Paul Verlaine, biography. Biography of Moria field

Verlaine Paul, (1844-1896) French symbolist poet

Born in Metz in the family of a military engineer. In 1851 the family settled in Paris, where he was assigned to a private boarding school. Then he studied at the Lyceum Bonaparte, graduating in 1862 with a bachelor's degree. He wrote his first poem "Death" back in the Lyceum in 1858. By the time he graduated from the Lyceum, the family's fortunes had deteriorated, and Verlaine had to look for work. He occupied a modest position in the city hall, became close to the circle of young poets, from which the Parnassian School later arose. In 1863 Verlaine's first sonnet "Monsieur Prudhomme" was published.

He led a disorderly life. In 1870 he married the sister of his friend. I made a vow to myself to go from now on in life "a straight and meek path."

During the days of the Paris Commune, Verlaine worked in the bureau of the communard press. In the days of the defeat of the Commune, he met one of the participants in the barricade battles, the young poet A. Rimbaud.

After the defeat of the Commune, he again became addicted to absinthe. Quarrels began with his wife, who by this time had given birth to a son. Verlaine completely fell under the influence of Rimbaud. The wife was jealous of her husband. Eventually Verlaine left with Rimbaud on a trip to Belgium and England (1872-1873). He wrote the fourth book of poems - Romances without Words, published in 1874.

The wife started divorce proceedings. This circumstance, combined with revelry, led him to a nervous breakdown. Having recovered, he wanted to continue his former life with Rimbaud, but he refused. Between them there was a sharp explanation in Brussels. Verlaine fired twice at
Rimbaud wounded him, for which the Belgian authorities sentenced him to two years in prison. In prison, under the influence of a local preacher, he turned to religion. A book written partly in prison and partly in England, Wisdom, was published in 1881 but went unnoticed.

He was released from prison in 1875, took the place of a teacher of French, and later drawing, in a small English school. He spent three years in England, during which he tried to improve his life and, in the end, completely devoted himself to literary work.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the poet turned to God more and more. The religious mood was reflected in his collection Wisdom (1881).

In 1884, the collection “Once and Recently” and the book of literary criticism “The Damned Poets” were published, which included essays about six poets, including Arthur Rimbaud, Stefan Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine himself.

The aesthetic principles of the poet receive perfect form in the collections of the last period Love (1888), Happiness and Songs for Her (1891).

Paul Verlaine led a galaxy of young poets. His poetry has become wildly popular. At the traditional election ceremony of the "king of poets" in 1891 after the death of L. de Lisle, more votes were given for Verlaine. But recognition came too late: health was shaken. The talented poet was ill and almost constantly had to stay in hospitals. The writer J. Renard noted in his diary of 1892: "Nothing remains of Verlaine except our cult of Verlaine."

Paul Gauguin was born in 1848 in Paris on June 7. His father was a journalist. After the revolutionary upheavals in France, the father of the future artist gathered the whole family and went to Peru by ship, intending to stay with the parents of his wife Alina and open his own magazine there. But on the way, he had a heart attack and died.

Paul Gauguin lived in Peru until the age of seven. Returning to France, the Gauguin family settled in Orleans. But Paul was not at all interested in living in the provinces and was bored. At the first opportunity, he left the house. In 1865 he took a job as a worker on a merchant ship. Time passed, and the number of countries visited by Pohl increased. For several years, Paul Gauguin became a real sailor who had been in various sea troubles. Having entered the service of the French navy, Paul Gauguin continued to surf the expanses of the seas and oceans.

After the death of his mother, Paul left the maritime business and took up work at the stock exchange, which his guardian helped him find. The work was good and it seemed that he would work there for a long time.

Marriage of Paul Gauguin

Gauguin married in 1873 a Dane, Matt-Sophie Gad.. For 10 years of marriage, the wife gave birth to five children, and Gauguin's position in society was becoming stronger. In his free time, Gauguin pursued his favorite hobby - painting.

Gauguin was not at all confident in his artistic powers. One day, one of Paul Gauguin's paintings was selected for display at an exhibition, but he did not tell anyone in the family about it.

In 1882, an exchange crisis began in the country, and Gauguin's further successful work began to be questionable. It was this fact that helped determine the fate of Gauguin as an artist.

By 1884 Gauguin was already living in Denmark. because there was not enough money to live in France. Gauguin's wife taught French in Denmark, and he tried to engage in trade, but he did not succeed. Disagreements began in the family, and the marriage broke up in 1885. The mother stayed with 4 children in Denmark, and Gauguin returned to Paris with his son Clovis.

Living in Paris was difficult, and Gauguin had to move to Brittany. He liked it here. The Bretons are a very peculiar people with their own traditions and worldview, and even with their own language. Gauguin felt great in Brittany, he again woke up the feelings of a traveler.

In 1887, taking the painter Charles Laval with them, they went to Panama. The trip was not very successful. Gauguin had to work hard to provide for himself. Having fallen ill with malaria and dysentery, Paul had to return to his homeland. Friends accepted him and helped him recover, and already in 1888 Paul Gauguin again moved to Brittany.

The Van Gogh case

Gauguin knew Van Gogh who wanted to organize a colony of artists in Arles. It was there that he invited his friend. All financial expenses were borne by Van Gogh's brother Theo (we mentioned this case in). For Gauguin, this was a good opportunity to escape and live without any worries. The views of the artists diverged. Gauguin began to lead Van Gogh, began to present himself as a teacher. Van Gogh, already suffering from a psychological disorder at that time, could not endure this. At some point, he attacked Paul Gauguin with a knife. Without overtaking his victim, Van Gogh cut off his ear, and Gauguin went back to Paris.

After this incident, Paul Gauguin spent time traveling between Paris and Brittany. And in 1889, having visited an art exhibition in Paris, he decided to settle in Tahiti. Of course, Gauguin had no money, and he began to sell his paintings. Having saved about 10 thousand francs, he went to the island.

In the summer of 1891, Paul Gauguin set to work, buying a small thatched hut on the island. Many paintings of this time depict Gauguin's wife Tehur, who was only 13 years old. Her parents gladly gave her as a wife to Gauguin. The work was fruitful, Gauguin painted many interesting paintings in Tahiti. But time passed, and the money ran out, besides, Gauguin fell ill with syphilis. He could no longer endure it, and left for France, where a small inheritance awaited him. But he did not spend much time at home. In 1895, he again returned to Tahiti, where he also lived in poverty and poverty.

An outstanding French symbolist poet, the tragic worldview of which is connected with the tragedy of his era and with the circumstances of the unsettled, bohemian life of the poet himself. Verlaine is an unsurpassed master of halftones, nuances,

Almost imperceptibly sensual images. His poetry is characterized by symphonism, virtuoso rhythm and melody. The significance of Verlaine's poetic activity lies primarily in the discovery of new expressive possibilities of language and the development of means for reproducing the subtlest psychological experiences.

Major works: poetry collections Saturnian Poems (1866), Exquisite Holidays (1869), Romances Without Words (1874), prose book Damned Poets (1884). Paul Verlaine was born March 30, 1844 in Metz, the son of an officer. After the family moved to Paris, he graduated from the Lyceum (1862) and at the age of twenty began working as an official in the Paris City Hall. Subsequently, Verlaine married and led the usual bureaucratic existence. But poetry, which he was fond of since his school years (he sent his first well-known poem "Death" (1858) to V. Hugo), attracted him much more than a career.

Becoming an artist. The first publication of Verlaine falls on 1863 (the sonnet "Monsieur Prudhomme"). At the beginning of his literary activity, he was close to the then famous poetic group "Parnassus". the Parnassian love for "frozen" beauty, from the material sense of the world to the pretentiousness, unreality of the depicted images.In the transfer of moods, instant sensations in these first books of the poet, there is already a noticeable influence of impressionism.

To an even greater extent, the desire to free oneself from the "picturesqueness" of verse, from its Parnassian plasticity, is noticeable in Verlaine's best poetry collection - Romances without Words (1874). The very name of the collection testifies to the author's keen interest in the melodiousness of the verse. The knowledge of one's inner "I" through music - such a path seemed to the poet to be innovative and correct. At the same time, in the poem "Poetic Art" (1874), Verlaine substantiated the importance of musicality as the basis of symbolist poetics.

Roads of Europe. During the days of the Paris Commune, Verlaine worked in the Communard propaganda bureau. At this time, he met the young poet Rimbaud. Soon this acquaintance grew into a deep friendship. The commonality of spiritual interests and deep mutual understanding became so strong that Verlaine parted ways with his family and his friends left Paris.

The poets go first to Belgium and then to England. "The ingenious Rambo helps Verlaine discover himself, discover the poetic element in himself, which by that time was only breaking through ... For two short years, Verlaine lives his own life, and these two years have immortalized his name" (E. Etkin).

However, the difficult relationship of friends ended in a quarrel, during which Verlaine wounded Rimbaud with a revolver shot. The Brussels court sentenced Verlaine to two years in prison.

Verlaine is the "king of poets". In the 1880s, glory comes to Verlaine. Works from the poetry collection "Far and Near" (1884) and the symbolist poem-manifesto "Poetic Art" became widely known. Verlaine played a significant role in awakening interest in the work of the Symbolist poets by publishing the book Damned Poets (1884). It includes essays on six poets, including Rimbaud, Mallarm and Verlaine himself. He created his own theories, but he always maintained that true poetry is beyond cold idealism, that the task of poetry is to expand the inner world of man, that the future belongs to free verse.

Verlaine changed many professions: he was an official, a teacher, a farmer, a journalist, but he never found peace and prosperity, he spent the last years of his life in poverty. The poet gradually degraded, turning into a sick tramp, and died in 1896.

(1902 - 1984)

The English physicist Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born on August 8, 1902 in Bristol in the family of Charles Adrien Ladislav Dirac, a native of Sweden, a French teacher at a private school, and an Englishwoman, Florence Hanni (Hayen) Dirac.

At first, the boy attended a commercial school in Bristol, and eventually studied electrical engineering at the University of Bristol, who graduated in 1921 with a bachelor of science degree, capturing mathematics.

In the future, Paul Dirac took a postgraduate course in mathematics at St. John's College, Cambridge, and in 1926 he defended his doctoral dissertation. At this time, the formulations of Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger on quantum mechanics were published, which Paul Dirac studied and gave a number of pertinent remarks.

Paul Dirac was aimed at creating a relativistic formulaic representation of the wave equation by taking into account the principle of relativity. From 1928, this formula is called the "Dirac equation". In the theory of Paul Dirac, the foundations of probability theory, quanta and stan are harmoniously combined, which were previously considered incomprehensible. On the basis of Dirac's theory, an important conclusion was made that an electron can contain negative energy indicators. Based on this, he suggested that positive charges must also exist, and in 1932 it was the discovered positron.

In 1931, Paul Dirac put forward the theory of the existence of an elementary magnetic charge ("Dirac monopole"), and in 1933 - the presence of antimatter, in addition, he postulated the effect of vacuum polarization.

1933 Paul Dirac, together with Schrödinger, received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the formation of new promising forms of atomic theory."

After completing his work on relativistic quantum mechanics, Paul Dirac traveled a lot, visiting universities in Japan, the USSR and the USA.

From 1932 until his retirement (1968) he was a professor of physics at Cambridge (the same department was once headed by Isaac Newton).

1936 Dirac married Margit Wigner, sister of the physicist E.P. Wigner. They had two daughters.

1942 Paul Dirac improves the theoretical principles of atomic theory and introduces the concept of "indifferent metric".

In 1962, he developed the theory of the muon, describing it as "the vibrational state of the electron."

1968 Paul Dirac was invited to the University of Florida, where he remained a professor until the end of his life.

Dirac was a quiet, reserved and taciturn person. He preferred to work on his own. He loved long walks.

In addition to the Nobel Prize in Physics, Paul Dirac was awarded the Royal Medal (1939) and the Copley Medal (1952) of the Royal Society of London, of which he became a member in 1930, the Order of Merit of Great Britain in 1973. He was elected a foreign member of the National Academy Sciences USA (1949), member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1961), foreign member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1931).

Paul Dirac suggested the possibility of the existence of stars that consist mainly of positrons and antiprotons (some may belong to one type, the second to another), but both types of stars would have to have the same spectra, so, the scientist believed, to distinguish them by methods modern astronomy would be impossible.

Biography of Paul Verlaine

Paul-Marie Verlaine was born on March 30, 1844 in the city of Metz, in the family of a military engineer. After the resignation of his father, the family moved to Paris, where the poet spent his school years.

In 1862 he graduated from the lyceum and entered the law faculty of the university. But due to the financial problems of the family, in 1864 he began to work as a small employee in an insurance company, after in the mayor's office of one of the Parisian districts, and soon in the rural town hall.

Poems began to write in school years. One of them - "Death" - was sent to Victor Hugo in 1858. In 1863, it was first published, it was the sonnet "Mr. Prudhomme", which testified to the passion for the Parnassus group. In the second half of the 60s he joined this group. During this period, the poet was interested in rhetoric, foreign languages, read a lot Sh.-O. Saint-Bev, C. Baudelaire, T. Banville, visited literary salons. He was greatly impressed by L. de Lisle, around whom young writers grouped, who published the collection Modern Parnassus, where Verlaine was also published. But the writer was looking for his own way, different from the objectivist "one-sided" poetry of the Parnassians. Ch. Baudelaire's book "Flowers of Evil" gave impetus to the development of impressionistic impressions, symbolic images.

In the 60s, the collections Saturn Poetry (1866) and Exquisite Holidays (1868) were published. Laudable reviews for the collections were given by A. France and V. Hugo. However, the general public did not understand Verlaine's poems; for a long time, popularity bypassed him.

In late July 1869, the poet met his future wife Matilda Mote, and in 1870 he married her, dreaming of family comfort. The collection Good Song (1870) included works that he dedicated to his wife. However, hopes for a happy family life did not come true.

In February 1871, the writer received a letter from the small provincial town of Charleville from the then unknown 18-year-old Arthur Rimbaud with several of his poems. The strength with which they were written aroused interest, and in a letter of response, Verlaine invited the young man to Paris. Having met, they became friends, and Verlaine, despite his age superiority, fell under the influence of Rimbaud's strong nature.

In 1872, hiding from persecution for participating in the Paris Commune, the poet left home, wife, child and went on a trip with a friend - to England, and then to Belgium. Traveling around Europe, Verlaine and Rimbaud were looking - together and separately - for their place in art.

During a quarrel in June 1873, P. Verlaine wounded A. Rimbaud with a revolver shot, for which he was sentenced by a Brussels court to two years in prison. In addition, the court found out about the communist past of the poet. In prison, he wrote poems that were included in the collection Romances without Words (1874). This is the pinnacle of Verlaine's musicality.

In prison, the poet learned that his wife had filed for divorce. When he was released from prison on January 16, 1875, no one met him at the gate, except for his old mother.

Feeling lonely, Verlaine again sought support from Rimbaud and met him in Shrtutgart. This meeting of theirs turned out to be the last: returning home in a state of intoxication, they quarreled and got into a fight on the banks of the Neckar. They didn't see each other again. Returning to Paris, and then moving to London, Verlaine tried to improve his life: he taught languages, was engaged in agriculture, but in the end he completely devoted himself to literary work.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the poet turned to God more and more. The religious mood was reflected in his collection Wisdom (1881).

In 1884, the collection “Once and Recently” and the book of literary criticism “The Damned Poets” were published, which included essays about six poets, including Arthur Rimbaud, Stefan Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine himself.

The aesthetic principles of the poet receive perfect form in the collections of the last period Love (1888), Happiness and Songs for Her (1891).

The writer led a galaxy of young poets. His poetry has become wildly popular. At the traditional election ceremony of the "king of poets" in 1891 after the death of L. de Lisle, more votes were given for Verlaine. But recognition came too late: the writer's health deteriorated. The talented poet was ill and almost constantly had to stay in hospitals. The writer J. Renard noted in his diary of 1892: "Nothing remains of Verlaine except our cult of Verlaine."