The customs and traditions of the Tatar people briefly. Culture, traditions and life of the Tatar people

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

North Kazakhstan state institute them. M. Kozybaeva

Faculty of Music and Pedagogy

Department of Pedagogy

REPORT

On the topic: Customs and traditions of the peoples of Tatarstan

Subject: Ethnopedagogy

Performed by:

Student gr. zDOVII-v-12-2

Makhambetova I.

Checked by: Imanov A.K.

Petoropavlovsk, 2013

Customsand traditions Tatar people

Tatamry (self-name - Tat. Tatar, tatar, plural Tatarlar, tatarlar) are a Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East.

The population in Russia is 5310.6 thousand people (2010 census) - 3.72% of the Russian population. They are the second largest people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars, and occasionally Polish-Lithuanian Tatars are also distinguished. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% according to the 2010 census). Tatar language belongs to the Kipchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​and is divided into three dialects: Western (Mishar), Middle (Kazan-Tatar) and Eastern (Siberian-Tatar). Believing Tatars (with the exception of a small group - the Kryashens, who profess Orthodoxy) are Sunni Muslims.

In the life and culture of every nation there are many phenomena that are difficult in their historical origin and functions. One of the most brilliant and revealing phenomena of this kind are folk traditions and customs. In order to understand their origins, it is necessary, before anyone else, to comprehend the history of the people, their culture, to come into contact with their life and way of life, to try to understand their soul and character. All traditions and customs basically reflect the life of one or another group of people, and they appear as a result of empirical and spiritual knowledge surrounding reality. In other words, traditions and customs are those precious pearls in the ocean of people’s lives that they have collected over the centuries as a result of factual and spiritual comprehension of reality. Whatever tradition or tradition we take, having examined its roots, we, as usual, come to the conclusion that it is vitally justified and behind the form, which at times seems pretentious and archaic to us, hides a living, intelligent grain. The traditions and customs of any people are their “dowry” when introduced into big family society living on planet Earth. National culture- this is the national memory of the people, what distinguishes a given people from others, protects a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection of times and generations, receive spiritual support and support in life.

All people have their own customs and traditions, rooted in the distant past and now resurrected in the form of national holidays. The Tatars have two words for the holiday. Religious Muslim holidays are called the word gaet (ayet) (Uraza gaete - a holiday of fasting and Korban gaete - a holiday of sacrifice). And all folk, non-religious holidays are called Beyram in Tatar. What does “spring beauty”, “spring feast” mean?

Like many other peoples, the rituals and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the seasons were indicated by a representation associated with one or another work: saban?ste - spring, preface to spring; pe?n?ste - summer, haymaking time. Ethnographer R. G. Urazmanova, based on extensive ethnographic material, divides the rituals of the Tatars into two unequal groups: spring-summer and winter-autumn cycles.

Unlike spring and summer, it does not have a clear division, because it is not tied to the folk calendar, but rather to agricultural life. R. G. Urazmanova highlights the following features of this season:

Help. Help with particularly complex work. This was especially noticeable during the processing of slaughtered geese - apparently, where people were invited, even if this was not necessary.

Christmas time. Winter solstice period. Nardugan.

Found everywhere in the Volga region, among the Tatars it was common among the Kryashens and Mishars. Fortune telling was a special element of these holidays.

Maslenitsa. One of the most common holidays among the Kryashens.

In Muslim society, marriage accompanied by the birth of children is a religious obligation, and celibacy is a sad state. The Koran allows a believer to have four wives at a time. In the sura of the Koran, which is called “Women,” it is said: “Marry those who are glorious to you, women - and 2, and 3, and four. And if you are afraid that you will not be objective, then on one...” Socio-economic needs occupy the main place in the legal norms of Shariah relating to marriage family relations. Tatar folk tradition custom

The wife must:

Live in your spouse's home;

Obey his orders, unless they are brainless;

Do not appear in public places without respectful reasons;

Without the permission of the husband, the wife has no right to acquire property or hire servants. It should be noted that an intractable wife cannot claim to be subjugated by her husband during each term so long as she does not submit to his freedom. If the wife fails to comply with these requirements, the husband may divorce her and deny her the title. The husband has the right to deprive a disobedient wife of her will and, after exhortations, to subject her to light corporal punishment.

The spouse is obliged:

If a spouse has more than one wife, then he is obliged to give each a separate sleeping area, which has its own separate exit to the courtyard, and, in all likelihood, equally divide his property between them, treating them identically in other respects.

If the husband refuses to cohabitate, the wife can turn to the people's judge, who, however, acts on husbands only with admonition.

The husband is obliged to allow his wife to visit her parents once a week, to visit their children from a previous marriage quite often, and also to allow her to visit and receive her own relatives who are in degrees of kinship.

The husband is not subject to punishment (neither civil nor criminal) for failure to fulfill marital fidelity, with the exception of the case of having a pagan concubine in the same house with his wife. This may be considered as an insult to the religious feelings of the wife, constituting an act of “cruelty”, in the broad sense of the word, justifying the wife for her unwillingness to live with her husband and giving her the right to demand the table of contents from him, despite her refusal to live with him.

The husband must treat his wife well and address her in the manner required by tradition.

The husband is obliged to purchase for his wife different clothes for summer and winter, for wearing day and night, as well as all the necessary linens, blankets, pillows, carpets, etc.

National holidays

Spring is the time of awakening of nature, a time of renewal and expectation. A great spring means an excellent harvest, and therefore a successful life.

Boz karau

As in the cultures and traditions of all peoples, Tatar villages were located on the banks of rivers. Consequently, the first “spring feast” (beyram) is associated with ice drift. This holiday is called boz karau, boz bagu - “look at the ice”, boz ozatma - seeing off the ice, zin kitu - drifting ice. All the inhabitants of the village came out to the river bank to watch the ice drift. Young people dressed up and played the accordion. Straw was laid out and lit on floating ice floes.

Another custom was when in early spring children went home to their villages to collect cereals, butter, and eggs. From the food they collected on the street, with the help of older cooks, the children cooked porridge in a large cauldron and ate it.

Kyzyl yomorka

A little later, the day of collecting colored eggs arrived. The housewives painted eggs in the evening - often in a decoction of onion skins and a decoction of birch leaves - and baked buns and pretzels.

In the morning, the children began to walk around the houses, bringing wood chips into the house and scattering them on the floor - so that “the yard would not be empty” and shouting such chants, say, “Kyt-kytyk, kyt-kytyk, are grandparents home?” Will they give me an egg? Let you have a lot of chickens, let them be trampled by roosters. If you don’t give me an egg, there’s a lake in front of your house, and you’ll drown there!”

Sabantuy

Perhaps the most widespread and now famous holiday includes folk festivities, various rituals and games. Literally, “sabantuy” means “Plow Festival” (saban - plow and tui - holiday). Previously, it was celebrated before the start of spring field work in April, now Sabantuy is celebrated in June - after the end of sowing.

Sabantuy begins in the morning. Women put on their most beautiful jewelry, weave ribbons into the horses' manes, and hang bells from the bow. Everyone dresses up and gathers on the Maidan - a large meadow. There is a lot of fun on Sabantuy. The main thing is the national martial arts - Kuresh. To win it requires strength, cunning and dexterity. There are strict rules: opponents wrap each other with wide belts - sashes, the task is to hang the opponent on your belt in the air, and then put him on his shoulder blades. The winner (batyr) receives a live ram as a reward (according to custom, but now they are more often replaced with other expensive gifts). You can participate and demonstrate your strength, agility, and courage not only in Kuresh wrestling.

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Traditional clothing Traditional clothing of the Tatars was made from home-made or purchased fabrics. The underwear of men and women was a tunic-shaped shirt, men's length almost to the knees, and women's almost to the floor with a wide gather at the hem and a bib decorated with embroidery, and trousers with wide steps.

The women's shirt was more decorated. The outerwear was swinging with a continuous fitted back. This included a camisole, sleeveless or with short sleeves; the women's was richly decorated; over the camisole, men wore a long, spacious robe, plain or striped, belted with a sash. In cold weather they wore quilted or fur beshmets and fur coats. On the road they wore a straight-back fur sheepskin coat with a sash or a checkmen of the same cut, but made of cloth.

The cooking process was reduced to boiling or frying (mainly flour products) in a cauldron, as well as baking in an oven. All types of soups, cereals and potatoes were in most cases cooked in a cauldron. Milk was also boiled in it, the lactic acid product kort (red cottage cheese) was prepared, and katlama, baursak, etc. were fried. The oven was used mainly for baking flour products , especially bread. Frying meat (in fats) is not typical for traditional Tatar cuisine. It took place only during the production of pilaf.

Wooden utensils began to predominate among household utensils. It was made in mountain forest areas rich in birch, linden and larch. Birch bark was used to make tueski, jars for storing sour cream, trays for flour, dishes for storing flour, berries, salt, etc. For cooking, cast iron cauldrons were used in the oven

IN late XIX– early 20th century In wealthy families, purchased metal, glass and ceramic dishes appeared. Teapots, samovars, jugs have become common items in home life. Wooden utensils were replaced by factory-made utensils. Samovar with Shamail on the tablecloth in the house

A special feature of the interior of a Tatar dwelling was the bunks located along the entire front wall of the hut. They slept on them, ate on them, and received guests. Rugs and rugs were laid on the bunks, the walls near the bunks were decorated with patterned towels, colorful fabrics, and prayer rugs. Blankets, pillows, feather beds, and mattresses were placed on the bunks. There was sometimes a table in a Tatar home, but it was not used for dinner; it was used for the samovar and dishes. A curtain was usually hung along the matitsa line, which was drawn when outsiders were present, separating the female half from the male half. The presence of a female half in a Tatar house was associated with the Muslim custom of seclusion of women.

Ancient examples of wooden carvings in the form of solar “shine” and geometric signs, stylized images of birds with outstretched wings and folk mythological and cosmological symbols can still be seen on old houses and gates, in the platbands of wooden houses.

Traditional Tatar villages (auls) were located along the river network and transport communications. In the forest zone, their layout was different - cumulus, nesting, chaotic; the villages were characterized by crowded buildings, uneven and confusing streets, and the presence of numerous dead ends.

References References 1. Iskhakov D. Tatar nation: history and modern development. – Kazan: Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Institute of History. Sh.Mardzhani, Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals / Responsible. ed. N. I. Vorobyov, G. M. Khisamutdinov. – M., Tatars. Traditional housing - uic.ssu.samara.ru/povolzje/ tatari_Jilishe.htm 4. Ablyamitova L. Kh. Past and present of traditional Crimean Tatar costume. // Scientific notes of KGIPU. - Simferopol: Share, – Issue S Ablyamitova L.Kh. Reflection of the ideal female beauty in a traditional Crimean Tatar costume // Scientific notes of KGIPU. - Simferopol, Issue C Crimean Tatar National Costume: Photo // Essays on history and culture Crimean Tatars. - Simferopol: Krymuchpedgiz, 2005: color photo. 7. Markov E. L. Sketches of Crimea: Pictures of Crimean life, history and nature. - Simferopol: Tavria, p. : ill., port. 8. Monastyrly Kh. A. Clothing of the Crimean Tatars // Reader on ethnic history and the traditional culture of the old-timer population of Crimea. Part I. - Simferopol: Tavria-Plus, S Don’t lose yourself while preserving your originality...:[O appearance, stage costumes, national clothing of the Crimean Tatars are discussed by art critic E. Cherkezova and fashion designer M. Lyumanova] // Voice of Crimea June. - P. 8. : color ill. 10. Chelebi E. Book of Travels // Reader on the ethnic history and traditional culture of the old-timer population of Crimea. Part I. - Simferopol: Tavria - Plus, C

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Tatars As one of the main ethnic groups of the Ulyanovsk region, Tatars made up 11.4% of the population in 1989 (in 1897 - 9.3% of the population of Simbirsk province). Tatars live most compactly in Starokulatkinsky (92.3%), Pavlovsky, Tsilninsky, Zavolzhsky districts

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Traditional settlements and dwellings. The Volga Tatars had urban and rural settlements. Tatar villages (avyl), especially Kazan-Tatar villages, up to the 19th century. preserved the traditions of the early nature of settlement: the houses were located deep in the courtyards, the streets were narrow with sharp turns and dead ends, long fences. The dominant form of buildings is a four-walled or five-walled hut with a peculiar layout and numerous decorative details

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The house was divided into male (clean) and female (kitchen) halves. A unique element of the interior - bunks - is a place for sleeping, relaxing, and eating. The stove is made of adobe, with a built-in boiler. Modern rural houses retain some traditional features: they are often located in the depths of the courtyard, have a polychrome coloring of the facade, and complex decorative design. The layout of the house is changing, it becomes multi-room.

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Traditional activity. The main traditional occupation is arable farming (rye, oats, peas, barley, buckwheat, millet, flax, hemp). A plow with a wheeled limber (saban) is typical. Animal husbandry was stable - pasture and secondary to agriculture, the main occupation was cattle breeding. They were engaged in beekeeping. Poultry breeding was developed: chickens, geese, ducks. Vegetable gardening and horticulture among the Tatars were not widely developed.

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The family of the Tatars was most common small family. Only some groups of Tatars until the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries. there were large families of 3-4 generations. The family was founded on patriarchal principles.

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Traditions, rituals Before October revolution marriages were carried out mainly through matchmaking, although occasionally a girl was kidnapped and went to her groom without the permission of her parents. The wedding took place first in the bride's house, where the religious formalization of the marriage (nikah) took place. Here the newlywed remained until the bride price was paid - a certain amount of money, clothes for the bride and food for the wedding. The young woman's move to her husband's house was sometimes delayed until the birth of the child and was accompanied by many rituals. Characteristic feature The traditional wedding of the Tatars - Mishars are the lamentations of the bride.

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Men's suit The basis of the masculine traditional costume consists of a shirt and trousers made from relatively light fabrics. The shirt was extremely thin. It was sewn very loosely, down to the knees, with wide and long sleeves and was never belted.

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Tatar national clothing The women's shirt was decorated with flounces and small ruffles, the chest part was arched with appliqué, ruffles or a special breast decoration of izu. In the design of men's and women's shirts, in addition to applique, chain embroidery (floral and floral ornament) and artistic weaving (geometric ornament) were often used.

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Camisole The outerwear of the Tatars was loose-fitting with a continuous fitted back. A sleeveless (or short-sleeved) camisole was worn over the shirt. Women's camisoles were made from colored, often plain, velvet and decorated on the sides and bottom with braid and fur. Over the camisole, men wore a long, spacious robe (zhilen) with a small shawl collar. It was sewn from factory-made plain or striped (usually heavy semi-silk) fabric and belted with a sash. In the cold season they wore beshmets, chikmeni, covered or tanned fur coats.

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Women's outfit The women's tunic-like shirt is identical to the men's, which is generally characteristic of ancient forms of clothing. Unlike men's, women's shirts were made long, almost to the ankles. IN mid-19th centuries, three variants of tunic-shaped women's shirts are defined.

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The clothing of men and women consisted of trousers with a wide step and a shirt (for women it was complemented by an embroidered bib), on which a sleeveless camisole was worn. Outerwear They served as a Cossack, and in winter - a quilted beshmet or fur coat. The men's headdress is a skullcap, and on top of it is a hemispherical hat with fur or a felt hat; for women - an embroidered velvet cap (kalfak) and a scarf. Traditional shoes were leather ichigi with soft soles; outside the home they wore leather galoshes. Women's costumes were characterized by an abundance of metal decorations

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Girls' hats Had one distinctive feature: they, as a rule, had a cap-shaped or kalfak-shaped design and were worn without a hairline. The hair was braided into two braids, placed on the back and left open and covered with special girlish jewelry, and later with a light factory scarf.

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Headdresses Girls' traditional headdresses are mainly presented in the form of hats. When they were worn, the hair, braided in two braids, was located on the back and remained open or slightly covered with a braided decoration (tezme).

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Kalfak The kalfak cap, embroidered with pearls, small gilded coins, and gold embroidered stitching, was considered a particularly original headdress. Tatar women put a lot of labor and skill into making kalfaks, which were part of the dowry and passed on by inheritance.

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Hats To this day, older women still retain a unique way of tying a headscarf: two adjacent corners are connected under the chin, and the cloth unfurls over the back.

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Jewelry was made of silver, gilded and inlaid with stones. Preference was given to brown carnelian and bluish-green turquoise, which were endowed with magical powers. Lilac amethysts, smoky topazes and rock crystal were often used. Women wore rings, signet rings, bracelets of various types, various clasps for “yak chylbyry” collars, and braids.

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Jewelry Traditionally, Tatar women wore a large amount of jewelry, their total weight reached 6 kilograms. These were items made of silver, turquoise, jasper, coral, and amber. The woman's face was covered with a veil, in accordance with Islamic traditions. People said that because of the ringing produced by numerous heavy pendants, rings and earrings, and wide bracelets, one could hear a Tatar woman rather than see her.

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Skullcap The permanent headdress of men was the skullcap (tubetey, kelepush), on top of which they put on a hemispherical or cylindrical burek hat, and in summer a felt hat

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Headdress Girls wore soft white sweatshirts, woven or knitted. They also wore forehead and temple decorations - strips of fabric with sewn plaques, beads, and pendants.

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Bedspread Mandatory part women's clothing there was a blanket. This tradition reflected ancient pagan views on the magic of hair, later consolidated by Islam, which recommended hiding the outlines of the figure and covering the face.

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bedspread Towel-like bedspreads include tastars. Early examples of rural tastars represent a white home-woven fabric, up to 2 m long and about 40 cm wide. They consist of a main part that covered the woman’s head, and decorated ends (or one decorated end) that went down to the back . On both sides, along the entire length of the tastar, there is a red border. Territorial features are noticeable in the ways of decorating the ends of the tastar and their patterns.

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Footwear The most ancient type of footwear among the Tatars were leather boots and shoes without a welt, reminiscent of modern slippers, and always with toes turned up - after all, one should not scratch Mother Earth with the toe of a boot. They were worn with cloth or canvas stockings "tula oek"

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Leather mosaic A very ancient type of folk arts and crafts of the Tatars is the production of patterned shoes using a unique technique - leather mosaic. Patterned ichigs (kayuly chitek), usually for women, were usually made from high-quality colored morocco, cut out in fragments in the form of an intricate floral ornament

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Jewelry Women's jewelry of the Tatars - large almond-shaped earrings (alka), pendants for braids (chulpas), breast decoration - collar clasp with pendants (yaka-chylbyry), belt (khasite), spectacular wide bracelets and others, in the manufacture of which jewelers used filigree (flat and “Tatar” tuberculate), graining, embossing, casting, engraving, blackening, inlay precious stones and gems. In rural areas (especially among the Mishars and Kryashens), silver coins were widely used in the manufacture of jewelry.

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Decorative and applied arts A central role was played by embroidery and in the decorative and artistic design of folk costume, especially headdresses. Over the course of many centuries, the traditions of Tatar gold embroidery developed, going back to the Middle Ages. The art of gold embroidery was enriched with many borrowings from neighboring cultures, and by the 19th century. In some regions, unique styles of gold embroidery were developed, differing in the complex of technologies used and the specifics of the ornamentation.

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Embroidery. Many embroidered items were closely associated with everyday rituals. Yes, decorative towels, napkins, tablecloths, head and handkerchiefs, aprons constituted the bride’s dowry and testified to her skill

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Embroidery All the energy and creative imagination of the Tatar woman, who was forced to lead a reclusive life in the past, ended up in embroidery and patterned weaving. Embroidery was exclusively home meaning

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Traditional holidays and rituals A significant part of the traditional folk holidays of the Tatars is associated with the stages of the annual cycle economic activity and past communal relations. These include sabantuy (plow festival), zhyen (meeting, folk festival), urak este (harvest), kaz emese, mal emese, tupa emese (help in procuring poultry, meat, making cloth).

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Muslim holidays Eid al-Adha. The mythology of this holiday goes back to the famous biblical story about the attempt by Patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac to God.

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Eid al-Fitr marks the end of fasting in the month of Ramadan. In Eid al-Fitr, mandatory common prayers are established, which can take place both in the mosque and in special open areas - namaz-gahs. In the morning, before attending prayer, people perform all cleansing ceremonies and put on festive clothes. It is recommended to try dates or other sweets

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Sabantuy is celebrated in the following stages: 1) preparing porridge for children from products collected by them from the population (dere botkasy); 2) children collecting colored eggs; 3) collection of eggs by young men on horseback and a treat after it (atly svrzn); 4) collection of eggs by mummers (men) (zheyaule soren) - the latter is not always and not everywhere; 5) collecting gifts for sabantuy (by young men on horseback); 6) Maidan - competitions; 7) evening youth games

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Rituals The ritual of causing rain and pacifying the forces of nature existed in a slightly different form and was called chuk. An agricultural ritual is associated with the grain harvest - urak este (harvest). Changes in economic, social and ideological conditions during the years of socialist transformation contributed to the oblivion of this ritual. Urak Este was replaced by the Feast of the Farmer. To this day, the tradition of help - eme - is preserved in Tatar villages. They were organized during all major work: during the foundation and construction of a new house, repair of outbuildings, construction of public buildings. Often all fellow villagers participated in such events, and in large populated areas- neighbors on the same street. Collaboration ended with a ritual meal and festivities. These days, such aids are organized less frequently and involve fewer people. This cannot be said about the autumn kaz emes and mal emes (help in the preparation of poultry and beef), which still exist today.

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Nardugan The rite of Nardugan is closely connected with the holiday Nauruz (new day, meaning, New Year), which the Tatars celebrated on the days spring equinox(March). It is possible that Nardugan and Nauruz were once parts of the same holiday. It is not for nothing that many similarities are found in their rites and rituals, the transfer of the names of ritual acts from one holiday to another.

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Tatar folk musical instruments DUMBARA Among those historically existing musical instruments Tatars of the Volga region have not studied enough the two-string chordophone called dumbyra. In modern instrument, like the old one, the body is pear-shaped or oval-flat, wooden. (hollowed or glued). Neck length from 800 to 1300 mm, with 19 mortise frets. Along with the reviving tradition. The composer's instruments are performed in the D. repertoire. essays.

Exhibition participant:

Rechapova Guzaliya Kamilovna,

teacher

MADO Chikchinsky kindergarten "Smile"

Tyumen district, village Chikcha

Brief summary of the methodological manual

"Dwelling and life of the Tatar people"

"Friendliness, respect for people different nationalities are not inherited, in each generation they must be brought up again and again, and the sooner the formation of these qualities begins, the greater stability they will acquire.”.

E.K. Suslova.

Children's potential preschool age unique, it is at this age that a preschooler perceives the reality around him emotionally, acquiring a sense of attachment to the place where he was born and lives, a sense of admiration for the culture of his people, and pride in his country. Introducing children to the history and life of the Russian people most successfully takes place in a playful form of “immersion in culture,” where children live through a certain historical situation, study everyday life, lifestyle, crafts, and folk art. In games - the key to full mental life child in the future. By forming in them a stable attitude towards their native culture, creating an emotionally positive basis for the development of patriotic feelings, didactic games help foster conscious discipline, will, perseverance in overcoming difficulties, and teach children to be honest and truthful.

To effectively work with children, I developed a mini-model “Tatar Hut”. I use the layout for didactic games and plot-based role-playing game.

The main goal is to arouse interest in the life of ancient times, to introduce children to the features of the Tatar home in the past and present. Note that household items and furniture have various functions (stove, chest, etc.). Enrich lexicon children: hut, bed, stove, utensils. Develop imaginative perception.

To promote the development of children’s ability to creatively and independently reflect family and household traditions in various children’s activities.

Foster interest in the material and family culture of the Tatars.

Variants of national games used when working with the layout

"Nurse Stove"

Continue to acquaint children with the structure of the hut, with its main attraction - the stove. To give an idea that the stove in the hut performed several functions: they cooked on it and in it, stored food for the winter - dried berries, mushrooms, baked bread, slept, treated themselves, even took a steam bath, warmed themselves up; about the construction of the stove and the secrets of the stove maker. Tatar national game: “Bush Uryn”.

"Grandma's Chest"

Introduce women's crafts, embroidered napkins, towels, folk costumes, home decoration. Remember what the Tatar national headdresses and shoes are called. Expand children's horizons. To consolidate knowledge about Tatar folk crafts and their use in decorating human life. Cultivate respect and careful attitude to antiques. Game: "Tyubetey".

“Let’s sit by the samovar”

Continue introducing children to household utensils. Give an idea of ​​how water was boiled in a samovar. Enrich children's vocabulary: samovar, coals. Play the Tatar game “Samovar” with the children. Develop imagination. Cultivate a warm attitude towards each other.

"The Mistress's Assistants"

Introduce children to gatherings in a village hut. Give an idea of ​​the preparation for gatherings (cleaning and festive decoration of the hut). Introduce children to women's and men's work at gatherings: women embroidered, wove, knitted, spun lace, men weaved bast shoes from bast, baskets from willow twigs, and carved dishes from wood. Vocabulary work: spindle, spinning wheel, ball, thimble. Continue to introduce children to folklore and cultivate an interest in history. Games: “Who can wind the ball faster”, “Drips”

"Tatar folk doll"

A traditional Tatar doll is made from woolen threads. The female doll is given a dress in accordance with the requirements of Sharia, which, as the Koran says, “conceals everything except what is obvious.” Tatars and Bashkirs do not give names to dolls. These toys are also characterized by the absence of drawn facial features, which is associated with ancient folk traditions.
“All folk Tatar-Bashkir dolls were made so that the child could use his imagination and complete the toy in his imagination. In the Russian village they made similar twisted dolls, they also had no faces.

In the project's boundaries « We are all different, but friendly" in this moment I’m working on the design of manuals: “Russian Hut”, “Mini Museum of Gabdulla Tukay’s Fairy Tales” for the 130th anniversary of the great poet.

Creative success to you, dear colleagues!

General characteristics of the Tatar people and population

It is not without reason that the Tatars are considered the most mobile of all known peoples. Fleeing crop failure in their native lands and in search of opportunities to establish trade, they quickly moved to central areas Russia, Siberia, the Far Eastern regions, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Donbass steppes. IN Soviet time this migration was especially active. Today, Tatars live in Poland and Romania, China and Finland, the USA and Australia, as well as in Latin America And Arab countries. Despite such territorial distribution, Tatars in each country try to unite into communities, carefully preserving their cultural values, language and traditions. Today, the total Tatar population is 6 million 790 thousand people, of which almost 5.5 million live on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The main language of the ethnic group is Tatar. There are three main dialectical directions in it - eastern (Siberian-Tatar), western (Mishar) and middle (Kazan-Tatar). The following subethnic groups are also distinguished: Astrakhan, Siberian, Tatar-Mishar, Ksimov, Kryashen, Perm, Polish-Lithuanian, Chepetsk, Teptya. Initially, the writing of the Tatar people was based on Arabic script. Over time, the Latin alphabet began to be used, and later the Cyrillic alphabet. The vast majority of Tatars adhere to the Muslim religion; they are called Sunni Muslims. There is also a small number of Orthodox Christians called Kryashens.

Features and traditions of Tatar culture

The Tatar people, like any other, have their own special traditions. So, for example, the wedding ceremony assumes that their parents have the right to negotiate the wedding of a young man and a girl, and the young people are simply informed. Before the wedding, the size of the bride price, which the groom pays to the bride's family, is discussed. Celebrations and feasts in honor of the newlyweds, as a rule, take place without them. To this day it is accepted that it is unacceptable for the groom to enter parents' house brides for permanent residence.

The Tatars have very strong cultural traditions, especially in terms of educating the younger generation from early childhood. The decisive word and power in the family belongs to the father, the head of the family. That is why girls are taught to be submissive to their husbands, and boys are taught to be able to dominate, but at the same time be very attentive and careful towards their spouse. Patriarchal traditions in families are stable to this day. Women, in turn, love to cook and revere Tatar cuisine, sweets and all kinds of pastries. A richly laid table for guests is considered a sign of honor and respect. The Tatars are known for their reverence and immense respect for their ancestors, as well as for older people.

Famous representatives of the Tatar people

In modern life, we hear quite a lot of people from this glorious people. For example, Rinat Akhmetov is a famous Ukrainian businessman, the richest Ukrainian citizen. The legendary producer Bari Alibasov, Russian actors Renata Litvinova, Chulpan Khamatova and Marat Basharov, singer Alsou. The famous poetess Bella Akhmadulina and rhythmic gymnast Alina Kabaeva also have Tatar roots on their father’s side and are honored figures of the Russian Federation. One cannot help but recall the first racket of the world – Marat Safin.

The Tatar people are a nation with its own traditions, national language And cultural values, which are closely related to the history of others and more. This is a nation with a special character and tolerance, which has never initiated conflicts on ethnic, religious or political grounds.