Years before the new era.
4 thousand years. Unification of small states in the Nile Valley. The first pyramid. Sumerian-Akkadian kingdom in Mesopotamia. Invention of cuneiform. The Harappan civilization arose in the Indus Valley. In the Yellow River Valley, silkworms are bred and bronze is smelted; knotted and patterned writing appears.
2.5-2 thousand years. Minoan civilization. Assyrian state with its capital in Nineveh. The Phoenicians create alphabetic writing and open the way to the Red Sea. Tripoli agricultural culture in the Dnieper region.
2 thousand years. Aryan tribes penetrate into India, and the Achaean Greeks into Hellas.
1.5 thousand years. The state of Shang (Yin) arises in China.
1400 Exodus of the Jews from Egypt under the leadership of Moses.
OK. XV century Separation of Proto-Slavic tribes from Indo-European unity.
XV-XIII centuries The period of Achaean Greece.
1300-1200 The Hittites discover a way to obtain iron. 970-940 The reign of King Solomon, the construction of the Jerusalem Temple.
IX-VIII centuries The first mentions of the Persian state.
800 Founding of Carthage by the Phoenicians.
776 First Olympic Games.
753 Legendary date of the founding of Rome.
660 First Emperor of Japan.
560 Birth of Buddha.
551 Birth of Confucius.
489 - IV century n. e. State of Greater Armenia.
461 The Golden Age of Pericles in Greece. Construction of the Parthenon.
334-325 Conquests of Alexander the Great in the East.
317-180 Mauryan Empire in India.
264-146 Three Punic wars between Rome and Carthage and the destruction of Carthage.
246 Construction of the Great Wall of China begins.
146 Submission of Greece to Rome.
73-71 Revolt of Roman slaves led by Spartacus.
49-44 Dictatorship of Julius Caesar in Rome.
6 BC - 4 AD e. Probable date of birth of Jesus Christ.

Years of the new era.
1st century The emergence of Christianity.
OK. 29. Crucifixion of Jesus Christ by order of the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate.
I-II centuries The first mentions of the Slavs by ancient authors.
132-135 The dispersion of Jews throughout the world begins.
164-180 Plague devastates the Roman and Chinese empires.
III-IX centuries Mayan civilization in America.
395 Division of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western.
IV-V centuries Introduction of Christianity in Georgia and Armenia.
476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire.

The beginning of the Middle Ages.
482 Baptism of the Franks. The first kingdom of the Franks.
570 Birth of Muhammad, founder of Islam.
630 Formation of the Arab state.
End of the 7th century Formation of the Bulgarian state.
711-720 Arab conquest of Spain.
732 Battle of Poitiers. The Arab advance into Europe was stopped.
VIII-X centuries Khazar Khaganate.
The first chronicle information about Novgorod.
The legendary date of the founding of Kyiv.
9th century Education of Kievan Rus.
The end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century. Formation of the Czech state.
X century Formation of the Old Polish state.
1054 The gap between Orthodoxy and Catholicism.
1096-1099 First Crusade.
1136-1478 Novgorod feudal republic.
1147 First mention of Moscow.
1206-1227 The reign of Genghis Khan. The emergence of the Mongol state.
1236-1242 Tatar-Mongol invasion to Rus' and European countries.
1242 Alexander Nevsky defeats the German knights on Lake Peipus.
Ser. X century - 1569 Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia.
1325 Founding of the Aztec kingdom in Mexico.
1348-1349 Plague kills half the population of England.
1370-1405 The reign of the great emir Timur the conqueror.
1378 Victory of the Moscow army over the Tatars on the Vozha River.
1380 Battle of Kulikovo - defeat of the Tatars under the leadership of Dmitry Donskoy.
1389 Battle of Kosovo (defeat of the Serbs by the Turks).
1410 Defeat of the Teutonic Order by the Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army (Grunwald).
1431 Burning of Joan of Arc according to the verdict of the Inquisition.
1445 Gutenberg Bible. The beginning of book printing in Europe.
1453 Fall of Constantinople and Byzantium under the attacks of the Turks.
1478 The Inquisition begins in Spain.
1480 “Standing on the Ugra”. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
1492 Expulsion of the Arabs from Spain. Discovery of America by Columbus.
1517 Martin Luther opposes the power of the popes. Beginning of the Reformation.
1531-1533 Pizarro's conquest of the Inca state.
1533-1584 The reign of Ivan the Terrible.
August 24, 1572 St. Bartholomew's Night (massacre of the Huguenots in France).
1588 The death of the “Invincible Armada” (Spanish fleet).
1596 Union of Brest. Formation of the Greek Catholic (“Uniate”) Church. 1604-1612 "Time of Troubles".
The liberation of Moscow by the militia of Minin and Pozharsky.
d. Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne.
1620 The Pilgrim Fathers establish a colony overseas in New England.
The beginning of the bourgeois revolution in England is considered the beginning of the New Age.
1640 Beginning of the bourgeois revolution in England. 1644 Manchus take control of China.
1654 Decision on the transition of Ukraine to the rule of the Tsar of Russia (Pereyaslav Rada).
1667-1671 Peasant war under the leadership of Stepan Razin.
1682-1725 Reign of Peter I.
1701-1703 War of the Spanish Succession. Strengthening England at sea.
June 27, 1709 Battle of Poltava.
1762-1796 Reign of Catherine I.
1773-1775 - Peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev.
1775-1783 The War of Independence of the American Colonies. USA education.
July 24, 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk on the transfer of Georgia under the protection of Russia.
July 14, 1788 The storming of the Bastille and the beginning of the French Revolution.
1793-1795 Accession of Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia to Russia.
1812 Invasion of Napoleon's army into Russia. Battle of Borodino.
1815 Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.
1837 Accession of Queen Victoria to England.
1853-1856 Crimean War. Defense of Sevastopol.
February 19, 1861 Abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1861-1865 American Civil War between North and South. Abolition of slavery.
1862 Unification of Germany by Bismarck.
1867 Creation of the dual Austro-Hungarian Empire.
1877-1878 - Russo-Turkish War, liberation of Bulgarians, Serbs, Romanians.
1896 Coronation of Nicholas P. Disaster on the Khodynka Field.
1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. The death of the Varyag, the fall of Port Arthur.
g. "Bloody Sunday". The beginning of the revolution in Russia. Manifesto October 17.
The First State Duma.
1911-1913 Revolution in Imperial China.
1914 Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and outbreak of the First World War.
1917 February revolution in Russia, overthrow of the autocracy.
1917 Victory of the October Revolution in Petrograd. Education of the RSFSR.
1417 Formation of the Ukrainian People's and Soviet Republics.
1918 Revolution in Germany, formation of independent Poland and Czechoslovakia.
1918 End of the First World War. The beginning of the Civil War in Russia.
1919 Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany.
1919-1923 Kemalist revolution in Turkey, collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
December 30, 1922 Formation of the USSR.
1929 Beginning of collectivization in the USSR. World economic crisis.
1931-1933 The Great Famine in the USSR.
January 30, 1933 Establishment of the Nazi dictatorship in Germany.
1436-1939 The revolt of General Franco and Civil War in Spain.
1437-1938 Mass repressions in the USSR.
Kristallnacht (massacre of Jews in Germany).
g. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Beginning of World War II.
June 22, 1941 German attack on the USSR.
The Battle of Moscow - the first defeat of the Wehrmacht
d. Signing of the declaration of 26 states on the struggle against Germany.
1442-1943 Battle of Stalingrad. Fighting in North Africa.
Battle of Kursk. The landing of allied troops in Italy.
The landing of allied forces in Normandy.
May 8-9, 1945 Unconditional surrender of Germany.
1945 Japan surrenders. The end of World War II.
1445-1946 Nuremberg trial over Nazi war criminals.
1947 US adoption of the Marshall Plan.
1448 Proclamation of the State of Israel.
1949 NATO is formed. Proclamation of the GDR, Germany, China.
1950-1953 War in Korea.
1955 Conclusion of the Warsaw Pact.
October 4, 1957 Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR.
April 12, 1961 The first manned space flight. Yu. A. Gagarin (USSR).
1961-1973 The Vietnam War.
1966-1976 "Cultural Revolution" in China.
1968 Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia.
July 21, 1969 The first man on the moon (N. Armstrong, USA).
1975 Helsinki Agreement on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war.
1985 The beginning of “perestroika” in the USSR.
April 26, 1986 Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
1991 Referendum on the fate of the USSR (70% - for preserving the Union). State Emergency Committee putsch.
The Belovezhskaya Accords and the collapse of the USSR.
1991-1992 Collapse of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia.
d. The beginning of “shock therapy” in Russia.
1994 Beginning of the war in Chechnya.
The Union of Russia and Belarus. Withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya.
g. The collapse of the ruble (default) in Russia.
g. Bombing of Yugoslavia by NATO aircraft. Operation Desert Storm.
Resignation of B. N. Yeltsin. His successor is V.V. Putin.
d. Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
September 11, 2001 A major terrorist attack in New York. Thousands of dead.
d. Invasion of US and allied troops into Iraq. The fall of Hussein's regime.
"Orange Revolution" in Ukraine.
d. Catastrophic tsunami in Indonesia. Hurricane Katrina in the USA.
d. Crisis of power in Ukraine.

Some historical dynasties
Starting with the legendary Jimmu, a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu, who ascended the throne on February 11, 660 BC. e., Japan had 134 emperors.
Beginning with the Apostle Peter, the first bishop of Rome, who was executed around 65, there have been 344 popes on the Holy See, of which 39 are not recognized (“antipopes”).

Primitive society- from the appearance of the first human ancestors to the emergence of cities, states and writing. This period is also called prehistoric, but I do not agree with this: once man appeared, it means that the history of mankind began, even if we learn about it not through written sources, but through various archaeological finds. At this time, people mastered agriculture and cattle breeding, began to build houses and cities, and religion and art arose. And this is history, albeit primitive.

Ancient world– from the first ancient states to the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5.5 thousand years ago - 5th century AD). Civilizations of the Ancient East, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, Ancient America. An amazing time in which writing appeared, science was born, new religions, poetry, architecture, theater, the first ideas about democracy and human rights, you can name it all!

Middle Ages (V–XV centuries)– from the fall of the Western Roman Empire at the end of the ancient era, to the Great geographical discoveries, invention of printing. Feudal relations, Inquisition, knights, Gothic - the first thing that comes to mind when mentioning the Middle Ages.

Modern times (XV century - 1914)– from the Great Geographical Discoveries to the beginning of World War I. The Renaissance period in science and culture, the discovery of the New World by the Spaniards, the fall of Constantinople, the English and French revolutions, the Napoleonic Wars and much more.

Modern times- period in human history (from 1914 to the present).

Other approaches to dividing human history into periods:

– formational, depending on the socio-economic system: primitive communal system, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist(what they taught us at school);

– by production methods: agricultural society, industrial society, post-industrial society;

- according to the level of development of material culture:primitive period, archaic period, dark ages, antiquity, middle ages, renaissance, modern times, modernity;

– by periods of reign of outstanding rulers;

– by periods of historically significant wars;

From a chronological point of view, history is divided into primitive, ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary. This periodization, generally accepted in the 19th century, is suitable only for Western Europe.

Story primitive society covers the period from the emergence of man 2.5-1 million years ago (see article Anthroposociogenesis) until the formation of the first states in Asia and Africa (4-3 thousand BC). However, in other parts of the world the era of primitiveness lasted much longer. According to archaeological periodization, based on differences in material and appearance tools, the history of primitive society is divided into a number of eras: early (ended about 100 thousand years ago), middle (about 40 thousand years ago) and late (about 10 thousand years ago) Paleolithic, Mesolithic (8 thousand . years ago) and Neolithic (5 thousand years ago; within its framework the Chalcolithic is also distinguished). Then follow bronze age(before 1 thousand BC) and iron age when primitive societies coexist with the first civilizations. For each region, the time frame of the epochs varies significantly. In primitive society there were no clearly defined social and property differences; the tribal system dominated (see Art. Rod, Tribe).

Ancient world history studies existence ancient civilizations(Ancient East, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome) from its inception to the 5th century. n. e. The end of the era of the Ancient World is traditionally considered to be the year of the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476). However, this chronological line does not matter for other civilizations (see article Chinese civilization, Mesoamerican civilization). With significant differences in the types of government (from eastern despotism to the polis system), most ancient societies were dominated by slavery (see Art. Slavery).

History of the Middle Ages covers the 5th-15th centuries, the end of the European Middle Ages is considered to be the discovery of America by X. Columbus (1492). Medieval European society existed under feudalism. The term “Middle Ages” was first used by the Italian humanist F. Biondo (1392-1463) to designate the period between Antiquity and the Renaissance. European Middle Ages is divided into Early (5th-10th centuries, the so-called Dark Ages), High (11th-13th centuries) and Late (14th-15th centuries).

New history called the period 16 - con. 18th century Some scientists consider the beginning of the Great French Revolution of 1789-1799 to be the chronological boundary separating Modern Time from the subsequent era, while others consider the end of the First World War of 1914-1918. The European Modern Age was marked by the eras of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the Renaissance, the spread of printing, the Reformation, the Counter-Reformation and the first pan-European war (see article Thirty Years' War). The most important process New times began the formation of national states. The form of government characteristic of this era was absolutism. Recent history, according to some, covers the period from 1789 to the end of the Second World War of 1939-1945, and according to others, from 1918 to the present. European civilization entered the industrial era, characterized by the dominance of capitalism, world wars, the beginning of colonialism and the fall of the colonial system. The dominant form of government was a republic or constitutional monarchy.

Modern history dates back to the end of World War II. Some scientists consider this era integral part Recent history, other researchers identify post-industrial civilization as an independent period of human development. It is characterized by the processes of the information revolution and globalization, the emergence of a post-industrial society (see article: Post-industrial (information) society theory), “ cold war"and the collapse of the socialist camp, large-scale environmental pollution, and the fight against international terrorism.

The main periods of development of world art.

Primitive art - the art of the first man, the tribes that inhabited our planet before the advent of the first civilizations. In terms of territory, it covers all continents except Antarctica, and in terms of time – the entire era of human existence, right up to the present day, because There are still peoples living outside of civilization. Objects of primitive art include rock paintings, sculptures, reliefs and drawings on household items, weapons, jewelry and ritual objects, and architectural buildings of a religious nature.

Art of the Ancient World – this is the art of the first civilizations: Egypt, Greece, Rome and adjacent states and civilizations. Art is closely connected with pagan beliefs, almost entirely dedicated to deities and mythological heroes. IN early periods the art of different civilizations has similar primitive features, but in later periods there is a sharp difference in architectural structures, principles and rules for depicting humans, animals, etc.

Middle Ages – qualitatively new stage in the development of all European art, which began with the adoption of Christianity by the countries of Western Europe, and in this sense, united the theme and direction of style different nations. It is divided into Romanesque and Gothic styles.

Roman style- artistic style that dominated the art of Western Europe (and in some countries of Eastern Europe) mainly in the 10th–12th centuries. the main role was given to harsh, serf-like architecture. Monastic complexes, temples, castles were located on hills and dominated the area; their external appearance was distinguished by monolithic integrity and was filled with calm and solemn strength, emphasized by the massiveness of the walls and volumes, and the rhythm of the architectural decor, which was simple in form. Inside, Romanesque buildings were divided into separate cells, covered with vaults (sometimes with domes). IN fine arts The main place was occupied by monumental reliefs on the portals of temples and carved capitals of columns, as well as book miniatures, which received significant development in this era. The decorative and applied arts of the Romanesque style—casting, embossing, bone carving, enamel work, etc.—reached a high level.

Gothic(from Italian gotico, literally - Gothic, i.e. related to Germanic tribe ready) - artistic style, The final stage in the development of medieval art in the countries of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe (12th - 15th\16th centuries). Gothic art remained cult and religious, correlated with eternity, with the Divine universe. The model of this universe, the symbol of the Universe, became gothic cathedral, the complex frame structure of which, the solemn grandeur and dynamics, the abundance of plasticity expressed both the ideas of the heavenly and earthly hierarchy, and the greatness of the creative powers of man. Painting existed mainly in the form of stained glass. In Gothic sculpture, the rigidity and isolation of Romanesque statues was replaced by the mobility of figures. In the Gothic era, book miniatures flourished, altar painting appeared, high level reached decorative arts. Own versions of Gothic developed in Spain, Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and other European countries.

Renaissance, Renaissance- an era in the cultural development of a number of European countries (in Italy 14–16 centuries, in other regions - the end of the 15–16 centuries), transition from the Middle Ages to modern times and marked by the growth of secular, humanistic, appeal to antiquity, its “revival” . In the architecture and fine arts of the Renaissance, the discovery of sensuality and diversity of the surrounding reality was combined with the development of the laws of linear and aerial perspective, theory of proportions, problems of anatomy, etc. The Renaissance was realized most strongly in Italy, where there are periods of the Proto-Renaissance (13th and 14th centuries), Early Renaissance(15th century), High Renaissance (late 15th – early 16th centuries), Late Renaissance (16th century). The greatest masters of this era are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo. A generally accepted but conditional concept "Northern Renaissance" applies to the culture and art of Germany, the Netherlands, France; One of the main features of these countries is their connection with late Gothic art. These are works by I. Bosch, P. Bruegel the Elder and others.

Baroque(Italian barocco – bizarre, strange), one of the dominant styles in the architecture and art of Europe and Latin America late 16th – mid 18th centuries. Baroque art is characterized by grandeur, pomp and dynamics, elation, intensity of feelings, spectacular showmanship, strong contrasts of scale and rhythm, light and shadow. The interiors of the buildings were decorated with multicolor sculptures, carvings, mirrors and paintings illusorily expanded the space. In painting it is emotionality, rhythm, freedom of stroke, in sculpture it is fluidity of form, a sense of changeability of the image. The most prominent representatives were P.P. Rubens, A. van Dyck.

Academicism– isolation from practice, from the realities of life, a trend that developed in art academies of the 16th–19th centuries. and based on literal adherence to forms classical art eras of antiquity and the Renaissance. Academicism implanted a system of timeless, “eternal” canons, forms of beauty, and idealized images.

Classicism, an artistic style in European art of the 11th–early 19th centuries, one of the most important features of which was the appeal to ancient art as a standard. A work of art was seen as the fruit of reason and logic, triumphing over chaos and feelings. Classical architecture is distinguished by logical layout and clarity of volumes. In painting, the main elements were line and chiaroscuro, local color. Neoclassicism (18th – early 19th centuries) became a pan-European style, also formed mainly in French culture, under the strong influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment. In architecture, this is an exquisite mansion, a ceremonial public building, an open city square, the desire for severe simplicity, the drama of historical and portrait images, the dominance of the tradition of academicism.

Romanticism - artistic movement in European and American culture of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. - aspiration for boundless freedom and the infinite, thirst for perfection and renewal, personal and civil independence. The discord between ideal and reality formed the basis of romanticism; affirmation of the intrinsic value of human creative and spiritual life, depiction of strong passions, spiritualization of nature, interest in the national past are combined with motives of world sorrow, a desire to explore and recreate the “shadow”, “night” side human soul. Most consistent romantic school developed in France (E. Delacroix).

Impressionism(from the French impression - impression), a movement in art of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Originated in French painting late 1860s: E. Manet O. Renoir, E. Degas depicted instantaneous situations “seen” in reality, used unbalanced compositions, unexpected angles, points of view, cross-sections of figures. K. Monei and others developed a plein air system, creating in their paintings a feeling of sparkling sunlight and air, and a wealth of colors. The name of the direction comes from the name of the painting by C. Monet “Impression. Rising Sun"was exhibited in 1874 in Paris. In the paintings, complex colors were decomposed into pure components, which were applied to the canvas in separate strokes, colored shadows, reflections. The concept of Impressionism in sculpture is the desire to convey instant movement, fluidity and softness of form.

Naturalism(from Latin naturalis - natural, natural), a movement in art that developed in Europe and the USA in the last third of the 19th century. and strived for an accurate and impartial reproduction of reality. Naturalism is an outwardly life-like reproduction of reality, a superficial image, a predilection for recreating the dark, shadowy sides of life.

Modern(French moderne - newest, modern), style in European and American art of the late 19th century. – 1910s Masters modern used new technical and constructive means, creating unusual, distinctly individual buildings; the facades of Art Nouveau buildings have dynamism and fluidity of form. One of the main expressive means ornament became modern. Art Nouveau painting is characterized by a combination of “carpet” ornamental backgrounds and naturalistic tangibility of figures and details, silhouettes, and the use of large color planes. Art Nouveau sculpture and graphics are distinguished by the dynamics and fluidity of forms. One of the famous painters and graphic artists of that direction is P. Gauguin.

Realism(from Latin realis - material, effective) - this is the conviction of knowability real world. This is the work of Rembrandt, D. Velazquez and others.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Department of Culture and Tourism of the Tomsk Region OGOAU SPO "Governor's College of Socio-Cultural Technologies and Innovations" Presentation on the subject "History" choreographic art» specialty NHT; type: “Choreographic creativity”. Topic: chronology of historical eras in art Completed by Maslovskaya N.A. teacher of choreographic disciplines Tomsk 2015

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Goal: acquaintance with the chronology of historical eras in art Tasks: consider eras in chronological order; characterize each era; indirect acquaintance with historical figures; expanding the cognitive potential of students

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There are certain eras that cover specific time periods. Their names were invented quite recently, after a person was able to look in retrospect, evaluate and divide past events into stages. Catherine I Peter II Anna Ioanovna Ivan VI Elizaveta Petrovna Peter III Elizaveta Petrovna

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Why is there a historical chronology? This technique was developed by researchers for a reason. Firstly, each individual period is characterized by special cultural trends. Each era has its own worldview, fashion, social structure and much more. Considering the eras of mankind in order, you can also pay attention to the fact that each of them is characterized by separate types of art. This includes music, painting, and literature.

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Antique period. We will omit the history of primitive society, since at that time there was simply no single ideology, religion, or even a writing system. Therefore, when the eras of mankind are considered in order, they begin precisely with the ancient period, because at this time the first states, the first laws and morality, as well as the art that we study to this day, appeared. The period began around the end of the 8th century BC. e. and lasted until 456, the date of the fall of the Roman Empire. At this time, not only a polytheistic religion appeared with a clear fixation of all deities, but also a writing system - Greek and Latin. Also during this period, the concept of slavery arose in Europe.

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Middle Ages. The study of the Middle Ages is always given special attention. The period began at the end of the 5th century, but there is no date for its end, at least approximately. Some believe that it ended in the mid-15th century, others believe that the Middle Ages lasted until the 17th century. The era is characterized by a huge rise of Christianity. It was during these years that great things happened Crusades. Along with them, the Inquisition arose, which exterminated all opponents of the church. In the Middle Ages, a form of slavery called feudalism arose, which existed in the world many centuries later.

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Renaissance. It is customary to single out this era as a separate one, but many historians believe that the Renaissance is, so to speak, the secular side of the Middle Ages. The point is that at the end of the 14th century people began to cry out for humanity. Some ancient rules and morals returned, and the Inquisition gradually lost ground. This was manifested both in art and in the behavior of society. People began to visit theaters, and such a thing as a social ball arose. The Renaissance, like Antiquity, originated in Italy, and today this is confirmed by numerous monuments of architecture and art.

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Baroque. When we look directly at the eras of human history in order, the Baroque, although it did not last long, occupied an important branch in the development of art. This era was the logical conclusion of the Renaissance. We can say that the craving for social entertainment and beauty has grown to incredible proportions. An architectural style of the same name appeared, which is characterized by pomp and pretentiousness. A similar tendency manifested itself in music, in drawing, and even in people’s behavior. The Baroque era lasted from the 16th to the 17th centuries.

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Classicism. In the second half of the 17th century, humanity decided to move away from such luxurious idleness. Society, like the art it created, became canonized and conformed to clear rules. Theater and music, which were at the peak of their cultural development, were also subject to new reforms. Certain styles appeared that directed authors in one direction or another. Classicism began to manifest itself in the design of buildings and interiors. Right angles, straight lines, rigor and asceticism came into fashion.

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Romantic period. The 18th century is the beauty of unearthly fantasies. This period is considered the most mysterious in the history of mankind, ephemeral and original. A trend has emerged in society, according to which each person is a separate spiritual and creative personality, with his own inner world, experiences and joys. Typically, when historians present cultural eras in chronological order, one of the most important places is given to romanticism. During this period, which lasted until the 19th century, unique masterpieces of music appeared - Chopin, Schumann, Schubert of literature - Hoffmann, the Brothers Grimm, the famous French novels painting - Goya, Turner.

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Education. In parallel with romanticism in art, society itself improved. When all eras are listed in order, as a rule, the Enlightenment is placed behind classicism. Along with the development of science and art at the end of the 17th century, the level of intelligence in society began to increase at a tremendous speed. A number of things happened astronomical discoveries, which refuted many religious dogmas. The Age of Enlightenment affected not only Europe, but also Russia, as well as Far East, and even America. During this period, many powers abolished serfdom. It is also worth noting that in the 18th and 19th centuries, women began to take part in scientific and government meetings for the first time. The Age of Enlightenment was the birthplace new philosophy based on mathematics and physics.

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The Age of Enlightenment is one of the key eras in the history of European culture, associated with the development of scientific, philosophical and social thought. This intellectual movement was based on rationalism and freethinking. Scientists of a new type sought to disseminate knowledge and popularize it. Knowledge should no longer be the exclusive possession of a few initiated and privileged, but should be accessible to all and of practical use. It becomes the subject of public communication and public debate.

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Modern times. Briefly listing everything historical eras in order, we come to the 20th century. This period is famous for the flourishing of various movements in art, numerous coups d'etat and changes in government regimes. Therefore, from a historical point of view, this era is called Modern times. Since the beginning of the 20th century, we can say that society has become completely equal. Slavery was eradicated throughout the world, clear borders of states were established. Such conditions became the optimal environment for the development of not only art, but also science. We now live in this era, therefore, in order to consider it in detail, we only need to look back.

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In parallel with the formation of laws and borders of states, art was formed. But musical periods do not always coincide in time with periods of the same name in literature or, say, in painting. Below we will present the eras in art in order, characterize them and be able to compare a clear picture of how our society was formed from the very beginning of time. To begin with, we will generally list the main “eras”, and then divide them into separate sectors.

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Art: eras in chronological order Ancient period. Since the appearance of the first rock paintings, ending with the 8th century BC. e. Antiquity - from the 8th century BC. e. until the 6th century AD e. Middle Ages: Romanesque style - dates from the 6th-10th centuries, and Gothic - 10-14th centuries Renaissance - famous 14th-16th centuries Baroque - 16th-18th centuries Rococo - 18th century Classicism - formed against the background other movements from the 16th to the 19th century Romanticism - the first half of the 19th century Eclecticism - the second half of the 19th century Modernism - the beginning of the 20th century It is worth noting that Art Nouveau is the general name for this creative era. IN different countries and in various directions of art their own movements were formed, which will be discussed below.

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Middle Ages Romanesque style - from lat. romanus - Roman - artistic style that dominated Western Europe in the 6th - 10th centuries - one of the most important stages development of medieval European art. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. The main role in the Romanesque style was given to harsh fortress architecture: monastery complexes, churches, castles. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress, located on elevated places, dominating the area.

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Gothic style- the period of development of Western and Central European architecture, corresponding to the mature and late Middle Ages - 10th - 14th centuries. Gothic architecture replaced the architecture of the Romanesque era and in turn gave way to the architecture of the Renaissance period. The term “Gothic” itself arose in modern times as a contemptuous designation for everything brought into european art barbarian Goths. Middle Ages The term emphasized the radical difference between medieval architecture and stylistics Ancient Rome. St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague Notre Dame de Paris

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Renaissance or Renaissance - French. Renaissance, it. Rinascimento; from “re/ri” - “again” or “new” and “nasci” - “born” of the 14th – 17th centuries. An era that has global significance in the cultural history of Europe, which replaced the Middle Ages and preceded the Enlightenment Distinctive feature Renaissance - the secular nature of culture and its humanism, interest in man and his activities. “Lady with an Ermine” “Madonna Litta” by Leonardo da Vinci “Pieta” “Moses” “David” by Michelangelo Buonarotti “Birth of Venus” by Botticelli “ Athens school» Raphael Interest in blossoming ancient culture, there is, as it were, its “rebirth” - that’s how the term appeared. Church of the Holy Spirit in Florence F. Brunelleschi

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Baroque from Italian. barocco - “bizarre”, “strange”, “prone to excess”, port. perola barroca - “pearl” irregular shape”, literally “pearl with a defect” - Late Renaissance - 17-18 centuries, appeared in Italy. The Baroque era is considered to be the beginning of the triumphant march of “Western civilization.” Baroque opposed classicism and rationalism. portrait of James Stewart Van Dyck “Coronation of Marie de Medici” “Garden of Love” Rubens Petersburg. Hermitage Peterhof "Samson"

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Rococo from French rocaille - crushed stone, decorative shell, shell, rocaille - a style in art, mainly in interior design, that arose in France in the 18th century, as a development of the Baroque style. Interiors of the Gatchina Castle “Dancing Comargo” N. Lancret “Breakfast” F. Boucher “Cupid” Falconet Church of Francis in Portugal Characteristics Rococo is characterized by sophistication, great decorative intensity of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, and personal comfort.

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Classicism from French classicisme, from lat. classicus - exemplary - artistic style and aesthetic direction in European culture of the 17th -19th centuries. Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism. A work of art is built according to strict canons. Classicism establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high - ode, tragedy, epic and low - comedy, satire, fable. Each genre has strictly defined characteristics, the mixing of which is not allowed. Classicism is interested only in the eternal, the unchangeable - in every phenomenon it strives to recognize only the essential, typological features, discarding random ones individual characteristics. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Grand Theater in Warsaw

Lecture “Topic No. 2”

Epochs, styles, directions

A work of art is a form of existence of art. It reflects the world in all its complexity of diversity and aesthetic richness.

Artists* always strive to convey the world truthfully. In the process of creativity, a certain artistic method is born, so truth in art is not always identical to verisimilitude.

In the formation of artistic and figurative techniques and methods, many social and cultural prerequisites are involved, associated with ideas about truth, with the religious and ideological views of society, with the worldview of the artist himself.

The historically established structural uniformity of artistic techniques, artistic language, relationships between content and form, which in a given era unites the works of masters who worked in different types and genres of art, is calledstyle .

The word style can be used in a broad sense - lifestyle, playing style, clothing style, etc., and in a narrow sense - “style in art”.

In different historical eras, Style manifests itself in separate types, which are called current.

Social development occurs unevenly. If it is slow in nature, as in Antiquity, then the change in the system of artistic forms occurs very slowly over thousands of years, centuries, then such development is usually called an artistic era.

Later, from the 17th century. world public development is significantly accelerating, art is faced with diverse tasks, aggravation of social contradictions, so there is a rapid change of styles.

In the art of the 19th and 20th centuries, only individual stylistic trends appear; the ideological instability of society prevents the formation of unified styles, and rapidly changing directions emerge.

Primitive art (20,000 - 5,000 BC) developed in complete dependence on nature, on the everyday needs of man, and was associated with magic. Characteristic is the development of ceramics with regular shapes, ornaments, carvings, and realistic images of animals (rock paintings).

*The word “artists” is used in a broad sense, i.e. artists, architects, writers, etc. , i.e. creators of works of art.

:

Rock paintings depicting animals. Paintings in the caves of Lascaux (France), Altamira (Spain), Tassilin Ajer (North Africa).

Sculptural images of women, the so-called Paleolithic Venus.

Megalithic structures Stonehenge (England), Stone Grave (Ukraine).

Ancient despotism (the art of the interfluve and Ancient Egypt (5000 BC - VIII century BC)) represent an artistic era. During this period, many artistic discoveries took place, but the main thing that defines the era remains unchanged:

Complete submission to religion,

Development of funeral cults

Development of canons in all types of art,

Formation of the fundamentals of construction equipment,

Synthesis of arts in architecture,

gigantism.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Mesopotamia.

Bulls - I’m walking from the palace of Sargon II to Dur Shurrukin.

Harp with a bull's head from the royal tomb of Ur.

Gate of the goddess Ishtar. Babylon.

Ancient y Egypt:

Pyramids at Giza

Temples of Amon Ra in Karnak and Luxor

Abu Simbel Temple

Thutmose. Sculpture. Head of Queen Nefertiti

Sculpture of the royal scribe Kaya

Fayum portrait of a young man wearing a golden crown

Antiquity (art Ancient Greece(VII-III century BC) and Ancient Rome (III century AD)) explained the world mythologically. It was both realistic and illusory - a fantastic view of the world. In art this is expressed in:

glorification of the ideal image

harmony of internal and external appearance

humanization of art

Sculpture becomes contemporary art. Ancient artists convey the image of a perfect person with the highest skill and realism. Sculptural portraiture developed in Ancient Rome.

Antiquity developed building systems that we still use today. In Ancient Greece, an order building system developed, a combination of columns and ceilings, and in Ancient Rome, based on the discovery of cement, a round arch and a dome were used. New types of public and engineering buildings were created.

:

Knossos Palace, Fr. Crete

Lion Gate, Mycenae

Ancient Greece:

Architectural ensemble of the Parthenon (main temples: Parthenon, Erechtheion).

Pergamon Altar.

Halicarnassus Mausoleum.

Phidias (sculptor). Sculpture of the Parthenon.

Phidias. Sculpture of Olympian Zeus.

Miron (sculptor). Discus thrower.

Polykleitos (sculptor). Spearman.

Sculpture. Venus de Milo.

Sculpture. Nike of Samothrace.

Sculpture. Laocoon.

Ancient Rome:

Pantheon in Rome (temple of all gods)

Colosseum, Flavian Amphitheater (Rome)

Pont Du Gard (France)

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius

Trajan's Column (Rome)

Medieval art (V – XVI centuries) is subordinated to Christian ideology, filled with allegories and symbols. Characteristic is the synthesis of art subordinate to Christian liturgy. The current view was architecture.

The era is divided into two periods: Romanesque (XI - XII centuries) and Gothic (late XII - XIV centuries)

Romanesque architecture uses design features of the architecture of Ancient Rome (Roma). Romanesque cathedrals are built in the form of basilicas, they are ponderous with dark interiors, with two round towers on the façade of the building. The sculpture decorating the cathedral is planar, schematic (usually a relief), located mainly above the portals.

Gothic art - This is a qualitative leap in the development of medieval art. The cathedral, while maintaining the shape of a basilica, is now being built on the basis of a new frame system. The essence of which is that a brick frame is built using a pointed arch. The spaces between the pillars - supports (buttresses) are filled with windows - stained glass. Therefore, the interiors become as if permeated with light. The building is richly decorated with sculpture and architectural decoration. The façade is flanked by towers that are now square in plan. The façade of the cathedral, the only real wall, is richly decorated with sculpture. Now very realistic, round sculpture predominates. Above the main portal there is a round carved window called the “rose”.

Late Gothic (XV - XVI centuries) is distinguished by the architectural decoration of the facade - it resembles tongues of flame, the rose window disappears. This kind of Gothic was called flaming.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Worms Cathedral (Germany) – Romanesque architecture

Notre Dame de Paris (Paris) - Gothic

Cologne Cathedral (Germany) – late

St. Anne's Cathedral (Vilnius, Lithuania) – flaming

After the collapse of the Great Roman Empire in the 4th century AD, it was divided into the Western Empire, with its capital in Rome, and the Eastern Empire, with its capital in Byzantium. In the West, Catholicism and, accordingly, Romanesque and Gothic culture developed. And in Eastern (it became known as Byzantium) Orthodoxy spread. In Byzantium, the entire culture was also subordinated to religious ideology. Byzantium existed from the 4th to the 15th centuries. but art reached its greatest flowering during the reign of Justinian (VI century AD). In architecture, centric, domed, and later cross-domed cathedrals corresponded to Orthodoxy. Monumental painting (mosaics and frescoes) and easel painting (icon painting) are developing. Subject to religious dogma, painting was strictly canonized.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Sophia of Constantinople (Istanbul)

Church of San Appolinare (Ravenna)

Church of San Vitale (Ravenna)

Old Russian state (X - XVII centuries) adopted Orthodoxy, respectively, the cross-domed system of temple buildings and the picturesque canon. But in the process of development it developed unique national features. A national type of temple building is emerging: cross-domed, cuboid with wavy or keel-shaped walls (zakomar). The domes are raised on high drums.

In strictly canonized painting, the Slavic type of face predominates, Russian saints appear, national ornament and the entire characterization of the images becomes more humane.

The influence of folk architecture was very strongly manifested in the transfer of artistic expressions, decor, and color into stone construction and was called “patterned” (XVI-XVII centuries). Folk technical techniques were embodied in the appearance of stone and tented temples.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Sofia Kyiv, Kyiv. (13 domes)

Demetrius Cathedral, Vladimir. (1 dome)

Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, Chernigov. (1 dome)

Aristotle Fiorovanti. Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. (5 domes)

Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir.

St. Basil's Cathedral (Protection on the Moat), Moscow.

Icon of the Intercession with a portrait of B. Khmelnitsky.

Oranta. Mosaic of Sophia of Kyiv.

A. Rublev. Trinity (icon).

Renaissance (Renessanse) as the basis of the ancient heritage at a new historical stage arose in Italy, here at the end of the 13th – 16th centuries the humanistic ideals of antiquity were revived. Hence the name of the era “Renaissance”. The Renaissance claims that the world is knowable, and man is a titanic personality capable of changing the world. Artists discovered the individuality of man, so the portrait appeared; they developed the theory and practice of perspective, artistically mastered the anatomy of the human body, developed the harmony of composition, used color effects, depictions of nudes, female body was a visible argument in the fight against medieval asceticism.

In the sculpture, the main image is the shuttle, and not the deity. The main types of sculpture have emerged: monumental and decorative. After antiquity, the equestrian statue is being revived again.

In architecture, along with the requirement of ancient forms (the use of arcades, the Greek portico), the development of its own artistic language occurs. Created new type public buildings, city palace (parade ground) and country houses - villas..

Major monuments and leading artists :

Giotto di Bonde. Murals of the Chapel del Arena, Padua.

Botticelli. Birth of Venus.

Leonardo da Vinci. Jokona. Mona Lisa.

Leonardo da Vinci. Madonna of the Rocks.

Leonardo da Vinci. Painting " last supper"(Milan).

Rafael Santi. Sistine Madonna.

Rafael Santi. Murals in the Vatican (Vatican Stanza, Rome).

Michelangelo. Sculpture. David.

Michelangelo. Ceiling paintings Sistine Chapel(Vatican)

Giorgione. Judith.

Giorgione. Storm.

Titian. Portrait of Pope Paul III with his nephews.

Titian. Young man with a glove.

Titian. Assunta.

Veronese. Marriage in Cana of Galilee.

Brunelleschi. Church of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence.

Palladio. Villa near Rome.

Donattello. Equestrian statue Gattamelata, Padua.

In the Nordic countries (Netherlands, Germany, France) the ideas of the Renaissance penetrated from the end of the 15th century. The uniqueness of national cultures, medieval traditions, combined with the ideas of the Italian Renaissance, have developed a unique style, which is commonly called Northern Renaissance.

The 17th century was a time of intensive formation of national states, national cultures, the establishment of absolute power in some countries and the emergence of bourgeois relations in others. It became impossible to express the complexity and inconsistency of the era in one artistic formula, therefore in the 17th century a variety of artistic forms arose, i.e. styles. In the 17th century, styles appeared: classicism, baroque, realism.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Durer. Portrait of a Venetian.

Durer. Four Apostles.

Durer. Graphic illustrations for "Apocalypse"

Van Eyck. Madonna of Chancellor Rollin.

Van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece.

Limburg brothers. Miniatures of “The Magnificent Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry.”

Bruegel. Blind.

Bosch. Ship of fools.

Baroque - the most common style of the 17th century. This is art built on contrasts, asymmetry, a tendency towards grandeur, and overload with decorative motifs.

In painting and sculpture characteristic:

diagonal compositions

image of exaggerated movement

illusory image

black and white contrasts

bright color, picturesque spot (in painting)

In architecture:

bent, volute-shaped forms

asymmetry

use of color

abundance of decor

the desire to deceive the eye and go beyond the real space: mirrors, enfilades, ceiling lamps depicting the sky.

ensemble organization of space

synthesis of arts

the contrast of elaborately decorated architecture and the clear geometry of gardens and parks, or city streets.

Baroque triumphed in those countries where feudalism and the Catholic Church dominated. These are the following countries: Italy, Spain, Flanders, later Germany and in the 18th century - Russia. (in architecture)

Major monuments and leading artists :

Caravaggio. Lutenist.

Rubens. Perseus and Andromeda.

Rubens. Self-portrait with Isabella Brant.

Bernini. Sculpture "Ecstasy of Saint Teresa"

Bernini. Sculpture "Apollo and Daphne"

Jules Hardouin Mansart. Palace of Versailles (France).

Bernini. St. Peter's Square in Rome.

Classicism (Lat. exemplary). French absolutism of the 17th century. regulated life, enclosing it within the strict framework of statehood. The hero of classicism is not free in his actions, but is subject to strict norms, social duty, humility of feelings with reason, adherence to abstract norms of virtue - this is the aesthetic ideal of classicism.

The classicism of the 17th century was a model for itself. chose Greek antiquity. IN architecture The Greek order is used. The sculpture contains ideal mythological images. In painting:

stern majesty

sublime beauty of images

horizontal or side-by-side composition

careful selection of details and colors

standard images, theatricality of gestures and feelings

Major monuments and leading artists :

Poussin. Arcadian shepherds.

Poussin. Seasons.

Lorren. The Rape of Europa.

Dutch culture. In the 17th century In the countries where capitalism was emerging, there was a struggle for national independence. The victory of the burghers determined the character of Dutch culture, the birth of realism, and the emergence of independent genres of easel painting (portrait, everyday genre, still life).

Major monuments and leading artists :

Holland XVII :

Rembrandt. Self-portrait with Saskia on her lap

Rembrandt. Return of the Prodigal Son.

Vermar of Delft. A girl reading a letter.

Vermar of Delft. Geographer.

Terborch. A glass of lemonade.

Hals. Gypsy.

Spain XVII :

Velazquez. Spinners.

Velazquez. Portrait of Pope Innok X

Velazquez. Surrender of Breda

Velazquez. Portrait of Inflanta Margherita

El Greco. Funeral of Count Orgaz

Rococo. With the beginning of the 18th century, a crisis of French absolutism emerged. Strict etiquette is replaced by an atmosphere of frivolity and pleasure. An art emerges that can satisfy the most elaborate and refined tastes - this is Rococo. This is a completely secular art, the main theme is love and erotic scenes, favorite heroines are nymphs, bacchantes, mythological and biblical themes love.

This art of miniature forms found its main expression in painting and applied art. Light colors, fractional and openwork forms, complex patterns, asymmetry, creating a feeling of unease.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Watteau. Society in the park.

Boucher. Diana's bathing.

Boucher. Portrait of Madame Pampadour.

Fragonard. Swing.

Fragonard. A kiss on the sly.

Education. Since the 40s, a new social stratum has emerged in France, the emerging bourgeoisie, the so-called “third estate”. This is what determined the development of the new philosophical and artistic movement, the Enlightenment. It originated in the depths of philosophy, and its meaning was that all people from birth have equal opportunities and only education and enlightenment (i.e. training) can distinguish them from the general mass of equal members of society.

The main genre is the everyday picture, depicting the modest life of the third estate; integrity and hard work are glorified.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Chardin. Cook.

Dreams. Spoiled child.

Houdon. Sculpture. Voltaire in a chair.

In England, the Enlightenment originated in literature at the end of the 17th century. That's why household painting becomes narrative, i.e. artists and graphic artists create whole series of paintings that consistently tell about the fate of the heroes and are of a moral and edifying nature. The English Enlightenment was characterized by the development of portraiture.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Hagarth. Fashionable marriage.

Gainsborough. Portrait of the Duchess de Beaufort.

Russian Enlightenment developed in the 18th – early 19th centuries and is associated with ideological and philosophical movements. Russian Enlightenmentists: philosophers - F. Prokopovich, A. Kantemir, M. Lomonosov and writers - Tatishchev, Fonvizin, Radishchev believed in the limitless mind of man, in the possibility of harmonizing society through the development of the creative principles of each individual, through education. At this time, home education is rapidly developing in Russia, new educational institutions are opening, and newspaper, magazine and book publishing is developing.

All this served educational purposes, the upbringing of the individual - the “son of the Fatherland”; and therefore the development of the portrait.

But the Russian Enlightenment also had an anti-serfdom orientation, because They quite rightly believed that peasants (serfs) were also endowed with a wealth of mental and emotional abilities.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Argunov. Portrait of P. Zhemchugova.

Nikitin. Portrait of a floor hetman.

Livitsky. Portraits of Smolyanok.

Borovikovsky. Portrait of Lopukhina.

Rokotov. Portrait of Struyskaya.

Shubin. Portrait of Golitsyn.

Falcone. Monument to Peter I in St. Petersburg("Bronze Horseman")

But creating ideal images of peasants, the art of the Enlighteners of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. merged with sentimentalism .

Major monuments and leading artists :

Tropinin. Portrait of A. Pushkin.

Tropinin. Goldsmith.

Venetsianov. Spring.

Venetsianov. On the arable land.

Baroque in Russian and Ukrainian architecture. With the advent of absolutist monarchies, including in the Vatican - the center of the capitalist church, the pomp, splendor, and theatricality of court art intensified, which contributed to the development of baroque in the architecture of Italy and France in the 18th century, in Russia (18th century), Ukraine (“Cossack baroque ") second half of the 17th - 18th centuries.

Features of Baroque architecture:

synthesis of arts in architecture

ensemble (a palace in a park with big amount pavilions)

increase in decorativeness, stucco decorations, sculpture

the use of order elements: bent pediments, bunches of pilasters or semi-columns, niches that completely cover the wall and enhance the light and shadow contrast

color use: turquoise wall, white architectural details, gold molding

interiors: lush decorative theatricality, enfilades, painting with illusory effects, use of mirrors

Ukrainian or “Cossack Baroque”- This is a completely independent stage in the development of European Baroque. There is no palace pomp in it. Bent pediments, “creases” in the roofs and domes of churches are used. Wall decor is a flat carving, white on a white or light blue wall background. Instead of palaces, houses of the Cossack elite, offices, and collegiums are built. And the religious architecture continues the traditions of folk wooden architecture (three-domed cathedrals).

Major monuments and leading artists :

Rastrelli. Winter Palace(Saint Petersburg)

Rastrelli. St. Andrew's Church (Kyiv)

Grigorovich Barsky. St. Nicholas Church on the Embankment (Kyiv)

Kovnir. Bell tower at the Far Caves (Kievo-Pechersk Lavra)

Kovnir. Intercession Cathedral in Kharkov.

In the last third of the 18th century, a bourgeois revolution took place in France. Its tasks and requirements for citizens of society coincided with the heroic-civic ideals of Roman antiquity. In Ancient Roman society, the individual, her freedom and even life are sacrificed to society. The story was interpreted as the act of an outstanding personality. It is the hero, the outstanding personality, who is the bearer of the moral values ​​of society. This became the model for artists of the late 18th century. and developed into the last great pan-European style.

Classicism (in the works of J. David it is customary to say “revolutionary classicism”).

Painting is characterized by the artistic techniques of 17th century classicism. But historical picture reflects civic and journalistic themes, and the portraits, in accordance with the ideals of the revolution, reflected the personality, the image of a contemporary of great changes.

From the beginning of the 19th century. classicism in painting loses its citizenship, only the external side remains: the strict logic of the composition of details, colors, statuesque figures. Thus, classicism in painting turns into academicism.

Major monuments and leading artists :

David. Death of Marat

David. Oath of the Horatii

Engr. Odalisque

Classicism in architecture. In France at the end of the 18th century, and in Russia from the beginning of the 19th century, the classicism style dominates in architecture. The style was formed under the influence of the ideas of patriotism and citizenship based on the use of ancient samples. Compositional techniques:

symmetry; usually main building with a portico in the center and two wings

the sculpture is concentrated at the main entrance - the portico. A sculptural image of a chariot drawn by four or six horses driven by the goddess of Glory is often used.

Classicism is associated with the growth of cities and the need to organize their space. In Russia, classicism appears as the idea of ​​a universal style that creates uniform construction techniques; the use of local materials, plaster, creates new types of buildings: gymnasiums, universities, trading houses, triumphal arches, the type of noble estate.

The architectural style of late classicism is called empire style- completing the development of style. Along with the use of ancient forms (both Greek and Roman), stylized Egyptian motifs appear, especially in interiors.

Major monuments and leading artists :

Russia. General Staff Building (St. Petersburg)

Voronikhin. Kazan Cathedral (St. Petersburg)

Bozhenov. Pashkov house. Moscow.

Baretti. University building. Kyiv.

Soufflot. Pantheon (Paris)

Romanticism. The Great French Bourgeois Revolution ended with the restoration of the monarchy. The style of romanticism (early 19th century) was the result of people's disappointment in the possibility of a reasonable transformation of society based on the principles of freedom, equality, and fraternity. The desire to rise above the prose of life, to escape from the oppressive everyday life, which is why artists are so interested in exotic subjects, the dark fantasy of the Middle Ages, and the theme of the struggle for freedom. Artists are interested ancient world man, his individual exclusivity. The romantic hero is always portrayed in emergency situations, usually this is a proud, lonely hero, experiencing bright and strong passions. This is expressed in the expressive and sensual power of color, where color begins to dominate the design.

Painting is characterized by:

nervous excitement, composition expression

strong contrasts of color spots

exotic themes, gothic symbolism

software works, i.e. based on historical and literary subjects

Major monuments and leading artists :

Gericault. Raft "Medusa".

Delacroix. Freedom at the Barricades.

Ryud. Sculptural relief"Marseillaise" on Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

Goya. Mahi.

Goya. Portrait of the king's family.