Nikita Khrushchev - biography, photo, personal life of a statesman. Khrushchev: historical portrait. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev: biography

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. KHRUSCHEV Nikita Sergeevich (1894 1971), political figure. From peasants. Since 1909, he has been a mechanic at factories and mines in Donbass. In 1928, head of the organizational department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) ... ... Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1894 1971), political and statesman, Hero of the Soviet Union (1964), Hero Socialist Labor(1954, 1957, 1961). From peasants. Since 1909, he has been a mechanic at factories and mines in Donbass. In 1928, head of the organizational department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Soviet statesman and party leader. Member of the CPSU since 1918. Born into a miner's family. Since 1908, he has worked in factories and mines in Donbass. Participant in the Civil War 1918-20, then... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

N. S. Khrushchev. Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich (1894, Kalinovka village, Kursk province 1971, Moscow), political and statesman, Hero of Socialist Labor (1954, 1957, 1961), Hero of the Soviet Union (1964). Born in a peasant... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

KHRUSCHEV Nikita Sergeevich- Nikita Sergeevich (18941971), politician. and state figure, Hero of the Owls. Union (1964), Hero of Social. Labor (1954, 1957, 1961). From peasants. Since 1909, he has been a mechanic at factories and mines in Donbass. In 1928 the head. organizational department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine, from 1929 he studied at... ... Biographical Dictionary

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev Date birth: 1960 Date of death: February 22, 2007 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (1960 2007) journalist of the Moscow News newspaper, grandson ... Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people with the last name Khrushchev. Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (journalist) Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev Occupation: Soviet and Russian journalist Date of birth ... Wikipedia

The request for "Khrushchev" is redirected here. See also other meanings. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev ... Wikipedia

The request for "Khrushchev" is redirected here. See also other meanings. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev ... Wikipedia

Books

• Khrushchev N. S. Memoirs. Time. People. Power In 2 books. Book 2, Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich. The second book of memoirs of N. S. Khrushchev is devoted to relationships with outside world, primarily with its closest allies - the Eastern European countries and its main rival -...
• Khrushchev N. S. Memoirs. Time. People. Power In 2 books. Book 1, Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (1894-1971) headed the Soviet state in 1953-1964. He began dictating his memoirs in 1965, almost immediately after his resignation, and continued working on them until...

Nikita Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk region. His father, Sergei Nikanorovich, was a miner, his mother was Ksenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva, and he also had a sister, Irina. The family was poor and was in constant need in many ways.

In the winter he attended school and learned to read and write, and in the summer he worked as a shepherd. In 1908, when Nikita was 14 years old, the family moved to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka. Khrushchev became an apprentice mechanic at the Eduard Arturovich Bosse Machine-Building and Iron Foundry Plant. Since 1912 he began independent work a mechanic at a mine. In 1914, during mobilization to the front of the First World War, and as a miner he received an indulgence from military service.

In 1918, Khrushchev joined the Bolshevik Party. Participates in Civil War. In 1918 he headed the Red Guard detachment in Rutchenkovo, then political commissar of the 2nd battalion of the 74th regiment of the 9th rifle division of the Red Army on the Tsaritsyn front. Later, instructor in the political department of the Kuban Army. After the end of the war he was engaged in economic and party work. In 1920, he became a political leader, deputy manager of the Rutchenkovsky mine in the Donbass.

In 1922, Khrushchev returned to Yuzovka and studied at the workers' faculty of the Dontechnikum, where he became the party secretary of the technical school. In the same year he met Nina Kukharchuk, his future wife. In July 1925, he was appointed party leader of the Petrovo-Maryinsky district of the Stalin district.

In 1929 he entered the Industrial Academy in Moscow, where he was elected secretary of the party committee.

Since January 1931, 1 secretary of the Baumansky, and since July 1931, of the Krasnopresnensky district committees of the CPSU (b). Since January 1932, second secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

From January 1934 to February 1938 - first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. From January 21, 1934 - second secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. From March 7, 1935 to February 1938 - first secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Thus, since 1934 he was 1st Secretary of the Moscow City Committee, and since 1935 he simultaneously held the position of 1st Secretary of the Moscow Committee, replacing Lazar Kaganovich in both positions, and held them until February 1938.

In 1938, N.S. Khrushchev became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine and a candidate member of the Politburo, and a year later a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b). In these positions he proved himself to be a merciless fighter against “enemies of the people.” In the late 1930s alone, more than 150 thousand party members were arrested in Ukraine under him.

During the Great Patriotic War Khrushchev was a member of the military councils of the South-Western direction, South-Western, Stalingrad, Southern, Voronezh and 1st Ukrainian fronts. He was one of the perpetrators of the catastrophic encirclement of the Red Army near Kiev and Kharkov, fully supporting the Stalinist point of view. In May 1942, Khrushchev, together with Golikov, made the Headquarters decision on the offensive of the Southwestern Front.

The headquarters said clearly: the offensive will end in failure if there are not sufficient funds. On May 12, 1942, the offensive began - the Southern Front, built in linear defense, retreated, because Soon, Kleist’s tank group began an offensive from the Kramatorsk-Slavyansky region. The front was broken through, the retreat to Stalingrad began, and more divisions were lost along the way than during the summer offensive of 1941. On July 28, already on the approaches to Stalingrad, Order No. 227, called “Not a step back!” was signed. The loss near Kharkov turned into a great disaster - Donbass was taken, the Germans’ dream seemed a reality - they failed to cut off Moscow in December 1941, a new task arose - to cut off the Volga oil road.

In October 1942, an order signed by Stalin was issued abolishing the dual command system and transferring commissars from command personnel to advisers. Khrushchev was in the front command echelon behind Mamayev Kurgan, then at the tractor factory.

He finished the war with the rank of lieutenant general.

In the period from 1944 to 1947, he worked as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, then was again elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine.

Since December 1949 - again first secretary of the Moscow regional and city committees and secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

On the last day of Stalin's life, March 5, 1953, at the Joint meeting of the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, chaired by Khrushchev, it was recognized as necessary that he concentrate on work in the party Central Committee.

Khrushchev was the leading initiator and organizer of the removal from all posts and arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in June 1953.

In 1953, on September 7, at the plenum of the Central Committee, Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. In 1954, a decision was made by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to transfer the Crimean region and the city of union subordination Sevastopol to the Ukrainian SSR.

In June 1957, during a four-day meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, a decision was made to relieve N.S. Khrushchev from his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. However, a group of Khrushchev’s supporters from among the members of the CPSU Central Committee, led by Marshal Zhukov, managed to intervene in the work of the Presidium and achieve the transfer of this issue to the consideration of the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee convened for this purpose. At the June 1957 plenum of the Central Committee, Khrushchev's supporters defeated his opponents from among the members of the Presidium.

Four months later, in October 1957, on Khrushchev’s initiative, Marshal Zhukov, who supported him, was removed from the Presidium of the Central Committee and relieved of his duties as Minister of Defense of the USSR.

Since 1958, simultaneously Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The apogee of N.S. Khrushchev’s reign is called the XXII Congress of the CPSU and the adopted document new program parties.

The October plenum of the CPSU Central Committee of 1964, organized in the absence of N. S. Khrushchev, who was on vacation, relieved him of party and government posts “for health reasons.”

While retired, Nikita Khrushchev recorded multi-volume memoirs on a tape recorder. He condemned their publication abroad. Khrushchev died on September 11, 1971

The period of Khrushchev's reign is often called the "thaw": many political prisoners were released, and the activity of repressions decreased significantly compared to the period of Stalin's reign. The influence of ideological censorship has decreased. Soviet Union has reached great success in the conquest of space. Active housing construction was launched. The period of his reign saw the highest tension of the Cold War with the United States. His de-Stalinization policy led to a break with the regimes of Mao Zedong in China and Enver Hoxha in Albania. However, at the same time, the People's Republic of China was provided with significant assistance in the development of its own nuclear weapons and a partial transfer of the technologies for their production existing in the USSR was carried out. During the reign of Khrushchev, there was a slight turn of the economy towards the consumer.

Awards, Prizes, Political actions

Development of virgin lands.

The fight against the personality cult of Stalin: a report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, condemning the “cult of personality”, mass de-Stalinization, the removal of Stalin’s body from the Mausoleum in 1961, the renaming of cities named after Stalin, the demolition and destruction of monuments to Stalin (except for the monument in Gori, which was dismantled by the Georgian authorities only in 2010).

Rehabilitation of victims Stalin's repressions.

Transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR (1954).

Forceful dispersal of rallies in Tbilisi caused by Khrushchev’s report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956).

Forceful suppression of the uprising in Hungary (1956).

World Festival youth and students in Moscow (1957).

Full or partial rehabilitation of a number of repressed peoples (except Crimean Tatars, Germans, Koreans), restoration of the Kabardino-Balkarian, Kalmyk, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics in 1957.

Abolition of sectoral ministries, creation of economic councils (1957).

A gradual transition to the principle of “permanence of personnel”, increasing the independence of the heads of the union republics.

The first successes of the space program - the launch of the first artificial satellite Earth and the first manned space flight (1961).

Construction Berlin Wall (1961).

Novocherkassk execution (1962).

Deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba (1962, led to the Cuban Missile Crisis).

Reform of administrative-territorial division (1962), which included

division of regional committees into industrial and agricultural (1962).

Meeting with American Vice President Richard Nixon in Iowa.

Anti-religious campaign 1954-1964.

Lifting bans on abortion.

Hero of the Soviet Union (1964)

Three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1954, 1957, 1961) - awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the third time for leading the creation of the rocket industry and preparing the first manned flight into space (Yu. A. Gagarin, April 12, 1961) (the decree was not published).

Lenin (seven times: 1935, 1944, 1948, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1964)

Suvorov 1st degree (1945)

Kutuzov, 1st degree (1943)

Suvorov II degree (1943)

Patriotic War, 1st degree (1945)

Red Banner of Labor (1939)

"In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"

"Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree

"For the defense of Stalingrad"

"For Victory over Germany"

“Twenty years of victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”

"For valiant labor in the Great Patriotic War"

“For the restoration of iron and steel enterprises in the south”

"For the development of virgin lands"

"40 years Armed Forces THE USSR"

"50 years of the USSR Armed Forces"

"In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"

"In memory of the 250th anniversary of Leningrad"

Foreign awards:

Golden Star of the Hero of the People's Republic of Belarus (Bulgaria, 1964)

Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria, 1964)

order White Lion 1st degree (Czechoslovakia) (1964)

Order of the Star of Romania, 1st class

Order of Karl Marx (GDR, 1964)

Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia, 1964)

Order of the Necklace of the Nile (Egypt, 1964)

medal "20 years of the Slovak national uprising" (Czechoslovakia, 1964)

Jubilee Medal of the World Peace Council (1960)

International Lenin Prize “For Strengthening Peace Between Nations” (1959)

State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR named after T. G. Shevchenko - for huge contribution in the development of Ukrainian Soviet socialist culture.

Cinema:

“Playhouse 90” “Playhouse 90” (USA, 1958) episode “The Plot to Kill Stalin” - Oscar Homolka

"Zots" Zotz! (USA, 1962) - Albert Glasser

“Missiles of October” The Missiles of October (USA, 1974) - Howard DaSilva

Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident (USA, 1976) - ThayerDavid

"Suez 1956" Suez 1956 (England, 1979) - Aubrey Morris

"Red Monarch" Red Monarch (England, 1983) - Brian Glover

"Far from Home" Miles from Home (USA, 1988) - Larry Pauling

“Stalingrad” (1989) - Vadim Lobanov

“The Law” (1989), Ten years without the right of correspondence (1990), “General” (1992) - Vladimir Romanovsky

"Stalin" (1992) - Murray Evan

“The Politburo Cooperative, or It Will Be a Long Farewell” (1992) - Igor Kashintsev

“Gray Wolves” (1993) - Rolan Bykov

"Children of the Revolution" (1996) - Dennis Watkins

"Enemy at the Gates" (2000) - Bob Hoskins

“Passion” “Passions” (USA, 2002) - Alex Rodney

“Time Clock” “Timewatch” (England, 2005) - Miroslav Neinert

"Battle for Space" (2005) - Konstantin Gregory

“Star of the Epoch” (2005), “Furtseva. The Legend of Catherine" (2011) - Viktor Sukhorukov

"Georg" (Estonia, 2006) - Andrius Vaari

“The Company” “The Company” (USA, 2007) - Zoltan Bersenyi

“Stalin. Live" (2006); “House of Exemplary Maintenance” (2009); “Wolf Messing: Seen Through Time” (2009); “Hockey Games” (2012) - Vladimir Chuprikov

“Brezhnev” (2005), “And Shepilov, who joined them” (2009), “Once upon a time in Rostov”, “Mosgaz” (2012), “Son of the Father of Nations” (2013) - Sergei Losev

"Bomb for Khrushchev" (2009)

“Miracle” (2009), “Zhukov” (2012) - Alexander Potapov

“Comrade Stalin” (2011) - Viktor Balabanov

“Stalin and Enemies” (2013) - Alexander Tolmachev

"K Blows the Roof" (2013) - Oscar nominee Paul Giamatti

Documentary

"Coup" (1989). Produced by Tsentrnauchfilm studio

Historical Chronicles (a series of documentary programs about the history of Russia, broadcast on the Rossiya TV channel since October 9, 2003):

Episode 57. 1955 - “Nikita Khrushchev, the beginning...”

Episode 61. 1959 - Metropolitan Nikolai

Episode 63. 1961 - Khrushchev. Beginning of the End

“Khrushchev. The first after Stalin" (2014)

Everyone knows that the only head of the Soviet Union who fought at the front during the Great Patriotic War was L.I. Brezhnev. For N. Khrushchev, Yu. Andropov and K. Chernenko, age also allowed them to go defend their homeland with arms in hand - but a different fate awaited them. Let's see what the heads of the Soviet state did instead of fighting together with the entire Soviet people.

Khrushchev

In 1941, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev turned 47 years old. At that time, he was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, that is, in fact, the leader of this union republic. In those days, he was known as a communist very devoted to I. Stalin, who obediently implemented repressive policies. When the war began, he became military commissar of five fronts in the southern, southwestern and western directions. Simply put, he was a senior staff officer. That is, he took part in the war, but as a commander, not a fighter. Let us note that Khrushchev already had combat experience - during the Civil War he led a detachment of the Red Guard, and then was an instructor in the army political department.

However, apparently, such experience was clearly not enough. His activities in the position of military commissar are assessed rather negatively. He was directly related to two major defeats of the Soviet army - the encirclement of Soviet troops near Kiev in 1941 and the unsuccessful battles near Kharkov in 1942.

Khrushchev's role in the Kyiv tragedy is controversial. Many people accuse him of Soviet troops, who did not receive an order to retreat, were surrounded. However, it is not. Khrushchev just gave such an order, and without consulting Stalin. But due to the fact that the decision was not agreed with the headquarters, it did not come into force and did not reach the troops.

In 1942 Soviet army was defeated near Kharkov, and the Germans advanced the front line to the Caucasus. Our formations were ordered to resist to the end, although it was obvious that due to a lack of resources it would not be possible to hold the city. As a result, we suffered heavy losses, but the Germans were able to take positions that were more advantageous than those that they would have gotten if the defenders of Kharkov had retreated. Here, too, there was a mistake by the Soviet command, which is often attributed to Khrushchev. However, it was not carried out by him personally, but by a collective military council.

Andropov

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov, who headed the USSR from 1982 to 1984, was 27 years old in 1941. At this time, he, a Komsomol activist, was organizing the work of the Komsomol in the territories of the newly formed Karelo-Finnish Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. About his war period official biographies Andropov is briefly informed: at the beginning of the war he organized a partisan underground, from 1942 to 1944, under the call sign Mohican, he was involved in the formation of the Komsomol underground in the territory of Karelia, occupied by the Germans and Finns. In the book by Yu. Shleikin "Andropov. Karelia. 1940-1951." Documentary evidence of Andropov's partisan activities is provided. Here, for example, is a fragment of the memoirs of partisan Silva Udaltsova:

“In July 1943, together with a group of comrades, I was summoned to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the KFSSR and given the task: to penetrate the territory of the occupied Sheltozero region, create underground party and Komsomol organizations, establish strong ties with the local population, among whom to launch political work aimed at disruption of activities carried out by the occupation authorities, report the necessary intelligence data to the Center.

... Before us, liaison officers of the Central Committee of the Party of the Republic Anna Lisitsyna and Maria Melentyeva visited Sheltozero, who were later awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for their courage and bravery. I.I. was sent and worked in Sheltozero. Zinoviev and a number of other comrades. However, it was not possible to establish constant work of the underground for a long period. Our group included: D.M. Gorbachev - secretary of the underground district party committee, P.I. Udaltsov is the secretary of the underground district committee of Komsomol, M.F. Asanov is the liaison officer and I am the group’s radio operator. When I was appointed radio operator, I had just turned 19 years old.

We were accompanied by Yu.V. Andropov, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of our republic. We flew to the rear on four U-2 planes. Yuri Vladimirovich approached each group standing near the plane and once again spoke parting words."

Chernenko

Konstantin Ustinovich, “the strangest ruler of Russia,” became Secretary General in 1984, being a decrepit and sick old man.

Chernenko was born into a Siberian family and grew up to be a strong guy. His mother was Tofalar, and his father was Ukrainian. From his youth, Konstantin was accustomed to hard work and worked in the mines. In the 1930s he was drafted into the army, where he joined the Komsomol, deciding to become an activist. In 1941 he turned 30 years old. By this time, he was also already an established party leader - the head of the agitation and propaganda department of two district committees of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 1943, he was sent to party courses in Moscow, which he completed in 1945. It is worth noting that his then position in itself was low and did not exempt him from military duty. Apparently, the strong will not get to the front young man his sister helped, who worked as the head of the organizational department of the Krasnoyarsk city committee and was a member good relations with Averky Aristov, who headed the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Nikita Khrushchev is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the USSR. He was a “peasant son” who rose to the pinnacle of power, which did not prevent the politician from noting a number of achievements in the “reorganization” of Soviet society after the deadening ideological schemes of his predecessor. Nikita Sergeevich became the most brilliant reformer of the Soviet Union, whose failures and achievements are still discussed by historians today.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, into a poor mining family. Nikita's childhood cannot be called happy, since youth the future head of the USSR had to work to help his parents make ends meet.

Elementary education Khrushchev received it at a parochial school, where he learned to read and write. On summer holidays the boy worked as a shepherd, and in the winter he learned to write and read. In the early 1900s, the statesman’s family moved to Yuzovka, where Nikita Sergeevich began working at a machine-building plant at the age of 14. Here the young man was taught plumbing. After 4 years, Nikita went to work in a coal mine and joined the Bolshevik Party, in whose ranks he participated in the Civil War.

In 1918, Nikita Khrushchev received membership in the Communist Party, and two years later became the political leader of the Donbass Rutchenkovsky mine. At that time, the future leader of the Soviet Union entered the Donbass Industrial College at the workers' faculty and began to conduct party activities within the walls of the educational institution, which allowed him to receive an appointment to the post of party secretary of the technical school.

In 1927, Nikita Sergeevich was lucky enough to get into the real political “kitchen” - he, as a representative of Yuzovka, was invited to the congress of the All-Union Communist Party, at which he had a fateful acquaintance with “ eminence grise Stalin". He saw political potential in Khrushchev and contributed to his rapid career.

Policy

A serious political biography of Nikita Khrushchev begins in 1928. Then Kaganovich promoted him to the central apparatus of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In this regard, Nikita Sergeevich had to enter the Industrial Academy of Moscow, since secondary education was not enough for an official at the republican level.

At the academy, Khrushchev began to be actively involved in party activities and soon headed the Politburo of the educational institution, since politics attracted him more than educational process. Nikita Sergeevich’s zeal and diligence in party affairs were appreciated Soviet authorities, and soon he was appointed second secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party. In 1934, Khrushchev became the head of the Moscow party organization, replacing his protector Lazar Kaganovich in this post.

In 1938, Nikita Khrushchev was returned to Ukraine and appointed First Secretary of the Ukrainian SSR. Having received the first honorary “official trophy,” Nikita Sergeevich began to restore the administrative apparatus in Ukraine, which was destroyed by the repressions of 1937. At the same time, he showed himself as a merciless fighter against “enemies” - literally in a year he subjected almost 120 thousand people to repression with Western Ukraine, sending them away from their native lands.

The years of the Ukrainian government of Khrushchev included the Great Patriotic War, during which the politician also did not sit idly by. He led partisan movement behind the front line and by the end of the war he had risen to the rank of lieutenant general, although historians hold Nikita Sergeevich responsible for a number of defeats of the Red Army on Ukrainian territory.

After the war, Nikita Khrushchev remained the leader of the Ukrainian SSR, but in 1949 he was promoted - he was transferred to Moscow to the post of head of the largest party organization in the USSR.

In 1953, Nikita Khrushchev reached the pinnacle of power. Then, when the whole country was plunged into mourning on the occasion of Stalin's death, he, together with his comrades, including Marshal Zhukov, masterfully beat his rivals for the post of head of the USSR. Khrushchev eliminated the main contender for the post of leader of the Union, Lavrentiy Beria, whom he accused as an enemy of the people and shot for espionage.

In September 1953, Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, which became unexpected turn for the Soviet population, since during his reign Stalin always presented Nikita Sergeevich as an illiterate simpleton.

The years of Khrushchev's rule were marked by serious breakthroughs and failures in the economy of the Soviet Union. The loudest of them was the “corn epic” - the Soviet leader decided to make the “queen of the fields” the main grain of the USSR, ordering to grow corn everywhere, even where it could not produce a crop in principle, for example, in Siberia.

Among the “achievements” of the politician, one cannot fail to note the Khrushchev reforms that flowed from him. They were called the “Khrushchev Thaw” and to a greater extent associated with the exposure of Stalin's personality cult.

Nikita Khrushchev's reforms are characterized by the elimination of the catastrophic consequences of Stalin's repressions of the 30s, the release of thousands of political prisoners, the emergence of partial freedom of speech, openness to Western world and the introduction of relative democratization in public and political life countries.

However economic policy Khrushchev was not just a failure, but catastrophic for the Union. The ambitious leader of the USSR decided to “overtake America” and increase economic indicators the country several times, which led to an unexpected collapse in agriculture and famine.

At the same time, among Khrushchev’s achievements one can note undeniable successes - he rapidly developed construction and resettled millions of Soviet citizens in their own apartments. Khrushchev apartments were and remain small and poorly planned, but they were many times more comfortable than communal apartments, which suited the population.

Khrushchev also initiated the development of the space industry - during his reign the first satellite was launched into space and the famous flight took place. In addition, Nikita Sergeevich earned fame as a patron of art. He weakened censorship in literature, launched television broadcasts throughout most of the Union, and reinvigorated the film industry. The first films of the “Khrushchev Thaw” were “Spring on Zarechnaya Street”, “ Carnival Night", "Amphibian Man" and others.

Foreign policy Khrushchev led to the strengthening Cold War, but at the same time strengthened the position of the Soviet Union in the international arena. First of all, upon coming to power, Khrushchev initiated the creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO), which was supposed to confront the North Atlantic Alliance of Western powers. The new treaty united the USSR, countries of Eastern Europe and the GDR. A year later, the first uprising against Soviet power took place in Hungary.

In 1957, by order of Khrushchev, the World Festival of Youth and Students was held in the capital of the USSR, which brought together participants from 131 countries. The event had a positive impact on the image Soviet man in the eyes of foreigners, but it did not help reduce tensions in relations with the United States.

In 1961, a political crisis ripened in Germany, which led to the emergence of the Berlin Wall. In the same year, the only meeting between Khrushchev and. A year later, the USA and the USSR exchanged threats - America placed nuclear warheads aimed at the Soviet Union in Turkey, and the USSR in Cuba. Has begun Caribbean crisis, which almost grew into the Third world war. But diplomatic talks helped ease the tension. In 1963, both sides signed a treaty banning nuclear tests in the air, space and under water.

The decline of Nikita Khrushchev's political career occurred in 1964. Against the backdrop of mistakes and miscalculations, the politician was removed from power by the communists. He was replaced by . Nikita Sergeevich became the only Soviet leader who left the post of head of the USSR alive.

Nikita Khrushchev entered Soviet history in an ambiguous political image. However, even more than 70 years after his reign of the USSR catchphrases politics remain on lips modern society. “We will bury you” and “Kuzka’s mother” by Nikita Khrushchev are well remembered in the United States, since the Soviet leader issued similar “threats” towards the West. The second phrase confused the American delegation led by the Vice President, since the translation of this idiomatic expression sounded literally: “Kuzma’s mother.”

And the photo of Nikita Khrushchev waving his shoe even received the status of a caricature in the Western media. Although later Khrushchev’s son Sergei called this photo a photomontage. In fact, Nikita Sergeevich shook pebbles out of his shoe while at a UN meeting when the issue of the Hungarian Treaty was discussed.

Personal life

Nikita Khrushchev's personal life is no less interesting than his political career. The third head of the USSR was married twice and had five children.

Nikita Sergeevich married for the first time at the very beginning of his party activities to Efrosinya Pisareva, who died of typhus in 1920. During six years of marriage, Khrushchev’s first wife gave birth to two children – Leonid and Yulia. In 1922, Khrushchev began living with a girl named Marusya. The relationship lasted no more than two years. The girl was already raising a child from a previous marriage, whom Khrushchev then continued to help financially.

Nikita Sergeevich’s second wife was Nina Kukharchuk, a Ukrainian by nationality, who went down in history as the first wife of the Soviet leader to accompany him at official events. The head of the USSR lived with Nina Petrovna for more than 40 years in a civil marriage and only in 1965 officially registered the relationship.

Nina was the daughter of peasants; she worked as a teacher at a party school in Yuzovka, where she met Nikita Khrushchev. Despite her origin, Nina Petrovna spoke fluent Russian, Ukrainian, Polish and French, since she was educated at the Mariinsky Women's School. Nina Petrovna did not stop self-education even during her marriage. At the end of the 30s, already the mother of three children, she began to study English language. In his second marriage, three children were born into the family of the Soviet leader - Rada and Elena.

Death

Khrushchev lived with Nina Kukharchuk until the end of his life. After his resignation, Nikita Sergeevich was “removed” away from Moscow and moved to a dacha in Zhukovka-2 near Moscow. The politician could not get used to the forced asceticism. As a former manager, Khrushchev often criticized the new order, which, in his opinion, led to the gradual collapse of agriculture. Unexpectedly for his relatives, Nikita Sergeevich became addicted to listening to programs from foreign radio stations “Voice of America”, “BBC”, “Deutsche Welle”, and began to build a vegetable garden. But at times former head the state fell into depression, which could not but affect his health.

He died on September 11, 1971 from a heart attack. Nikita Sergeevich was buried on Novodevichy Cemetery Moscow. After Khrushchev’s death, Nina Petrovna received telegrams with words of condolences from all over the world. Later, a monument created by Ernst Neizvestny appeared on the grave of the head of the USSR.

Memory

• 1989 – “Stalingrad”
• 1992 – “On Deribasovskaya good weather, or It's raining on Brighton Beach again"
• 1992 – “Stalin”
• 1993 – “Gray Wolves”
• 1996 – “Children of the Revolution”
• 2005 – “Battle for Space”
• 2009 – “Miracle”
• 2011 – “The Kennedy Clan”
• 2012 – “Zhukov”
• 2013 – “Gagarin. First in space"
• 2015 – “Main”
• 2016 – “Mysterious Passion”
• 2017 – “The Death of Stalin”

Name: Nikita Khrushchev

Age: 77 years old

Place of Birth: With. Kalinovka, Kursk province

A place of death: Moscow

Activity: statesman, first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee

Family status: was married

Nikita Khrushchev - biography

The well-known historical figure of Soviet times, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, was the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Reformer of many failed ideas. He was well remembered by everyone for his extraordinary character.

Nikita Khrushchev's childhood

Nikita was born in the poor Kursk province. The family was a miner and was not famous for its wealth, so the boy had to grow up early, helping his parents. No matter how poor Nikita’s parents lived, they decided that their son should study. And the boy attended a parochial school. He worked only in the summer, and then only as a shepherd.

When Nikita was 14 years old, he began working at a factory in the village of Yuzovka, where the entire Khrushchev family moved. Along the way, I had to learn plumbing. There were many pages in the biography of Nikita Sergeevich, turning which one could trace the entire history of the party of the Soviet Union.

Growing up Khrushchev

Later he got a job in a coal mine, became a member of the Bolshevik Party, and participated in the Civil War. Nikita Khrushchev very quickly made his way through career ladder: He joined communist party. Two years later, he was appointed head (policy) of one of the Donbass mines. Khrushchev decides to study and entered an industrial technical school. He does not give up his party work and soon becomes the party secretary at his technical school. At the congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the young man meets Lazar Kaganovich, who liked Khrushchev’s assertiveness.

The rise and political career of Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeevich, thanks to the patronage of Kaganovich, receives a post in the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Ukraine. Education was needed, and Nikita Khrushchev entered the Industrial Academy in the capital. And in this educational institution the future leader found a job he liked: again politics and party activities. The authorities noticed this and appointed him to the post of second secretary of the City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Moscow. And a little later he replaced Kaganovich and became the head of the Moscow party organization.

New appointments of Nikita Sergeevich

The authorities in Ukraine needed Khrushchev; he was given great powers, appointing him First Secretary of the Ukrainian Republic. Khrushchev is remembered for the fact that at the end of the thirties he expelled about 120 thousand people from Ukraine, the so-called “enemies of the party.” The years of the Great Patriotic War showed that the Ukrainian leader was a partisan, rising to the rank of lieutenant general, and several defeats on the territory of Ukraine lie on his conscience. But there are no details about this in his biography. Immediately after the war, Nikita Sergeevich continued to lead the republic; in 1949 he was taken to Moscow.

The most important appointment of Nikita Khrushchev

Everyone knows what saddened the Soviet people in 1953. The country was in mourning because Stalin died. Lavrentiy Beria was supposed to replace the leader of the Soviet Union. But Khrushchev, together with those who were in power, made him an enemy of the people, shooting him for espionage. Nikita Sergeevich was elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. While Khrushchev ruled the country, there were breakthroughs and failures in the Soviet Union's economy.

The leader decided to consider corn as the main crop and grow it everywhere. It was a mistake to include in the order those republics in which corn cannot grow. This manager's idea turned out to be a failure. Some rash decisions of the reformer led the country to famine.

Reformer Nikita Khrushchev

On the board of Nikita Sergeevich there were also good moments, which among the people and in the history of the country were called the “thaw”: the release of repressed political prisoners from dungeons began, freedom of speech began to appear, the Soviet Union began to open up to Western countries. During the leadership of Khrushchev, Soviet citizens had the opportunity to move into their own newly built apartments. The first space satellite and the first human cosmonaut to fly into space were under Nikita Sergeevich, he also contributed to the development of television and cinema.

Nikita Khrushchev - biography of personal life

Khrushchev was married twice and had five children. The first wife was Efrosinya Pisareva. They lived together for six years and raised their son Leonid and daughter Julia as long as Euphrosyne was alive. In her twenties she contracted typhus and died. Some sources talk about Nikita Sergeevich’s brief cohabitation with Nadezhda Gorskaya.

The second wife, Nina Kukharchuk, was well known to the Soviet people, since she accompanied the leader of the country everywhere. For more than forty years, the Khrushchevs lived in civil marriage, only then registered their relationship. In this marriage, Nikita Sergeevich had three children. The couple lived together until their death. When Khrushchev resigned, he and his wife moved to a dacha in the Moscow region. The heart attack that occurred was so severe that it was impossible to save former leader the country failed.