All existing subcultures. Types and types of subcultures. The relation of values ​​to generally accepted ways of achieving them

From a pedagogical point of view, there are several grounds for the classification of modern subcultures.

First of all, this is the attitude of one or another youth subculture to social values ​​accepted in society. We can talk about three social and value orientations of youth subcultures:

· Pro-cultural (pro-social) subcultures: most musical directions and role-playing games);

· Asocial: hippies, punks, metalheads, emo;

· Countercultural (antisocial): youth groups close to the adult criminal subculture, skinheads in their radical form.

Another basis for classification is a measure of inclusion in the lifestyle, activities of a young person. According to this criterion, it is possible to divide youth subcultures into behavioral and activity ones.

Behavioral subcultures include those in which the main features (the core of the subculture) include the styles of clothing, appearance, behavior, communication characteristic of the representatives of these groups. For these communities of adolescents, young people, constant engagement in any activity is not an important group feature (for example, goths, emo, hipsters).

Activity subcultures include youth communities, in which the main feature is passion for specific youth activities that require more or less individual activity (for example, role-playing, parkourists, graffiti artists).

Themselves modern youth activities, which are more or less subcultural in nature, can be conditionally divided into sports, art activities and games.

Sports activities:

· Parkour - cross with natural obstacles in the conditions of the settlement;

· Mountbake - jumping and "acrobatic" exercises on special ("mountain") bicycles;

· Frisbee - throwing a plastic disc;

· Soks (footbag) - games with small balls stuffed with sand;

· Skateboarding - exercises on a board with rollers;

· Snowboarding - exercises on a board on a snowy slope.

Art activities:

· Street dance - dance styles that develop the traditions of breakdancing;

· Fire show - juggling with luminous objects, including fire;

Graffiti - painting on buildings, fences, etc. in a specific visual technique.

Games:

· Role-playing games - role-playing of situations by a group of people based on the content of a book (or film) in the form of spontaneous actions of player-characters corresponding to the original plot;

· Historical reconstruction - role-playing games in which historical events are played out on the ground;

· Urban orienteering (encounters, photocross, patrols, etc.) - games in the form of a competition of orienteering teams in a real rural or urban environment with the execution of tasks along the route;

· Computer online games.

But we repeat: participation in these types of activity does not necessarily mean that a young man or girl belongs to one or another subculture, often the activity remains only an activity.

Why are subcultures so fascinating to young people?

At the personal level, the youth subculture is a way to compensate for negative attitudes towards oneself, lack of self-esteem, rejection of the image of one's own body and style of behavior. The fact of joining a subcultural group allows you to exaggerate your dissimilarity, to give yourself an aura of exclusivity, peculiarity.

We can talk about three groups of probable consequences, tendencies of the influence of the youth subculture on the socialization of a young person:

· A positive tendency manifests itself in the development of social roles in a group, social and cultural self-determination, creative self-realization (in specific subcultural forms), social tests and social experimentation;

· A socially negative tendency is found in the introduction to criminal or extremist subcultures, alcohol and drugs;

· An individually negative tendency manifests itself in the avoidance of social and cultural self-determination, the self-justification of infantilism, and escape from social reality.

It is very difficult to determine which tendencies prevail in a particular subculture, and even more so in the life of a particular young person.

Musical:

The main goal of such youth organizations is to listen, study and distribute your favorite music.

Among the "musical" informals, such an organization of young people as metalworkers. These are groups united by a common interest in listening to rock music (also called "Heavy Metal"). The most common bands playing rock music are Kiss, IronMayden, Metallica, Scorpions, and domestic ones - Aria, Kino, etc. In heavy metal rock, there is a hard rhythm of percussion instruments, the colossal power of amplifiers and solo improvisations of performers that stand out against this background.

Another well-known youth organization tries to combine music with dance. This direction is called breakers (from the English break - dance- a special kind of dance, including a variety of sports and acrobatic elements that constantly replace each other, interrupting the movement that had begun). There is another interpretation - in one of the meanings, break means “broken dance” or “dance on the pavement”. The informals of this movement are united by a selfless passion for dancing, the desire to promote and demonstrate them literally in any situation.

These guys are practically not interested in politics, their reasoning about social problems is superficial. They try to keep in good shape, adhere to very strict rules: do not use alcohol, drugs, have a negative attitude towards smoking.

The same section includes and Beatles - the current, in the ranks of which many of the parents and teachers of today's adolescents once flocked. They are united by their love for the Beatles, its songs and its most famous members - Paul McCartney and John Lenon.

Emo- short for "emotional" - a term denoting a special kind of hardcore music, based on crushing strong emotions in the vocalist's voice and melodic, but sometimes chaotic musical component. Screeching, crying, groans, whispering, breaking into a scream are the distinctive features of this style.

Today this style of music is subdivided into: emocore, emo rock, cyber emo, punk emo, emo violence, scrimo, french emocorhardcore san diego and others. Fans of emo music, allocated to a special subculture, are called emokids. The concept of emo is very common among today's youth. In addition to their bright outfit, hair and makeup, these guys have other ways to express themselves. Through music and heightened emotions about everything that happens in their lives.

Role players. Role-playing games are a notable phenomenon in the modern youth subculture. With little ability to influence the rapidly changing real world, many young people want to construct a fictional world - and believe in it.

Role-playing is an informal community of people playing various role-playing games, primarily live-action role-playing games. The movements of historical reenactors, tolkienists, as well as hardball and airsoft players are related to role-playing. The role-playing movement is distinguished as a subculture, which is characterized by its own jargon, its own music, its own literature and other characteristic elements of a single culture.

The role movement in Russia and the USSR arose in the 80s. on the basis of the Fiction Lovers Clubs. In addition to role-playing games, role-players gather for Role-Playing Conventions - short-term meetings dedicated to informing players about the games of the next season, discussing past games, and informal communication. Historical fencing tournaments, photo and art exhibitions, concerts of authors-performers of game songs, theatrical performances, video screenings are held at the conventions.

Role-playing games are especially closely associated with Tolkienists. . In the youth culture of the 90s. the Tolkienist movement and the Tolkienist subculture associated with it appeared. The famous English philologist and writer John Ronald Ruel Tolkien (in Tolkien slang - Professor) is the author of The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion and other works related to the genre of “fantasy” - fantastic fiction.

Role-playing is close to an impromptu theatrical performance. Props are being prepared (safe weapons, clothes corresponding to Tolkien's conditional Middle Ages). The masters - the directors of the game - assign roles, the players pass something like an exam on knowledge of the fantasy world.

In the early 80s. Tolkienists appear in the USSR, primarily in Moscow and Leningrad. They hold voles, conventions, role-playing games dedicated to the Tolkien universe. Since the 1990s. All-Russian games and several regional ones are held - the annual "Hobbit Games" are very popular.

The most famous convention of roleplayers in Russia is Zilantkon (from the Tatar Zilant - the mythical dragon depicted on the coat of arms of the city of Kazan), held annually in November in Kazan.

Russian Tolkienists have a rich and varied folklore, which is regularly replenished by the efforts of members of the subculture. This includes themed songs, anecdotes, and fanfiction that have become popular enough to be retold orally. In addition to inventing jokes and writing songs and fanfiction, many Tolkienists devote attention and time to drawing fanart or creating objects of the “everyday culture of Middle-earth”. In some groups, over time, canons of the "culture of Middle-earth" are established, complementing those described by Tolkien.

Usually Tolkienists stand out from the crowd with their exotic outfits. Many wear cloaks, some in medieval costumes. Hairatniks (ribbons around the head, holding hair) are very popular. The range is from simple to braided threads with beads. An almost obligatory attribute - a sword - wooden or textolite - is not an empty decoration.

Tolkienists often meet at concerts. The concerts are organized by Tolkien singers - minstrels. As a rule, they perform their own songs, accompanying themselves on guitars. Sometimes you come across studio recordings. The themes of the songs, as well as the interests of the performers, are varied. Some of them are associated with literary works, others with historical events, and still others touch on pressing topics.

Sports:

The leading representatives of this trend are the famous football fans. Having shown themselves as a mass organized movement, for example, Spartak fans. The youth included in them, as a rule, are well versed in sports, in the history of football, in many of its subtleties. Their leaders strongly condemn illegal behavior, oppose drunkenness, drugs and other negative phenomena, although such things occur among fans. There are cases of group hooliganism by fans, and hidden vandalism. These informals are armed quite militantly: wooden sticks, metal rods, rubber truncheons, metal chains, etc.

Sports fans have hats in the colors of their favorite teams, jeans or tracksuits, T-shirts with the emblems of “their” clubs, sneakers, long scarves, badges, homemade posters wishing success to those they support. They easily differ from each other in these accessories, gathering in front of the stadium, where they exchange information, news about sports, determine the signals by which they will chant slogans in support of their team, develop plans for other actions.

Bikers. The first bikers were called "Harleyists" - after the famous motorcycle brand "Harley-Davidson". These motorcycles received their true recognition in the 30s. XX century in the USA. In the 40s. the ranks of bikers were replenished by veterans of the Second World War.

The domestic subculture of bikers, like hippies, has experienced at least two upsurges: one in the late 70s - early 80s, the other already in the 90s. Russian bikers, as far as one can judge, are law-abiding and not conflicted to a greater extent than the American "Hell's Angels". The biker's favorite drink is beer. They dress, as befits rock lovers, in jeans, black T-shirts, a leather vest or jacket. Bikers are often covered in tattoos. Bikers can be found in large numbers at the annual bike show, and on the streets - only at night, when there is "freedom of movement". Hence the name of the parties - "Angels of the Night", "Night Wolves".

Those who call themselves "night riders" are also close to sports informals in a number of ways. They are called rockers. Rockers share a love of technology and antisocial behavior. Their mandatory attributes are a motorcycle without a silencer and specific equipment: painted helmets, leather jackets, glasses, metal rivets, zippers. Rockers were often the cause of road accidents, during which there were victims. Public opinion towards them is almost unambiguously negative.

Parkour Is an extreme sport based on performing dangerous stunts without any insurance. This includes climbing buildings and jumping from great heights. But the tracers themselves consider their occupation not so much a sport as a lifestyle and philosophy. The name parkour comes from equestrian sports and is translated from French as "obstacle course." And the word "tracing" comes from the French traceur - a man blazing new trails. Parkour slogan: "There are no boundaries, there are only obstacles." The founder of parkour is David Belle.

Philosophical

Interest in philosophy is one of the most common questions in the informal environment. Probably, this is natural: it is the desire to understand, to comprehend oneself and one's place in the surrounding world that takes him beyond the framework of established ideas, and pushes him towards something else, sometimes alternative to the dominant philosophical scheme.

Stand out among them hippie... Outwardly, they are recognized by their sloppy clothes, long unkempt hair, certain attributes: obligatory blue jeans, embroidered shirts, T-shirts with inscriptions and symbols, amulets, bracelets, chains, and sometimes crosses. The Beatles ensemble and especially his song “Strawberry Fields Forever” became the symbol of hippies for many years. The hippie views are that a person should be free, first of all, internally, even in situations of external restriction and enslavement. To be liberated in the soul - that's quintessence their views. They believe that a person should strive for peace and free love. Hippies see themselves as romantics who live a natural life and despise the conventions of the "decent life of the bourgeoisie." Striving for complete freedom, they tend to a kind of escape from life, evasion from many social responsibilities. Hippies use meditation, mysticism, drugs as a means to achieve "self-discovery."

The new generation of those who share the philosophical quest of hippies often refer to themselves as “system” (system guys, people, people). “System” is an informal organization that does not have a clear structure, which includes people who share the goals of “renewing human relations” through goodness, tolerance, and love for one's neighbor.

Hippies are divided into "old wave" and "pioneers". If the old hippies (they are also called old ones) mainly preached the ideas of social passivity and non-interference in public affairs, then the new generation is inclined to rather active social activity. Outwardly, they try to have a "Christian" look, to be like Christ: they walk the streets barefoot, wear very long hair, stay away from home for a long time, spend the night in the open air.

The basic principles of the hippie ideology were human freedom. Freedom can be achieved only by changing the inner structure of the soul. Beauty and freedom are identical, their realization is a purely spiritual problem; all who share what has been said form a spiritual community; spiritual community is an ideal form of community. Apart from Christian ideas. Among the "philosophizing" informals, Buddhist, Taoist and other ancient Eastern religious and philosophical teachings are also widespread.

Close in many ways to hippies - rastamans... Rastafari (Rasta) is the religion of the universal Lord Jah (distorted "Jehovah"). Rastamans- convinced pacifists, especially protesting against racism. Two features affirmed the worldwide character of the Rasta movement — marijuana and reggae. Rastaman life also provides for a healthy lifestyle, a ban on tobacco and alcohol, vegetarianism, and art. Their symbols are a red-yellow-green cap "pacific" stretched over braids-dreadlocks ("dreadlocks"). Rastamans can often be found in the company of hippies. Speaking about Russia, it should be noted that the majority of young rastamans are simply fans of reggae music (this direction of music originated in the 60s of the XX century in Jamaica).

Political.

This group of informal youth organizations includes associations of people who have an active political position and speak at various rallies, participate and conduct campaigning.

Among the politically active youth groups, pacifists, Nazis (or skinheads), punks and others stand out.

Pacifists approve of the struggle for peace; against the threat of war, require the creation of a special relationship between the authorities and the youth.

Punks- refer to a rather extremist trend among informals with a very definite political coloration. By age, punks are mostly older teenagers. The guys are the leader. Punk's desire in any way to attract the attention of people around him, as a rule, leads him to outrageous, pretentious and scandalous behavior. They use shocking items as decorations. These can be chains, pins, a razor blade.

Gothic originated in the late 70s of the twentieth century. The color of clothing and hair was black (with inserts of white and red) and silver jewelry. In the beginning, fans of musical gothic groups were called goths. Gradually, the Goths acquired their own lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality.

The modern image is quite complex and varied; it includes clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, and a do-it-yourself hairstyle. Occult symbolism is widely represented - pentagrams, eight-pointed stars (symbols of chaos), symbols of death.

The Goths have formed their own original style of makeup and manicure. With the help of makeup or powder, the face is given a deathly pale shade, black eyeliner is made, lips and nails can also be tinted black. Black dominates, but other colors are acceptable.

Artistic

Graffiti. The word graffiti is Italian and is translated into Russian as "scribbled". Almost anything fits this definition, starting with rock paintings, but under this term it is customary to designate drawings on the walls of houses, in the subway - with the help of cans of paint, occasionally - markers, mostly kept in the same style. The so-called street artists are called writers, graffitters or graffiti artists.

Graffiti first appeared in America in the late sixties as part of street culture. It all started with ordinary tags. Tag - literally translated as "mark". In the New York subway, they left these tags in order to indicate their presence here. Today the same thing is happening in the Moscow Metro, but real graffitters condemn it in every possible way.

From America, this kind of art began to spread everywhere. Thus, culture came out of the ground into the streets. Now tags, song lines, political slogans, slogans and other inscriptions began to appear in huge numbers on the streets of big cities ...

Writers tried to develop their skills, united in various groups. Just like any art, graffers have their own personal "writing" styles. Also, writers draw different characters - like their own, as well as from cartoons and comics.

Different styles also appeared and began to develop, a whole stratum of society appeared with its own unwritten rules, laws, and military units. We can say that this is how a subculture was formed.

The society is made up of completely different people from different ethnic, religious and national cultures. In addition, there are a number of subcultures that many of us have never even heard of. Of course, we all know teenagers who like to dress up in black and call themselves "goths" or "emo". In addition to them, we know about such well-known and well-established subcultures and organizations as the Hell's Angels, which roam all over the United States on motorcycles clad in leather.

All subcultures are united by the desire to deviate from the norm and establish what they consider to be their norm. Representatives of these subcultures have their own code of beliefs, strikingly different from the principles of most other people who are representatives of a generally accepted society and culture. While some people become members of a particular subculture with the explicit purpose of declaring their individuality, the beliefs of others coincide with the code of a particular subculture. Those people who are guided by the framework of social norms may be surprised at the existence of certain strange subcultures. Below we will share the ten strangest subcultures in the world and find out what they are.

10. Internet subculture supporting anorexia

Membership in one of the most dangerous can be prohibitively expensive, although the price is not expressed in money. Most people are well aware that anorexia can cause many health problems and inevitably leads to death. However, there are a huge number of websites supporting anorexia, as well as a bunch of forums that advertise the condition as a positive lifestyle. The desperate desire of many women (and even men), as well as adolescents, to be very thin, leads them to think of anorexia in a positive way, and not as a disease. The Internet is replete with websites and forums that talk about the benefits of anorexia and the ways in which a person can achieve this life-threatening title.

9.Mexican subculture of shoe owners with long, narrow toes


The Mexican city of Matehula is a place where the fashion of wearing huge, colorful and even shiny boots with long, tight toes is thriving. These shoes are very reminiscent of the shoes worn by court jesters in the Middle Ages, and are worn by lovers of traditional music. Popular music in this area combines Spanish and African traditions and encourages people to dance in the street. Before big boots with long, tight toes were the norm, people competed with each other to own the sharpest toe boots. Eventually, these dancers on the streets of Mateuala went overboard and began to wear unusual boots with long, tight toes on a daily basis.

8. Japanese subculture Gyaru


In an effort to live a life of incomparable beauty and look extraordinarily modern, young women from Japan have created their own subculture that is radically different from the ancient geisha culture. Most of the girls who are followers of the Gyaro subculture set themselves the goal of looking almost the same. They create an image for themselves that allows them to stand out from the crowd at the same time, but look alike in their group. They wear wigs with lush hairstyles, the highest platform shoes they can find, the shortest skirts, and use makeup to paint huge, expressive eyes. All this is done so that no one has doubts about which subculture they belong to. Some even go to extreme lengths in an attempt to achieve unusually lighter skin tones.

7. The subculture of rebel fans of Elvis Presley

Elvis Presley himself was originally from the South of America, however, a subculture of rebellious Elvis fans thrives in various parts of Switzerland. The Elvis Presley rebel subculture was formed in the 1950s, at the same time that Elvis Presley and other “rebel” such as James Dean rose to fame. The Swiss followers of this subculture imitate the looks and fashions of their American idols. Elvis Presley's rebel fans are characterized by skinny jeans, leather jackets, flashy clothing decorations and an unrelenting desire to be different. This subculture exists to this day, despite the fact that the person who served as the inspiration for the creation of its code and name has long been dead.

6. Subculture of Others or Azerkin (Otherkin)


Each of us at some point in his life may feel out of place or out of this world, as if he is not part of society. However, the Others subculture has gone much further. This is a group of people who found each other on the Internet. They feel as if they are not people, but some other creature. Others believe that they are the result of reincarnation and that in a past life they were mystical beings or even aliens. Among the creatures that Others perceive themselves to be, angels, devils, fairies and vampires often appear.

5. Norwegian Black Metal Subculture


While the anorexia maintenance subculture goes against health, the Norwegian black metal subculture goes against the law. This subculture was formed in the early 1990s and since its inception has opposed Christianity using the most terrible and violent methods, often resorting to arson and even murder. This group of criminals rejects everything that characterizes Christianity and wants to return to the worship of the Scandinavian gods, whom the Vikings worshiped many centuries ago. They dress in death metal clothes and disregard the rest of society, representing a dangerous subculture that is present in many parts of Norway.

4. Lolita subculture

The Lolita subculture, which emerged in Japan in the 1990s, has recently spread throughout the world. Her followers are very feminine girls of playful behavior. The girls dress in ruffled dresses, but there is often something dark about their appearance. The frills and frills are often black, as are the satin ribbons attached to their hair. Some Lolita groups even wear traditional kimonos to support their charming look. Other Lolita groups favor the old-fashioned style, complemented by accessories such as bonnets, petticoats, umbrellas and knee-highs. The word Lolita became a household name in 1955 thanks to the novel of the same name.

3. Subculture of the Venezuelan Miss Barbie (Miss Barbie Venezuela)


Live women at beauty pageants look artificial, as if they were plastic, but there is a subculture in Venezuela that is actually based on plastic dolls. Barbie dolls take center stage in the annual beauty pageant, where fashionable 29cm dolls stroll the stage with the help of their human owners. The owners of these dolls take this subculture as seriously as any real beauty pageant and even behave like their dolls during the part of the pageant where they have to answer questions. Dolls must wear the best evening dresses and swimwear to win this ornate beauty pageant filled with toys. In addition, they must showcase perfect hair and makeup.

2. The subculture of elevator riders

For many people, the elevator ride is nothing more than a daily necessity, so they do not pay any attention to it. Some buildings have too many staircases or staircases may only be used for emergencies. For others, the elevator ride becomes a phobia. However, for the elevator ride subculture, they are both an obsession and an art form. These people are taking elevator rides to the next level, and their goal is elevator rides around the world and documenting their adventures for viewers on YouTube.

1. Community of Elegant People (SAPE, Société des Ambianceurs et des Personnes Élégantes)


Forget New York and Paris and head to Africa, namely the Congo if you want to look at

Subcultural discourse in domestic science arose in the late 1980s. This period is characterized by significant pluralism methodological concepts of the study of youth associated with the growth of liberalization of Soviet society. The Western lifestyle, especially consumer practices, was still positioned as alien to Soviet youth, but its cultural influence on the younger generation during perestroika was no longer questioned.

In the late 1980s. numerous youth subcultures appear in the USSR, many of which have already passed the full cycle of their existence in the West - hippie, punks, metalworkers, bikers and others, as well as domestic youth associations - " mitki», Moscow rock laboratory, Leningradsky, Sverdlovsky, Riga rock clubs, amateur song clubs (KSP), etc. Researchers of this period come to realize the real diversity of youth identities, respectively, interest in specific socio-cultural practices is growing.

Soviet researchers, avoiding the term "subculture", used the concept " informal youth association "(NOM). In the works of S.N. Ikonnikova, V.T. Lisovsky, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, A.I. Kovaleva, V.F. Levicheva, P.S. Gurevich, I.K. Kuchmaeva, V.A. Lukov, culturological, sociocultural, socio-psychological aspects of the functioning of such associations are being investigated.

Alternatives- a youth subculture that emerged in the early 1980s, later brought to Russia in the 1990s. Formed by a mixture of metalheads, punks and rappers . New wave of subculture alternatives is one of the most popular subcultural phenomena of our time and fully corresponds to the characteristics of the type. Many Internet sites, nightclubs, shops, and even a cable TV channel are focused on this rather massive target audience in Russia today.

Alternative also is an and youth movement, uniting as separate specific subcultures ( emo), as well as many informals who do not identify themselves with a particular subculture, but implement everyday life strategies within the framework of an alternative movement. The unifying feature of the movement is a passion for music in the style of alternative, metalcore, hardcore, etc.

We consider it possible to include a subculture emo within the framework of the alternative movement due to the common style, socio-demographic, value and behavioral characteristics of their representatives, as well as the genesis of the emocore musical style within the alternative scene. Alternatives use attributes similar to emo stylistics, but avoiding androgynous elements: loose-fitting pants and T-shirts, sneakers, often dreadlocks and abundant piercings. We can say that they prefer “unisex” style in dress and behavior.

Goths- representatives of the youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century on the wave of post-punk. They appeared in Russia in 1990. The Gothic subculture is very diverse and heterogeneous, however, the following features are characteristic of it to one degree or another: a gloomy image, interest in mysticism and esotericism, love for gothic music.

Initially, fans of gothic music were called Goths, but later the subculture spread to literature, cinema, painting. And yet the main role in this subculture is played by a peculiar worldview, a special perception of the world around, death as a fetish, which can be considered one of the signs of belonging to the Goths. But do not forget that gothic appeared thanks to music, and to this day, it is the main unifying factor for all the Goths.

Goths have their own recognizable image, which has recently undergone significant changes. No matter how it develops Gothic, two unchanged basic elements remain: the predominant black color of clothing (sometimes with elements of other colors), as well as exclusively silver jewelry - gold is not used in principle, since it is regarded as a symbol of ordinary, hackneyed values, as well as the color of the sun.

Hairstyle also plays a very important role in the image of the Goths of both sexes. It can be just straight long hair, or it can be pulled up with gel or tied up in large buns. Occasionally there are Iroquois. Often the hair is dyed black, red, purple and white, it is also possible to dye it with strands of one color against the background of another. Make-up remains one of the main signs of belonging to the subculture: a dense layer of white powder on the face, black eyeliner and lips.

Metalworkers(metalheads or metallers) is a youth subculture inspired by metal music that appeared in Russia in the 1980s. The metal subculture is devoid of a pronounced ideology and is concentrated mainly around music. The lyrics of metal bands promote independence, self-reliance and self-confidence, the cult of "strong personality". Religious attitudes vary, but traditionally it is believed that metalheads are not religious.

Metalworkers' appearance:

Long hair in men

Leather biker jacket, leather vest.

Black T-shirts or hoodies with the logo of your favorite metal band.

Wristbands - leather bracelets

Patches on clothes and other surrounding objects

Heavy shoes - camelots, grinders, short boots with cossack chains.

Jeans (usually blue or black), leather pants.

Belt Chains

Punks- a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in Great Britain, the USA, Canada and Australia, in Russia this subculture appeared a little later, in the 1980s. Punks hold different political views, but for the most part they are adherents of socially oriented ideologies and progressivism. Punks are characterized by the desire for personal freedom and independence, the principles of "not being sold", "relying on oneself."

Punks are distinguished by their motley shocking image: many punks dye their hair bright unnatural colors, comb and fix it with varnish, gel or beer to make it stand up. In the 80s, the "mohawk" hairstyle became fashionable among punks. Punks put skulls and markings on clothing and accessories. They wear leather wristbands and collars with spikes, rivets and chains. Many punks get tattoos. They also wear ripped, worn jeans (which they cut themselves on purpose).

Rockers emerged as a subculture in the fifties - early sixties in the era of rock and roll, the representatives of music and style of which became Chuck Barry, early Elvis Presley... Rockers wear leather motorcycle jackets, adorned with an abundance of buttons, patches, patches and pins. They often wear rather fashionable leather caps on their heads. They usually ride a motorcycle wearing an open-faced helmet. Every rocker's wardrobe includes jeans, leather pants, high-top motorcycle boots, military T-shirts and boots. The other side of rocker culture is alcohol, drug and cigarette abuse.

Hip-hop- a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-1970s among African Americans and Latin Americans. It has its own music (also called hip-hop, rap), its own slang, its own hip-hop fashion, dance styles (break-dance), graphic art (graffiti) and its own cinema. By the early 1990s, hip-hop had become a part of youth culture in many countries around the world, as well as in Russia. Hip-hop music consists of two main elements: rap (rhythmic recitative with clearly defined rhymes) and rhythm set by a DJ, although compositions are not uncommon without vocals. On stage, the musicians are often accompanied by a dance ensemble. Hip-hop is one of the most commercially successful forms of modern entertainment music today.

Hip hop lovers style: Most wear jeans - "pipes" and tight shirts or sports T-shirts, jewelry stylized in rap culture. Plus size clothing is welcome. Hats, "baseball caps" turned back, backpacks to the waist, chains, sports jackets, T-shirts - these are mandatory attributes of representatives of this subculture.

Young people who are part of this subculture can be classified as quite specific and extraordinary. Hip-hop fashion will continue to influence the next younger generations of consumers, and artists and their fans will find new ways to develop the subculture. Emo- a youth subculture formed on the basis of fans of the musical style of the same name. Like most modern subcultures, emo has its origins in the United States in the mid-80s. In Russia, however, this subculture became known only at the beginning of the XXI century.

Expressing emotions is essential a rule for those who consider themselves to be an emo subculture. They are distinguished by: self-expression, opposition to injustice, a special, sensual attitude. Often an emotional and depressed person. He stands out from the crowd with a bright appearance, looks for like-minded people and dreams of happy love.

Emo characterizes a fundamentally infantile view of the world based on the aesthetics of beauty, introversion, emphasis on inner experiences.

The traditional emo hairstyle is considered to be a slanting, torn bangs to the tip of the nose, covering one eye, and in the back there is short hair sticking out in different directions. Coarse, straight black hair is preferred. Girls can have children's, funny hairstyles. To create these emo hairstyles spend cylinders of fixative hairspray. Often emo get their ears pierced or tunnels done. In addition, there may be piercings on the emo face (for example, in the lips and left nostril, eyebrows, bridge of the nose). Eyes are thickly lined with pencil or ink, making them look like a bright spot on the face. The nails are covered with black varnish.

Emo's wear pink and black clothing with two-tone patterns and stylized badges. The main colors in clothes are black and pink (purple), although other shockingly bright combinations are considered acceptable. The most typical clothes for them are skinny jeans, sneakers with bright or black laces, a black or pink belt, a checkered scarf around the neck.

Glamor is one of the most controversial subcultures. The fact is that it was in our subculture that this trend took shape quite recently, although before that it was present in everything connected with club and social life. Encyclopedias still do not define this word as a cultural movement, although it has already intensified with might and main with the beginning of the new millennium. The prefix "glam" was received by almost all musical directions: glam-gothic, glam-garage, glam-rock and even glam-punk. In world culture, for example in Great Britain, the emergence of the glamorous subculture dates back to the seventies and eighties, but due to some circumstances it was underground for a long time.

Originally from Lyubertsy: Lyuber

Luber is a well-known youth group with a pronounced aggressive behavior. Initially, it was a spontaneous union of teenagers who fought for the "healthier" of society: they "reeducated" homeless people, prostitutes, alcoholics, etc., chasing and beating them. They appeared in different cities of Russia, always ready for a surprise attack.

This practice of spontaneous beatings a little later became a "model" for skinheads and Barkashovites - groups with a more organized structure, which also consisted mainly of teenagers.

Skinheads. Their distinctive symbol is swastika, a sign that does not even speak, but screams for itself. It is worn by our contemporaries, who were born much later than the victory over fascism. They call themselves fascists and they are proud of it. Someone is even familiar with individual statements and works of Nietzsche and Spengler. The majority, however, follow a simple principle: "the bulk of the" subhumans "must be destroyed, and the rest must be turned into slaves." As a formed youth movement, skins appeared in Russia in the early 90s of the twentieth century. Basically, among the supporters of fascist ideology are young people under 21 years old, although there are also people of 22-26 years old in their ranks.

Teenage skins stand out from the crowd with shaved heads, black clothes, trousers tucked into boots. Sometimes there is an image of a pit bull on the clothes. In public places they try to appear in groups. You can meet them mainly in the evening, when "their" time comes. They try to hang out in different places, and when they meet, they can arrange a discussion of the "chronicle of the day." And if there is one less non-Nazi ... then this news will bring stormy joy.

Subcultural phenomenon gopnikov is purely Russian. The essence of the worldview of representatives of this subculture is an aggressive denial of basic social values: a high level of education, interethnic tolerance, morality, labor, striving for self-improvement. Gopniks are a fundamentally marginal trend, where ideas about social, moral, and legal norms are blurred. The main means of spending leisure time for representatives of the gop culture is petty robbery and street fights.

Crimes are always committed by a large “gang” against a single victim or a significantly outnumbered group. Most often, informal youth are attacked by gopniks - from metalheads to rappers. The word "gopnik" is not used by representatives of the subculture for self-identification. A person who shares the values ​​of gop culture is called a "boy" or "normal boy" within the group. The choice of the word "boy", which in Russian is synonymous with the words "boy", "young man", seems to be interesting.

If, for example, informals with their names emphasize the discrepancy with the standard, the difference from others, then the gopniks show that they are ordinary, normal, such as everyone should be - “normal”, and not deviants... Gopnik communities are heavily influenced by the criminal subculture. This is manifested, in particular, in the language, the idea of ​​norms and values, the characteristics of behavior, however, it would be wrong to identify these two subcultures. Without a doubt, gopniks stand out from the crowd with their appearance and clothing. Initially, a tracksuit and a cap were the only clothing the family could afford.

Now gop culture is gradually losing its association with poverty, social differentiation is also observed among gopniks. The invariance of fashion with respect to social status indicates that the set of indicators describing the social group of gopniks is not just characteristics of poor, poorly educated, uneducated youth, it can claim to be considered as a special subculture. The current level of spread of gop-culture leads to confusion in the minds of young people of ideas about "norm" and deviation, the expansion of gopnic "values" into many other social groups.

Fans. Football fans are considered a subculture close to criminal. This is compounded by the fact that fans are one of the most active teenage groups in Russia. What is typical for fans - they usually do not even know the history of the teams, but they are "aware" of recent events and upcoming matches. For them, emotional relaxation, the ability to yell, row, and mix up different attitudes and styles of life is of great importance. However, these associations differ greatly. So, for example, the group of Spartak fans "Gladiators" avoids fights, but protects the "younger" (newcomers). They are well developed physically and promote a "clean lifestyle". However, among such groups there is also such as "Koldyr battle-front" ("sorcerer" in slang - "drunkard"). As you might guess, these are alcoholic fans. Their age category is 17-18 years old, but there are also older ones.

Environmentalists. Such youth movements protecting the environment are unpopular and few in number in Russia (only 4%), even in Chernobyl. Shares of the Russian " Greenpeace Are mostly ineffective and imitations of the West. It is convenient to form such movements under official structures: they cannot exist independently due to material difficulties and legal obstacles.

Bikers vs Motorcyclists. Moms and dads of modern teenagers probably remember how in the mid-80s a new direction in music spread - heavy metal. And then there were long-haired guys, on motorcycles and in leather jackets, who did not even think to follow the rules of the road. They began to be called bikers. A narrow circle of "friends" accepted newcomers only after selection, and only those who could defend their beliefs with their fists.

Strength and training were cultivated, the muscles grew, the appearance became more intimidating. Many bikers were indeed metalheads, and even volunteered as security guards at concerts. The Confederate flag has become the symbol of absolute biker freedom. However, in order to imitate the bikers of the West, you need to have good material wealth. Besides, having motorcycles, their owners cannot fix elementary breakdowns. But the ability to tidy up your "horse" is an integral part of the subculture. Now the movement of bikers in Russia has acquired a different meaning. Young people who adhere to the biker lifestyle have no ideological basis.

This movement has not yet fully formed among children from families with little income. But it is no longer biker. These are small groups without any paraphernalia or even a name. They no longer associate themselves with bikers. And the congresses to the motorcycle festival in Maloyaroslavets demonstrate a completely different lifestyle for young people. Festival participants assemble or redesign their own motorcycles. Teenagers can literally move into a garage for a few months or set up a workshop right in the apartment. After completing the work, they ride motorcycles around the city by companies, observing all traffic rules and not setting any goals for themselves.

Ravers. In the English-Russian dictionary you will quickly find the translation of the word "rave", meaning "to rave", "delirium". Digging around on the Internet, you can stumble upon another definition in T. Thorne's Dictionary of Modern Slang: "rave" - ​​"a wild party, dancing or a situation of desperate behavior." The latter definition most accurately describes the behavior of the emerging youth subculture in Russia and the nocturnal lifestyle formed among the tins. Because usually ravers are visitors to nightclubs, and, it should be noted, they are not cheap. Unsurprisingly, this group is small compared to those whose hobbies are less costly.

This type includes a subculture ravers, which arose in the 1990s. and associated with the emergence of specific club music techno and trance. Rave culture revived the drug-psychedelic experiments of the times of the main ideologue of ecstasy Timothy Leary, i.e. counterculture of the 1960s, representing a kind of neo-hippism that no longer operates in an urbanized space, but in the narrow framework of club nightlife.

Rave, according to some researchers, can be considered a reaction to the information boom of our time, expressed in a protest against rationalistic values ​​and the propaganda of inner freedom, individualism, the search for a mystical, sacred meaning of life, etc. However, such a characteristic is applicable only to the era of the emergence of rave culture. Today, this subculture does not require full identification and is a form of organizing recreational practices for young people who love techno and trance music.

In everyday life, the subcultural affiliation of an individual may not manifest itself in any way. Despite the fact that at present the rave has lost its countercultural pathos, it significantly influenced the emergence and development of some modern youth subcultures and subcultural trends. Thus, the elements of the ravers' stylistics (fluorescent fabrics, luminous elements of the costume, T-shirts with psychedelic patterns, hair extensions with artificial materials) were borrowed by the freak culture and cybergothic.

Diggers. They are attracted by the mystery of underground passages, the dangers of the underground world ... The closed nature of this society, which does not like to advertise its actions and its existence in principle, attracts young people. There are many such associations throughout Russia. They unite in small groups and do not like to accept someone else into their ranks. Diggers have something in common with environmentalists: "communicating" constantly with underground utilities, they warn of subsidence of the foundation, environmental problems that may be fraught with the earth's interior.

Hackers (computer geeks)- For the first time thanks to Hollywood, the world learned about the "hacker" and about his capabilities. Some of the youth took up the artistic image as opposed to the adult society and turned their gaze (and "wallet") to the rapidly developing information technology industry. There were hundreds of amateur teenagers who tried to become "hackers", to embody the first image of the "rebel hero" created by Hollywood. However, all the same, these are mainly students of technical faculties of universities, high school students with a physical and mathematical bias. It is also difficult to determine the exact number of hackers because they communicate mainly through computer networks. In addition, not all computer fans are aware of themselves as a kind of community with their values, norms, and specific style.

Although ravers are usually referred to as musicians, and roller skaters - to sports subcultures, the commonality of basic values ​​underlying these subcultures: an easy, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live in the present day, to be dressed in the latest fashion, is a sufficient basis for their convergence when typologizing ...

Subculture rastamans represents a version of the Jamaican religion rastafarianism adapted for young people. The first Rastafarians appeared in Jamaica in the 1930s. They worshiped the former emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie (who received their name Jah Rastafari) and considered him their messenger God... An unconventional religious community transformed into a subculture in the 1960s when reggae music emerged. Today, Rasta culture exists all over the world, including in Russia, based on special attributes (natural dreadlocks hairstyles, bright loose-fitting clothes, tricolor hats), reggae music and smoking ganja (hemp) to the glory of the once-existed god Jah.

Emergence indie culture in the mid-1970s. is a kind of a turning point in the youth subcultural environment: the final death of the counterculture in the face of punks and the emergence of an alternative culture of “silent protest” to the pop scene, fashion and consumerism. Along with the flow post-punk, which gave rise to gothic culture, indie protest was escapist, not involving the commission of illegal or shocking acts. The indie music scene (from English "independent" - independent) was created as an opposition to the mainstream and assumed complete freedom to experiment with sound. The image of the representatives of this subculture is completely borrowed and in its modern version is distinguishable only for connoisseurs.

In Russia, indie culture has been embodied in the hobby of the "advanced" metropolitan youth tired of glamor. Its representatives are now commonly called hipsters, although initially this name belonged to a subculture that existed in the United States in the 40-50s. XX century Indie music currently continues to be released on independent labels, but the subculture itself has organically blended into popular culture (for example, such popular publications as Afisha are guided by it).

Rollers called roller skating fans. They prefer sportswear in bright colors; they can also be identified by the multicolored patches on the knees. On roller skates, they do not just ride, but somersault, describe unthinkable pirouettes and somersaults. Rollers like to compete. Single roller skates appeared in Russia in the early 90s.

A subculture is understood as a part of social culture that differs from the one that prevails in society at the moment. Youth subcultures unite everyone who has something in common and believes in certain ideals. Some options for such associations are understandable only to a narrow circle of dedicated members.

It is common for every person to change and learn new things. This is especially acute during the period of growing up: the desire to find their individuality and change the world pushes young people to search for themselves and the meaning of life. This is how youth subcultures appear. Girls and boys unite according to their interests, creating separate movements that differ in lifestyle and clothing, as well as behavior.

The function of such social associations is to provide young people with the opportunity to realize themselves and stand out from the crowd, find new friends who would understand, accept them as they are and share their views.

1950s

The history of subcultures spans several decades and has three boom waves. The first of these dates back to the 1950s. During this period, appear " dudes"- shocking urban youth, which got its name for the style of clothing, behavior, features of dance movements. Young people loved jazz and rock and roll, they strove for freedom of expression.

Such a youth movement was not at all approved by the Soviet state. "Hipsters" were charged with "worship before the West", they were persecuted and reprimanded by the authorities in every possible way, and therefore such a subculture soon ceased to exist.

1960-1980s

The second wave falls at the end of the 60s, the beginning of the 80s. She was influenced by both internal and external conditions. Youth subcultures of this period are characterized by:

• incipient apoliticality;
• internationalism;
• focus on internal problems.

Young people of this period love music and rock 'n' roll, drugs come into use. The new movement has become deeper and more lasting.

At the end of 1979, the Soviet hippie subculture appeared, which received the name " System". It was updated every 2-3 years and included both punk metallers and not very law-abiding Lyubers.

1986 year

The third wave of youth movements began in 1986. Youth subcultures are recognized officially as existing and are called “ alternative».

The main types of youth subcultures

They belong to one of the oldest youth subcultures. It was formed in the mid-60s of the 20th century in San Francisco.

Young people spent their time in discussions and polemics, played music and indulged in free love. Alcohol and drugs at parties were considered commonplace.

Hippies have no attachment to home, they are constantly traveling with no means of livelihood. They worship freedom, love flowers and walk barefoot. The ideas of this movement are still alive.

This subculture is somewhat similar to hippies. Rastafari is a special religion of the universal god Jah. Members of this movement are staunch pacifists who strongly condemn racism.

Speaking about the peculiarities of the Rastaman movement in Russia, we can say that such associations mainly include young fans of reggae music.

Punks

This subculture began its development in the mid-1970s of the 20th century in England - just at this period there was a severe economic crisis in the country. Young people lived under the motto: "There is no future!", Behaved in strict accordance with the low standard of living. They are absolutely sure that it is absolutely impossible to change life for the better, and therefore put an end to life, career and upbringing.

The style of clothing of such young people corresponds to the way of thinking and behavior - preference is given to stale T-shirts and jeans with holes and scuffs. The picture is complemented by a love of drinking, fighting and drugs due to the absence of other hobbies.

In 1979, the punk movement penetrated the USSR. Famous rock musicians of St. Petersburg Andrei Panov and Viktor Tsoi became one of its first adherents.

Goths

The end of the 70s of the 20th century is considered the date of the birth of Gothic. The backbone of this subculture was post-punk. The first Goths adopted a lot from the punks, making black the main color of their clothes (there could be minor splashes of white or red). Silver jewelry complemented the clothes.

The very first formations included young people who were fans of gothic musical groups. Subsequently, the Goths developed their own lifestyle, they acquired their own mentality and hierarchy.

The Goth subculture still exists today. The image of the participants in the movement is very complex and is formed from specific clothes, shoes, accessories, hairstyles and make-up.

The direction of emo, which is included in the subcultures of youth, is also associated with music. The style of music matches the name of the movement, which means "emotional". The melody is based on strong emotions that are keenly felt in the vocalist's voice.

The music of this movement has several types:

Fans of this kind of music stand out as a separate subculture and are called emokids. A characteristic external feature of such young people is bright clothes, hairstyle and makeup.

Majors

During the period of "developed socialism" a new trend appears among young people. "Golden" boys and girls are not interested in everyday problems and complexities of life, as all troubles are quickly and imperceptibly resolved by their parents. This subculture originated in the late seventies and is close to the yuppie or kogar.

They flaunt fashionable hardware and overseas technology. Majors easily go through life, love and know how to have a rest (often at a service dacha, inherited by their parents). They are among the few who can travel abroad with their relatives to live in capitalist countries.

The level of the major is related to the position of his parents. Personal achievements in school or university are also important. He communicates only with his peers, he simply does not notice the rest, or is patronizing or contemptuous.

Yuppie

Such young people do not demonstrate their success, do not flaunt their wealth and do not litter with money. They are restrained and self-confident, strict, perfectly tailored suits speak for themselves.

The life of the yuppie is known only to a narrow circle of dedicated people, often described in magazines published at their own expense.

Hackers

Such a youth subculture, which includes programmers and computer users, who are characterized by an offensive line of behavior on the Internet.

Subculture problems

Attitude to a certain movement - a subculture - is an attempt to find oneself, a step towards growing up and understanding the world. Some adolescents subsequently easily return to their usual way of life for society, while others, on the contrary, experience difficulties in communicating with the outside world.

Drugs are a serious problem, and they often spread easily among young people. Particularly impressionable natures under the influence of the atmosphere of a certain subculture can commit suicide. Such young people should be under the supervision of more reasonable and "down to earth" comrades or adults.

Youth subcultures have always been and will be. Some of them quickly dissolve in time, while others pass through the years to the present day. It is important that immature young minds have the support and understanding of their elders, ready to come to the rescue in difficult times and channel energy into a creative channel.

Today, there are many different subcultures in world society. Representatives of a particular subculture are called informals- they are distinguished by their originality, uniqueness, brightness. An informal person is trying to demonstrate his individuality. We present a list of the main subcultures, and then talk about some of them in more detail.

• Alternatives
• Anime
• Bikers
• Vanilla
• Glamor
• Gopniks
• Granger
• Graffiti
• Cyber ​​Goths
• Metalworkers
• New Age
• Punks
• Pedovki
• Rastamans
• Ravers
• Rockers
• Rappers
• Skinheads
• Dudes
• Straight Age
• Tolkienists
• Trash Models
• Freaks
• Football fans
• Hackers
• Hippie
• Hipster

Alternatives

In the early 90s, a subculture of alternative musicians was formed, which included rappers, metalheads and punks. Representatives of this subculture are distinguished by their friendliness towards representatives of other directions. It is believed that the subculture was formed thanks to the group Rage Against The Machine.

The appearance of alternatives is catchy, it is quite easy to distinguish them from representatives of other subcultures. As a rule, they wear piercings and wear wide clothes. Representatives of this subculture do not have any special ideology.

Bikers

The biker subculture originated around the 60s and 70s. Representatives of the trend - bearded long-haired men - cannot imagine their life without a motorcycle, beer and rock music. These attributes are the hallmarks of bikers.

As a rule, they ride in groups and each of the bikers is in the club. By the stripes on his clothes, they determine which club he is a member of. This is the distinguishing mark that makes bikers different from each other.

The biker subculture adheres to its own system of values, which is strikingly different from the generally accepted norms of a "civilized society".

Gopniks

The Gopnik subculture began its existence in the last years before the collapse of the USSR. The ideology and behavior of representatives of this trend are similar to the behavior of hooligans. A distinctive feature of gopniks is a tendency to violence, a low level of intelligence and prison slang, which, in terms of the complexity of understanding, can sometimes be compared with the complex languages ​​of the world.

Gopniks, as a rule, like to listen to music in the style of prison chanson. They are often aggressive towards other subcultures. In particular, such movements as emo, goths, rappers, gopniks do not recognize and conflict with their representatives.

Gopniks cut their hair short and wear tracksuits. These are the main distinguishing features of the adherents of this subculture.

Goths

The formation of the Goth subculture originates from music. Distinctive features of the Goths is the predominance of black clothing, girls wear dark makeup. Representatives of the subculture wear accessories symbolizing death - teeth, crosses, pentagrams, etc. The Goths do not have their own ideology.

The mood of the adherents of this movement is dominated by decadence and a gloomy look. The Gothic movement gave rise to a separate subculture - Satanists.

Metalworkers

The metalworking subculture originated in the 1960s and has spread almost all over the world. The impetus for the emergence of the subculture was music in the style of Heavy Metal. Metalists are usually referred to as fans of heavy rock music and all types of metal.

In the image of a representative of the subculture, there is leather clothing, images of skulls, many metal jewelry on the body (chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), heavy boots, ear piercings, bandanas. They do not have ideology and philosophy, as such, all beliefs and views are completely focused on music.

Punks

The punk subculture began to form in 1930 in England. The first punks were people from the poorer parts of Wales. They were engaged in robberies, fights, brawls. The ideology and worldview of punks boils down to anarchy.

Distinctive features of punks are the "mohawk" - a symbol of the punk movement, as well as leather jackets worn on the naked body, torn T-shirts, a large number of piercings on the face.

Dudes

The subculture of dudes was formed in the second half of the 40s - 50s. At this time, young people dressed in defiant clothes appeared on the streets of cities. Representatives of the movement were distinguished by their cynicism in judgments and indifference to Soviet norms of behavior.

Styles of those times protested against standard stereotypes of behavior, uniformity in clothes. Subculture undoubtedly left a bright imprint on the Soviet era.

Stylish men wore tight trousers ("pipes"), long double-breasted jackets, bright shirts combined with colorful ties, pointed boots and dark glasses.

The girls decorated their clothes with sewn bows and lots of ornaments. Hipsters, as a rule, were the children of high-ranking officials or professors.

Freaks

The freak subculture was formed in the 20th century in North America. Representatives of the current adhere to the main idea - to stand out from the crowd of people around them. For these purposes, not only clothing is used, but also behavior and philosophy. The term "freak" comes from the English word Freak, which means - a strange person. Each follower of the subculture seeks to create his own unique image.

Freaks are ardent adherents of piercings - they massively pierce themselves in all sorts of places, and also cover their bodies with tattoos with images, inscriptions and patterns.

Hippie

The hippie subculture originated in America in the 1960s. In a short period of time, it quickly spread throughout the world, but as a separate trend, it ceased to exist closer to the 1980s. Representatives of the subculture were distinguished by their peacekeeping position (pacifists), they opposed nuclear weapons and any violence.

Hippies were involved in drug distribution among young people, ostensibly to expand consciousness.

The hippies wore loose clothing, lots of baubles on their arms, and long hair.