic context. On the contrary, the nature of Tatyana's soul is infinitely diverse and poetic.
The epigraph of the sixth chapter prepares the death of Lensky. The epigraph-epitaph, which opens the sixth chapter of the novel - "Where the days are cloudy and short, a tribe will be born that does not hurt to die" - brings the pathos of "The Life of Madonna Laura" by Petrarch to the plot of the romantic Vladimir Lensky, alien to Russian life, who created another world in the soul, the difference of which from others and prepares the tragedy of the character. The author needs the motives of Petrarch's poetry in order to introduce the character to the philosophical tradition of accepting death, developed by Western culture, which interrupts the short-term life mission of the “singer of love”. But Yu. M. Lotman showed one more meaning of this epigraph. Pushkin did not completely take the quote from Petrarch, but released a verse saying that the reason for the absence of the fear of death is in the innate belligerence of the tribe. With such a pass, the epigraph also applies to Onegin, who was equally risky in a duel. Devastated Onegin, perhaps, also "does not hurt to die."
Chapter # 1.
1. As A.S. Pushkin depicts the upbringing and education of E. Onegin in the 1st chapter. How does it appear to you?
2. Tell us about the moral principles of E. Onegin, his relationship with people of a secular society.
3. Describe Onegin's day. How does A.S. Pushkin show the typical nature of the pastime? How does the depiction of the hero's life help to understand the conditions of his upbringing and character formation?
4. Tell us how Onegin tried to get out of the vicious circle? What did the attempt give him?
5. Read the end of the first chapter and answer the question: what awaited Onegin in the village? How does the author feel about life in the "village silence"?
7. Explain the abundance of foreign words in the 1st chapter. How do you understand the words of the poet: "... my poor syllable could be much less dazzled with foreign words ..."?
8. How does A.S. Pushkin paint E. Onegin's disappointment?
9. What, in your opinion, is the difference between Onegin and the lyric hero of the 1st chapter? Find confirmation of your thought in the text.
10. What is the attitude of Pushkin to his hero. Find confirmation of your thoughts in the text.
Chapter # 2.
11. Read about Uncle Onegin's life in the village. Tell us about the life, pastime and customs of the provincial nobility.
12. How did Onegin's relationship with his landlord neighbors develop? Compare the neighbors' accusations against Onegin with those against Chatsky.
13. Analyze the stanzas dedicated to Vladimir Lensky. Highlight words and expressions that characterize the author's attitude towards him. How does the author feel about Lensky's poetry?
14. Find in the text how A.S. Pushkin describes the novel by Vladimir Lensky and Olga Larina. How does this relationship characterize the characters? How does the author feel about Lensky's love?
15. How did Onegin's relationship with Lensky develop? Do you believe in the possibility of "nothing to do" friendship? What united Onegin and Lensky? What were Onegin and Lensky thinking, arguing about?
16. What way of life reigned in the Larin family? Tell us about the life, pastime and customs of the provincial nobility.
18. Show in what conditions Tatyana Larina was brought up, what factors influenced the formation of her character.
19. Life story of Tatyana Larina's mother. Which of her daughters do you think will follow her path? Prove your point.
Chapter # 3.
20. Compare the portrait of Olga given by the author in the second chapter with the portrait given to her by Onegin in the third chapter. Did Onegin spare his friend's feelings?
21. Why did Tatiana decide that Onegin is the one she was waiting for? Which prepared her attitude towards him. How does Pushkin explain this?
22. The story of the life of the nanny Tatyana Larina. Why does Tatyana talk about love with the old nanny? Compare two loves, two destinies. Why doesn't she understand the suffering of her pupil? Compare the story of nanny T. Larina about her marriage with the love story of Tatyana's mother, her sister, and draw a conclusion about the traditions of Russia.
23. What stanzas and how do they explain to the reader Tatyana's courageous act - the decision to write to Onegin, to open her soul? Read Tatyana's letter aloud in class. How does it reflect her feelings?
24. Find the stanzas that show Tatiana's agonizing expectation of an answer to her confession. How does the novel show the heroine's confusion, her fear of a long-awaited meeting?
25. Read the last stanza (XLI) of the third chapter. Why does the author end the chapter with the most intense and interesting event?
Chapter # 4.
26. Where does the fourth chapter begin. Why do you think? Whose thoughts are these? Author? Onegin? Read verses VIII-XI, what do they add to the character of E. Onegin?
27. Read Onegin's confessions. Literary critics call this monologue differently: confession, sermon, rebuke. What do you think? Argument your answer. What do these stanzas emphasize in the character of the hero?
29. What does Onegin do after explaining to Tatyana? Reread the pictures of nature in chapter 4. What role do they play in the text?
Chapter # 5.
30. What new sides of Tatyana's character are revealed to us in the fifth chapter? What makes her in common with the serfs? How does Pushkin substantiate the epithet "Russian in soul"?
31. Reread Tatyana's dream. Why do you think Pushkin conveys this dream in such detail? How does Pushkin draw Tatiana's state at name days? What images, dream plots will come true on Tatyana's birthday?
32. Tell us about how the holiday "Tatiana's birthday" is held in the Larins' house (according to 5-6 chapters of the novel), how the guests behave. Re-read stanzas XXV-XXIX, reproduce the "caricatures of all the guests," as Onegin did in his mind. In these stanzas, find words and expressions that characterize the author's own attitude towards guests.
33. How could Onegin feel, having got to this "huge feast"? What caused his irritation and discontent? To whom is his anger directed? What he did?
34. What did Lensky feel when he saw Onegin play with Olga? Why is Olga behaving this way? Whose experiences worries the author and why?
Chapter # 6.
35. How does the fifth chapter end? What portends? What continuation in the sixth chapter finds Onegin's vengeance on Lensky? Why did Onegin accept the challenge?
36. Is the young poet right in accusing Olga? Why did he change his attitude towards her? What conclusion did you come to?
37. Lensky's last night. Onegin's petty revolt against an inevitable duel. Friends or foes? Two options for the fate of Vladimir Lensky.
Chapter # 7.
38. How does Pushkin convey in stanzas I-XIII of the 7th chapter a sad - pensive mood, what caused it?
39. Tatiana in Onegin's house. What does this episode give for the disclosure of the images of Onegin and Tatiana? What impression did reading books make on her?
40. Reproduce, using the text of the 7th chapter, Tatiana's farewell to the village? Why does Pushkin keep our attention on this episode?
41. Find in the 7th chapter the lines depicting the entry of the Larins into Moscow. What mood does the poet feel when recalling the paintings of Moscow? How do the Moscow nobles appear before us in the image of A.S. Pushkin? Compare them with Griboyedov's characters.
Chapter # 8.
43. How does Pushkin show the attitude of the upper world to Onegin, who returned from the trip? Why does the light accept it warily? What advice do the representatives of the world give to Onegin? Why does the poet take him under his protection?
44. Where did Onegin come from and what happened to him during his absence? What did he see on the trip?
45. Reread the new encounter of heroes. What impression did Tatiana make on Onegin? How does Pushkin prepare this impression? How does it stand out from the secular society? What does Onegin feel when he sees Tatiana?
46. How does Pushkin convey Onegin's excitement at the first meeting, alone with Tatyana, while waiting for a new date, after being invited to the evening? What has changed in Tatiana? Are the old features preserved in it? Prove by the text of the 8th chapter.
47. Compare how Pushkin paints the feelings of Tatiana, who is in love with Onegin, and the feelings of Onegin, who is now in love with Tatiana (chapters 3 and 8). Is it possible to compare these feelings in depth and sincerity. Why Onegin, who did not love Tatiana in the village, is now seized with such an all-consuming passion?
48. Reread Onegin's letter. How does the hero appear before us in this message? Reread the scene of Tatyana's explanation with Onegin (Chapter 8). What feelings do the heroes have? Could there have been a happy reunion between Onegin and Tatiana?
49. How do you understand stanzas XLYIII-LI (the author's farewell to the hero and the novel)?
I got acquainted with the image of Chatsky when we began to study "Woe from Wit" at school. Unbeknownst to me, Chatsky became closer and clearer. I caught myself on the fact that sometimes I tried on his thoughts, words and deeds. Although, why be surprised? This image has been carried away for more than a century and a half.
If you compare Chatsky even with Pechorin, you can see a huge difference. Pechorin is disappointed with life, high society, but he does not refuse fleeting pleasures. If he were in Chatsky's place, he would at first glance unravel all the relationship between Sophia and Molchalin and would watch them with cold irony or make some effort to make Sophia fall in love with him.
However, seeing through his life, he does not find anything bright in it, nothing for which it would be worth loving her. “I have long been living not with my heart, but with my head,” he says. And that's why he leaves for Persia with such ease.
Chatsky is not like that. Despite his critical mind, he believes in life, in high ideals. He is remarkably similar to the young Pushkin. He is also “sharp, clever, eloquent”, just as sociable, and just as easily epigrams, apt words, biting comparisons fly off his lips: “And Guillaume, a Frenchman, blown by the wind”, “Constellation of maneuvers and mazurkas”.
He is a little naive and inexperienced in everyday matters, does not see and does not understand Sophia's coldness and alienation. He good-naturedly laughs at Moscow's morals, not noticing that these jokes almost make Sophia angry. “Not a man - a snake,” she says of Chatsky. And he believes in her love.
And then he is overwhelmed, shocked, but cannot come to terms with the thought that the girl he loved ardently and passionately could exchange him for some kind of insignificance, for a person who does not have his own thoughts and judgments. Yes, disappointment befell ... How much bitterness and pain, offended pride and angry reproach sounds in his last monologue! But only at this hour he really saw the world, looked at it in a new way.
But Chatsky was not only a fiery lover, disappointed at the first encounter with reality, he was also a man of progressive views. He is not defeated, he will only leave somewhere where he will be understood, where he will get a real big deal. He is full of bright ideas for transforming society, he angrily denounces the vices of the old society. His weapon was the word, and he is more than excellent with this weapon.
And, of course, his sharpness, fieryness could not pass unnoticed. “Chatsky walked a straight road to hard labor, if he survived on December 14, then, probably, he did not become either a painfully yearning, or proudly contemptuous person, would not have left in any case his propaganda.” These are the words of Herzen, a great thinker and revolutionary.
I love Chatsky for his beliefs and ideals. He breaks with the minister only because he wants to serve "the cause, not the people." He is outraged by serfdom and, without hiding, talks about it.
He loves his Motherland and speaks about it with warmth: “When you wander, you will return home, and the smoke of the Fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us!
And I also love Chatsky just as an intelligent person who has a sensitive, sympathetic heart under the guise of irony, who can laugh and be sad, who can be angry and harsh on the tongue, but will be a faithful, reliable friend ...
"He plays all day, is silent when he is scolded." We are shown a minor official trying to please “all people without exception”, spending his time with old people in order to be noticed and distinguished, silent and submissive with his boss, timid and submissive with Sophia, who loves him, impudent and impudent with the maid ; a person who knows how to adapt to another, adapt to circumstances. He is helpful, "Zagoretsky will not die in him." He can calm an angry lady in time by offering her a game of cards; as Chatsky says about him: "There he will stroke the pug in time, then he will rub a card right here!"
However, the purpose of Molchalin's life is not at all to please all people. It is just a means to an ultimate goal. He wants to be noble, rich, accepted in the "high society", he loves an easy, cheerful life, a life without worries and worries. He believes that everyone should strive for the same goal, therefore, without a doubt, he offers Chatsky: “Well, really, what would you serve in Moscow? And take awards and have fun? “And I am very surprised by Chatsky's response to his proposal. He does not "see crime" at all in what Chatsky attacks so violently. Molchalin takes an example from people who, thanks to their ability to adapt, stay in their places for a long time. He speaks of them with reverent respect and enthusiasm: “Here is Foma Fomich himself, do you know him? in society "people with weight", then such he simply worships. For example, Tatiana Yurievna. How he talks about her! Here are his words: “Tatiana Yurievna !!! Known - besides, officials and officials to her are all friends and all relatives ”. Molchalin's interests are limited to filling his stomach and purse, doing nothing, to have a high office, to go to balls and holidays. He respects people not for their intelligence, honesty, knowledge, soul, but for friends who occupy a high position and, therefore, who can be useful, because they are rich, have a warm place, give rich balls. One can apply to Molchalin the phrase spoken by Leo Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace”: “For a lackey there is no great person, a lackey has his own concept of greatness.” People like Molchalin usually achieve what they strive for. They find themselves in favor at court and accepted in high society. Like Uncle Famusov, who fell for the amusement of “their majesty”. “But, it happened, who is more often invited to whist? Who hears a friendly word at court? Maxim Petrovich! Joke! Who deduces the ranks and gives pensions? Maxim-Petrovich ".
Yes, the Molchalins have achieved and are achieving a lot. Why didn't Chatsky want to become like everyone else? The same Molchalin? Everywhere well received, kindly "high society"? After all, he had much more chances and opportunities to be in time at court than Molchalin. But Chatsky acknowledged "service to the cause, not to persons." He knew how to deeply feel, love, he thought, dreamed (not about an invitation to a ball to Tatyana Yurievna!). None of this was given to Molchalin. Chatsky understood that Molchalin was a poor man. He robbed himself, directed all his thoughts, feelings, desires to achieve material well-being. He can't even love. He loves the young lady according to her position, the maid out of boredom. A person who does not know and does not want to know any other life than secular entertainment is an unhappy person. Knowing all this, Chatsky could not become Molchalin. He loved business and loved fun, but he did both well and never mixed the two. Here is his answer to Molchalin's proposal to serve in Moscow: “When in business, I hide from fun, when fooling around, I’m fooling around, and mixing these two crafts is a multitude of artisans, I’m not one of them.”
And yet the Molchalins can be happy. Their requests are so small that they are fully satisfied with the material side of life. They may not have access to the high ideals and joys of Chatsky, but they do not require them. These are poor people who robbed themselves, but they do not realize this, they simply don’t think about it and therefore are happy. They are unhappy from the point of view of Chatsky, who could not live like them, but they are happy, because you cannot be unhappy because something is inaccessible to you, if you do not even suspect about this “something”. And although their happiness is petty, they are happy, because they do not need more.
But people who think and feel should not and cannot be happy with such happiness. These people strive for lofty ideals and goals, live a dream and make a dream come true. Their happiness lies in the deed, in the idea, in the dream. And it is they who fill the life of all people with high meaning and light.
pays attention to the story of the life and character of the county young ladies? 3. Why does Lisa, while listening to Nastya's story, constantly interrupt her and why does Nastya want to talk in detail about details that Lisa is not interested in? How does the author convey the state of the young lady and her maid during a conversation? 4. How can you think of why Liza imagined Alexei Berestov as pale, sad, thoughtful and was very surprised when she heard that he was cheerful and blush? 5. With what feeling does Pushkin describe Liza's dressing up in a peasant dress and an attempt to adopt the manner of behavior of peasant girls? How does the author convey this feeling?
a complex plan for this composition "So, she was called Tatiana *" Eugene Onegin reflects not only the life of the noble society, but also the soul,feelings, thoughts of Pushkin himself about himself. They are expressed not only in digressions, so vividly associated with the content of the novel, but also in the images created by the poet. Tatiana is Pushkin's “sweet ideal”. When he talks about her, his verse is filled with admiration and admiration ... Tatiana is a simple girl from a poor noble family. The fate of her parents was usually formed for this time, the fate of her younger sister, too. But from the very childhood she herself is sharply different from those around her. Her closest friend is the nanny, who tells her scary stories that “captivated Tatiana's heart more than the fun games of children. The nanny is a serf to whom Tanya will confide her secrets. She herself feels her alienation from the usual society, unable to fondle either her father or her mother. Sad and silent, she finds herself in novels in which everything was so different from their gray life, they really "replaced everything for her." Dreamy, she loved to meet the sunrise, as if expecting the arrival of a new life from the sun, still wrapped in the darkness of the night ... So a wonderful, wonderful flower grew in the desert, keeping in its petals a quiet but strong flame of love ... Tatyana was lonely, like this a flower, and it seemed that nothing remarkable would happen in her life, but now she meets Onegin ... The talk of neighbors at first insults her proud soul, but at the same time causes a pleasant feeling. She, "not knowing deception and believing the chosen dream", with all her heart fell in love with Onegin. But her rich imagination and tormented soul make him an ideal person, and he was not. However, her love is so strong, so deep, so sincere that, unable to keep it inside herself any longer, she writes a letter to Yevgeny, reveals her unique, boundless world to him ... Pushkin is with her with all her heart, despite the fact that the noble society would not forgive her for this; together with us, he is amazed: "Who inspired her this tenderness ..." Nobility, intelligence, heart - these are the greatest riches, and even Eugene with his chilled soul was able to see them in her. Touched by Tatyana's letter, but knowing himself well, he says: "And was it what you were looking for with a pure, fiery soul, when you wrote to me with such simplicity, with such intelligence? .." But even this explanation cannot extinguish the fire in Tatyana's soul, obedient to fate, she still does not all the compositions on all soch © 2005 will begin to lie: "I will die ... But death from him is kind ..." Terrible events separate Tatyana from Onegin. By chance, she finds herself in his empty house, and then, reading his books, she learns the true face of her beloved. But this does not make her love less, she simply hides it deep in her heart, for for her love is life. Soon she too has to leave her native places. “Russian soul”, Tatiana is experiencing hard separation. She seemed to have united with Russian nature, in her she found joy. She was just as simple and inconspicuous, but concealed within herself an inexplicable mystery and charm ... Tatiana, and with her Pushkin, seemed to have a presentiment of what awaited her in the capital. Sensitive to any lie, she senses the falsity of this society and “strives for life in the field” with a dream, but ... “fate has already been decided ...” ... And again we meet with her only a few years later, at a brilliant St. Petersburg ball. It seems that there are no "traces of the old Tatiana" left in it, but no. The nobility of the soul is forever. And in high society, Tatyana rises above everyone, everyone is internally aware of her superiority. But she well remembered Onegin's advice: "Learn to rule yourself." And therefore, the true Tatiana is revealed only when meeting with Onegin, who is passionately in love with her. She remained the same old Tanya, with all her heart longing to give "all this rags of masquerade for a shelf of books, for a wild garden ...". She is mistaken, considering Onegin's passion petty and unworthy of his heart and mind, but she acts according to her heart. And, a real Russian, close to the people from childhood, she selflessly puts duty above feelings. "I love you (why dissemble?), But I am given to another, and I will be faithful to him forever." Pushkin, passionately loving his heroine, his ideal, by the power of his verse makes us love and admire her. Tatyana, a figment of his imagination and dream, is worthy of love and admiration. Similar compositions on partner sites: ALLSoch.ru: Pushkin A.S. Eugene Onegin "So, she was called Tatiana *
Output: As we can see, like Chatsky, Onegin was accused of drunkenness, and freethinking, and of belonging to Freemasons and of wastefulness and ignorance.
Let's pay attention to the fact that the appearance of Onegin, and later of other heroes, is made up not only of the characteristics, observations of the author, but also of rumors, gossip, rumors. In this case, the landowners' neighbors are the sources of rumors about the hero. (Let us recall again from “Woe from Wit” Liza's words: “Sin is not a problem, rumor is not good.”)
As you can see, Onegin turned out to be the same lonely recluse in the village as he was recently in St. Petersburg. But then a new neighbor appeared.
5. How did Onegin's relationship with Lensky develop?
Teacher's word 1
Stanzas VI-XII introduce a new face - Lensky. According to the original plan, he was to become the central character of the chapter (in terms of publishing the novel, which Pushkin sketched in 1830, the second chapter is entitled "The Poet"), the main antipode of Onegin. The opposition was thought of as the antithesis of a clever skeptic and a naively enthusiastic enthusiast. Accordingly, the features of love for freedom, which were preserved in the final version of the image of Lensky, were initially much more sharply emphasized. Comparison of these images emphasizes both the inferiority of each individually, and the spiritual value of each of them. A complex system of stylistic transitions allowed Pushkin to separate the author's narrative from both Lensky's and Onegin's positions and, at the same time, to evade a harsh and unambiguous assessment of them.
Let us turn to the comments of Yu.M. Lotman to stanza VI.
"With a soul straight from Göttingen ..." - "Göttingen's soul" was for Pushkin a very concrete and far from political neutrality representation. The University of Göttingen was one of the most liberal universities not only in Germany but also in Europe. Graduates of the University of Göttingen, Pushkin's acquaintances, belonged to the number of Russian liberals and freedom-lovers.
6. How do you understand these words:
First by mutual difference
They were boring to each other;
Then you liked ...?
7. Do you believe in the possibility of “nothing to do” friendship? What united Onegin and Lensky?
8. How did the neighbors react to Vladimir Lensky?
9. What do we know about friendship, friends in the life of A.S. Pushkin? Let's remember some lines about friendship.
My friends, our union is wonderful!
He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal
Unwavering, free and carefree ...
or
Wherever fate throws us
And happiness wherever it takes
We are all the same: the whole world is a foreign land for us -
Fatherland to us Tsarskoe Selo.
And suddenly the following lines appear in Eugene Onegin (stanza XIV):
But there is no friendship between us.
Destroying all prejudices,
We honor everyone with zeros
And in units - yourself.
We all look at Napoleons,
Millions of two-legged creatures
For us, the tool is one;
We feel wild and funny.
This is clearly not the author's voice. So why does he generalize - "we"? (The fact is that in these lines another theme of the novel begins - the theme of Napoleon, who in the 20s of the 19th century was perceived by many young people as a genius standing over millions of ordinary people, as a role model on the path to instant fame , a brilliant career.)
10. What were Onegin and Lensky thinking, arguing about? (Reading XVI, XVII stanzas.)
13. Why so many times, describing Tatyana, the author uses the particle "not", shows what she was NOT. What is so unusual about Tatiana?
14. What way of life reigned in the Larins' family? How did life in the village change the mother of Tatyana and Olga?
15. Read the words in the epigraph for this lesson. Why do you think they are relevant when studying the second chapter of "Eugene Onegin"?
III. Homework.
2. Explain the meaning of the epigraph to the third chapter.
4. Do you agree with the opinion of the writer I.А. Goncharova: “... the positive character of Pushkinskaya Olga - and ideal - his Tatyana. One is the unconditional, passive expression of the era, a type cast like wax into a ready-made dominant form. Another - with the instinct of self-awareness, originality, initiative. That is why the first is clear, open, understandable at once ... the other, on the contrary, is original, looking for its own expression and form and therefore seems capricious, mysterious, elusive. " (This question can be given to a student on a card.)
5. Why did Tatiana decide that Onegin is the one she was waiting for?
6. How does Tatyana's letter reflect her feelings?
7. Memorize Tatyana's letter to Onegin.
8. Individual task - prepare a message on the topic "Interests and occupations of a noble woman" (on card 27).
Card 27
Interests and occupations of a noble woman 1
Against the general background of the life of the Russian nobility at the beginning of the nineteenth century. “The world of a woman” appeared as a certain isolated sphere, which possessed the features of a well-known originality. The education of a young noblewoman was, as a rule, more superficial and domestic. It was usually limited to the skill of everyday conversation in one or two foreign languages, the ability to dance and keep oneself in society, the elementary skills of drawing, singing and playing any musical instrument, and the most basic knowledge of history, geography and literature.
A significant part of the mental outlook of a noble girl at the beginning of the nineteenth century. identified books.
The education of the young noblewoman had the main goal of making the girl an attractive bride.
Naturally, with marriage, education ceased. Young noblewomen were married at the beginning of the nineteenth century. entered early. The normal age for marriage was considered to be 17-19 years old. However, the time of the first hobbies of the young reader of novels began much earlier. And the surrounding men looked at the young noblewoman as a woman already at an age at which subsequent generations would see in her only a child.
Having married, the young dreamer often turned into a homely serf-landowner, like Praskovya Larina, into a city society lady or a provincial gossip.
And yet, in the spiritual image of a woman there were features that favorably distinguished her from the surrounding noble world. The nobility was a service class, and the relationship of service, honor, official duties left a deep imprint on the psychology of any man from this social group. A noble woman of the beginning of the 19th century. much less was drawn into the system of the service-state hierarchy, and this gave her greater freedom of opinion and greater personal independence. Protected, moreover, of course only to certain limits, by the cult of respect for a lady, which constituted an essential part of the concept of noble honor, she could, to a much greater extent than mTzhchina, neglect the difference in rank, referring to dignitaries or even to the emperor.
The consequences of the Petrine reform did not equally apply to the world of male and female life, ideas and ideas - women's life in the noble environment retained more traditional features, since it was more connected with family, caring for children than with the state and service. This entailed the fact that the life of a noblewoman had more points of contact with the popular environment than the existence of her father, husband or son.
LESSON 44
COMMENTED READING OF THE THIRD CHAPTER.
LETTER FROM TATIANA AS AN EXPRESSION OF HER FEELINGS,
MOVEMENT OF HER SOUL.
DEPTH, SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HEROINE'S PERSONALITY
... Tatiana is an exceptional creature,
deep nature, loving, passionate.
V.G. Belinsky
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Oral or written survey on 2-6 points of homework.
II. Analysis of the third chapter of the novel. Conversation on questions:
1.What does chapter three begin with?
2. Remember what attitude Onegin aroused among the landlord neighbors. How could these rumors affect Tatiana's feelings? (They could arouse interest in him, emphasize his exclusivity.)
3. And what role could the books she read have played in the heroine's growing feeling of love? V.G. Belinsky wrote in his article about Tatyana: “It was not the book that gave birth to passion, but passion still could not but manifest itself a little like a book. Why imagine Onegin as Volmar, Malek-Adel, de Linar and Werther? ..
Then, for Tatiana there was no real Onegin, whom she could neither understand nor know ... "1
4. Checking an individual assignment. Report on the topic "Interests and occupations of a noble woman" (on card 27).
5. Read verses XVII-XIX. Why does Tatyana talk about love with the old nanny? Compare two loves, two destinies.
6. How do verses XXII-XXV explain to the reader Tatyana's courageous act - the decision to write to Onegin, to open her soul?
7. Checking homework - expressive recitation of Tatiana's letters.
8. Find the stanzas that show Tatyana's agonizing expectation of an answer to her confession.
9. How in XXXVIII and XXXIX stanzas show the heroine's confusion, her fear of the long-awaited meeting?
Let us draw the students' attention to the fact that at the most intense moment in the development of the plot action, a song suddenly begins to sound. (If possible, it is necessary to provide a recording of "Songs of Girls" from PI Tchaikovsky's opera "Eugene Onegin".) How does this song prepare the reader for the forthcoming explanation?
10. Read the last stanza (XLI) of the third chapter. Why does the author end the chapter with the most intense and interesting event?
III. Homework.
a) How did Onegin feel about Tatyana's letter?
b) What prevents the heroes from being happy?
c) Why is a happy couple of lovers shown at the end of the fourth chapter: Lensky and Olga?
LESSON 45
PLOT AND COMPOSITION OF THE FOURTH CHAPTER.
ONEGIN'S CONFESSION.
CONTRAST BETWEEN PICTURES
HAPPY LOVE AND PARTICIPATION OF TATIANA
Having opened Tatyana's letter, we - fail-
we are. We fall into a person, like into a river,
Toraya carries us free, overturning
flow, washing the contours of the soul, wholly
enraged by the flow of speech ...
Abram Tertz (A.D. Sinyavsky)
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Conversation on the fourth chapter of the novel:
1. The fourth chapter of the novel is the most polyphonic. Here we hear a polyphony of voices, opinions, motives: this is Onegin's monologue, and his dialogue with Lensky, and the narrative about heroes and events, and the author's thoughts about life, about the possibility of happiness, love, friendship.
What events take place in the lives of the heroes in the fourth chapter? (Two events: a meeting between Onegin and Tatiana (it began in the third chapter) and a dinner in the winter at Onegin's house, at which Lensky gives him an unfortunate invitation to Tatyana's name day. The episodes are widely deployed, and around them are the author's lyrical digressions.)
2.What does chapter four begin with? (With six missing stanzas. This pause makes us, like Pushkin's heroine, hold our breath, to wait for the development of events.) And so the text begins:
The less we love a woman,
The easier she likes us ...
Whose thoughts are these? Author? Onegin?
Stanzas UIII-X show how devastated Onegin's soul is, and what will happen between Onegin and Tatiana, after reading them, seems predetermined.
3. How did Onegin feel about Tatiana's letter? (Answer assumes analysis of XI and preceding verses.)
4. Expressive reading of Onegin's confession. (Stanzas XII-XVI.)
5. Literary critics call this monologue differently: confession, sermon, rebuke. What do you think? Argument your answer.
Teacher's word
Onegin's sermon is contrasted with Tatyana's letter by the complete absence of literary clichés and reminiscences in it.
The meaning of Onegin's speech lies precisely in the fact that, unexpectedly for Tatiana, he behaved not as a literary hero (“savior” or “seducer”), but simply as a well-mannered secular and, moreover, quite decent person who “acted very nicely // S sad Tanya ". Onegin behaved not according to the laws of literature, but according to the norms and rules by which a worthy man of the Pushkin circle was guided in life. By this he discouraged the romantic heroine, who was ready for both “happy dates” and “death”, but not to switch her feelings into the plane of decent secular behavior, and Pushkin demonstrated the falsity of all stamped plot schemes, allusions to which were so generously scattered in the preceding text. It is no coincidence that in all subsequent stanzas of the chapter the dominant theme is literary polemics, exposing literary clichés and opposing them to reality, truth and prose. However, for all the naivety of the heroine's novels that she has read, she has a spontaneity and a capacity for feeling that are absent in the soul of a sober hero.
6. What prevents the heroes from being happy? (There can be no unequivocal answer here: apparently, this meeting, as Onegin thinks, happened too late for the hero, and, perhaps, on the contrary, early, and Onegin is not yet ready to fall in love. Particular attention should be paid to how unusual this novel is. The traditional scheme was as follows: on the path to happiness there are serious obstacles, vicious enemies, but here there are no obstacles, but there is no mutual love either.)
7. What important life advice does Onegin give Tatiana?
(Learn to rule yourself;
Not everyone will understand you like me;
Inexperience leads to trouble.)
Only the whole point is that Tatiana does not open her heart to “everyone,” namely Onegin, and it is not Tatiana’s inexperience and sincerity that leads to trouble, but Eugene’s too rich life experience.
8. Word of the teacher.
Everyone in the world has enemies,
But God save us from friends!
What is the reason for this? Let us turn to the commentary of Yu.M. Lotman to the nineteenth stanza, from which we learn what baseness, meanness A.S. Pushkin, who is a "liar", giving birth to slanderous rumors, and what kind of "attic" we are talking about.
In the attic born a liar ...- the meaning of the verses is revealed by comparison with the letter of P.A. Vyazemsky on September 1, 1822: “... my intention was (not) to start a witty literary war, but to repay the secret grievances of the person with whom I parted with a friend and whom I ardently defended whenever the occasion presented itself with a sharp resentment. It seemed funny to him to make an enemy out of me and make me laugh at the attic of Prince Shakhovsky with letters, I learned about everything, being already exiled, and, considering revenge as one of the first Christian virtues, in the impotence of my rage, I threw magazine mud at Tolstoy from afar. "
Tolstoy Fyodor Ivanovich (1782-1846)- a retired guards officer, brute, gambler, one of the most prominent personalities of the nineteenth century. Griboyedov had it in mind when he wrote about the “night robber, the duelist” (“Woe from Wit”, d. 4, yavl. IV).
Pushkin learned about Tolstoy's participation in spreading rumors that shame him and answered with an epigram ("In a gloomy and despicable life ...") and harsh verses in his message to Chaadaev. For a long time Pushkin was going to fight with Tolstoy in a duel.
Attic- A.A. Literary and Theater Salon Shakhovsky. "Attic" was located in the house of Shakhovsky in St. Petersburg on Malaya Morskaya, at the corner of St. Isaac's Square. Its regular visitors were representatives of theatrical bohemians and writers close to the "archaists": Katenin, Griboyedov, Krylov, Zhikharev and others.
Pushkin learned about the gossip spread by Tolstoy in the "attic" from Katenin.
10. Why at the end of the fourth chapter is shown a happy couple of lovers: Lensky and Olga?
11. On what basis is the description of the “pictures of a happy life” by Lensky and Olga based on the previous stanzas? (Principle of antithesis, contrast.)
Pay attention: the author emphasizes the state of mind of Vladimir Lensky, his expectation of happiness: “He was cheerful”, “He was loved” and “was happy”, but there is a verse transference that alarms the attentive reader: “... At least !! So he thought. " The author's irony resounded again. Do you need to believe in love if you seem to be reciprocated? What is the real situation and is it necessary to find out about it? Perhaps it is better not to reason, but to recklessly believe? And Tatiana wanted to both believe and know. Indeed, knowledge increases sorrow 1.
12. Time in the fourth chapter runs very fast. As we remember, the explanation between Onegin and Tatiana took place at the time of picking berries, and now the author draws pictures of autumn: “And now the frosts are already cracking // And silver among the fields ...”. Has Onegin changed during this time? How were his days in the silence of the countryside? (He is calm, his life is in no way reminiscent of the bustle of St. Petersburg; he has forgotten “the city, and friends, and the boredom of festive ventures.”)
But in the winter in the wilderness, what to do at this time? (The joy of communicating with a friend, Lensky, remains. Eugene is waiting for him, does not sit down to dine without him. Stanzas XLVII-XXLIX draw friends' winter dinner.)
II. Homework.
1. How did Lensky convey the invitation to Tatyana's name day? Why is he so insistent on Onegin's arrival?
3. Individual assignment - prepare a message on the topic "Folk omens found in the fifth chapter" (on card 28).
Card 28
Folk omens found in the fifth chapter
The heroine of the novel in the fifth chapter is immersed in the atmosphere of folk life, and this has decisively changed the characteristics of her spiritual appearance. Pushkin contrasted the statement in the third chapter "she knew poorly in Russian" to the opposite in meaning "Tatiana (Russian in soul) ..." By this he drew the attention of readers to the contradictory character of the heroine.
She was worried about the signs ...- PA Vyazemsky made a note to this part of the text: “Pushkin himself was superstitious” (Russian archive. 1887, 12, p. 577). In the era of romanticism, belief in omens becomes a sign of closeness to popular consciousness.
It's Christmas time. That's what joy!- Christmastide is a holiday during which a number of magical rituals are performed with the aim of influencing the future harvest and fertility. Christmastide is the time of fortune-telling about the betrothed and the first steps towards the conclusion of future marriages. “Never does Russian life appear in such expanse as on Christmastide: these days all Russians are having fun. Looking at the Christmastide customs, we see everywhere that our Christmastide was created for Russian virgins. In gatherings, fortune-telling, games, songs, everything is directed towards one goal - to bring the betrothed closer together. Only on Christmastide days do young men and virgins sit easily hand in hand; the betrothed are obviously guessing in the presence of their betrothed, the old people cheerfully talk about the old days and with the young they themselves are getting younger; old women sadly recall the girl's life and happily suggest songs and riddles to the girls. Our old Russia is resurrected only at Christmas time ”1.
"In the old days they triumphed / 7 These evenings in their house", that is, Christmastide rituals were performed in the Larins' house in their entirety. The Yule cycle, in particular, included a visit to the house by mummers, divination of girls "on a platter", secret fortune-telling associated with evoking the betrothed and making a dream.
The house visit by the mummers is omitted in the Pushkin novel, but it should be noted that the bear is the traditional central figure of the Christmas masquerade, which may have influenced the nature of Tatyana's sleep.
During Christmas time, there were “holy evenings” (December 25-31) and “terrible evenings” (January 1-6). Fortune-telling of Tatiana took place on "terrible evenings".
What is your name? He looks ...- The ironic tone of the narrative is created due to the clash of the heroine's romantic experiences and a common name, which is decidedly incompatible with her expectations.
The maiden's mirror lies.- During Christmas divination "for sleep" various magical objects are placed under the pillow. Among them, the mirror ranks first. Nevertheless, objects associated with the power of the cross are removed.
XI - XII stanzas - crossing the river - a stable symbol of marriage in wedding poetry. However, in fairy tales and folk mythology, crossing the river is also a symbol of death. This explains the double nature of Tatyana's dream images: both the ideas gleaned from romantic literature and the folklore basis of the heroine's consciousness make her bring together the attracting and terrible, love and death.
Big, disheveled bear ...- Researchers note the double nature of the bear in folklore: in wedding ceremonies, the kind, "own", humanoid nature of the character is mainly revealed, in fairy-tale ones - he is represented as the owner of the forest, a force hostile to people, connected with water (in full accordance with this side of ideas, the bear in Tatyana's dream is the "godfather" of the owner of the "forest house", half-demon, half-robber Onegin, he also helps the heroine to get over the water barrier separating the world of people and the forest. his role as a guide to the "wretched hut" is fully justified by the entire range of popular beliefs).
NSVI - XVII stanzas- the content of the stanzas is determined by a combination of wedding images with the idea of the seamy, inverted devil's world, in which Tatyana is in a dream. First, this wedding is at the same time a funeral: "Outside the door, the screaming and clinking of a glass, // As at a great funeral." Secondly, this is a devilish wedding, and therefore the whole rite is performed “inside out”. In an ordinary wedding, the groom arrives, he enters the room after the bride.
In Tatyana's dream, everything happens in the opposite way: the bride arrives at the house (this house is not ordinary, but "forest", that is, "antidom", the opposite of the house), entering, she also finds benches sitting along the walls, but this is forest evil. The Master who leads them turns out to be the subject of love of the heroine. The description of evil spirits ("gang of brownies") is subordinated to the depiction of evil spirits as a combination of incompatible parts and objects, which is widespread in the culture and iconography of the Middle Ages and in romantic literature.
All the examples given indicate that Pushkin was well versed in ritual, fairy-tale and song folk poetry, therefore the plot of the chapter is based on an accurate knowledge of all the details of Christmastide and wedding ceremonies.
LESSON 46
COMMENTED READING OF THE FIVE CHAPTER.
LINKING A TRAGIC CONFLICT
... a pair of pistols,
Two bullets, nothing else
Suddenly, his fate will be resolved.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Answering homework questions.
II. Conversation on questions:
1. What is the novel's calendar time? Look at the beginning of the fifth chapter for an indication of the exact dates.
2. Checking individual homework - a message on the topic "Folk omens found in the fifth chapter" (on card 28).
3. What new sides of Tatyana's character are revealed to us in the fifth chapter? (Her extraordinary sensitivity, knowledge of folk customs, rituals and signs, dreaminess and fear of otherworldly forces.)
4. How is the epigraph to the fifth chapter connected with its further events? (The main place in the fifth chapter is occupied by Tatyana's dream. This is a prophetic dream that will certainly come true.)
5. What images, dream plots will come true on Tatyana's birthday? To answer this question, a table is drawn and filled on the board and in notebooks:
|
Tatiana's dream |
Birthday |
|
1. Bark, laugh, sing, whistle and clap, Rumor and horse top. |
Lai mosek, smacking girls, Noise, laughter, crush on the doorstep, Bows, shuffling guests, Nurse cry and cry of children. |
|
2. ... at the table Monsters sit around: One in the horns with a dog's face Another with a cock's head Here is a witch with a goat beard, Here the skeleton is prim and proud. |
But soon the guests little by little Raise general alarm Nobody listens, they shout They laugh, argue and squeak. |
|
3. But what did Tatiana think, When I found out among the guests The one who is sweet and terrible to her, The hero of our novel! |
Suddenly the doors were wide open. Lensky enters. And Onegin is with him. “Ah, the creator! - The hostess shouts: "Finally!" |
|
4. ... suddenly Eugene Grabs a long knife, and in a moment Lensky is defeated, the shadows are scary Thickened ... |
He bent down and, indignant, Vowed Lensky to enrage And take revenge in order. Now, triumphant beforehand, He began to draw in his soul Caricatures of all guests. |
6. What "monsters" from the dream will be on Tatyana's birthday? Which of them has “speaking” surnames? And whose names are we already familiar with?
7. How could Onegin feel, having got to this "huge feast"? What caused his irritation and discontent? To whom is his anger directed?
8. Why did the petty, rash, selfish actions of Onegin and Olga lead to a tragedy?
9. What did Lensky feel when he saw Onegin play with Olga?
10. Is the young poet right in accusing Olga:
Perhaps eh? Just out of the diaper
Coquette, windy child!
She knows the trick,
Already taught to change!
11. How does chapter five end? What does this ending portend?
III. Homework.
2. How is Onegin's character revealed during a duel?
3. Individual task - prepare a message on the topic "Duel" (on card 29).
Card 29
Duel 1
A duel is a duel that takes place according to certain rules of a pair fight, with the aim of restoring honor, removing the offended shame caused by an insult.
The view of a duel as a means of protecting one's human dignity was no stranger to Pushkin, as his biography shows.
Despite the generally negative assessment of the duel as “secular enmity” and the manifestation of “false shame,” its portrayal in the novel is not satirical, but tragic, which also implies a certain degree of sympathy for the fate of the heroes.
The duel involved a rigorous and carefully performed ritual. But the need for strict adherence to the rules came into conflict with the absence of a strictly codified dueling system in Russia. Under the conditions of an official ban, no dueling codes could have appeared in the Russian press, and there was no legal body that could take over the authority to streamline the rules of the duel. Strict observance of the rules was achieved by appealing to the authority of experts, living bearers of tradition and arbiters in matters of honor. Zaretsky plays this role in Eugene Onegin.
The duel began with a challenge. As a rule, it was preceded by a clash, as a result of which either side considered itself insulted and, as such, demanded satisfaction (satisfaction). From that moment on, the opponents no longer had to enter into communication - their representatives, the seconds, took it upon themselves. Having chosen a second for himself, the offended one discussed with him the severity of the offense inflicted on him, on which the nature of the future duel depended - from a formal exchange of shots to the death of one or both participants. After that, the second sent a written challenge to the enemy (cartel).
The role of the seconds boiled down to the following: as mediators between opponents, they were first of all obliged to make maximum efforts to reconcile. Even on the battlefield, the seconds were obliged to make one last attempt at reconciliation. If reconciliation was not possible, they drew up written conditions and carefully followed the strict adherence to the procedure.
In Pushkin's novel, Zaretsky was the only manager of the duel and conducted business with great omissions, or rather, deliberately ignoring everything that could eliminate the bloody outcome. Even at the first visit to Onegin, when the cartel was handed over, he was obliged to discuss the possibilities of reconciliation. Before the start of the fight, an attempt to end the matter peacefully was also part of his direct responsibilities, especially since no blood offense was inflicted and it was clear to everyone except 18-year-old Lensky that the matter was a misunderstanding. Instead, he "got up without explanation ... having a lot to do at home." Zaretsky could have stopped the duel at another moment: the appearance of Onegin with a servant instead of a second was a direct insult to him (the seconds, like opponents, had to be socially equal; Guillot, on the other hand, was a Frenchman and a freely hired footman). His appearance in this role, as well as the motivation that he was at least a "small honest", was an unequivocal offense for Zaretsky, and at the same time a gross violation of the rules, since the seconds had to meet the day before without opponents and draw up the rules of the duel.
Finally, Zaretsky had every reason to prevent a bloody outcome, announcing Onegin did not appear. “It is extremely impolite to make oneself wait on the spot of the fight. The one who appears on time is obliged to wait for his opponent for a quarter of an hour. After this period has elapsed, the one who appeared first has the right to leave the place of the duel and his seconds must draw up a protocol attesting to the non-arrival of the enemy ”(Dueling Code). Onegin was more than an hour late.
Thus, Zaretsky behaved not only not as a supporter of the strict rules of the art of dueling, but as a person interested in the most scandalous and noisy - which in relation to the duel meant a bloody - outcome.
Onegin and Zaretsky - both violate the rules of the duel. The first is to demonstrate his contempt for the story, in which he fell against his own will and in the seriousness of which he still does not believe, and Zaretsky because he sees in the duel a funny story, the subject of gossip and jokes.
Onegin's behavior in a duel is irrefutable evidence that the author wanted to make him a reluctant murderer. Both for Pushkin and for the readers of the novel, who were familiar with the duel firsthand, it was obvious that the one who wishes the unconditional death of the enemy does not shoot on the move, from a long distance and under the distracting muzzle of someone else's pistol, but, taking the risk, gives by itself to shoot, requires the enemy to the barrier and from a short distance shoots him as a stationary target.
If an experienced shooter fired first, then this, as a rule, indicated excitement, leading to an accidental trigger pull. However, the question arises: why did Onegin shoot at Lensky, and not past? First, a defiant shot to the side was a new insult and could not contribute to reconciliation. Secondly, in the event of an ineffectual exchange of shots, the duel would begin anew and the enemy's life could be saved only at the cost of his own death or injury, and the Breter's legends, which shaped public opinion, poeticized the killer, not the killed.
The hero of the novel, against his own will, recognizes the diktat of the norms of behavior imposed on him by Zaretsky and "public opinion", and immediately, losing his will, becomes a doll in the hands of a faceless duel ritual.
The main mechanism by which society, despised by Onegin, nevertheless imperiously controls his actions, is the fear of being funny or becoming the subject of gossip.
Onegin's behavior was determined by fluctuations between the natural human feelings that he experienced in relation to Lensky, and the fear of appearing funny or cowardly, violating the conventional norms of behavior at the barrier.
LESSON 47
COMMENTED READING OF THE SIXTH CHAPTER.
LENSKY'S TRAGIC DEATH. THE CELEBRATION
VANITIES. ONEGIN'S FAREWELL TO YOUTH
Don't let the poet's soul cool down,
Harden, harden,
And finally turn to stone
In the deadening rapture of light.
A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin"
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Conversation on issues:
What is the meaning of the epigraph to chapter six?
Teacher's word
The epigraph is taken from Petrarch's book On the Life of Madonna Laura.
Quoting, Pushkin omitted the middle verse, which changed the meaning of the quotation, In Petrarch: "Where the days are foggy and short - a born enemy of the world - a people will be born that does not hurt to die." The reason for the lack of fear of death is in the innate ferocity of this tribe. With the omission of the middle verse, it became possible to interpret the cause of the non-fear of death differently, as a consequence of disappointment and "premature old age of the soul."
2. What continuation in the sixth chapter finds Onegin's vengeance on Lensky?
3. A new person appears in stanzas IV-VIII - a certain Zaretsky. He is destined to play one of the main roles in the tragedy that will soon unfold. Perhaps, Pushkin has no more merciless characterization than that of Zaretsky.
Find the lines telling about what courage Zaretsky showed in battles, in relationships with friends, what "heroism" he showed during the war of 1812.
4. What role did Zaretsky play in the quarrel between Onegin and Lensky?
5. Can Onegin fix anything? After all, he understands that he was wrong.
6. Why did Onegin act differently from what his conscience dictated, but followed the lead of his former idol - "public opinion"? Find the answer to this question in verse XI of the sixth chapter.
7. Answer to question 2 of the homework.
Teacher's word
So, Onegin could not stand the test of friendship. Both at Tatyana's birthday and before the duel, he showed his inability to “detect feelings, and not bristle like an animal,” he turned out to be deaf both to the voice of his own heart and to the feelings of Lensky.
Throughout the sixth chapter in Onegin, there is a struggle between his true nature and the artificially adopted secular canons.
II. Individual assignment check - a message on the topic "Duel" (on card 29).
III. Independent written work on options:
1. Lensky's last night. Analyze stanzas XV-XXIII.
2. Onegin's petty rebellion against an inevitable duel. Analysis of stanzas XXVI - XXVII.
3. Friends or foes? Analysis of stanzas XXVIII-XXXIV.
4. Two options for the fate of Vladimir Lensky. Analysis of stanzas XXXVI - XL
5. Farewell to youth. Analysis of stanzas XLIII - XLVI.
IV. Homework.
1. Finish written work.
a) What does the episode of the heroine's visit to Onegin's house give for the disclosure of the images of Onegin and Tatiana?
b) How is Moscow depicted in the seventh chapter of the novel "Eugene Onegin"? Compare it with Griboyedov's Moscow, depicted in Woe from Wit. "
LESSON 48
COMMENTED READING OF THE SEVENTH CHAPTER.
"WITHOUT ONEGIN"
And everything that pleases lives
All that rejoices and glitters
Brings boredom and languor
For a long dead soul,
And everything seems dark to her ...
A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin"
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Conversation on issues:
1. To whom of the heroes of the novel can the words of the epigraph to the lesson be attributed? (These words convey the state of Onegin after the duel. But if you read the second stanza of the seventh chapter from the very beginning, it becomes clear that the author experiences such feelings in spring. This perception of spring - the pores of love - firstly, reflects the unusual, not generally accepted attitude of the author by this time of year, and, secondly, it is in tune with the mood of the heroes.)
2. Why in literary criticism it is customary to call the seventh chapter the chapter "Without Onegin"? (After a duel, Onegin will not be able to stay in these places, “where a bloody shadow appeared to him every day.” His wanderings will begin, only he will not be able to escape from remorse.)
3. What is the meaning of the triple epigraph to the seventh chapter? (The meaning of the triple epigraph is in the inconsistency of its constituent parts: the odic style, light irony and harsh satire; the depiction of the historical and symbolic role of Moscow for Russia, the everyday sketch of Moscow as the center of private, non-official Russian culture of the 19th century and the sketch of Moscow life as the focus of all negative sides Russian reality. The range from the sample of official poetry to the censored comedy is also significant.)
4. What motives sound in the first six stanzas of the seventh chapter of the novel? (Lyrical reflections of the author sound. In the sixth stanza we see the tombstone of the young poet, and from the subsequent stanzas we learn that this monument has been forgotten: "There is a familiar trace to it // Stalled. There is no wreath on the branch.")
5. Why do these words sound so unexpectedly harsh in the elegiac description? (Apparently, the romantic Lensky loved not a real, but an invented girl, who very quickly consoled herself, got married, left with her husband, an officer. The contrast of a calm description of nature with lines about oblivion is intended to emphasize the contradiction between the real world and the dreams of the deceased poet.)
6. Pushkin showed in his novel the life paths of two sisters. For one, everything is simple and clear, while for the other, a life full of deep suffering and uncertainty. But whose life is fuller, more significant? (Undoubtedly, Tatiana's life.)
7. What does the episode of the heroine's visit to Onegin's house give for the disclosure of the images of Onegin and Tatiana? (There is a new meeting of Tatyana with Onegin's world, she gets acquainted with the details of his life from the story of the housekeeper Anisya (stanzas XVII-XVIII). The most important stanza for revealing the secret of Onegin's soul is the nineteenth stanza, which describes the "fashionable cell" - Onegin's room.
Onegin's album and the composition of the library were supposed to reveal to Tatyana the unexpected, especially after the murder of Lensky, the image of the hero as a kind person who himself does not know that he is kind. At the same time, the gap between Onegin and the society around him was supposed to open up in front of her.)
8. What does she learn new when she sees a portrait of Byron and "a column with a cast-iron doll // Under a hat with a gloomy brow, // With hands clenched in a cross"? Who is this? (This is Napoleon. Byron and Napoleon are favorite heroes of romantic youth in the first third of the 19th century. For example, Pushkin in his poem "Towards the Sea" calls them "the masters of our thoughts", and Tatiana for the first time encounters a new side of life for herself - the philosophy and practice of individualism. )
Teacher's word
A day later, early in the morning, in a silent office, Tatyana began to read books.
From books, from sharp pencil marks on the margins of books, Tatyana's loving heart seeks and finds the answer to the painful question posed in the letter:
Who are you, my guardian angel,
Or an insidious tempter:
Resolve my doubts ...
And little by little, Onegin's secret begins to reveal itself to Tatiana, she finds in the books an image of a "modern man"
With his wicked soul
Self-loving and dry ...
Much in this portrait does not relate directly to Onegin, much belongs to the time, century, the author - "the singer of Giaur and Juan" - George Byron, but Tatiana draws a conclusion and passes her judgment, harsh and not entirely fair. (Reading stanza XXIV.)
In the word "parody" there is also a particle of truth - Tatiana caught the danger emanating from individualism and heartless selfishness - and a particle of the greatest delusion - after all, Onegin's personality is hidden under a fashionable mask. To get rid of it, you need to go through suffering.
But here the fate of our heroine changes dramatically: by the decision of her mother and the advice of her neighbors, it was decided to take Tatyana to Moscow “to the fair of brides”. For the heroine, this is the end of youth, freedom, a collapse of hopes.
9. How is Moscow depicted in the seventh chapter? Compare it with Griboyedov's Moscow depicted in Woe from Wit. (Analysis of stanza XIV and its comparison with the images of "Woe from Wit".)
Teacher's word
So, the main thing in the seventh chapter is the stanzas about Moscow. It is no coincidence that the triple epigraph refers specifically to Moscow.
In the novel, Moscow is shown in two perspectives: a popular, heroic city, beloved by the author, and a lordly, Famusian Moscow, depicted satirically.
10. What does Tatyana find in this city? How does she feel here? (Analysis of stanzas LIII, LIV.)
II. Homework.
a) Where did Onegin come from and what happened to him during his absence?
b) Has Tatiana changed during this time?
c) Was the happy reunion of Onegin and Tatiana possible?
LESSON 49
TATIANA AND ONEGIN IN THE EIGHT CHAPTER.
PROBLEMS OF HAPPINESS IN A ROMANCE
And happiness was so possible
so close...
A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin"
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Conversation on issues:
It took Pushkin five stanzas to remember his whole life. There was youth - she left, there were friends - they were destroyed. But the memory of them remained, loyalty to the ideas for which they gave their lives, went to the Nerchinsk mines. The muse remained, she is unchanged, she will always remain pure and bright, will help to live.)
2. Was Onegin in the first chapter a stranger to secular society? (No, "the light decided // That he is smart and very nice.")
3. With the new appearance of Onegin, a whole series of questions appears. Where was he for three years? (Excerpts from Onegin's travels will answer the question with what load he came to the fall of 1824. Route: Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Astrakhan - Caucasus - Crimea - Odessa ... Onegin gets to know his homeland.)
4. Gossip begins about him ("poses an eccentric"). Why does the light accept it warily? (It is not people who are accustomed in high society, but “masks pulled off by decency.” Those who do not look like them are strange, incomprehensible.)
5. What advice do the representatives of the world give to Onegin? (They advise Onegin to be a "good guy" like everyone else.)
6. Why did Onegin get, like Chatsky, from the ship to the ball? (A deep inner life appeared in him, which was not there before, an irreconcilable hostility to society arose.)
7. And now there is a new meeting of the heroes. Tatyana appears, and Onegin recognizes and does not recognize her. As Pushkin describes, what kind of Tatyana was she, what did she do without? How does it stand out from the secular society? (Simplicity and naturalness.)
8. Why is the eighth chapter the most controversial and most controversial? (Pushkin does not provide a psychological justification for events, actions, facts.)
9. Why Onegin, who did not love Tatiana in the village, is now seized with such an all-consuming passion? (the heroes have changed, the updated Onegin can now appreciate the whole depth of Tatyana's soul.)
10. What has changed in Tatiana? (She learned to “rule herself,” as Evgeny once advised her.)
11. What does Onegin feel when he sees Tatiana?
12. Was a happy reunion of Onegin and Tatiana possible?
Teacher's word
The compositional scheme of the novel is simple. The main characters change roles towards the end of the book.
SHE loves HIM HE loves HER
HE does not notice HER SHE does not notice HIM
SHE writes a letter to HIM HE writes letters to HER
hears HIS confession hears HER sermon
But this simple construction (mirror composition) only emphasizes the complexity of human experience.
At the end of the novel, both protagonists deserve the sympathy of the readers. If one of them could be called “negative,” then the novel would not have a truly tragic sound. Love for an unworthy creature can give rise to very sad situations, but it does not become such a source of tragedy as the mutual love of two people worthy of happiness with the complete impossibility of this happiness.
Onegin at the end of the novel is not a romantic "demon" with a prematurely aged soul. He sexes thirst for happiness, love and desire to fight for this happiness. His impulse is deeply justified and arouses readers' sympathy. But Tatyana is a person of a different kind: she tends to give up happiness in the name of higher moral values. Her spirituality is full of true spiritual beauty, which both the author and readers admire. The fact that both heroes, each in their own way, are worthy of happiness, makes the impossibility of happiness for them deeply tragic.
II. Homework.
Memorize a passage from a novel.
LESSON 50
FINAL LESSON ON THE ROMANCE "EVGENY ONEGIN".
PREPARATION FOR COMPOSITION
The longed-for moment has come: my work for many years is over.
Why is this incomprehensible sadness secretly disturbing me?
Or, having accomplished my feat, I stand like an unnecessary day laborer,
Who has accepted his wages, is alien to the work of another?
A.S. Pushkin
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Conversation on issues:
1. A poem in the epigraph, A.S. Pushkin wrote, having finished the greatest work of his life - the novel "Eugene Onegin". What are the feelings of a poet who has finished his work? (Here another secret of creativity is hidden: the artist dreams of finishing his work, of its completion, and, having completed it, feels a sense of loss.)
2. After reading the novel "Eugene Onegin", is it possible to learn about the fate of the author and read this novel as a novel about Pushkin?
3. Reading the learned passages from the novel by heart.
4. What is the Onegin stanza?
II. Teacher's word 1
.
Pushkin used a mysterious expression in the novel - "magic crystal". It is possible that this refers to a transparent gem or glass ball that was used for fortune telling. But this expression can also be applied to the stanza of the novel. No wonder the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, being a student of the Tsarskoye Selo gymnasium, during the final exam to the question "What is so remarkable about Pushkin's poetry?" - answered: "Crystal". The Onegin stanza, its structure, in fact, resembles a crystal created according to strict laws.
The complete stanza contains fourteen verses in iambic rhythm; the first four are cross-rhymed, the next four are paired, four more are encircling, the last two are paired again. This variety, and at the same time clarity, enhances the impression of a relaxed speech. An illusion arises that poems created according to the laws of high art are quite natural, even simple, could express the thoughts and moods of everyone.
III. Test based on the novel "Eugene Onegin" 2
.
Students can choose not one, but two or three answer options.
1. "Eugene Onegin" - work
a) realistic,
b) romantic,
c) combines the features of both methods.
2. Eugene Onegin is a hero
a) positive,
b) negative,
c) cannot be said unequivocally.
3. How does Pushkin himself define the genre originality of a work?
a) "the distance of a free romance",
b) "collection of variegated heads",
c) both so and so.
4. Whose portrait was hanging in Onegin's country office?
a) Alexander I,
b) Napoleon,
c) Byron.
5. What is the significance of the image of Onegin appearing to Tatyana in a dream?
a) embodies her idea of Onegin as a demonic hero,
b) predicts the death of Lensky from the hand of Onegin,
6. Why at the end of the novel does Tatyana refuse Onegin, although she continues to love him?
a) to punish him for his cruel coldness,
b) because from the point of view of her morality, the bonds of a sacred marriage are inviolable,
c) because she cannot and does not want to build her happiness on the misfortune of another person
7. Do you think that Onegin's feeling of love for Tatiana and his rebirth is sincere?
a) yes, because he is seriously suffering,
b) no, because he was attracted not by the "humble girl", but only by the brilliant lady,
c) Onegin's feeling is half sincerity and love, and half vanity.
8. What problem was more important for Pushkin in the novel?
a) the problem of social freedom,
b) the problem of educating young people of the nobility, political issues.
9. Why does Pushkin introduce a mirror composition into the novel (two loves, two letters, two rebuffs, etc.)?
a) to humiliate Onegin and raise Tatiana,
b) to show that all people are subject to the same psychological laws,
c) to show the moral and spiritual rebirth of Onegin.
10. What was the difference between Onegin's reading circle and Tatyana's reading circle?
b) Tatiana read sentimentalist writers, and Onegin read romantics,
c) Tatiana read love literature, Onegin - philosophical.
11. Why does Pushkin's novel continue to be relevant?
a) because it reflects the characteristic features of its era,
b) because it allows various interpretations of its meaning,
c) because it raises universal human problems that are relevant in all ages.
Answers: 1 a. 2 in. 3 in. 4 c. 5 a, b. 6 b, c. 7 a, c. 8 b. 9 b, c. 10 b, c. 11 c, b.
IV. Homework.
Prepare for a test essay based on the novel "Eugene Onegin".
LESSONS 51-52
CONTROL ESTABLISHMENT ON THE NOVEL
A.S. PUSHKINA "EVGENY ONEGIN"
1. Society in the life of Onegin, Tatiana and the author.
4. The theme of the meaning of life and the purpose of a person in the novel "Eugene Onegin".
5. Criterion of the value of personality in the understanding of the author of the novel "Eugene Onegin".
7. The idea of testing and its embodiment in the novel "Eugene Onegin".
8. Onegin as "a type of Russian wanderer", "restless dreamer for life" (FM Dostoevsky).
9. What is the meaning of the "mirror" composition of the novel "Eugene Onegin"?
Homework.
1. Individual task - to prepare a report on the topic: “The life and fate of M.Yu. Lermontov "(card 30).
2. Prepare for expressive reading the favorite poems of M.Yu. Lermontov.
Card 30
The life and fate of M.Yu. Lermontov 1
M.Yu. Lermontov was born on October 3, 1814 in Moscow. He spent his childhood in the Tarkhany estate, located in the Penza province and owned by the poet's grandmother by his mother, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva. She was smart, educated, power-hungry, loved her grandson without memory, and Lermontov answered her with great sincere love.
Father - Yuri Petrovich Lermontov - was a captain. He came from an old Scottish family.
Mother - Marya Mikhailovna - came from the old and wealthy Stolypin family.
Elizaveta Alekseevna was unhappy with the choice of her daughter, moreover, quarrels began to arise between Lermontov's parents. In 1817, Lermontov's mother died, Yuri Petrovich left for his Tula estate, and Mikhail Yurievich stayed with his grandmother. Elizaveta Alekseevna did everything to separate father and son. She gave Yuri Petrovich money and took from him a promise not to demand his son to her. If the conditions were violated, the grandmother threatened to deprive her grandson of the inheritance.
Lermontov grew up as a sickly child, and Elizaveta Alekseevna took him to the Caucasian waters, which completely healed the boy.
My grandmother managed to give her grandson an excellent education at home, he became fluent in French and German and prepared for admission to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, where he was enrolled in the fourth grade on September 1, 1828.
Lermontov studied diligently. Leaving the boarding school in 1830, he immediately entered Moscow University.
In 1832, due to participation in the "Malov history" (a rebellion of students against the incompetent teacher Malov) and friction with professors, Lermontov was forced to leave the university and move to St. Petersburg, where he entered the School of guards ensigns and cavalry cadets. After graduating from the School in 1834 M.Yu. Lermontov was promoted to the cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. In the winter of 1837, responding to the death of A.S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov wrote the poem "The Death of a Poet", which instantly spread throughout St. Petersburg.
The 16 lines attributed to him soon (starting with the words "And you, arrogant descendants ...") caused the displeasure of the royal court, the arrest and exile of the poet to the Caucasus, under the bullets of the mountaineers.
In the spring of 1838, thanks to the efforts of Lermontov's grandmother, he was returned to the guard, to the same Life Guards Hussar regiment, from where he was serving in exile.
In St. Petersburg, Lermontov was immediately accepted into secular society, met V.A. Zhukovsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, P.A. Pletnev, V.F. Odoevsky - the writers of the Pushkin circle.
Secular life, full of balls, holidays and receptions, continued until 1840. At the ball at the Countess Laval, the son of the French ambassador Ernest de Barant was jealous of M.Yu. Lermontov to the beautiful princess M.A. Shcherbatova. Both Lermontov and E. de Barant were fond of her, and the beauty, according to contemporaries, gave "too obvious preference" to Lermontov.
A duel took place, which ended in complete reconciliation, but the case received publicity. E. de Barant went home. The poet was again sent to the Caucasus, into the army.
Fighting in Chechnya, Lermontov showed himself as a courageous officer, for which he was awarded a golden saber with the inscription “For Bravery”.
In the winter of 1840, heeding the incessant requests and intercessions of Lermontov's grandmother, the emperor allowed him to take a leave of absence for two months and leave for St. Petersburg. In April 1841, after unsuccessful attempts to retire M.Yu. Lermontov was forced to return to the Caucasus.
On July 13, 1841, in Pyatigorsk, at the Verzilins' house at an ordinary ball, Lermontov and his friend L.S. Pushkin was in a cheerful frame of mind, they joked funny, but not evil. Then they saw N.S. Martynov, Lermontov's classmate at the School of Guards Ensigns, in a mountain dress: in a burka and with a large dagger. Lermontov joked loudly about this. Martynov approached him and said with restraint: "How many times have I asked you to leave your jokes in front of the ladies." A dispute ensued, ending with a challenge to a duel. Lermontov accepted the challenge.
Proof that Lermontov considered the quarrel insignificant, and reconciliation necessary and possible, is the fact that he, who fired first, fired a shot in the air. Martynov decided to kill Lermontov.
The duel took place on July 15, 1841. The poet was killed. His grandmother turned to Nicholas I with a request to transport the body of his grandson from Pyatigorsk to Tarkhany. The poet's ashes were buried in the Arsenyevs' family crypt in Tarkhany, where he still rests.
LESSON 53
M.Yu. LERMONTOV. FATE AND PERSONALITY OF THE POET.
TIME LERMONTOV
... I will not leave my brother in the world,
And the darkness in the cold is embraced
My soul is tired;
Like an early fruit devoid of juice,
She faded in the storms of doom
Under the sultry sun of being.
M.Yu. Lermontov
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Word of the teacher.
Life, fate of M.Yu. Lermontov's are like a bright comet that for a moment illuminated the sky of Russian spiritual life in the thirties. Wherever this amazing man appeared, exclamations of admiration and curse were heard. The jewelery perfection of his poems amazed with both the grandeur of the plan and the invincible skepticism, the power of denial.
II. Checking an individual assignment - a message on the topic “The life and fate of M.Yu. Lermontov "(card 30).
III. Expressive reading of poems prepared at home. What biographical motives sound in these poems?
IV. Teacher's word 1.
The fate of M.Yu. Lermontov and his work are closely interconnected, which left an imprint on the image of his lyrical hero.
The lyrical hero is a kind of artistic double of the author-poet, acting as a person endowed with personal destiny, psychological clarity of the inner world, and sometimes traits of plastic certainty (appearance, habits, posture).
For the reader's mind, the lyrical hero is the legendary truth about the poet, the legend about himself, bequeathed by the poet to the world.
V. Conversation on issues:
1. Remember the previously studied works of M.Yu. Lermontov: "Sail", "Angel", "Prayer", "Blue Mountains of the Caucasus", "Stone Knight", "Mtsyri", "Borodino". (Those interested can read one of the poems or an excerpt from the poem by heart.) How do you see the lyrical hero M.Yu. Lermontov?
Teacher's word
Creativity M.Yu. Lermontov is conventionally divided into two periods:
1.before 1837 - early period;
2.1837-1841 - mature period.
The lyrical hero of the early Lermontov is a poet, son of rock with the burden of tragic memories, with a "stamp of passions" on his forehead, an eternal wanderer, a "friend of freedom", a "son of nature", but, moreover, a disappointed demon, which is characterized by solitary self-knowledge.
The lyrical hero of the early Lermontov is a romantic. In him lives the "desire for bliss", the image of the heavenly-earthly, perfect world, inhabited by the "purest, best creatures", and the desire to immerse himself in this world.
The lyrical hero of the later Lermontov retained - in the form of meaningful hints and allegories - a personal prehistory, that burden of the past, which gives the right to judge the diseases of the century from the inside, from his own catastrophic experience. His "powerful and proud spirit" (Belinsky) sounds already beyond the line of what he has experienced, beyond the twists and turns of his own fate.
2. What are the motives of Lermontov's lyrics?
Teacher's Word 2
A motive is a stable semantic element of a literary text, which is repeated within a number of literary and artistic works. Lyrical themes characteristic of the poet are also called motives.
The isolation and analysis of poetic motives are important as a way to comprehend the artistic thinking and consciousness of the poet.
In the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov, the following motives are clearly traced:
1) freedom and will is the central motive that determines the rebellious pathos of the poetry of M.Yu. Lermontov;
2) action and feat are supporting motives, action is the basis of human existence. The feat is the trace that he must leave in life;
3) loneliness is the motive and the main theme of creativity;
4) wandering. This motive is due to the hero's homelessness in the world of well-established, but already discredited values. Lermontov's wanderer knows no hope of returning, his road is endless. And even death is just a continuation of the earthly path. The wanderer's spiritual world is the world of farewells and memories;
5) exile. The exile is cursed, doomed to wander. But at the same time, this curse is a sign of being chosen in relation to the “crowd”, to “others”;
6) Homeland;
7) memory and oblivion;
9) revenge;
11) earth and sky;
12) sleep;
13) path;
14) time and eternity;
15) love;
16) death.
3. Which of the above motives dominate? To answer this question, first write on the board the following information from the Lermontov Encyclopedia:
The word "god" is found on the pages of the works of M.Yu. Lermontov 589 times, "memory" - 72, "magic" - 64, "thunderstorm" - 65, "terrible" - 85, "evil" - 136, "villain" - 92, "play" - 183, "seem" - 336, "stone" - 142, "cross" - 92, "moon" - 135, "dream" - 194, "minute" - 333, "moment" - 121, "hope" - 263, "grave" - 144, "In vain" - 134, "heavenly" - 95, "sky" - 415, "earth" - 385, "no" - 1006, "night" - 328, "night" - 122, "cheat" - 129, "one "- 1472," paradise "- 127," rock "- 164," sleep "- 277," love "- 605," suffering "- 149," suffer "- 81," lie "- 60," death "- 273.
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A.S. Pushkin managed to overtake his era - he created an absolutely unique work, a novel in verse. The great Russian poet managed to present the image of Eugene Onegin in a very special way. The hero speaks to the reader in a complex and ambiguous way. And its changes are manifested throughout the entire work in dynamics.
Onegin is a representative of high society
Description of Onegin's character in the novel "Eugene Onegin" can begin with the characteristics that A. Pushkin gives to his hero. These are the following "facts": firstly, Onegin is an aristocrat from St. Petersburg. As for his attitude to the people around him and the philosophy of life, the poet describes him as "an egoist and a rake." A similar upbringing was cultivated in the noble environment of that time. Children of high-ranking persons were placed in the care of foreign educators. And by the beginning of their youth, the tutors taught them basic skills, the presence of which can be traced to the main character of Pushkin's work. Onegin was fluent in a foreign language ("and in French absolutely ..."), knew how to dance ("easily danced a mazurka"), and also had well-developed skills of etiquette ("and bowed at ease").
Surface education
At the beginning of the work, Onegin is described through the author's narration. Pushkin writes about the mental illness that befell his hero. Describing Onegin's character in the novel "Eugene Onegin", it can be emphasized: the root cause of this "blues" may well be the conflict that characterized Onegin's relationship with society. Indeed, on the one hand, the main character obeyed the rules established in the noble society; on the other, he internally rebelled against them. It should be noted that although Onegin was well-mannered, this education did not differ in particular depth. “So that the child is not exhausted, he taught him everything in jest,” a tutor from France. In addition, Onegin can be called a seducer. After all, he knew how to "seem new, joking to amaze innocence."
The main features at the beginning of the work
Onegin is a very controversial person. On the one hand, his unattractive character traits are selfishness and cruelty. But on the other hand, Onegin is endowed with a fine mental organization, he is very vulnerable, and has a spirit striving for true freedom. It is these qualities that are most attractive in Onegin. They make him another "hero of our time." Acquaintance with the main character takes place in the first chapter, during his irritated and bilious monologue. The reader sees a “young rake” who sees no value or meaning in anything, feels indifference to everything in the world. Onegin is ironic about his uncle's illness - after all, she tore him away from social life, but for the sake of money he is able to endure "sighs, boredom and deception" for some time.
Onegin's life
Such education was characteristic of the representatives of his circle. At first glance, Onegin's character in Eugene Onegin may seem frivolous. In conversation, Onegin could easily quote several poems or Latin phrases, and his daily life took place in a completely monotonous environment - balls, dinners, visits to theaters. The poet represents the life of the main character of the work by describing Onegin's office, whom he calls "a philosopher at eighteen years old." On the table near the main character, next to Byron, there is a column with a doll, as well as a large number of various toiletries. All this is a tribute to fashion, hobbies, aristocratic habits.
But most of all, the soul of the protagonist is occupied with "the science of tender passion", which can also be mentioned in the description of Onegin's character in the novel "Eugene Onegin". However, after meeting his main character, Pushkin warns readers not to succumb to the temptation to perceive Onegin as a "dummy" - he is not at all like that. All the secular environment and the usual way of life do not cause any enthusiasm in the protagonist. This world bored Onegin.
Blues
The life of the protagonist was completely calm and cloudless. His empty existence was filled with entertainment and worries about his own appearance. The main character is seized by the "English spleen", or Russian blues. Onegin's heart was empty, and his mind finds no use. He was disgusted not only with literary work. The main character takes up the book, however, reading does not give him any pleasure. After all, Onegin became disillusioned with life, and he is not able to believe the book. The protagonist calls the apathy that has taken possession of him "disappointment", eagerly covering himself with the image of Childe Harold.
However, the main character does not want and does not know how to really work. At first, he tries himself as a writer - but does this job "yawning", and soon puts it aside. And such boredom pushes Onegin to travel.
Onegin in the village
In the village, the protagonist again managed to "cheer up". He is happy to observe the beauties of nature, and even makes attempts to make life easier for serfs by replacing heavy corvee with "light tax". However, again Onegin is caught up with his tormentor - boredom. And he discovers that in the village he experiences the same feelings as in the aristocratic capital. Onegin wakes up early, swims in the river, but still he gets bored with this life.
Turning Acquaintance
However, the scenery changes after the main character meets Lensky, and then the Larin sisters who live in the neighborhood. Close interests and good upbringing allow Onegin to get closer to Lensky. The main character draws attention to his older sister, Tatiana. And in her sister, Olga (who was Lensky's beloved), Onegin sees only "the lifelessness of features and souls." Tatiana's character traits in the novel "Eugene Onegin" contrast her with the main character. She is close to the life of the people, despite the fact that she speaks poorly in Russian.
Her best features were brought up by a nanny who gave Tatiana the concept of moral duty, as well as the foundations of the people's worldview. The integrity of Tatiana's character in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is manifested in the courage with which she makes a confession to her beloved, as well as in the nobility of her intentions, fidelity to the conjugal oath. Onegin's rebuke makes her more mature. The heroine changes outwardly, but retains the best qualities of character.
As for the character of Olga in the novel "Eugene Onegin", the poet assigns this heroine a secondary role. She is pretty, but Onegin immediately sees her spiritual emptiness. And this character very quickly evokes rejection from an impressionable reader. In the image of Olga, the great Russian poet expresses his attitude to the windy girls of his era. About their portrait, he says: "I myself loved him before, but he bored me immensely."
The character of Lensky in the novel "Eugene Onegin"
Lensky appears before the reader in the form of a freedom-loving thinker who was educated at one of the European universities. His poetry is fanned by the spirit of romanticism. However, Pushkin hastens to warn the reader that in reality Lensky remains an ignoramus, an ordinary Russian landowner. Although he is cute, he is not overly sophisticated.
The decency of the hero
Onegin rejects Tatyana's feelings. He responds to all her love confessions with a rude rebuke. At this moment in time, Onegin does not need the sincerity and purity of the village girl's feelings. However, Pushkin justifies his hero. Onegin was distinguished by decency and honesty. He did not allow himself to scoff at the feelings of another person, at his naivety and purity. In addition, the reason for Larina's refusal was the coldness of Onegin himself.
Duel with Lensky
The next turning point in revealing Onegin's character is his duel with Lensky. But in this case, Onegin does not show nobility, preferring not to give up the duel, the outcome of which was predetermined. The opinion of society, as well as the perversity of the values that existed in that environment, hung over Onegin's decision like the sword of Damocles. And the protagonist does not open his heart to a sense of true friendship. Lensky dies, and Onegin regards this as his own crime. And the senseless death of a friend awakens the "soul sleep" of the protagonist. The character of Eugene Onegin in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is changing: he realizes how lonely he is, and his attitude to the world takes on different shades.
Re-meeting with Tatiana
Returning to the capital, at one of the balls, the protagonist again meets "the very same Tatiana." And there is no limit to his charm. She is a married woman - but only now Onegin is able to see the kinship of their souls. In his love for Tatiana, he sees the possibility of his spiritual resurrection. In addition, Onegin learns that her love for him is still alive. However, for the main character it turns out to be completely unacceptable the idea of a possible betrayal of her legal husband.
In her soul, a duel takes place between feelings and duty, and it is not resolved in favor of love passions. Tatiana leaves Onegin on her knees alone. And the poet himself also leaves his hero precisely during this scene. How his life will end remains unknown. Studies by literary scholars and historians show that the poet planned to "send" Onegin to the Caucasus, or turn him into a Decembrist. However, this remained a mystery, which was burned along with the final chapter of the work.
The author of the novel and its protagonist
The versatility of the characters in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is revealed in the process of the development of the plot of the poem. Describing the events that took place in the work after Onegin's duel with Lensky, Pushkin includes in the text a small mention of a young city woman. She asks what happened to Olga, where is her sister now, and what happened to Onegin - where is “this gloomy eccentric”? And the author of the work promises to tell about it, but not now. Pushkin deliberately creates the illusion of author's freedom.
This technique can be seen as the idea of a talented storyteller who has a casual conversation with his readers. On the other hand, this is how Pushkin can be characterized as a real master who is fluent in the chosen manner of presenting the work. The author of the work acts as one of the characters in the novel only in relation to Onegin himself. And this indication of personal contacts will set the protagonist apart from other characters. Pushkin mentions a "meeting" with Onegin in the capital, describes the first embarrassment that gripped him during this meeting. Such was the manner of communication of the protagonist - stinging jokes, bile, "the anger of gloomy epigrams." Pushkin also informs the reader about the general plans to see "alien countries" with his main character.
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