Lectures on the course "World Art Culture". I. A. Leskova

Volgograd: VSPU; 2009 - 147 p.

A course of lectures is presented, in which, through world art, the fundamental principles of the development of the artistic culture of Europe, Russia and the countries of the East are revealed. For students, undergraduates, graduate students of art specialties.

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CONTENT
Lecture 1. World art culture as a subject of study 3
Lecture 2. Basic concepts of world art culture 7
Lecture 3. The Archetypal Basis of the Artistic Culture of the West 18
Lecture 4. The archetypal basis of the artistic culture of the East 30
Lecture 5. Categories of space and time in artistic culture 42
Lecture 6 Categories of space and time in the artistic culture of antiquity and the Middle Ages 47
Lecture 7. Categories of space and time in the artistic culture of the Renaissance 54
Lecture 8. Categories of space and time in the artistic culture of modern times 64
Lecture 9. Categories of space and time in the artistic culture of Modern times 88
Lecture 10. The Artistic Culture of Russia 108

The history of world art culture has thousands of years, but it becomes an independent object of scientific analysis only by the 18th century. The study process was based on the idea that this area of ​​the spiritual activity of society is a simple set of art forms. Philosophy, aesthetics, historical sciences, art history, literary criticism investigated artistic culture mainly from an intra-artistic perspective: the worldview aspects of art were analyzed, the artistic merits of works, the professional skill of their authors were revealed, attention was paid to the psychology of creativity and perception. From this perspective, the world artistic culture was defined as the totality of the artistic cultures of the peoples of the world, which have developed in different regions during the historical development of human civilization.
Many discoveries made along the way have led to the formation of the idea of ​​the world art culture as an integral process with its own dynamics and laws. This idea began to take shape already by the beginning of the 20th century. and fully manifested itself already in the first half of the last century in the studies of O. Beneš, A. Hildebrand, G. Wölflin, K. Voll, M. Dvořák and others. languages ​​of various types of art, and the world artistic culture began to be considered as a way of intellectual and sensual reflection of being in artistic images.

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Culture (from Lat. Cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) Culture - a set of material and spiritual values, ideas of life, patterns of behavior, norms, methods and techniques of human activity: - reflecting a certain level of historical development of society and man; - embodied in objective, material carriers; and - passed on to subsequent generations.

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Artistic culture (art) is a specific type of reflection and formation of reality by a person in the process of artistic creation in accordance with certain aesthetic ideals. WORLD CULTURE - CREATED IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.

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Functions of art Narrative and cognitive - knowledge and enlightenment. Information and communication - communication between the viewer and the artist, communication between people with works of art, communication with each other about works of art. Predictive - anticipation and prediction. Social-transformative and intellectual-moral - people and society are getting better, they are imbued with the ideals that art puts forward, reject what criticism of art is aimed at.

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Aesthetic - the development of the abilities of artistic perception and creativity. Using the examples of works of art, people develop their artistic taste, learn to see the beauty in life. Hedonistic - pleasure. The psychological impact on a person is when, listening to music, we cry, looking at a painting, we feel joy and a surge of strength. Art as a keeper of the memory of generations.

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SPATIAL TYPES OF ARTS - types of art, works of which - exist in space, without changing or developing in time; - have a substantive character; - performed by processing material material; - are perceived by the audience directly and visually. Spatial arts are subdivided: - into fine arts (painting, sculpture, graphics, photography); - non-visual arts (architecture, arts and crafts and artistic design (design)).

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Fine arts Fine art is an art form, the main feature of which is the reflection of reality in visual, visually perceived images. The fine arts include: painting graphics sculpture photography printing

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PAINTING is a type of fine art, the works of which are created on a plane using colored materials. Painting is subdivided into: easel monumental decorative

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Special types of painting are: icon painting, miniature, fresco, theatrical and decorative painting, diorama and panorama.

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SCULPTURE is a type of fine art, the works of which have a material, object volume and three-dimensional form, located in real space. The main objects of sculpture are humans and images of the animal world. The main types of sculpture are round sculpture and relief. sculpture is subdivided: - into monumental; - for monumental and decorative; - easel; and - small sculptures.

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PHOTO ART - plastic art, the works of which are created by means of photography.

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Non-visual arts design (artistic design). decorative applied architecture,

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ARCHITECTURE is the art of designing and constructing buildings and creating artistically expressive ensembles. The main goal of architecture is to create an environment for work, life and recreation of the population.

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DECORATIVE ARTS is the field of plastic arts, the works of which, along with architecture, artistically form the material environment surrounding a person. Decorative art is divided into: - monumental and decorative art; - arts and crafts; and - decoration art.

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DESIGN - artistic construction of the objective world; development of models for the rational construction of the subject environment.

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TEMPORARY ARTS Temporary arts include: music; 2) fiction.

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Music is an art form that reflects reality in sound artistic images. Music can convey emotions, feelings of people, which is expressed in rhythm, intonation, melody. According to the method of performance, it is divided into instrumental and vocal.

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Fiction is an art form in which speech is the material carrier of imagery. It is sometimes called "fine literature" or "the art of words." Distinguish between fiction, scientific, journalistic, reference, critical, courtly, epistolary, and other literature.

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SPATIAL-TEMPORAL (spectacular) TYPES OF ART These kinds of art include: 1) dance; 2) theater; 3) cinematography; 4) variety and circus art.

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FILM ART is a kind of art, the works of which are created by filming real, or specially staged, or with the involvement of means of animation of events, facts, phenomena of reality. It is a synthetic art form that combines literature, theater, visual arts and music.

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DANCE is an art form in which artistic images are created by means of plastic movements and rhythmically clear and continuous change of expressive positions of the human body. Dance is inextricably linked with music, the emotional-figurative content of which is embodied in its choreographic composition, movements, figures. ...

World art culture reveals the specificity and originality of the spiritual and aesthetic experience of mankind, generalizes the ideas of art that a person has. This subject is included in the basic curriculum and is required for study.

Culture concept. Principles of Studying Artistic Culture.

World Art - a whole list of scientific disciplines:

History of art (as well as its philosophy and psychology)

Aesthetics (the study of forms of beauty in artistic creation)

Culturology (a complex of cultural studies in general)

Cultural ethnography (the science that studies the material and spiritual of peoples-ethnic groups)

Semantics of culture (study of cultural objects from the point of view of the meaning they express)

Semiotics of culture (consideration of culture as a system of signs)

Hermeneutics (study of the principles of interpretation and interpretation of cultural objects)

Ontology of culture (relationship between culture and universal laws of being)

Epistemology of culture (study of forms of cognition based on cultural heritage)

Axiology (consideration of culturally approved values)

What is culture? The Latin origin of the word refers us to the noun colere"Cultivation", "cultivation". But there is no single definition.

Classification of definitions the concept of "culture" Spanish culturologist Albert Kafanha.

1) definitions based on the concept of social heritage (Edward Sapir: “ culture is any socially inherited element of human life - both material and spiritual»)

2) definitions based on the concept of learnable behaviors (Julian Stewart: “ Culture is commonly understood as acquired behaviors transmitted socially ...»)

3) definitions based on the concept of ideas (James Ford: “... culture can be generally defined as a stream of ideas flowing from individual to individual through symbolic behavior, verbal learning or imitation»)

4) definitions based on the concept of the superorganic (i.e., lying beyond the limit of sensory perception), - intellectual, emotional, spiritual)

CultureIs a set of socially inherited material and spiritual elements of human life: physical objects created by man, labor skills, behavioral norms, aesthetic models, ideas, as well as the ability to preserve, use and transmit them to descendants.

Division of culture into material and spiritual. It is generally accepted thatmaterial represents objects of labor, housing, clothing, vehicles, means of production, etc. But this type of culture is represented not only by certain objects, it includes the knowledge, abilities and skills of the person involved in the production process. Human physical development is also part of this culture. Spiritual culture is art, religion, education, science and the level of implementation of its achievements in everyday life and production, traditions, customs, rituals, medicine, the degree of development of people's needs and interests in the material and spiritual planes. It can also include relationships between people, as well as the relationship of a person to himself and nature ...

Such a division is legitimate, but it is not worth accepting it as an unconditional truth. This is indicated, for example, by the Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev:« Every Culture (even material Culture) is a Culture of the spirit, every Culture has a spiritual basis - it is a product of the creative work of the spirit ...". In other words, every material culture has as its cause a spiritual culture, and as a consequence this or that spiritual state. For example, the mobile phone that each of you has is an object of material culture, but its existence is possible only thanks to the spiritual culture (the field of science), and its result is your spiritual state (for example, the phenomenon of SMS thinking).

Art history sciences,

Art criticism,

- "consumption" of works of art (listeners, spectators, readers).

Obviously, the first three of these components presuppose professional involvement in the artistic sphere (in the role of an artist (in the broadest sense of the word), art critic, critic). The fourth one concerns us directly with you.

In order to study this or that scientific discipline, we need to choose a kind of "observation point" - that is, our position in time and space relative to the studied phenomena. French philosopher Henri Corbin calls this point "Historian".

When it comes to scientific disciplines, there is a high probability that the historian will coincide with the point denoting the state of modern humanity. That is, let's say, we will study physics, proceeding for the most part from the modern theses put forward by this science. That is, the scientific historian is impersonal and more or less motionless: we analyze the physical hypotheses put forward in the 4th century. BC. (for example, the idea of ​​atoms for the authorship of Democritus) and the molecular theory of the 19th century, based on the same scientific data belonging to the 21st century.

Is this approach to the field of art possible? Can we study, for example, ancient Greek art, staying on the positions of modernity (modern scientific data, social structure, technical capabilities, aesthetic trends) and our cultural and national identity (traditions, current value system, religious beliefs, etc.)? That is, can we study the texts of Homer, wholly remaining Russian people of the 21st century, living in the era of the information society, democratic values, brought up in the mainstream of Christian and post-Christian culture? No, we cannot, because in this case we will simply remain indifferent and deaf to these works; all that we can say about them is some senseless and banal nonsense - they say, these are “masterpieces” and “everyone should know them” ... What should we do? Answer: to move our historian to that spatio-temporal point when these works were created (in the case of Homer, this will be Ancient Greece of the archaic period). Intellectually and emotionally, this will mean trying to understand and feel the Homeric poems in the way that the author's contemporaries and the author himself felt and understood them. Then the historian will be personal and mobile. Then we can at least understand something. This movement of history is perhaps the most technically difficult thing that lies ahead. Because it requires us to constantly change our thinking, to constantly get rid of the stereotypes of our time. It really isn't easy and it takes practice.

Why do we need all this ? The modern Russian philosopher Heydar Jemal compared a person to a candle. There is a candle and there is its fire. A candle flame is not a candle. But a candle without a flame is not quite a candle either - it is just an oblong wax object. That is, it is the flame of a candle that makes a candle a candle. It is the same with a person. There is a person (candle) and there is a meaning (flame). Without being involved in the realm of meaning, a person is not quite a person, but only a set of external signs of a person, a biped without feathers. And only by looking for and gaining meaning do we become fully human. And the area of ​​meanings is the area with which artistic culture “works”.

It is difficult to disagree with how great a role art plays in the history of any period. Judge for yourself: in history lessons at school, after each topic devoted to the study of the political and economic situation in the world at one time or another, students are invited to prepare reports on the art of a given era.

Also in the school course for a relatively recent time there is such a subject as MHC. This is absolutely no coincidence, because any work of art is one of the brightest reflections of the time in which it was created, and allows you to look at world history through the eyes of the creator who gave this work life.

Definition of culture

World art culture, or MHC for short, is a type of social culture, which is based on the imaginative and creative reproduction of society and people, as well as living and inanimate nature through the means used by professional art and folk art culture. They are also phenomena and processes of spiritual practical activity that creates, distributes and assimilates material objects and works of art that have aesthetic value. World art culture includes picturesque, sculptural, architectural heritage and monuments, as well as all the diversity of works created by the people and their individual representatives.

The role of the MHC as an academic subject

In the course of studying the course of world artistic culture, both wide integration and understanding of the connection of culture, first of all, with historical events of any time period, as well as with social sciences, are provided.

As mentioned earlier, world artistic culture encompasses all artistic activities that a person has ever been involved in. These are literature, theater, music, fine arts. All processes associated with the creation and storage, as well as with the dissemination, creation and assessment of cultural heritage are studied. The problems associated with ensuring the further cultural life of society and the training of specialists with appropriate qualifications in universities do not stand aside.

As an academic subject, the MHC is an appeal to the entire artistic culture, and not to its individual types.

Cultural era concept

The cultural era, or cultural paradigm, is a complex multifactorial phenomenon that contains the image of both a specific person living at a specific time and carrying out his activities, and a community of people with the same way of life, mood and thinking, value system.

Cultural paradigms replace each other as a result of a kind of natural-cultural selection through the interaction of traditional and innovative components that art carries. MHC as a training course aims to study these processes as well.

What is the Renaissance

One of the most significant periods in the development of culture is the Renaissance, or Renaissance, which dominated in the XIII-XVI centuries. and marked the onset of the New Age. The sphere of artistic creation has undergone the greatest influence.

After an era of decline in the Middle Ages, art flourishes, and antique artistic wisdom is revived. It was at this time and in the meaning of "revival" that the Italian word rinascita is used, later numerous analogs appear in European languages, including the French Renaissance. All artistic creation, especially fine arts, becomes a universal "language" that allows you to learn the secrets of nature and get closer to it. The master reproduces nature not conditionally, but strives for maximum naturalness, trying to surpass the Almighty. The development of the feeling of beauty familiar to us begins, natural science and knowledge of God all the time find points of contact. In the Renaissance, art becomes both a laboratory and a temple.

Periodization

The revival is divided into several time periods. In Italy - the birthplace of the Renaissance - several periods were distinguished, which were used throughout the world for a long time. This is the Proto-Renaissance (1260-1320), partly part of the Duchento period (XIII century). In addition, there were periods of Trecento (XIV century), Quattrocento (XV century), Cinquecento (XVI century).

A more general periodization divides the era into the Early Renaissance (XIV-XV centuries). At this time, there is an interaction of new trends with Gothic, which is creatively transformed. Then there are the periods of the Middle, or High, and Late Renaissance, in which a special place is given to Mannerism, characterized by the crisis of the humanistic culture of the Renaissance.

Also in countries such as France and Holland, the so-called where the late Gothic plays a huge role. As the history of the MHC says, the Renaissance was reflected in Eastern Europe: the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, as well as in the Scandinavian countries. Spain, Great Britain and Portugal have become countries with a distinctive Renaissance culture that has developed in them.

Philosophical and religious components of the Renaissance

Through the reflections of such representatives of the philosophy of this period as Giordano Bruno, Nikolai Cusansky, Giovanni and Paracelsus, the themes of spiritual creativity, as well as the struggle for the right to call the individual "the second god" and associate a person with him, become relevant in the MHC.

Relevant, as at all times, is the problem of consciousness and personality, faith in God and higher powers. There are both compromise-moderate and heretical views on this issue.

A person faces a choice, and the reform of the church of this time implies a Renaissance not only within the framework of the MHC. It is also a person propagandized through the speeches of leaders of all religious denominations: from the founders of the Reformation to the Jesuits.

The main task of the era. A few words about humanism

During the Renaissance, the education of a new person is at the forefront. The Latin word humanitas, from which the word humanism comes from, is the equivalent of the Greek word for education.

Within the framework of the Renaissance, humanism calls on a person to master the ancient wisdom that was important for that time and find a way to self-knowledge and self-improvement. Here is a fusion of all the best that other periods could offer, which left their mark on the MHC. The Renaissance era took the ancient heritage of antiquity, religiosity and the secular code of honor of the Middle Ages, creative energy and the human mind of the New Time, creating an absolutely new and seemingly perfect type of worldview.

Renaissance in various spheres of human artistic activity

During this period, illusory-nature-like paintings supplant icons, becoming the center of innovation. Landscapes, everyday paintings, and portraits are actively painted. Printed engraving on metal and wood is spreading. Working sketches of artists are becoming an independent type of creativity. Picture illusion is also present in

In architecture, under the influence of architects' enthusiasm for the idea of ​​the centric, proportional temples, palaces and architectural ensembles are becoming popular, focusing on earthly, centrically, perspective-organized horizontals.

Renaissance literature is characterized by a love for Latin as the language of educated people, adjacent to national and folk languages. Such genres as the rogue novel and the urban short story, heroic poems and novels of medieval adventure-knightly themes, satire, pastoral and love lyrics are becoming popular. At the peak of the drama's popularity, theaters stage performances with an abundance of city holidays and magnificent court extravaganzas, which become the product of colorful syntheses of various types of arts.

In music, strict musical polyphony flourishes. Complication of compositional techniques, the appearance of the first forms of sonatas, operas, suites, oratorios and overtures. Secular music, close to folklore, is becoming on a par with religious. There is a separation of instrumental music into a separate form, and the peak of the era is the creation of full-fledged solo songs, operas and oratorios. The temple was replaced by an opera house, which took the place of the center of musical culture.

In general, the main breakthrough is the fact that the once medieval anonymity is replaced by individual, author's creativity. In this regard, the world artistic culture is moving to a fundamentally new level.

Renaissance Titans

It is not surprising that such a fundamental revival of art, in fact, from the ashes could not have taken place without those people who created a new culture with their creations. Later they began to be called "titans" for the contribution they made.

Proto-Renaissance personified Giotto, and during the Quattrocento period, the constructively strict Masaccio and the sincerely lyrical works of Botticelli and Angelico opposed each other.

The middle, or was represented by Raphael, Michelangelo and, of course, Leonardo da Vinci - artists who became iconic at the turn of the New Age.

Famous architects of the Renaissance were Bramante, Brunelleschi and Palladio. Bruegel the Elder, Bosch and Van Eyck are Dutch Renaissance painters. Holbein the Younger, Durer, Cranach the Elder became the founders of the German Renaissance.

The literature of this period remembers the names of such "titan" masters as Shakespeare, Petrarch, Cervantes, Rabelais, who gave the world poetry, novel and drama, and also contributed to the formation of the literary languages ​​of their countries.

Undoubtedly, the Renaissance has contributed to the development of many directions in art and gave impetus to the creation of new ones. It is not known what the history of world artistic culture would have been if this period had not existed. Perhaps classical art today would not arouse such admiration, most trends in literature, music and painting would not exist at all. Or maybe everything with which we are used to associating classical art would appear, but many years or even centuries later. Whatever the course of events, only one thing is clear: even today we admire the works of this era, and this once again proves its importance in the cultural life of society.

Topics of essays on World art culture. 1. The role of myth in culture (myth is the basis of early ideas about the world, religion, art. 2. Ancient images and symbols (World tree, Goddess - mother, Road, etc.). 3. Ritual is the basis of the synthesis of words, music, dance , images, pantomime, costume (tattoos), architectural environment and object environment 4. Art complexes of Altamira and Stonehenge 5. Archaic foundations of folklore Myth and modernity (the role of myth in mass culture) 6. Features of the artistic culture of Mesopotamia: monumentality and the colorfulness of the ensembles of Babylon 7. Ancient Egypt - a culture focused on the idea of ​​Eternal life after death 8. Ensembles of the pyramids in Giza and temples in Karnak and Luxor (mythological imagery of the pyramid, temple and their decor) 9. Model of the Universe of Ancient India - stupa in Sanchi and the Kandarya Mahadev temple in Khajuraho as a synthesis of Vedic, Buddhist and Hindu religious and artistic systems 10. "Sculptural" thinking of ancient Indians 11. Reflection of mythological ideas Maya and Aztecs in architecture and relief. 12. Complex in Palenque (palace, observatory, "Temple of the Inscriptions" as a single ensemble of the pyramid and the mausoleum). 13. Tenochtitlan (reconstruction of the capital of the Aztec empire according to descriptions and archaeological finds). 14. The beauty ideals of Ancient Greece in the Athenian Acropolis ensemble: a synthesis of architecture, sculpture, color, ritual and theatrical performance. 15. Panathenaic holidays are a dynamic embodiment in time and space of the mythological, ideological and aesthetic program of the complex. 16. Fusion of oriental and antique traditions in Hellenism (gigantism, expression, naturalism): Pergamon altar. 17. The glory and grandeur of Rome - the main idea of ​​the Roman forum as the center of public life. 18. Sophia of Constantinople is the embodiment of the ideal of the divine universe in Eastern Christianity (the embodiment of dogmas in architectural, color and light composition, hierarchy of images, liturgical action). 19. Old Russian cross-domed temple (architectural, space, topographic and temporary symbols). 20. The stylistic diversity of the embodiment of a single sample: Kiev (St. Sophia of Kiev), Vladimir-Suzdal (Church of the Intercession on the Nerl), Novgorod (Church of the Savior on Ilyin) and Moscow schools (from the Savior Cathedral of the Savior of the Andronnikovsky Monastery to the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye). 21. Icon (specificity of symbolic language and imagery) and iconostasis. 22. The work of F. Grek (paintings of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior on Ilyin in Novgorod, the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral in the Kremlin) and A. Rublev ("Trinity"). 23. The ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin is a symbol of national unity, an example of the harmony of traditional forms and new construction techniques. 24. The monastery basilica as the focus of the cultural life of the Romanesque era (the ideals of asceticism, the antagonism of the spiritual and the physical, the synthesis of religious and folk culture). 25. Gothic cathedral as an image of the world. 26. The idea of ​​the divine beauty of the universe as the basis for the synthesis of frame construction, sculpture, light and color (stained glass), liturgical drama. 27. The Muslim image of paradise in the Registan complex (Ancient Samarkand) is a synthesis of a monumental architectural form and a changeable polychrome pattern. 28. The embodiment of mythological (cosmism) and religious - moral (Confucianism, Taoism) representations of China in the ensemble of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. 29. Fusion of philosophy (Zen - Buddhism) and mythology (Shintoism) in the garden art of Japan (Reanji rock garden in Kyoto). 30. Monodic warehouse of medieval musical culture (Gregorian chant, znamenny chant). 31. Revival in Italy. 32. Florence - the embodiment of the Renaissance idea of ​​creating the "ideal". 33. Titans of the Renaissance (Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian). 34. Northern Renaissance. 35. Pantheism - the religious and philosophical basis of the Ghent Altarpiece by J. Van Eyck. 36. Ideas of the Reformation and A. Durer's engraving workshops. 37. The court culture of the French Renaissance - the Fontainebleau complex. 38. The role of polyphony in the development of secular and cult musical genres. 39. Theater W. Shakespeare - an encyclopedia of human passions. 40. The historical significance and timeless artistic value of the ideas of the Renaissance. 41. Styles and trends in modern art - the problem of diversity and mutual influence. 42. Changing perception of the world in the Baroque era. 43. Architectural ensembles of Rome (St. Peter's Square L. Bernini), St. Petersburg and its environs (Winter Palace, Peterhof, F.-B. Rastrelli) - national versions of the Baroque. 44. The pathos of grandeur in P.-P. Rubens. 45. The work of Rembrandt H. van Rijn as an example of psychological realism of the 17th century. in painting. 46. ​​The flourishing of the homophonic-harmonic style in the Baroque opera (Orpheus by C. Monteverdi). The highest flowering of free polyphony (J.-S. Bach). 47. Classicism - a harmonious world of the palaces and parks of Versailles. 48. The image of an ideal city in the classicist and empire ensembles of Paris and St. Petersburg. 49. From classicism to academism in painting on the example of the works of N. Poussin, J.-L. David, K.P. Bryullova, A.A. Ivanova. 50. Formation of classical genres and principles of symphony in the works of the masters of the Vienna classical school: V.-A. Mozart (Don Juan), L. van Beethoven (Heroic Symphony, Moonlight Sonata). 51. The romantic ideal and its reflection in chamber music ("The Forest Tsar" by F. Schubert), and opera ("The Flying Dutchman" by R. Wagner). 52. Romanticism in painting: a religious and literary theme among the Pre-Raphaelites, the revolutionary pathos of F. Goya and E. Delacroix. 53. The image of a romantic hero in the work of O. Kiprensky. 54. The origin of the Russian classical music school (MI Glinka). 55. Social themes in realist painting: the specificity of the French (G. Courbet, O. Daumier) and Russian (artists - the Itinerants, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov) schools. 56. The development of Russian music in the second half of the XIX century. (P.I.Tchaikovsky). 57. The main directions in painting at the end of the XIX century. 58. The absolutization of impressions in impressionism (C. Monet). 59. Post-impressionism: symbolic thinking and expression of works by V. van Gogh and P. Gauguin. 60. Synthesis of arts in modern: the Sagrada Familia Cathedral of A. Gaudí and the mansions of V. Orta and F. O. Shekhtel. 61. Symbol and myth in painting (cycle "Demon" by M. A. Vrubel) and music ("Prometheus" by A. N. Skryabin). 62. Artistic trends of modernism in painting of the XX century. 63. Deformation and the search for stable geometric forms in Cubism (P. Picasso) 64. Rejection of the visual arts in abstract art (V. Kandinsky). 65. Irrationalism of the subconscious in surrealism (S. Dali). 66. Architecture of the XX century: tower of the III International V.E. Tatlina, Villa "Savoy" in Poissy Ch.-E. Le Corbusier, F.-L. Guggenheim Museum Wright, the ensemble of the city of Brasilia by O. Niemeyer. 67. Theatrical culture of the 20th century: the director's theater of KS Stanislavsky and VI Nemirovich-Danchenko and the epic theater of B. Brecht. 68. Stylistic heterogeneity in 20th century music: from traditionalism to avant-garde and postmodernism (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, AG Schnittke). 69. The synthesis of arts is a special feature of the 20th century culture: cinema ("Battleship Potemkin" by SM Eisenstein, "Amarcord" by F. Fellini), types and genres of television, design, computer graphics and animation. 70. Rock music (The Beatles - "Yellow Submarine, Pink Floyd -" The Wall "); electro acoustic music (laser show by J.-M. Jarre). 71. Mass art.