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Let's talk about what's in Maslow's pyramid occupies the top, about the spiritual and beautiful. A person carries the question of spiritual and cultural throughout his entire existence, and you and I have to understand at least a small, but theoretically studied part of this bravado of information.

Culture is complex phenomenon, which can be confirmed by citing new and new interpretations and definitions, but three approaches are considered the most common:
— technological approach (culture, as the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of the entire society);
— activity approach (culture as creative activity carried out in the spheres of material and spiritual life of society);
— value approach (culture as the practical implementation of universal human values ​​in the affairs and relationships of people).
It follows from this that culture has its own structure, system, functions, forms, etc. Thus, we talk about culture as an institution of society, which is historically determined by a number of factors. Opening historical information about the origin of culture, we will encounter the first mention in the 1st century. BC e. and use as a philosophical concept in the 18th century. XIX century
Today, the concept of “culture” is interpreted in a broad and narrow sense, which helps to understand and evaluate this phenomenon.
!Culture (shire)- a historically determined dynamic complex that is constantly updated in all areas public life forms, principles, methods and results of active creative activity of people.!
!Culture (narrow)- a process of active creative activity, during which spiritual values ​​are created, distributed and consumed!

As we noted earlier, culture is endowed with a number of functions that it is called upon to perform as a phenomenon of social life. And so, the main ones functions of culture :

• educational- forms an idea of ​​where we live or about a particular people, country or era;
• evaluative— carries out differentiation of values, including the enrichment of traditions;
• regulatory— forms norms and attitudes in society in all areas of life and activity;
• informative— transmits the knowledge, values ​​and experience of previous generations;
• communicative— preservation and transmission of cultural values, as well as their development through communication;
• socialization— the individual’s mastery of knowledge, norms, values, awareness and readiness to fulfill social roles and the desire for self-improvement.

Evaluating these functions, you come to the conclusion about what a huge role culture plays in our lives, and this is part large space called “spiritual life of society”. This is the area of ​​existence in which objective reality is given in the form of opposing objective activity, but as a reality present in man himself, which is integral part his personality.
Speaking about the spiritual, the following associations immediately arise in the head: knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations - everything that makes up spiritual world person. Elements of the spiritual sphere of society are morality, science, art, religion and, to a certain extent, law. Let's imagine the structure of the spiritual life of society in the form of a diagram (see below).

Having carefully examined the presented diagram, you can imagine how multifaceted spiritual life is, and only guess the breadth and scope of each of its elements, especially affecting culture.
Culture has a variety of forms and varieties; in the literature it is customary to distinguish three forms of culture: elite, popular and mass; And two varieties : subculture and counterculture.
Let us consider the forms and varieties, indicating their main features.
Forms of culture:

1. Elite
   created by a privileged part of society, or at their request, by professional creators who have special knowledge in this area of ​​the creation process.
2. Folk
   created by anonymous creators who do not have prof. or special knowledge (myths, legends, epics, songs and dances).
3. Mass
   a form characterizing modern cultural production and consumption.

Types of culture:

1. Subculture
   Part general culture, a system of values ​​inherent in a certain group (religious, ethnic, criminal groups).
2. Counterculture
   opposition and alternative to the dominant culture in society (hippies, punks, skinheads, etc.).

And what is most surprising is that each form and variety surprises with its breadth of views, and how many needs and interests it can satisfy.

In conclusion, I would like to say that each of us is the creator of our own culture, which many years later will be mentioned in history books, and it is very important that we leave behind, mass culture is a product of globalization, and we need not to forget about the originality of our multinational and great people.

© Maria Rastvorova 2015.

Social science. Full course preparation for the Unified State Exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.10. The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture

Approaches to understanding culture

1. Technological: culture is the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of society.

2. Active: culture is creative activity carried out in the spheres of material and spiritual life of society.

3. Value: culture is the practical implementation of universal human values ​​in the affairs and relationships of people.

4. Historical: culture is a product of history, which represents the inheritance of social experience and its transmission from generation to generation.

5. Normative: culture – values ​​and norms human existence. Types of values: 1) material (pleasant, useful, suitable); 2) logical (true); 3) ethical (good); 4) aesthetic (beauty).

6. Activity (anthropological): culture is all types of transformative activity of man and society, as well as all its results (second nature). Secondary (second) nature is a set of material conditions created by man in the process of his adaptation to natural conditions. Artifact of culture– an artificially created object that has a sign or symbolic content: 1) objects, things, tools, clothing, household utensils, housing, roads created by people; 2) phenomena of the spiritual life of society: scientific theories, superstitions, works of art and folklore.

7. Semiotic: culture is a system of signs and symbols used in a given society. Semiotics (from the Greek semeion - sign, attribute) is a science that studies methods of transmitting information, the properties of signs and sign systems in human society (mainly natural and artificial languages, as well as some cultural phenomena - systems of myth, ritual), in nature ( communication in the animal world) or in man himself (visual and auditory perception, etc.).

8. Sociological: culture is the organizing factor of social life.

Culture – 1) in the broad sense of the word – a historically conditioned dynamic complex of forms, principles, methods and results of active creative activity of people that are constantly updated in all spheres of social life; 2) in a narrow sense - a process of active creative activity, during which spiritual values ​​are created, distributed and consumed. Components of human culture: environmental, economic, legal, aesthetic, moral, educational, political, Physical Culture, culture of life, culture of speech and communication.

The main spheres of existence and development of culture

– Material culture– the material environment of a person, consisting of objects that serve to satisfy vital needs, is associated with the production and development of objects and phenomena of the material world, with changes in the physical nature of a person (material and technical means of labor, communication, cultural and social facilities, production experience, skills, abilities people, etc.).

– Spiritual culture– a set of spiritual values ​​and creative activities for their production, development and application: science, art, religion, morality, politics, law, etc.

– Social culture – forms of organization of joint life characteristic of a particular culture.

The division of culture into material and spiritual is very arbitrary. It is very difficult to draw a line between them, because in a “pure” form they simply do not exist: spiritual culture can be embodied in material media(books, paintings, tools, etc.).

Basic functions of culture

1) educational– this is the formation of a holistic idea of ​​a people, country, era;

2) evaluative– implementation of differentiation of values, enrichment of traditions;

3) regulatory (normative)– formation of a system of norms and requirements of society for all individuals in all areas of life and activity (standards of morality, law, behavior);

4) informative– transfer and exchange of knowledge, values ​​and experience of previous generations;

5) communicative– preservation, transfer and replication of cultural values; development and improvement of personality through communication;

6) socialization– the individual’s assimilation of a system of knowledge, norms, values, accustoming to social roles, normative behavior, the desire for self-improvement.

The structure of the spiritual life of society

– spiritual needs represent the objective need of people and society as a whole to create and master spiritual values;

– spiritual activity(spiritual production) – production of consciousness in a special public form carried out by specialized groups of people professionally engaged in qualified mental work;

– spiritual benefits(values): ideas, theories, images and spiritual values;

– spiritual public relations individuals.

Forms and varieties of culture

1. in connection with religion: religious and secular;

2. on a regional basis: culture of the East and West;

3. by nationality: Russian, French, etc.;

4. according to affiliation historical type societies: culture of traditional, industrial, post-industrial society;

5. in connection with the territory: rural and urban culture;

6. by sphere of society or type of activity: industrial culture, political, economic, pedagogical, environmental, artistic, etc.;

7. by level of skill and type of audience: elite (high), popular, mass.

1) Folk culture – the most stable part of national culture, a source of development and a repository of traditions. Culture created by the people and existing among the masses. Folk culture is usually anonymous. Folk culture can be divided into popular and folklore. Popular culture describes the current way of life, morals, customs, songs, dances of the people, and folklore describes its past.

2) Elite culture is created with a view to a narrow circle of consumers prepared to perceive works that are complex in form and content ( literature: Joyce, Kafka; painting: Chagall, Picasso; cinema: Kurosawa, Tarkovsky; music: Schnittke, Gubaidullina). Signs elite culture: a) high level (complexity of content); b) obtaining commercial benefits is not an essential goal; c) the audience’s preparedness for perception; d) a narrow circle of creators and audiences; 5) determines the development of the entire culture.

3) Mass culture (pop culture) has the following characteristics: a) general availability; b) entertaining (addressing such aspects of life and emotions that arouse constant interest and are understandable to most people); c) seriality, replication; d) passivity of perception; 5) commercial in nature.

4) "Screen culture» is based on the synthesis of a computer with video equipment. Personal contacts and reading books fade into the background.

The development of culture is a two-pronged process: a) summation, accumulation of experience and cultural values ​​of previous generations, i.e. the creation of traditions; b) overcoming these same traditions by increasing cultural wealth, i.e. innovation.

Tradition– elements of social and cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation and persisting in certain societies and social groups for a long time. Ways of accumulation of cultural values: a) vertically (continuity, transfer from one generation to another of elements, parts of previous theories); b) horizontally (not individual elements are inherited, current ideas, part of a theory, but a complete work of art).

Cultural accumulation– accumulation of cultural potential and heritage.

Diversity of cultures

Subculture- part of the general culture, a system of values ​​inherent in a large social group(youth, women's, professional, criminal). Components: knowledge, values, style and lifestyle, social institutions as a system of norms, skills, abilities, methods of implementation, methods; social roles and statuses; needs and inclinations. youth subculture– a culture of conspicuous consumption, most often developing on the basis of styles in clothing and music.

Counterculture– a subculture that not only differs from the dominant culture, but opposes, is in conflict with it (underground), and seeks to displace it; value system of asocial groups (“new left”, hippies, beatniks, yuppies, etc.). Within the framework of the elite culture there is its own “counterculture” - the avant-garde.

Hierarchy of world culture

* Eurocentrism– various concepts trying to present Europe as the spiritual center of the planet and a role model in solving economic, environmental, political, social, national, ethical, creative, religious, demographic and other universal problems.

* Americacentrism- the concept that America is the spiritual center of humanity.

* Oriental-centrism (pan-Islamism, pan-Mongolism)– a worldview (view), according to which the East is the center of world culture and civilization.

* Afrocentrism– the concept according to which Africa is the spiritual center of humanity.

* Negritude- a concept that affirms the idea of ​​a special independent spiritual, cultural and political development of African peoples.

Interaction of cultures

Dialogue of cultures– continuity, interpenetration and interaction of different cultures of all times and all peoples, enrichment and development on this basis national cultures and universal human culture; same as acculturation.

Acculturation– 1) in a narrow sense: processes of mutual influence of cultures, as a result of which the culture of one people fully or partially perceives the culture of another people, usually more developed; 2) in a broad sense: the process of interaction of cultures, cultural synthesis.

Cultural contact– a precondition for intercultural interaction, presupposing stable contact in the social space of two or more cultures.

Cultural diffusion– mutual penetration (borrowing) of cultural traits and complexes from one society to another when they come into contact (cultural contact). Channels of cultural diffusion: migration, tourism, missionary activities, trade, war, scientific conferences, trade exhibitions and fairs, exchange of students and specialists, etc.

Globalization of culture– acceleration of the integration of nations into the world system due to the development of modern means of transport and economic relations, the formation of transnational corporations and the world market, thanks to the impact on people of means mass media. The globalization of culture has positive (communication, expansion of cultural contacts in the modern world) and negative sides.

N. Danilevsky about the interaction of cultures: 1) colonization (the Phoenicians transferred their culture to Carthage); 2) “grafting a cutting onto a foreign tree” (Hellenistic culture of Alexandria inside Egyptian culture); 3) mutual equal dialogue (exchange of values).

Culture shock- the initial reaction of an individual, group or mass consciousness to a meeting with a different cultural reality.

Ways to overcome culture shock: 1) Colonization: aggressive demonstration and promotion of one’s own cultural guidelines and behavior patterns, radical rejection traditional values“local” culture and their displacement to the periphery of cultural space. 2) Ghetto(t)ization: the creation of compact places of residence for “aliens” (emigrants, refugees, guest workers) or “local” (US Indians) carriers of a different culture, where they have the opportunity to preserve and maintain their cultural microenvironment within the strict confines of local closed spaces (ghetto). 3) Assimilation: an extreme form of cultural conformism, a conscious renunciation of one’s own cultural identity in favor of complete adaptation to a “foreign” culture. The last “bastion” in the fight against foreign culture is language, with the loss of which the assimilated culture also dies. 4) Diffusion: combining elements of “one’s own” and “foreign” cultures.

Tolerance– tolerance for other people’s opinions, beliefs, behavior. Forms of tolerance: a) personal (social interactions of individuals); b) social (social psychology, consciousness, moral norms and mores); c) government (legislation, political practice).

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From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (ZE) by the author TSB

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From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (EL) by the author TSB

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Culture is the most important element that determines the sphere of spiritual life. Despite the fact that we are already familiar with this concept, we have to delve even deeper into its meaning. Let's try to answer the question: “Where does culture begin?”

On the surface lies the idea that one must look for it where nature ends and man begins - a thinking and creative being. For example, ants, while erecting complex structures, do not create a culture. For millions of years they have been reproducing the same program inherent in them by nature. Man, in his activity, constantly creates new things, transforming both himself and nature. Having already cut a stone and tied it to a stick, he created something new, namely an object of culture, that is, something that did not exist in nature before. Thus, it becomes clear that the basis of culture is the transformative, creative activity of man in relation to nature.

The term “culture” itself was originally Latin meant “cultivation, cultivation of the soil,” i.e. even then it implied changes in nature under the influence of man. In a meaning close to the modern understanding, this word was first used in the 1st century. BC e. Roman philosopher and orator Cicero. But only in the 17th century. it began to be widely used in its own meaning, meaning everything that is invented by man. Since then, thousands of definitions of culture have been given, but there is still no single and generally accepted one and, apparently, there never will be. In the very general view it can be represented as follows: culture is all types of transformative activities of man and society, as well as all its results. It is the historical totality of the industrial, social and spiritual achievements of mankind.

From another, narrower point of view, culture can be represented as a special sphere of social life, where the spiritual efforts of mankind, the achievements of the mind, the manifestation of feelings and creative activity are concentrated. In this form, understanding culture is very close to defining the spiritual sphere of society. Often these concepts easily replace each other and are studied as a whole.

The study of culture is primarily concerned with the science of culturology. But at the same time, various phenomena and aspects of cultural life are the subject of study of many other sciences - history and sociology, ethnography and linguistics, archeology and aesthetics, ethics and art history, etc.

Culture is a complex, multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon. The development of culture is a two-pronged process. It requires, on the one hand, the summation, accumulation of experience and cultural values ​​of previous generations, i.e. the creation of traditions, and on the other hand, overcoming these same traditions by increasing cultural wealth, i.e. innovation. Traditions are a stable element of culture; they accumulate and preserve those created by humanity cultural values. Innovation imparts dynamics and pushes cultural processes towards development.

Human society, through the creative efforts of its best representatives, constantly creates new models that take root in people's lives, becoming traditions, the key to the integrity of human culture. But culture cannot stop. As soon as it freezes, the process of its degradation and degeneration begins. Traditions become stereotypes and patterns, thoughtlessly reproduced for the simple reason that “it has always been this way.” Such cultural development invariably leads to a dead end. Complete denial of all previous achievements also turns out to be unpromising. The desire to destroy everything to the ground and then build something new ends, as a rule, in a senseless pogrom, after which with great difficulty we have to restore the remains of what was destroyed. Innovation gives a positive result only when it takes into account all previous achievements and builds a new one on their basis. But this process is far from painless. Just remember the French impressionist artists. How much they had to listen to ridicule and abuse, censure from the official art criticism and bullying! However, time passed, and their paintings entered the treasury of world culture, became role models, that is, they joined the cultural tradition.

Structure of culture. Culture as social institution

Culture in sociological knowledge

Types and forms of culture.

Structure of culture. Culture as a social institution.

Culture in sociological knowledge.

Plan

There are more than 150 definitions of the concept “culture”.

Culture (originally from Latin cultura) - “cultivation”, “processing” (from “cultivation of the land” in Ancient Rome to “upbringing and education of a person.” Gradually, the term “culture” acquires not only personal, but also social meaning.

Culture is a system of values ​​shared by members of society, normative and other regulators social interactions;

This is a way of organizing and developing human life, presented in its material and intangible products, passed on from generation to generation.

Society and culture are quite difficult to distinguish, since they “live” in each other, and their interpenetration is multifaceted.

This can be confirmed by cultural subjects, which are the main types of social communities - society (if it is considered as a type of the broadest community), nation, social group.

So, for example, we can talk about Russian and American cultures as the cultures of their respective societies; about the Tatar Chuvash cultures as national cultures; youth culture, teaching culture, etc. as cultures of specific social groups (demographic, professional, etc.).

Society and culture, meanwhile, may not coincide with each other, which makes it possible to separate these phenomena.

This is confirmed by the following:

1) not all members of society share its cultural values ​​and norms;

2) some cultural patterns extend beyond the borders of a particular country and are perceived in other countries (for example, Roman law);

3) cultures that are sometimes significantly different from each other can coexist in one society.

The structure of culture, its main elements: values, norms, customs, language, activities.

Social values – significant phenomena, objects, processes as patterns accepted in a given environment, with the help of which people correlate their interactions in social community. Values, as the “core” of culture, unite material and intangible culture. Values ​​act as social-normative regulators of social life and people’s behavior. Values ​​are the basis for norms and standards of behavior.

Norms are rules of behavior, expectations and standards that govern interactions between people. There are norms: moral (socially accepted rules of behavior that require the performance of certain actions and prohibit others, for example, the 10 commandments), institutional (carefully developed, in contrast to moral ones, with established rules for following them, since each institution has its regulatory framework), legal (strengthened formalized norms that require strict implementation, which is ensured by coercion from the state), norms of etiquette, everyday behavior, etc.

Customs– patterns of behavior accepted in society (communities) (inherited stereotypical modes of behavior), which are constantly reproduced and are familiar to its members. In traditional societies they are the main regulators, and their violation is strictly punished. In modern societies there are more customs, their violation is not punished very harshly and concerns, first of all, elementary norms of behavior (how to eat, sit, greet each other, etc.). Customs include taboos - prohibitions.

Language- a system of communication carried out on the basis of sounds and symbols that have conventional but reasonable meanings. Language serves as the main means of translation and transmission of culture, because V to a large extent her creations are presented in symbolic form.

There is a special “language of culture”, i.e. in order to penetrate into the essence of a work, it is necessary to master its language (the profession of a composer, artist, sculptor, etc.).

Language is a social phenomenon, i.e. Language cannot be acquired outside of social interaction.

Language, like culture, develops generally accepted meanings that make up the content of oral and writing. Language is objective, but speech is subjective; language has public character, and speech is individual.

Activity consists in the creation (production), assimilation (consumption), preservation, dissemination (distribution) of cultural goods, values, norms. Activities in the field of culture in sociology come down to the following types: reading, visiting movies, theaters, watching television, participating in creative activities (art, music, etc.). etc.

Cultural activity in a broad sense is the (self) realization of a person’s essential powers, his abilities, talents, needs and interests. Thus, cultural content can be identified in any area social activities– work, family, life, education, politics, leisure.

Culture as a social institution performs the following functions:

1) spiritual production (providing the necessary prerequisites for spiritual creativity, creation of spiritual values);

2) preservation, replication and broadcast of newly created or reproduced values ​​(in an effort to make them mass property - the work of publishing houses, printing houses, film studios, etc.);

3) socio-regulatory (regulation of the process of creation, preservation, distribution of spiritual goods with the help of normative and value mechanisms - traditions, customs, symbols);

4) communicative (organization of interaction between institutions and groups of people during the production, preservation and distribution of spiritual values);

5) social control behind how the creation and distribution of products of cultural institutions is carried out.

Types of culture:

1. Material and immaterial (spiritual) culture

TO material culture These include physical objects or artifacts created by people that are given a certain meaning (car, building, furniture, etc.).

Intangible (spiritual) culture includes spiritual values, language, beliefs, rules, customs, government system, science, religion.

2. Civilization, cultural-historical type, those. culture as an integral historical phenomenon (the so-called “great cultures” - ancient, Indian, Chinese, European, etc.): characterizes certain historical eras, or specific societies, nationalities, nations. These are ethnic, territorial, economic, linguistic, political, psychological communities “extending” in time and space, going through stages of origin, development, prosperity and decline.

3. Subculture- a system of activities, values ​​and norms that distinguish the culture of a certain social community from the culture of the majority of society. The subculture does not reject the majority culture, but deviates from it ( youth subcultures, subculture of doctors, subculture of students, etc.).

4. Counterculture- a subculture that is in conflict with the dominant culture. Counterculture creates norms and values ​​that contradict the main aspects of culture. Sometimes counterculture values ​​permeate the mainstream culture and become less controversial.

Forms of culture:

Elite (high) culture, the works of which are perceived by a relatively small segment of the population; a set of cultural creations that are complex in content and little understandable to an unprepared person, for example, fine arts, classic literature and music;

Folk culture is a set of myths, legends, tales, songs, dances, created, as a rule, by anonymous authors;

Popular culture is a generally accepted set of cultural patterns and ideas supported by the media, e.g. pop culture, rock culture.

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The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture

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Meanings of the concept “culture”.

Culture- (from the Latin verb colo), which means “to cultivate”, “to cultivate the soil”. Later, another meaning appeared - to improve, to honor. Cicero became the author of the metaphor cultura animi, i.e. “culture (improvement) of the soul”, “spiritual culture”.
In modern language the concept of culture is used in:
In a broad sense- a set of types and results of transformative activity of man and society, transmitted from generation to generation with the help of linguistic and non-linguistic sign systems, as well as through learning and imitation
Narrow sense- the sphere of social life where the spiritual efforts of humanity, the achievements of the mind, the manifestation of feelings and creative activity are concentrated
Since culture is the result of creative, creative human activity, experience accumulated and passed on from generation to generation, its evaluation and comprehension, this is what distinguishes man from nature and moves him along the path of development. , then for a healthy social and personal development it is necessary that a certain cultural environment be formed, which will include a number of elements:
Work culture- a person’s ability to express their Creative skills with maximum efficiency in organizing and implementing their professional work activities.
Life culture- a set of household items, their aesthetics, as well as relationships between people in the sphere of everyday relations.
Communication culture - humane treatment person to person, including compliance with the norms of politeness, conventional and generally accepted methods expressions good relations to each other, forms of greetings, gratitude, apologies, rules of conduct in in public places and so on. Important elements of this culture are tactfulness, the ability to understand the feelings and moods of the people around them, to put oneself in their place, to imagine possible consequences of their actions, display of accuracy and commitment.
Culture of behavior- a set of forms of everyday human behavior in which the moral and aesthetic norms of this behavior find their external expression.
Culture of education- a person’s ability to organize the process of education and self-education to obtain knowledge and skills in various ways.
Culture of thinking- the ability of individual thinking for self-development and the ability to go beyond the individual’s existing forms and canons of thinking.
Culture of speech and language- level speech development, degree of proficiency in language norms, expressiveness of speech, ability to master semantic nuances various concepts, use of large vocabulary, emotionality and harmony of speech, possession bright images, persuasiveness.
Culture of feelings- the degree of emotional spirituality of a person, his ability to feel and capture the feelings of other people, a tactful attitude towards his own and others’ feelings.
Food culture- a person’s awareness of the need for nutrition to continue life, allocation of necessary food for life and health, understanding of the need for healthy nutrition and the ability to organize one’s nutrition.

Forms and varieties of culture.

Classification criteria
1. By the nature of the needs being satisfied:- Distinguish between material and spiritual culture. The main basis for the distinction between material and spiritual cultures is the nature of the needs (material or spiritual) of society and man, satisfied by the produced values.
Material- everything that is created in the process of material production: technology, material values, production
Spiritual- a set of spiritual values ​​and creative activities for their production, development and application. (religion, art, morality, science, worldview)
2. In connection with religion:- religious and secular;
3. By regional basis:- culture of East and West;
4. By nationality:- Russian, French, etc.;
5. By belonging to the historical type of society:- culture of traditional, industrial, post-industrial society;
6. In connection with the territory:- rural and urban culture;
7. By area of ​​society or type of activity:- industrial, political, economic, pedagogical, environmental, artistic culture, etc.;
8. By skill level and type of audience:- elite (high), folk, mass
Elite culture- (from the French elite - the best, chosen) - a phenomenon opposed to mass culture. It is created for a narrow circle of consumers prepared to perceive works that are complex in form and content (literature: Joyce, Proust, Kafka; painting: Chagall, Picasso; cinema: Kurosawa, Bergman, Tarkovsky; music: Schnittke, Gubaidullina). Under the elitist culture for a long time understood the culture of the spiritual elite of society (people with a high level of intelligence and cultural needs). These cultural values ​​were believed to be beyond the comprehension of the majority of the population. From the middle of the 20th century. elite culture is defined as creative, i.e. that part of the culture in which new cultural values ​​are created. Of these created cultural values, only 1/3 achieve public recognition. From this point of view, elite culture is the highest and main part of culture, which determines its development.
Signs of an elite culture:
1) high level (complexity of content);
2) obtaining commercial benefits is not an essential goal;
3) the audience’s preparedness for perception;
4) a narrow circle of creators and audiences;
5) a narrow circle of creators and audiences;
Mass culture (pop culture)- focuses primarily on commercial success and mass demand. It satisfies the unpretentious tastes of the masses, and its products are hits, the life of which is often very short.
Signs of mass culture:
1) general availability;
2) entertaining (appealing to such aspects of life and emotions that arouse constant interest and are understandable to most people);
3) seriality, replication;
4) passivity of perception;
5) commercial in nature.
"Screen culture"- is based on the synthesis of a computer with video equipment. Personal contacts and reading books fade into the background.

Folk culture- the most stable part of the national culture, a source of development and a repository of traditions. This is a culture created by the people and existing among the masses. Folk culture is usually anonymous. Folk culture can be divided into two types - popular and folklore. Popular culture describes the current way of life, morals, customs, songs, dances of the people, and folklore describes its past.
Folk or national culture presupposes the absence of personalized authorship and is created by the entire people. It includes myths, legends, dances, tales, epics, fairy tales, songs, proverbs, sayings, symbols, rituals, rites and canons.
Subculture and counterculture
Subculture- part of the general culture, a system of values ​​inherent in a large social group. In any society there are many subgroups that have their own special cultural values ​​and traditions. A system of norms and values ​​that distinguishes a group from the rest of society is called a subculture. One of the most widespread subcultures in the modern world is the youth subculture, which is distinguished by its language (slang) and behavioral characteristics.
Counterculture- 1) a subculture that not only differs from the dominant culture, but opposes, is in conflict with it, and seeks to displace it; 2) the value system of asocial groups (“new left”, hippies, beatniks, yippies, etc.). Within the framework of elite culture there is its own “counterculture” - the avant-garde.

Interaction of cultures

Dialogue of cultures- 1) continuity, interpenetration and interaction of different cultures of all times and all peoples, enrichment and development on this basis of national cultures and universal culture; 2) the same as acculturation.
Acculturation- (English acculturation, from Latin ad - to, and cultura - education, development) - 1) in the narrow sense: processes of mutual influence of cultures, as a result of which the culture of one people fully or partially perceives the culture of another people, usually more developed; 2) in a broad sense: the process of interaction of cultures, cultural synthesis.
cultural contact- a precondition for intercultural interaction, which presupposes stable contact in the social space of two or more cultures. Cultural contact is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the interaction of cultures. The interaction process presupposes a fairly high degree of closeness and intensity of cultural contact.
Cultural diffusion- (from Latin diffusio - distribution, spreading, dispersion) - mutual penetration (borrowing) of cultural traits and complexes from one society to another when they come into contact (cultural contact). Channels of cultural diffusion: migration, tourism, missionary activities, trade, war, scientific conferences, trade exhibitions and fairs, exchange of students and specialists, etc.
Globalization of culture- acceleration of the integration of nations into the world system due to the development of modern means of transport and economic relations, the formation of transnational corporations and the world market, thanks to the influence of the media on people. Globalization of culture has 1) positive (communication, expansion of cultural contacts in the modern world) and 2) negative sides. Excessively active borrowing is dangerous due to the loss of cultural identity. The younger generation adopts each other's fashions, habits, preferences, customs, as a result of which they become similar, and often simply faceless. The possibility of loss of cultural identity lies in the growing threat of assimilation - the absorption of a small culture by a larger one, the dissolution of the cultural characteristics of a national minority in culture big nation, oblivion of paternal culture during mass emigration to another country and obtaining citizenship there.

Functions of culture

Culture performs a number of very important functions in the life of a person and society. Firstly, culture is the environment in which socialization and education of a person. Only through culture does a person master the accumulated social experience and become a member of society. Culture therefore really acts as a “social heredity”, which is no less important than biological heredity.
Secondly, important normative function of culture. Culture regulates relationships between people through a system of norms for relationships between people and principles of morality.
Related to this is value function of culture. By mastering culture, a person acquires orientations that allow him to distinguish between good and evil, beautiful and ugly, high and vulgar, etc. The criterion for this is primarily moral and aesthetic values, accumulated by culture.
It is also important, especially in modern society, entertaining or compensatory function of culture. In many types of culture, especially in art, there is an element of play, communication, psychological relaxation, and aesthetic pleasure.
Another approach to classifying the functions of culture is presented in the table “Main functions of culture”