by discipline

Individual protection means. Types of gas masks

INTRODUCTION

As a result of his activities, a person uses chemicals that, by their properties, have a harmful effect on the body. Despite the constant improvement of technology, the potential danger of situations associated with the release of potent toxic substances (SDYAV), leaks, etc. is increasing.

To protect the population from the effects of SDYAV, as well as to localize the consequences, the timely and correct use of personal protective equipment is required.

Among the measures to protect the population in emergencies (ES) of a man-made nature or when exposed to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) of a potential enemy, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) occupies one of the leading places. PPE is necessary to protect the respiratory system when people are in an atmosphere of contaminated air with poisonous, radioactive emergency chemically hazardous substances, biological agents, as well as to protect open areas of skin and clothing (uniforms) from drops and aerosols of poisonous and emergency chemically hazardous substances, radioactive dust and biological agents.

This essay gives an idea of ​​personal protective equipment, the procedure for their use, and also contains information on determining the individual size of PPE.

PERSONAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Personal protective equipment classification

Personal protective equipment is subdivided into:

· Respiratory Personal Protective Equipment (RPE);

· personal skin protection equipment (SIZK).

According to the principle of protective action, RPE and SIZK are subdivided into filtering and insulating ones. The RPE includes gas masks, respirators, portable breathing apparatus (PDA), a set of an additional cartridge.

SIZK includes protective clothing of the filtering and insulating type, made of filtering and insulating materials, respectively. In the complex of protective measures, it is important to provide the population with personal protective equipment and practical training in the correct use of these means in conditions of the enemy's use of weapons of mass destruction. Personal protective equipment is intended to protect against the ingestion of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents into the body, on the skin and clothing. The first include filtering and isolating gas masks, respirators, as well as anti-dust cloth masks (PTM - 1) and cotton-gauze bandages; to the second - special insulating protective clothing, protective filtering (ZFO) and adapted clothing of the population. According to the principle of protection, personal protective equipment is divided into filtering and insulating. The principle of filtration is that the air necessary to support human life is cleared of harmful impurities when passing through protective equipment. Personal protective equipment of an insulating type completely isolates the human body from the environment using materials that are impervious to air and harmful impurities. According to the method of manufacture, personal protective equipment is divided into means: manufactured by industry and the simplest, made from scrap materials.

Filtering gas masks.

Filtering gas masks are the main means of personal respiratory protection. The principle of their protective action is based on the preliminary purification (filtration) of the air inhaled by a person from various harmful impurities.

Currently, in the civil defense system for the adult population, filtering masks GP-5, GP-7 are used. (Fig. 1).

Components: filtering - absorbing box, front part (for the GP-5 gas mask - a helmet-mask, GP-7 - a mask), a bag for a gas mask, a connecting tube, a box with non-fogging films.

Terms of use. When putting on a gas mask, it is necessary to remove hair from the forehead and temples. If they get under the shutter, the tightness will break. Therefore, girls should smoothly comb their hair back, remove hairpins, combs, hairpins and jewelry.

When transferring a gas mask to a combat position, at the command of "Gases!", It is necessary:

· hold your breath and close your eyes;

· take off the hat and pinch it between the knees or put it next to it;

· remove the helmet-mask from the bag, take it with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are on the outside, and the rest are inside. Bring the helmet-mask to the chin and, with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, put it on the head so that there are no folds at the top (for the GP-7, pull up the cheek straps to the stop);

· exhale fully, open your eyes and resume breathing;

· put on a hat, fasten the bag and fasten it to the body.

A gas mask is considered to be worn correctly if the glasses of the front part of the glasses are against the eyes, the helmet-mask fits snugly to the face.

The need to make a strong exhalation before opening the eyes and resuming breathing after putting on the gas mask is explained by the fact that it is necessary to remove the contaminated air from under the mask if it got there at the time of putting it on.

The gas mask is removed by the command "Take off the gas mask!" To do this, you need to raise the hat, take the valve box with your other hand, slightly pull the helmet-mask down and remove it with a forward and upward movement, put on the hat, turn out the helmet mask, wipe it thoroughly and put it in the bag.

For children - DP-6, DP-6m, PDF-7, PDF-2D, PDF-2Sh, as well as a children's protective camera KDZ-6. It should be borne in mind that filtering gas masks do not protect against carbon monoxide, therefore, to protect against carbon monoxide, an additional cartridge is used, which consists of hopcalite, a desiccant, an outer neck for screwing a connecting tube, an inner neck for connecting to a gas mask box.

Isolating gas masks.

Isolating gas masks (IP-4M, IP-4MK, IP-5, IP-46, IP-46m) are special means of protecting the respiratory system, eyes, skin from all harmful impurities in the air. (Fig. 3). They are used when filtering gas masks do not provide such protection, as well as in conditions of a lack of oxygen in the air. The air necessary for breathing is enriched in insulating gas masks with oxygen in a regenerative cartridge filled with a special substance (sodium peroxide and sodium peroxide).

The gas mask consists of:

· front part;

· regenerative cartridge;

· respiratory sac;

· frame;

· bags.

Respirators, anti-dust cloth masks and cotton-gauze dressings

In the civil defense system, the R-2 respirator is most widely used. Respirators are used to protect the respiratory system from radioactive and ground dust and when acting in a secondary cloud of bacterial agents.

Respirator R-2 is a filtering half mask equipped with two inlet valves and one outlet valve (with a safety screen), a headband consisting of elastic bands and a nose clip.

If a lot of moisture appears while using the respirator, it is recommended to remove it for 1 - 2 minutes, remove moisture, wipe the inner surface and put it on again.

Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1 and a cotton-gauze bandage are designed to protect the human respiratory system from radioactive dust and when acting in a secondary cloud of bacterial agents. They do not protect against toxic substances. The mask consists of two main parts - the body and the mount. The body is made of 2 - 4 layers of fabric. It has inspection holes cut out with glasses inserted into them. On the head, the mask is attached with a strip of fabric sewn to the side edges of the body. A snug fit of the mask to the head is ensured with an elastic band in the upper seam and ties in the lower seam of the fastening, as well as with a transverse elastic band sewn to the upper corners of the mask body. The air is purified by the entire surface of the mask as it passes through the fabric upon entry.

Anyone can make a mask.

The mask is put on when there is a threat of contamination with radioactive dust. When leaving the contaminated area, it is deactivated as soon as possible: it is cleaned (radioactive dust is beaten out), washed in hot water with soap and rinsed thoroughly, changing the water.

Cotton-gauze bandage. (VMP) This requires a piece of gauze measuring 100 by 50 cm. A layer of cotton wool 1 - 2 cm thick, 30 cm long, 20 cm wide is applied to the gauze. The gauze is folded on both sides and applied to the cotton wool. The ends are cut lengthwise at a distance of 30 - 35 cm so that two pairs of strings are formed. If necessary, cover the mouth and nose with a bandage; the upper ends are tied at the back of the head, and the lower ends are tied at the crown. Lumps of cotton are placed in narrow strips on both sides of the nose. Anti-dust goggles are used to protect the eyes.

All respiratory protection must be kept intact and ready for use at all times.

SKIN PROTECTORS

Isolating and filtering skin protection products.

According to the principle of protective action, skin protection products are divided into isolating and filtering.

Insulating skin protectors are made from airtight materials, usually from a special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be airtight and leaky. Hermetic means cover the whole body and protect from vapors and droplets of organic matter, leaking means protect only from droplets of organic matter.

Insulating skin protection includes a combined-arms protective kit and special protective clothing.

Filtering means of skin protection are made in the form of cotton uniforms and linen, impregnated with special chemicals. Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the gaps between the threads remain free; as a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the OM vapors are absorbed when the infected air passes through the tissue.

The filtering means for protecting the skin can be ordinary clothes and linen, if they are soaked, for example, with a soap-oil emulsion.

Insulating skin protection, combined arms protective kit, light protective suit.

Insulating skin protection means - a combined-arms protective kit and special protective clothing - are intended mainly to protect personnel of civil defense units when working in contaminated areas.

The combined-arms protective kit consists of a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves.

The protective raincoat of the set has two floors, sides, sleeves, a hood, as well as straps, ribbons and fasteners, allowing the raincoat to be used in various versions. The fabric of the raincoat provides protection from poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial agents, as well as from light radiation. The weight of the protective coat is about 1.6 kg.

Protective raincoats are made in five sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 170 cm, the third is from 170 to 175 cm, the fourth is from 175 to 180 cm and the fifth is over 180 cm.

Protective gloves - rubber, with seals made of impregnated fabric (fabric impregnated with special compounds that increase its protective ability from OM vapors) are of two types: summer and winter. Summer gloves are five-fingered, winter gloves are two-fingered, have a warmed insert fastened with buttons. Protective gloves weight approx. 350 g.

Protective stockings are made of rubberized fabric. Their soles are reinforced with a tarpaulin or rubber vamp. Stockings with a canvas vamp have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and one strap for attaching to the waist belt; stockings with a rubber vamp are attached to the legs with straps, and to the waist belt - with a ribbon. The weight of the protective stockings is 0.8-1.2 kg. When operating in contaminated areas, a protective raincoat is used in the form of an overalls.

Special protective clothing includes: light protective suit L-1.

The suits are made in three sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 172 cm, and the third is above 172 cm.

Fig. 1. Lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood 1, trousers 2, sewn together with stockings, two-fingered gloves 3 and a comforter 4. In addition, the suit set includes a bag 5 and a spare pair of gloves. The weight of the protective suit is about 3 kg.

Protective overalls are made of rubberized fabric. It consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The coveralls are made in three sizes, corresponding to the sizes indicated for the lightweight protective suit.

The overalls are used together with a comforter, gloves and rubber boots. Rubber boots are made from 41 to 46 sizes. The rubber gloves are all the same size with five fingers.

The weight of a protective overalls complete with boots, gloves and a comforter is about 6 kg.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District, consisting of a cotton overalls, men's underwear, a cotton comforter and two pairs of cotton footcloths.

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION

Classification of medical personal protective equipment.

Medical personal protective equipment is medical preparations, materials and special means intended for use in emergencies in order to prevent damage or reduce the effect of damaging factors and prevent complications.

The standard medical personal protective equipment includes:

Individual first aid kit AI-2;

Universal first aid kit

Individual anti-chemical packages - IPP-8, IPP-10.

Medical dressing package - PPM

Individual first aid kit AI-2.

Individual first aid kit AI-2 is intended for prophylaxis and first aid in radiation, chemical and bacterial injuries, as well as in their combinations with injuries. Carry a first aid kit in your pocket. It contains:

Nest # 1: syringe tube with analgesic agent (with colorless cap). Not included in the first aid kit. It is used for sharp pains caused by bone fractures, extensive burns and wounds, in order to prevent shock by inserting it into the thigh or buttock (it is possible through clothing).

Nest No. 2: in AI-2 there is a prophylactic agent for OP poisoning - toren. The onset of action of the toren 20 minutes after ingestion. Take one tablet at a time at the Chemical Alert signal. Children under 8 years old take a quarter of a tablet at a time, 8-15 years old - half a tablet. A single dose of toren reduces the damaging dose of OPA by 10 times. With an increase in signs of poisoning, take another single dose, then take the drug after 4-6 hours. Instead of toren or in addition to it, the drug P-6 can be used. A single dose of 2 tablets provides protection from 3-4 lethal doses within 12 hours. The personnel of the Armed Forces and non-military formations of civil defense are provided with AI-1 first-aid kits, in which there is a medicinal preparation of Athens in a syringe tube with a red cap, used for poisoning with OP.

Nest No. 3: antibacterial agent N 2 (sulfadimethoxine) is intended for the prevention of infectious diseases after radiation exposure. It is taken after irradiation in case of gastrointestinal disorders, 7 tablets at a time, 4 tablets in the next 2 days. Children under 8 years old on the first day 2 tablets, in the next 2 days, 1 tablet; 8-15 years old on the first day, 3.5 tablets, in the next two - 2 tablets.

Nest No. 4: radioprotective agent No. 1 (PC-1, cystamine tablets) - has a prophylactic effect in case of damage by ionizing radiation. Dose Reduction Factor (FUD) - an indicator characterizing the degree of reduction of the biological effect of radiation - when receiving RS-1 is 1, 6. In case of a threat of exposure, on the signal "Radiation hazard" or before entering a territory with an increased level of radiation in 35-40 minutes drink 6 tablets with water. The protective effect lasts 5-6 hours. If necessary (continued radiation or a new threat), 4-5 hours after the first dose, drink another 6 tablets. Children under 8 years old are given 1, 5 tablets at a time, 8-15 years old - 3 tablets.

Nest No. 5: antibacterial agent No. 1 (chlortetracycline tablets with non-item) is intended for general emergency prevention of infectious diseases (plague, cholera, tularemia, anthrax, brucellosis, etc.), the pathogens of which can be used as biological weapons. Take when there is a threat of bacteriological infection or the infection itself (even before the type of pathogen is established). Single dose - 5 tablets at a time with water. Repeated administration of the same dose after 6 hours. Children under 8 years old take 1 tablet at a time, 8-15 years old - 2, 5 tablets. PBS-1 can also be used to prevent infectious complications of radiation sickness, extensive wounds and burns.

Nest No. 6: Radioprotective agent N 2 (PC-2, potassium iodide tablets 0.25 each) is intended for people in the fallout zone: it blocks the thyroid gland for radioactive iodine, which comes with respiration, food and water. Take 1 tablet on an empty stomach for 10 days (in peacetime, in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant, take all the time and for another 8 days after the last release). Children 2-5 years old are given half a tablet, less than 2 years old - a quarter of a tablet, infants - a quarter of a tablet only on the first day. If you start taking it in the first 2-3 hours after the fallout of radioactive iodine, the protection is 90-95%, after 6 hours - by 50%, after 12 hours - by 30%, after 24 hours - there is no effect.

Nest # 7: antiemetic is used after radiation exposure, as well as for nausea as a result of a bruised head. You can take no more than 6 tablets per day.

Individual anti-chemical package.

IPP-11 contains a polydegassing formulation in a bottle and a set of napkins. Designed for decontamination of skin areas, clothing and PPE adjacent to them, the population over 7 years of age from combat agents and BS. Avoid getting liquids in the eyes.

The sequence of processing: wipe open areas of the skin (neck, hands) with a moistened swab, as well as the outer surface of the gas mask that was worn. With another swab, wipe the collar and the edges of the cuffs of the garment adjacent to the exposed skin. The degassing liquid can be used for decontamination of the skin, contaminated with radioactive substances, when it is not possible with water and soap to reduce the presence of radioactive substances to acceptable limits.

Medical dressing package.

A bandaging PPM package is used for dressing wounds, burns and stopping certain types of bleeding. It is a sterile bandage with two cotton - gauze pads, enclosed in an impermeable hermetic package. The order of using the PPM: break the outer shell along the notch and remove it; expand the inner shell; take the end with one hand, and the roll of the bandage with the other and unfold the bandage; apply on the wound surface so that their surfaces, stitched with colored thread, are at the top.

respirator gas mask protective suit

CONCLUSION

Respiratory and skin protection equipment is now needed not only by military personnel in case of the use of toxic substances during hostilities. They have found wide application in peaceful days, especially at enterprises that manufacture or use in production emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV). The gas and mine rescuers have to work in gas masks.

Thus, the skillful use of PPE is achieved through constant training. At the same time, special attention during training should be paid to: the acquisition of knowledge about the purpose, structure and procedure for using PPE in various conditions. You should also be aware that maintaining PPE in good condition and constant readiness for use is achieved by observing the rules for their saving, timely and high-quality repair and maintenance.

In the complex of protective measures carried out by the civil defense, it is of great importance to provide the population with means of special prevention and first aid, as well as training in the rules for using them.

The use of personal protective equipment in combination with respiratory and skin PPE is one of the main ways to protect people in conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, as well as in peacetime emergency situations. Considering that in a difficult situation it is necessary to provide prevention and first aid in the shortest possible time, the use of medical devices in the form of self-help and mutual assistance is of particular importance.

Lack of skill in the use of PPE and violation of the rules of storage, saving, maintenance and timely refreshment have an extremely negative effect on the readiness of subunits in conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy and in the performance of combat missions to eliminate technogenic and natural emergencies.

Organic Zelinsky N.D. created a gas mask), then the subsequent use of mustard gas by the German troops in a droplet-liquid state - the creation of personal skin protection equipment - SIZK.

Question 1. Personal protective equipment. Types, purpose, timing and frequency of issue.
... the adult population uses filtering masks GP-7<#"center">gas mask signal threat respirator. 3. Insulating skin protection.

Individual protection means

Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) There are types of work or working conditions in which workers may be exposed to ...
RPEs are subdivided into gas masks (filtering and isolating), respirators and the simplest means.

Yu.G. Afanasyev, A.G. Ovcharenko, S.L. Rasko, L.I. Trutneva

Personal protective equipment is designed to protect a person from radioactive and toxic substances and bacterial agents. According to their purpose, they are divided into respiratory protection and skin protection. According to the principle of protection, personal protective equipment is divided into filtering and insulating.

The principle of filtration is that the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the human body, when passing through protective equipment, for example, through a layer of activated carbon, is cleared of harmful impurities.

Personal protective equipment of an insulating type completely isolates the human body from the environment using materials that are impervious to air and harmful impurities in it.

According to the method of manufacture, personal protective equipment is divided into means made by industry, and the simplest or improvised means made by the population from scrap materials.

The accumulation of the required number of industrial personal protective equipment and the advance preparation of the simplest protective equipment from scrap materials are a matter of special concern for the civil defense headquarters (GO) of the facility. In accordance with the existing provisions on the procedure for providing personal protective equipment, the headquarters of the civil defense facility calculates the need for these funds based on the standards for providing both non-military formations and the entire number of workers and employees of the facility, submits an application to the headquarters of the district (city) and according to the orders of the higher headquarters receives these funds from base warehouses.

A very important event is the organization of the storage of personal protective equipment. Their storage places should be as close as possible to the places of work of workers and employees of the facility, and, if necessary, the issuance of these funds should be provided as soon as possible. Storage conditions must comply with the storage requirements for this property and ensure its technical serviceability.

In peacetime, gas masks are stored in boxes disassembled: boxes of gas masks, sealed with a rubber stopper and a cap, are placed on the bottom of the box, bags are placed on the boxes, and front parts are placed on top of the bags. All property must be periodically inspected and malfunctions must be eliminated in a timely manner. To monitor personal protective equipment, trained specialists who know the rules for storing this property should be allocated.

When a threat of an enemy attack is declared, the entire population must be provided with personal protective equipment and keep them in constant readiness. The personnel of civil defense units of economic facilities, as well as all workers and employees, receive personal protective equipment directly at their enterprises. The rest of the non-working population receives personal protective equipment at the place of residence (through the housing department, ZhKO), study.

1 Respiratory protection

Filtering gas masks

To protect the respiratory organs for the adult population, filtering masks GP-5, GP-7, GP-4u, etc. can be used.

The GP-5 gas mask consists of a gas mask box and a front part (helmet-mask). In addition, a box with anti-fog films and a bag are included with the gas mask. The filter element in the gas mask box is activated carbon.

The size of the GP-5 gas mask box is half the size of the GP-4u gas mask box; box height about 70 mm, diameter 107 mm.

The front part of the GP-5 gas mask is a rubber helmet-mask with goggles, fairings and a valve box with inhalation and exhalation valves. The gas mask box is screwed directly onto the valve box (without corrugated connecting tube).

Determination of the height of the helmet-mask

Helmets-masks of the civilian gas mask GP-5 are made in five heights (0, 1, 2, 3, 4), which are applied on both sides of the helmet and are designated by an Arabic numeral enclosed in a circle.

To determine the height of the helmet-mask, it is necessary to measure the size of the head along the perimeter through the following points: crown, cheeks, chin.

Measurement of the head is carried out with a soft measuring tape. These measurements are rounded to the nearest 0.5 cm.The ratio of the head size and height of the helmet-mask is shown in table 1.

Checking the serviceability of the gas mask The sequence of checking the serviceability of the gas mask:

remove the gas mask from the bag;

check the integrity of the helmet-mask and glasses glasses;

inspect the gas box: if there are dents, holes, rust on it, check the presence and condition of the valves for inhalation and exhalation;

After an external examination, you need to assemble a gas mask and check its tightness. To do this, put on a helmet-mask, close the opening of the box with a rubber stopper or hold it with your palm and take a deep breath. If at the same time the air does not pass under the helmet-mask, then the gas mask is operational. If malfunctions and incompleteness of the gas mask are found, it is replaced with a serviceable one.

Techniques for wearing a filter gas mask

Wearing a filtering gas mask is carried out in three positions: "marching", "ready" and "combat".

In the stowed position, a gas mask is worn in the absence of a threat of an enemy attack over the right shoulder on the left side.

The gas mask is switched to the "ready" position when there is an imminent threat of a nuclear, chemical and bacteriological attack. To do this, the gas mask must be moved forward, unfastened the valve of the gas mask bag, and the gas mask must be fastened to the torso with a braid.

Techniques for putting on and removing a filter gas mask

A gas mask ("combat" position) is put on in advance by order of the senior commander or immediately by signals of "Radiation hazard", "Chemical alarm" or at the command of "Gases", as well as independently upon detection of the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons by the enemy and the fallout of radioactive substances.

In order to put on a gas mask, you must:

hold your breath, close your eyes;

take off the headdress;

take out the helmet-mask from the bag;

take it with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are on the outside, and the rest are on the inside;

bring the helmet mask to the chin and with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, pull it over the head so that there are no folds, and the glasses fall against the eyes;

exhale fully, open your eyes and resume breathing;

Wearing a gas mask, you need to monitor your breathing: breathe evenly and deeply.

The gas mask is removed by the command "Take off the gas mask!" To do this, lift the hat with one hand, grab the valve box with the other, pull the helmet-mask down slightly and remove it with a forward and upward movement, put on the hat, turn out the helmet-mask, wipe it thoroughly and put it in the bag.

The procedure for using a damaged gas mask in conditions of contaminated air

In case of a slight rupture of the helmet-mask, it is necessary to tightly pinch the torn place with your fingers or palm. If there are significant injuries on the front part (a large gap, punctures of the helmet-mask, damage to glasses or an exhalation valve), then you must hold your breath, close your eyes, take off the helmet-mask, disconnect the gas mask box from the front part, take the neck of the gas box in your mouth , pinch your nose and, without opening your eyes, continue to breathe through the box.

When a puncture or holes are found in the gas mask box, the damaged area should be covered with clay, earth, bread crumb, soap, sealed with adhesive plaster or household adhesive tape. A damaged helmet should be replaced as soon as possible.

When working in a gas mask, moisture contained in the exhaled air may condense on the inner surfaces of the glasses. To protect glasses from fogging and freezing, anti-fog films or a special "pencil" are used (five to six lines are applied to the glasses in the form of a grid, which are then rubbed). In addition, at an air temperature below 10 ° C, insulating cuffs are issued, which are worn on the spectacle clips of the front part. To protect the glasses from fogging, fairings located in the front part serve.

In severe frost in non-contaminated air, a helmet-mask for warming should be periodically placed over the side of outerwear, and when a gas mask is worn, periodically warm the valve box with your hands and at the same time blow out the exhalation valves, making sharp exhalations.

The gas mask should be stored assembled in a bag that is hung from a strap or placed on a shelf upside down. When storing the gas mask for a long time, the hole in the bottom of the gas mask box must be closed with a rubber stopper. It is necessary to store the gas mask in a dry room at a distance of at least 3 m from heating devices and appliances.

Dampness can lead to rust on the metal parts of the gas mask and reduce the absorbency of the gas mask box.

A gas mask that has been in the rain or got wet for another reason should be removed from the bag as soon as possible, wiped thoroughly and dried in the air. In cold weather, when the gas mask is introduced into a warm room, its parts should be wiped after they have been sweated. In no case should water get into the gas mask box.

If the helmet-mask becomes dirty, wash it with soap and water, first detach the gas mask box, then wipe it with a dry clean cloth and dry it.

Children's filter gas masks

To protect the respiratory organs for children, the following types of gas masks are used: DP-6m, DP-6, PDF-D (preschool) and PDF-Sh (school). In addition, there are KZD-4 and KZD-6 cameras (children's protective cameras) to protect children under one and a half years old.

Gas masks DP-6m are intended for young children (from one and a half years old). They are equipped with lightweight gas mask boxes of the DP-6m type and, as the front part, with MD-1 masks (children's mask, type one) of four heights - 1, 2, 3 and 4. The masks of the first three sizes of this gas mask have warranty bands that do not allow a child to remove the mask without the help of an adult; for masks of the first growth, the connecting tube is attached to the side of the valve box.

Gas masks DP-6 are intended for older children, they are equipped with gas mask boxes of the GP-4u type and, as a front part, with MD-1 masks of one 5th height.

Gas masks PDF-7 are intended for younger and older children. They are equipped with gas mask boxes of the GP-5 type and, as a front part, with MD-1 masks of all five heights. Gas masks PDF-D are intended for children from one and a half to seven years. They are equipped with gas mask boxes of the GP-5 type and, as a front part, with MD-3 masks of four heights: 1, 2, 3 and 4. Gas masks PDF-Sh are intended for children from 7 to 17 years old. They are equipped with gas mask boxes of the GP-5 type and, as a front part, with MD-3 masks of two heights: 3rd and 4th, or helmet-masks of four heights: 0, 1, 2 and 3.

The set of any children's gas mask also includes a bag for storing and carrying a gas mask and a means to prevent the glasses from fogging up (anti-fog films or a special "pencil").

The principles of operation of children's gas masks are similar to the device and principle of operation of gas masks for adults.

The selection and fitting of the front part of gas masks for children of preschool and primary school age is carried out by adults; older children can select and fit the face piece themselves.

To select a mask for any children's gas mask in children, measure the height of the face - the distance between the point of the greatest deepening of the nose and the lowest point of the chin on the midline of the face.

The child's face is measured with a caliper, which can be made from a student's ruler with divisions and pieces of thick cardboard or plywood.

In the absence of a caliper, to roughly determine the height of the mask, you can limit yourself to measuring the height of the face using a drawing ruler with millimeter divisions and then use Table 2 to determine the required height of the mask.

If the height of the child's face is more than 103 mm, and the vertical coverage (a closed line passing through the crown, cheeks and chin, as in the selection of a helmet-mask for adults, is less than 620 mm, then the MD-3 (MD-1A) mask of the 4th growth.

Correctly selected mask MD-3 (MD-1A) should fit snugly to the child's face and not move when the head turns sharply, while the front part should adhere to the valve box.

If the height of the face is more than 103 and the vertical girth of the head is more than 620 mm, a helmet-mask ShM-62u of the PDF-Sh gas mask is selected for the child.

When choosing a helmet-mask for a gas mask PDF-Sh, the vertical coverage of the head is measured in children and the required height of the helmet-mask is determined by this size: 655 mm - 1st, from 660 to 680 mm - 2nd and from 685 to 705 mm - 3rd growth. If the head circumference is more than 705 mm, then the 4th height of the helmet-mask is required (as for the GP-5 gas masks used by adults).

Checking, assembling and laying children's gas masks is done by adults; older children can do this on their own. Children should wear gas masks in the same positions as adults - in "marching", "at the ready" and in "combat". Due to the short length of the connecting tubes of the face parts of gas masks for primary school children, children wear gas masks in the "ready" and "combat" positions on the chest.

For this, the child must be placed with his back to himself (a small child is placed between the knees with his back to himself) so that his head rests against the body of an adult, then remove the rubber stopper from the hole in the bottom of the gas mask box, take the mask with both hands by the temporal and neck straps (large fingers should be inside the chin part of the mask) and, moving the hands, put the mask on the child's face, straighten the headband on the back of the head (tighten the straps if necessary) and tie the warranty straps. It is necessary to ensure that the child's hair is removed from the forehead and temples (do not fall under the edges of the mask).

Older children wear gas masks on their own. They do it in the same way as adults. Adults wear gas masks on children of primary school age.

The correct assembly and tightness of a gas mask for children of preschool and primary school age are also checked by adults. To do this, you need to put on a gas mask on the child, remove the gas mask from the bag and close the hole in its bottom with a plug or palm. The child must exhale and then inhale; if you cannot inhale, then the gas mask is assembled correctly and sealed.

Adults also remove gas masks from young children.

The use of a children's gas mask, its check, inspection, storage are carried out in the same way as the GP-5 gas mask.

Children's protective camera KZD-4

The main unit of the protective baby camera is the shell, which is a bag made of rubberized fabric. The shell contains two diffusion-sorbing elements. It has an inlet through which the child is placed in the chamber. The casing is mounted on a collapsible metal frame, which together with the pallet forms a folding bed. To transfer the camera, there is a shoulder strap adjustable in length, and a clip is provided to seal the camera. In addition, there are two viewing windows in the shell for observing the child in the cell. In the upper part of the shell there is a mitten, also made of rubberized fabric. The mitten is designed for child care.

The assembled new chamber must be thoroughly wiped inside and out with a dry cloth before placing the child in it so that no talcum powder remains on the surface.

The protective effect of the chambers is based on the fact that the diffusion material of the diffusion-sorbing elements, having the necessary porosity, ensures the penetration of oxygen into the chamber and the exit of carbon dioxide from it. Poisonous substances are absorbed by this material and do not penetrate into the chamber.

The child safety camera during operation can be in the "ready" and "combat" positions. The camera is moved to the "ready" position when there is a threat of attack. For this, the camera is assembled without sealing and placed in or near the child's room. The camera is switched to the "combat" position according to the signals "Chemical alarm" and "Radiation hazard".

To bring the camera to the "combat" position, it is necessary to: put the child inside the camera so that his legs are on the side of the entrance hole; place a bottle of milk or tea, a toy, and a spare diaper in the cell; seal the chamber by folding the edges of its inlet with folds and clamping on them.

When placing a child in a cell, it must be remembered that the temperature in it will be 3-4 ° C higher than the ambient temperature, and especially carefully monitor the baby's condition when the ambient temperature is above 25 ° C. In winter, the child is dressed as for a walk on the street. In case of rain, loosely pull any waterproof cover over the camera to protect the diffusion-sorbing elements from water ingress. The camera can be carried on the shoulder or in the hand with a strap, or carried on a sled or stroller.

Removing the child from the chamber, it is necessary: ​​to open the sealing clip, disconnect it from the shell and unfold the folds of the inlet; carefully turn out the edges of the shell, wrap them in the chamber, without touching the inner clean surface of the outer parts of the chamber; quickly remove the child from the cell (you can use a mattress, blanket, pillow and nappies) and move him to a clean room or shelter.

The purpose and structure of the KZD-6 protective children's camera are the same as the KZD-4 cameras, but the KZD-6 camera has some differences: the child's stay in it has been increased to 6 hours (at an outside air temperature of minus 10 ° C d plus 26 ° C ). For convenience, the mitten is lengthened, there is a device for attaching baby food, and there is also a plastic cape.

Isolation devices and gas masks

Unlike filtering gas masks, isolating devices and gas masks completely isolate the respiratory system from the environment. Breathing in them occurs due to the oxygen in the device (gas mask) in a compressed form or in the form of a chemical compound.

Isolating devices (gas masks) are used when filtering gas masks cannot provide reliable protection, namely: at high concentrations of OM; when working with unknown substances that are poorly retained by a filtering gas mask; in case of a lack of oxygen in the air, for example, when extinguishing fires in premises.

The isolating devices (gas masks) include: oxygen isolating devices KIP-5, KIP-7 and KIP-8, isolating gas masks IP-4, IP-46, IP-46M.

Figures 40 and 41 respectively show general views of the KIP-5 oxygen isolating device and the IP-46 isolating gas mask.

In KIP-5, KIP-7 and KIP-8, the air necessary for breathing is freed from carbon dioxide in a regenerative cartridge and enriched with oxygen in a breathing bag from an oxygen cylinder; and in the IP-4, IP-46 and IP-46M gas masks, the necessary breathing air is freed from carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen directly in a regenerative cartridge filled with a special substance.

2 The simplest respiratory protection

To protect the respiratory system from radioactive dust, in addition to filtering gas masks and isolating devices and gas masks, anti-dust respirators of various types, dust-cloth masks, cotton gauze dressings, etc. can be used. Usually they are a front part (mask or half mask) on which filter elements are mounted.

Anti-dust respirators are devices designed to protect the respiratory system from harmful aerosols.

Respirator R-2 is used to protect the respiratory system from radioactive, industrial and ordinary dust. It can also be used when acting in the focus of bacteriological damage to protect against bacterial agents in the air in the form of aerosols. For children from 7 to 17 years old, a child respirator is intended, which differs from an adult in size.

Respirator ШБ-1 "Petal" is made of a special material with high filtering capacity and is intended for single use. Its weight is about 10 g. A properly fitted respirator retains up to 99.9% of dust.

In the absence of gas masks, reliable protection of the respiratory system from radioactive dust is provided by an anti-dust cloth mask and a cotton-gauze bandage, which can be made by the population itself at home.

Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1 consists of a body and attachment. The body is made of four to five layers of fabric. For the top layer, coarse calico, staple fabric, knitwear are suitable, for the inner layers - flannel, cotton or woolen fabric.

The mask is removed on command or independently, as soon as the danger of immediate injury has passed. The removed contaminated mask must be turned inside out and placed in a bag or bag. As soon as possible, the mask should be decontaminated (cleaned or shaken out of radioactive dust), then washed in hot water with soap and rinsed thoroughly several times, changing the water. The dried mask can be reused.

Cotton-gauze dressings are usually disposable. After removing the contaminated bandage, it is destroyed (burned or buried). When using the simplest respiratory protection, dust goggles should be worn to protect the eyes. You can also make glasses yourself: stick a foam rubber rim on a strip of glass or transparent film, and fasten the strings along the edges.

3 Skin protection

Special skin protection

Means of skin protection, along with protection from vapors and droplets of organic substances, protect exposed areas of the body, clothing, shoes and equipment from contamination with radioactive substances and biological agents. In addition, they completely trap the a-particles and significantly weaken the effect of the b-particles.

According to the principle of protective action, skin protection products are divided into isolating and filtering.

Insulating skin protectors are made from airtight materials, usually from a special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be airtight and leaky. Hermetic means cover the whole body and protect from vapors and droplets of organic matter, leaking means protect only from droplets of organic matter.

Insulating skin protection includes a combined-arms protective kit and special protective clothing.

Filtering means of skin protection are made in the form of cotton uniforms and linen, impregnated with special chemicals. Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the gaps between the threads remain free; as a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the OM vapors are absorbed when the infected air passes through the tissue.

The filtering means for protecting the skin can be ordinary clothes and linen, if they are soaked, for example, with a soap-oil emulsion.

Insulating skin protection means - a combined-arms protective kit and special protective clothing - are intended mainly to protect personnel of civil defense units when working in contaminated areas.

The combined-arms protective kit consists of a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves.

The protective raincoat of the set has two floors, sides, sleeves, a hood, as well as straps, ribbons and fasteners, allowing the raincoat to be used in various versions. The fabric of the raincoat provides protection from poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial agents, as well as from light radiation. The weight of the protective coat is about 1.6 kg.

Protective raincoats are made in five sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 170 cm, the third is from 170 to 175 cm, the fourth is from 175 to 180 cm and the fifth is over 180 cm.

Protective gloves - rubber, with seals made of impregnated fabric (fabric impregnated with special compounds that increase its protective ability from OM vapors) are of two types: summer and winter. Summer gloves are five-fingered, winter gloves are two-fingered, have a warmed insert fastened with buttons. Protective gloves weight approx. 350 g.

Protective stockings are made of rubberized fabric. Their soles are reinforced with tarpaulin or rubber osoyuzka. Stockings with tarpaulin stitching have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and one strap for attaching to the waist belt; stockings with a rubber osoyuzka are attached to the legs with straps, and to the waist belt - with a ribbon. The weight of the protective stockings is 0.8-1.2 kg. When operating in contaminated areas, a protective raincoat is used in the form of an overalls.

Special protective clothing includes: a lightweight protective suit, protective coveralls, a protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers, and a protective apron.

Lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood 1, trousers 2, sewn together with stockings, two-fingered gloves 3 and a comforter 4. In addition, the suit set includes a bag 5 and a spare pair of gloves. The weight of the protective suit is about 3 kg.

The suits are made in three sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 172 cm, and the third is above 172 cm.

Protective overalls are made of rubberized fabric. It consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The coveralls are made in three sizes, corresponding to the sizes indicated for the lightweight protective suit.

The overalls are used together with a comforter, gloves and rubber boots. Rubber boots are made from 41 to 46 sizes. The rubber gloves are all the same size with five fingers.

The weight of a protective overalls complete with boots, gloves and a comforter is about 6 kg.

A protective suit, consisting of a jacket and trousers, differs from a protective overalls only in that its component parts are made separately. The set of the suit includes rubber gloves, boots and a comforter.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District, consisting of a cotton overalls, men's underwear, a cotton comforter and two pairs of cotton footcloths.

Along with filtering and isolating skin protection products, available skin protection products are also used.

Handy skin protection

In addition to the special means of skin protection discussed above, improvised means can be used to protect the skin from radioactive dust and biological agents.

The available means of skin protection include regular clothing and footwear. Ordinary capes and raincoats made of PVC or rubberized fabric, coats of drape, rough cloth or leather provide good protection from radioactive dust and bacterial agents; they can also protect against droplets of organic substances for 5-10 minutes, wadded clothing protects much longer.

To protect the feet, industrial and household boots, rubber boots, galoshes, felt boots with galoshes, leather and leatherette shoes are used.

You can use rubber or leather gloves and tarpaulin gloves to protect your hands. When using ordinary clothing as a means of protection, for greater sealing, it is necessary to fasten it with all buttons, tie the cuffs of sleeves and trousers with a braid, raise the collar and tie it with a scarf.

For more reliable protection of the skin, it is recommended to use a simplified protective filter set, which, with special impregnation, can provide protection from OM vapors. The set can consist of a ski, work or school suit, a regular men's suit or a standard quilted jacket (jacket and trousers), gloves (rubber, leather or impregnated woolen, cotton), rubber boots for industrial and household use or rubber boots with impregnated stockings, felt boots with galoshes , footwear made of leather and leatherette.

Clothes taken for impregnation must completely (hermetically) cover the human body. The most accessible means for impregnating clothes at home are solutions based on synthetic detergents used for washing clothes, or a soap-oil emulsion.

To obtain 2.5 liters of the solution necessary for impregnating one set, take 0.5 liters of detergent and 2 liters of water heated to 40-50 ° C, then mix thoroughly until a homogeneous solution is obtained.

To prepare 2.5 liters of soap-oil emulsion, take 250-300 g of crushed household soap shavings and dissolve in 2 liters of hot water. When the soap is completely dissolved, add 0.5 liters of mineral (crankcase, transformer oil) or vegetable (sunflower, cottonseed) oil, mix for five to seven minutes and again, stirring, heat to a temperature of 60-70 ° C until a homogeneous soap-oil emulsion. After all parts of the kit have been impregnated, they are wrung out and dried in the open air. Do not iron soaked clothing with a hot iron.

Clothes impregnated with these solutions are odorless, non-irritating to the skin and easy to clean. The impregnation does not destroy the clothing and facilitates its degassing and decontamination.

The simplest means of skin protection are worn immediately before the threat of injury from radioactive, toxic substances or bacterial agents. After that, they put on a gas mask (in case of radioactive or bacterial contamination, you can use a respirator, a PTM-1 mask or a cotton-gauze bandage), raise the collar of the jacket (jacket) and tie it with a scarf, put on a hood, a hat, gloves (mittens).

In the simplest means of skin protection, you can cross the infected area of ​​the terrain or go beyond the focus of infection.

After leaving the contaminated area, you should quickly take off your clothes, taking precautions, and as soon as possible, but no later than an hour later, decontaminate it. Decontaminated and thoroughly washed clothing can be reused as protection by treating with an impregnating agent to protect against toxic substances.

Topic number 13. INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION MEANS. 1

1. Respiratory protection equipment. 2

1.1. Gas masks. 2

1.1.1. Filtering gas masks. 2

1.1.2. Isolating gas masks. nine

1.1.3. Hose masks 10

1.2. Respirators. ten

1.3. Self-rescuers. 12

1.4. The simplest respiratory protection. 13

2. Personal protective equipment for the skin. 13

2.1. Isolating skin protection products (ISZK). fourteen

2.2. Skin protection filtering agents. 16

2.3. Handy (simplest) means of skin protection. 16

3. The procedure for providing, accumulating, storing and issuing PPE. 17

4. The procedure for preparing gas masks GP-7 for use. eighteen

4.1. Selection of helmet masks. eighteen

4.2. Processing helmet masks 18

4.3. Assembling a gas mask. eighteen

4.4. Checking the gas mask for leaks. 19

4.5. The procedure for putting on the GP-7 gas mask. twenty

4.6. The procedure for wearing a gas mask. twenty

Topic number 13. Individual protection means.

To protect the population in wartime and emergency situations, it is envisaged to use not only collective, but also personal protective equipment.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is subdivided into:

respiratory protection equipment.

means of protecting the skin.

1. Personal protective equipment for respiratory organs.

2. Personal protective equipment for the skin.

The effectiveness of the use of PPE is determined by three main conditions:

the ability to use in accordance with the situation;

compliance with protective discipline.

1. Respiratory protection equipment.

To protect the respiratory system are used:

gas masks - protect against inhalation, as well as in the eyes and on the face of PB, OB, AOXB and BS ;

respirators;

self-rescuers;

the simplest means of protection.

Respirators and the simplest means protect against the ingestion of aerosolized substances, mainly radioactive dust, into the respiratory system.

1.1. Gas masks.

Mask- device (device) to protect the respiratory system, eyes and face human from OV, RV, BS and other harmful impurities in the air in the form of vapors, gases or aerosols.

Distinguish between gas masks:

filtering- a person breathes atmospheric air filtered in a gas mask (filter-absorbing) box, it is possible to replace the used box. These gas masks protect against specific types of toxic substances.

insulating- a person does not breathe atmospheric air, but gas mixture generated by the regenerative cartridge and the oxygen enrichment system, carbon dioxide is also absorbed in the gas mask.

hose- air under the gas mask is supplied through a hose from the compressor located at some distance (10-40 meters). Such gas masks are usually used in production, when working in enclosed spaces, for example, when cleaning railway tanks.

1.1.1. Filtering gas masks.

Filtering gas mask devicea:

gas mask (filter-absorbing) box

face part (mask, helmet-mask)

cloth bag

a box with anti-fog films or a special "pencil" designed to protect glasses from fogging.

1. Filtering and absorbing box (FPC) gas mask consists of aerosol filter and charge.

Particulate filter intended for purification of air containing organic matter, radioactive substances and BS in the form of smoke, fog (aerosols), highly dispersed dust... It is placed first in the air flow in order to exclude the possibility of injury to a person by vapors during the evaporation of the retained OM aerosol. Filters are manufactured from fibrous materials(cellulose-asbestos cardboard, cotton wool, synthetic fibers). Passing through the filter, aerosols are retained in it. With prolonged use, it may appear filter clogging effect, which is determined by a sharp increase in the resistance to inhalation. Thus, the aerosol filter absorbs fumes and mists (aerosols) by filtration.

Charge comprises activated carbon, which is applied chemical absorber (alkali) and catalyst (salts of iron, copper, manganese, chromium)... The charge is designed to clean the inhaled air from vaporous and gaseous OM.

The absorption of vapors and gases in the charge is carried out due to adsorption, chemisorption and catalysis.

Adsorption- absorption of gases and vapors by the surface of a solid, called an adsorbent. In gas masks, the adsorbent is a porous substance - activated carbon.

Chemisorption- absorption of poisonous, potent toxic substances due to their interaction with chemically active substances, mainly of an alkaline nature.

Catalysis- a change in the rate of chemical reactions under the influence of substances called catalysts. It is the basis for air purification from ammonia when using additional cartridges DPG-1 or DPG-3.

To expand the capabilities of FPK to protect against AOHV foreseen additional cartridges (DP-1, DPG-1, DPG-3) .The additional cartridge is attached with an outer neck to the front part by means of a connecting tube, and a filter-absorbing box is connected to the inner neck located in the bottom of the cartridge... Outside air, getting into the FPK, is preliminarily purified from aerosols and vapors of hazardous chemicals, and then entering an additional cartridge, it is finally cleared of harmful impurities. The use of an additional cartridge without FPK is strictly prohibited..

DP-1 (hopcalite cartridge)- additional cartridge for gas masks for protection against carbon monoxide... Hopcalite is a mixture of manganese dioxide with copper oxide, which plays the role of a catalyst in the oxidation of carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) due to atmospheric oxygen to non-toxic carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide).

The hopcalite cartridge indicates its initial weight. With an increase in weight due to moisture absorption by 20 g or more cartridge can not be used. Time of the protective action of the cartridge at a relative humidity of 80% about 2 hours. At temperatures close to zero, its protective effect decreases, and at - 15 0 С and below it almost stops. Cartridge weight 750-800 g.

DPG-3 protects against ammonia, chlorine, dimethylamine, nitrobenzene, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl lead, phenol, phosgene, furfural, hydrogen fluoride, cyanogen chloride and ethyl mercaptan. Inside the cartridge there is one absorber layer.

DPG-1 in addition to hazardous chemicals, detained by the DPG-3 cartridge, protects against nitrogen dioxide, methyl chloride, carbon monoxide and ethylene oxide. Inside the cartridge there are two layers of charge, a special absorber and hopcalite. Cartridge weight no more than 500 g.

Time of protective action from AOKhV for civilian gas masks with additional cartridges DPG-1 and DPG-3 at an air flow rate of 30 l / min, a relative air humidity of 75% and an ambient temperature of -30 0 С to +40 0 С is 0.5-5.0 h.

2. Front part The gas mask ensures the supply of air purified in the FPC to the respiratory organs, and also serves to protect the eyes and skin of the face. Represents helmet-mask (mask) made of natural or synthetic rubber. Mounted in the helmet-mask spectacle knot and valve box... Some models also have intercom with a membrane.

FPK is attached to the front part or directly or connected to it with a rubber corrugated hose.

Variety of the front part gas mask is helmet for the wounded in the head (SR)... It is intended for individual protection of the wounded and burned with wounds and injuries in the face and head.

ShR is a rubber bag (1), in the body of which goggles (2), fairings, exhalation (3) and inhalation valves are mounted, and a corrugated tube (4) is tightly fixed. On the side surfaces of the helmet there are three pairs of fabric straps (8), which are tied at the back of the head to reduce harmful space: in the lower part of the helmet there is an obturator (5) in the form of a collar with a metal hook (6) and a loop for sealing around the neck after putting on gas mask; a wedge-shaped flap (7) is glued into the back of the helmet.

The helmet has one size, allowing it to be used in the presence of various types of bandages applied for head injuries.

The procedure for putting on a ShR helmet on a wounded:

the collar of outerwear (jackets) and shirts are unbuttoned, the collar of the shirt is tucked inside;

the helmet is turned inside out to the level of the location of the inhalation valves;

when putting on a helmet on a wounded person with a craniocerebral wound, the lower part of the helmet is brought under the chin, when putting on a wounded person with a maxillofacial wound, the helmet is put on through the back of the head, after which it is fully deployed and put on the head;

the primary sealing of the helmet is created by fastening the collar, while the wedge-shaped valve made of thin rubber is pre-laid in two folds and secured with a hook clasp;

after the initial sealing, the front part of the helmet is pulled to the surface of the face, the middle tape is tied, then the lower and upper ones.

Principle of operation all filtering gas masks are the same. When inhaled, the contaminated air enters the FPK, is cleaned, and then gets under the facial part and into the respiratory system. When you exhale, air from under the face, bypassing the box, comes out through the exhalation valve.

The ability of FPK to absorb OM, RV and BS is limited... Over time, traces of them (the so-called "slip") may appear in the air leaving the box, which characterizes the exhaustion of the protective capabilities of the gas mask. The time from the start of using a gas mask (FPC) to the moment of breakthrough of the substance is called protective power of the gas mask (FPK) and is expressed in hours and minutes ( temporary performance indicators).

There are several methods for determining the moment of working out the FPK:

organoleptic- many harmful substances have a specific odor. The signal about filter change is the smell of the substance in the space under the mask (ammonia, sulfur dioxide, benzene, toluene, acetone, carbon disulfide);

increase masses- based on wetting the charge during operation;

indications- boxes of transparent material are used, in which the charge changes its color as it is worked out;

on recording time of work filter.

Filtering gas masks are available in various modifications:

civilian gas masks:

for adults: GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7V;

for kids: PDF-2SH, PDF-2D, KZD;

industrial gas masks;

combined arms gas masks.

A.1. Civilian gas masks for adults.

Currently basic civilian gas mask is a gas mask GP-7 (GP-7V, GP-7VM).

Gas mask GP-7 arrives to replace the gas mask GP-5 (GP-5M), which had a front part in the form helmet-masks... The GP-7 gas mask has low breathing resistance, provides reliable sealing and low pressure of the front part on the head, thanks to which people over 60 and patients with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases can use this gas mask. The filtering-absorbing box GP-7 is similar in design to the box GP-5, but has improved characteristics.

Gas mask device GP-7 with the front part of the MGP.

Front part IHL are made in three sizes (1, 2, 3 size). The front part includes volumetric mask with "independent" obturator(a strip of thin rubber used to create a reliable seal on the front of the head).

The mask is held by a headband, which consists of an occipital plate and 5 straps: frontal, two temporal and two cheek straps. The frontal and temporal ones are attached to the mask body using three plastic buckles, and the buccal ones - using metal "self-tightening" buckles. On each strap with an interval of 1 cm, step-type stops are applied, which are designed to securely fix them in the buckles. Each stop has a number indicating its serial number. This allows you to precisely fix the desired position of the straps when adjusting the mask.

The set of the GP-7 gas mask also includes: bag, hydrophobic knitted cover for FPC, box with anti-fog films, insulation cuffs.

Weight of gas mask GP-7 complete without bag – no more than 900 grams.

In addition to IHL, they also produce face pieces MGP-V and MGP-MV (M-80).

A.2. Respiratory PPE for children.

These include:

safety camera for children (KZD-6);

various modifications of children's gas masks.

Children's protective camera (KZD-6) designed to protect children under the age of 1.5 years from OS, RV and BS in the temperature range from +30 0 C to -30 0 C.

The casing of the camera is a bag of two pieces of rubberized fabric. In every cloth a diffusion-collecting element and a transparent plastic plate (window) are mounted, through which you can monitor the behavior and condition of the child. For caring for the baby, the upper part of the shell is provided with rubberized fabric mitten.

The child is placed in the cell with his head towards the windows, with his feet towards the inlet. They also put a bottle of baby food, a toy and one or two spare diapers there. After that, the inlet is carefully sealed.

A significant drawback of CPD is the limited ability to protect against AOHV. KZD are cumbersome, inconvenient in operation and storage. Currently, PPE is being developed that would protect the child and the mother at the same time.

Children's gas masks are available in various types.

Currently, the most advanced models are the children's gas mask. PDF-2D for preschool children (from 1.5 to 7 years old) and PDF-2SH for school children. The set of these gas masks includes:

filtering and absorbing box GP-7k- similar in design to the GP-7 box, but has a reduced inhalation resistance;

front part of MD-4- like the GP-7 gas mask, it consists of a volumetric mask with "independent" obturator and headgear and connecting tube... for PDF-2D - 1st and 2nd growth, for PDF-2Sh - 2nd and 3rd growth.

box with anti-fog films;

a bag.

Set weight: preschool - no more than 750 g, school - no more than 850 g.

A correctly fitted face piece should fit snugly against the child's face and not move when the head turns sharply. Adults wear gas masks for children of preschool and primary school age.

Have children's gas masks reduced inhalation resistance, reduced pressure of the face of the gas mask on the head, What allow increase the time children spend in protective equipment.

B. Industrial gas masks.

There are a large number of brands of industrial filtering gas masks, which are personal respiratory and eye protection for workers in various industries, agriculture from exposure to harmful substances (gases, vapors, dust, smoke and mists) present in the air. Industrial gas masks have special face pieces, or can be completed with face pieces from civilian gas masks... Depending on the composition of harmful substances, gas mask boxes may contain one or more special absorbers or an absorber and an aerosol filter (PAF). In appearance, boxes for various purposes differ in color and lettering.

The filtering and absorbing systems of these gas masks possessing high protective properties for emergency chemical hazardous substances (AOHV) of the following classes:

class A- organic gases and vapors;

class B- inorganic gases with the exception of carbon monoxide;

class E- acid gases and vapors, sulfur dioxide;

class K- ammonia and its derivatives.

Physiological and hygienic assessment of filtering gas masks.

The main specific properties of the filtering gas mask acting on the human body are:

breathing resistance;

harmful space;

face effect.

1. Resistance to breathing in a gas mask is created mainly during inhalation and is perceived as difficulty breathing, overcome by additional tension of the muscles involved in the act of inhalation. Already upon reaching the inhalation resistance of 250-350 mm of water. Art. (250 l / min) there is a decrease in the required volume of pulmonary ventilation, adequate to a given physical activity without a gas mask, breathing becomes shallow, heart contractions become more frequent. The resulting sensation of acute shortage of air can in some cases lead to a breakdown of the gas mask.

2. When you inhale again, the exhaled air in this space is mixed with the air coming from the box ( harmful space of a gas mask), and returns to the lungs with an excess content of carbon dioxide and a reduced content of oxygen, which causes increased respiration and heart rate due to irritation of the respiratory and vasomotor centers. To compensate for the influence of the harmful space, you should breathe in a gas mask deeper and less often..

The effect on the body of resistance to breathing and harmful space is mutually reinforced and aggravated, especially with intense physical exertion. At rest, the influence of the harmful space is more pronounced, and with hard work, the resistance to breathing.

3. The front of the gas mask limits the perception of the environment by the human senses. The weight of the mask puts additional stress on the head. Visual acuity decreases, the field of vision narrows, the perception of sounds and speech transmission becomes difficult, pressure is created on the underlying tissues, blood vessels and nerves. The wrong size of the mask for the gas masks or the adjusting stops of the straps of the headgear can cause pain and lead to poor circulation