Savely the hero of the Holy Russian hero. The image of Savely, the Holy Russian hero in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Any essay on the topic

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is usually called an epic poem. Epic is piece of art, depicting with the maximum degree of completeness and objectivity an entire era in the life of the people. At the center of this work is the image of post-reform Russia. Nekrasov wrote his poem over the course of 14 years, collecting material for it “word by word.”

The author wanted to depict all social strata in it: from the enslaved peasantry to the prosperous nobility led by the tsar. The civic nature of Nekrasov's lyrics was determined, first of all, by the poet's purpose in life, his ability to see the basic laws of life in individual episodes and not remain indifferent to the people's aspirations. The main theme of the work was the life of the people, the life of the peasants. With extraordinary brightness and accuracy, all the troubles and hardships that the people have to endure, all the difficulties of their existence are described. Despite the reform of 1861, which “liberated” the peasants, they found themselves in a worse situation: not having their own land, they fell into even greater bondage, and throughout the entire poem the idea runs through the impossibility of such a life, about the difficult peasant lot, about peasant ruin. The plot of the poem is similar to folk tale, here seven peasants travel in search of fortune. Their position is evidenced by the names of the places where the truth-seeking peasants come from: “Terpigoreva county, Pustoporozhnaya volost, from adjacent villages: Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhaika, etc.” At the beginning of the poem, they have a question: “Who lives happily and freely in Rus'?” Wanderers are looking for happy person among all classes, but the main objective their journey is to find “peasant happiness.”

Nekrasov cannot help but show low level life of the people's consciousness, its limitations. I Men understand happiness in a primitive way, reducing it to material security, peace, wealth and honor. But meetings with different people change the views of wanderers. They meet a priest who refutes the peasant form of happiness. For him, peace is indifference, a person’s honor is the attitude of others towards him, and it is not always positive and objective.

The wanderers meet Yakim Nagiy, whose story also brought changes to the worldview of the travelers. For him, wealth is not a criterion of life, because during a fire, he and his wife rush to save not their accumulated wealth, but pictures and icons, which testifies to their spirituality, elevated attitude to life and impracticality.

Ermil Girin is also noteworthy. He was a clerk, became famous throughout the region for his intelligence, justice, selfless devotion to the people and earned their respect. At the auction, Yermil did not have enough money to buy the mill, and all the people helped and collected the required amount, knowing about Girin’s honesty. But he is not ideal: Yermil, taking pity on his brother, appointed Vlasyevna’s son as a recruit. Then he repents of his actions:

I judged you according to my conscience,

Now I myself am the most sinful of all.

Judge me!

Girin “has everything you need for happiness,” but he sacrificed it for the sake of people’s truth and went to prison for his speech during the riot.

Another prominent representative of the protesting peasantry is Savely Korchagin. The murder of a German oppressing the peasants happened unplanned; it personifies the peasant revolts, which also arose spontaneously, as a response to cruelty on the part of the landowners. Savelia lives in the spirit of a rebel, hatred of oppressors, but at the same time she retains such human qualities as sincere love, fortitude, understanding of life and the ability to deeply experience the grief of others.

“It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women,” says Matryona Timofeevna, the heroine of the chapter “Peasant Woman.”

Matrena Timofeevna,

dignified woman,

Wide and dense

Thirty-eight years old

Beautiful, gray hair,

The eyes are large, strict,

The richest eyelashes,

Severe and dark.

There were several moments in her life when the feelings overwhelming her soul were ready to spill out and force her to take decisive action. This is an autopsy of Demushka’s body by doctors, a public punishment for the misconduct of her son Fedotushka. But after the news that her husband is being drafted into the army, she decides to fight for her happiness to the end. The governor herself helps her. It turns out that the happiness of a peasant woman is simply not to become a soldier.

All the heroes have a different understanding of happiness, but they are all different from the original idea of ​​the seven truth-seekers: happiness is not in money, not in honor, but in something else. The last hero This poem is Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is a fighter, a defender of the peasants, and realized his destiny at the age of 15 - “he will live for the happiness... of his native corner.”

Immense forces

Delighted his ears

Radiant sounds

Noble hymn -

He sang the incarnation

People's happiness!

Dobrosklonov is not afraid of trials, for he firmly believes in the triumph of the cause to which he dedicated his life. Grisha followed a difficult, narrow path, but it is on it that happiness awaits a person, because it brings people the light and joy of life.

After such a long and lengthy journey, the travelers returned home without having found “peasant” happiness. For Nekrasov, happiness is the liberation of the people from slavery. It is through the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov that the author conveys this idea to the reader:

The army rises -

Uncountable.

The strength in her will affect

Indestructible.

For Nekrasov, the people's cry was an alarm bell, calling on all decent intellectuals and democrats to solve the problems of post-reform Rus'. The destruction or abolition of serfdom in itself does not yet carry with it the liberation of the peasants. Recognition of their rights occurred only at the legal level, while understanding themselves as a full member of society occurred only among some representatives of the peasantry.

It stretches along the slope,

Then he descends into the ravine,

And there again on the hill -

How can there not be dirt here?

There are two ancient churches in it,

House with the inscription: school,

Empty, packed tightly,

A hut with one window,

With the image of a paramedic,

Bleeding...

The description of nature also does not evoke joyful feelings:

The sun does not warm the earth,

They're walking across the sky

The snow has gone and the greenery has gone.

Not a grass, not a leaf!

One gets the impression that everything is set against the people, but, despite all the obstacles encountered on the path to happiness, everyone fights for it and hopes for the best.

Everyone understands happiness in their own way. For example, the peasant woman Matreyona Timofeevna sees her happiness, I believe, in children, because first of all she is a mother. Let us remember her reverent attitude towards her deceased son Demushka:

For wives... cherished...

My husband went to work

He advised to remain silent and be patient:

Iron will hiss...

But Matryona Timofeevna still utters the cherished words: “Then there was happiness!” The peasant woman felt happy when she lived in home when love came into her life. I think this is important for every woman. But happy times in this woman’s life flashed by like a sweet dream:

The family was huge

Grumpy... I'm in trouble

Hell... This word evokes fear in me, but this is exactly the description Matreyona Timofeevna gives to her life. But still the peasant woman fights for her happiness, using all possible means.

With the help of the collective image of Matryona Timofeevna, Nekrasov describes the life of all Russian women. In conclusion, Matryona says:

It's a shame, well done!

Go to the official

To the noble boyar,

Don't touch women,

Every peasant

The soul is like a black cloud -

Angry, menacing and should

Thunder will roar from there,

Bloody rains,

And it all ends with wine.

Yakim calls on the people to fight, believes in the best, in free labor. He cannot come to terms with such a hopeless life, he fights, seeks his truth.

a mistake that almost caused him to commit suicide.

I've gone crazy from recruiting.

Little brother Mitri

He defended it.

“Savely - the hero of the Holy Russian” peasant protest turned into a riot, which ended in murder.

I'm in the land of the German Vogel

Khristyan Khristianich

This means that peasant patience is not eternal, because it is impossible to endlessly endure the bullying of the landowners, their ridicule.

What are the possible roads to happiness?

In the middle of the distant world

There are two ways...

So, fortunately, you can go two ways. Firstly:

One spacious

The passions of a slave,

Greedy for temptation,

There is a path.

About sincere life,

About a lofty goal.

The idea there is funny...

But there is another way:

The other one is tight

The road is honest

Loving,

To fight, to work...

The army rises -

Countless!

The strength in her will affect

Indestructible....

What is happiness? And who can live well in Rus'? This is one of the “eternal questions”, timely for our lives today.

N. Nekrasov created many wonderful peasant images in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” Among them stands out a hundred-year-old man, who has endured many hardships in his lifetime. But, despite his age, he still retained strength and fortitude. “The hero of the Holy Russian” - this is the definition given to grandfather Savely in the work.

“Who lives well in Rus'”: a summary of chapters 3,4 of part 3

The wandering men, who decided to definitely find the answer to the question posed in the title of the poem, learned about this hero from a young woman, Matryona Timofeevna. “He was also a lucky man,” she notes while talking about her life.

Matryona met grandfather Savely when he was about a hundred years old. He lived separately from his son’s family, in his own room, and was the only one who treated his grandson’s young wife kindly and caringly. The hero always loved the forest, where even in his old age he loved to pick mushrooms and berries, and set snares for birds. This is the first characteristic of Savely.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a poem about the life of peasants before and after the landmark year of 1861. The old man’s life story, which he told his daughter-in-law, introduces us to the times when men were considered more resilient and decisive, and bondage was not felt so strongly: “Once every three years we give something to the landowner and that’s enough,” said the hero. And although many difficulties befell him: serf life, long hard labor, and settlement - however, the main test lay ahead of Savely. In his old age, he neglected to look after his great-grandson, who was killed by pigs. After this he left home, and soon settled in a monastery, where he last days in this world I prayed for sins: my own and others.

What is so attractive about the image of Savely in the work “Who Lives Well in Rus'”?

Hero's appearance

According to Matryona, the old man looked tall and strong even at a hundred years old, so that he looked more like a huge bear. With a large gray mane that had not been cut for a long time. Bent over, but still striking with his greatness - in his youth, according to his stories, he single-handedly opposed a bear and raised her on a spear. Now, of course, the power was not the same: the hero often asked the question: “Where did the former strength go?” Nevertheless, it seemed to Matryona that if grandfather straightened up to his full height, he would certainly punch a hole in the light with his head. This description complements Savely’s characterization.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” tells the story of the hero’s early years, including the story of how he ended up in hard labor.

Free life

During his grandfather’s youth, his native Korezh places were remote and impassable. The forests and swamps that spread around were well known to the local peasants, but they struck fear into strangers, including the master. Nekrasov introduces the combination “Korezhsky” region into the poem for a reason - this is essentially where Savely’s characterization begins - “Who lives well in Rus'.” It in itself already symbolizes incredible physical strength and endurance.

So, the landowner Shalashnikov did not visit the peasants at all, and the police came once a year to collect tribute. The serfs equated themselves with the free: they paid little and lived in abundance, like merchants. At first they also gave rent in honey, fish, and animal skins. Over time, as the hour for payment approached, they dressed up as beggars. And although Shalashnikov flogged them so much that the “skin” was hardened for a century, the peasants who stood for the estate turned out to be adamant. “No matter how you try, you can’t shake out your whole soul,” Savely thought so too. “Who Lives Well in Rus'” shows that the character of the hero was tempered and strengthened in conditions when he and his comrades felt their freedom. And therefore, until the end of my life, it was impossible to change either this conviction or my proud disposition. At the age of one hundred, Savely also advocated the right to be independent, including from relatives.

In his story, the grandfather drew attention to one more point - the Russian man did not always tolerate bullying. He remembered the time when the people wanted and could stand up for themselves.

Protest against arbitrariness

After the death of Shalashnikov, the peasants hoped that freedom would now come. But the heirs sent a German manager. At first he pretended to be quiet and calm, and did not demand quitrent. And he himself, by cunning, forced the peasants to dry up the swamp and cut a clearing. When they came to their senses, it was too late: out of stupidity they paved the way to themselves. This is where their life as a merchant ended, Savely notes in his story.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a work in which the best are presented. In the case of the German, the author shows the unity of the people that he has always dreamed of. It turned out that it was not easy to break the men who were accustomed to a free life. For eighteen years they somehow endured the authority of the manager, but their patience had reached its limit. One day Christian Khristyanich forced them to dig a hole, and by the end of the day he was indignant that nothing had been done. In tired people - they worked tirelessly - the anger that had accumulated over the years boiled up, and suddenly a decision came. Savely lightly pushed the German towards the pit with his shoulder. Nine of his comrades standing nearby immediately understood everything - and a few minutes later the hated Vogel was buried alive in that very pit. Of course, such an act was punished, but in everyone’s soul there remained satisfaction from the fact that they did not submit. It is no coincidence that the old man, to the word “convict” addressed to him by his son, answered every time: “Marked, but not a slave.” And this is one of the main qualities of the hero, which he was always proud of.

Hard labor

Twenty years of hard labor and the same number of settlements - such was the sentence for the rebels. But he could not change the attitude towards life of the people to whom Savely belonged. The image of the hero from the work “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was tempered even more in new trials. Flogging in prison, and then in Siberia after unsuccessful escapes, in comparison with Shalashnikov’s punishments, seemed to him just a worthless daub. Hard work was also nothing new. Savely even managed to save money, with which, upon returning to his native place, he built a house. The desire for independence and freedom remained the same. This is probably why the old man singled out only his grandson’s wife, Matryona, from the entire family. She was just like him: rebellious, purposeful, ready to fight for her own happiness.

Relationships with household members

This is another important component of the story about the hero - in the end it is from small parts The characterization of Savely is developed in a short chapter.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a poem about the “lucky ones.” But can we include a person who felt lonely in his family among them? Matryona noted that grandfather did not like to communicate with his relatives and therefore settled in the upper room. The reasons were simple: Savely, pure in soul and kind by nature, could not accept the anger and envy that reigned in the family. The old man's son did not possess any of the qualities characteristic of his father. There was no kindness, no sincerity, no desire for work in him. But there was indifference to everything, a tendency towards idleness and drinking. His wife and daughter, who remained an old wench, differed little from him. In order to somehow teach his relatives a lesson, Savely sometimes began to joke. For example, he tossed a tin “coin” made from a button to his son. As a result, the latter returned from the tavern beaten. And the hero just chuckled.

Later, Savely’s loneliness will be brightened up by Matryona and Demushka. After the death of the child, the old man admits that next to his grandson his hardened heart and soul thawed, and he again felt full of strength and hope.

The story with Demushka

The death of the boy became a real tragedy for the old man, although the origins of what happened must be sought in the very way of Russian life of that time. The mother-in-law forbade Matryona to take her son with her into the field, who allegedly interfered with her work, and hundred-year-old Savely began to look after the child.

“Who Lives Well in Rus'” - the characterization of its heroes does not always turn out to be cheerful - this is a poem about difficult trials that not everyone can cope with. So in this case, the hero, who has seen a lot in his life, suddenly truly felt like a criminal. He was never able to forgive himself for falling asleep and not looking after the children. Savely did not leave his closet for a week, and then went into the forest, where he always felt freer and more confident. In the fall, he settled in a monastery to repent and pray. He asked God that the heart of the suffering mother would take pity and that she would forgive him, the foolish one. And the old man’s soul also ached for the entire Russian peasantry, suffering, with a difficult fate - he will tell about this when he meets Matryona several years after the tragedy.

Thoughts about the people

The characterization of Savely from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” will be incomplete without mentioning the hero’s attitude towards the Russian peasantry. He calls the people suffering and at the same time courageous, capable of enduring any trial in this life. The arms and legs are forever shackled, they seem to have passed down the back, and in the chest - “Elijah the prophet... thunders... in a chariot of fire.” This is how the hero describes the man. Then he adds: a true hero. And he concludes his speech with the words that even after death human suffering does not end - in this, unfortunately, one can hear the motives of the humility of the elder novice. For in the next world the same “hellish torment” awaits the unfortunate, says Saveliy.

“Who lives well in Rus'”: characteristics of the “hero of Svyatogorsk” (conclusions)

To summarize, it can be noted that the hero’s appearance embodies the best qualities of a Russian person. The story itself is reminiscent of a folk tale or epic. Strong, proud, independent, he rises above the other heroes of the poem and, in fact, becomes the first rebel to defend the interests of the people. However, the comparison of the hero with Svyatogor is not accidental. It was this hero who was considered in Rus' to be both the strongest and the most inactive. In my thoughts about future fate Saveliy comes to a less than satisfying conclusion: “God knows.” Consequently, this image from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is very contradictory and does not answer the question of the wanderers. And therefore the story about the search for happiness does not end until the men meet the young and active Grisha.

The reader recognizes one of the main characters of Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” - Savely - when he is already an old man who has lived a long and difficult life. The poet paints a colorful portrait of this amazing old man:

WITH huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
WITH huge beard,
Grandfather looked like a bear
Especially, like from the forest,
He bent over and went out.

Savely's life turned out to be very difficult; fate did not spoil him. In his old age, Savely lived with the family of his son, Matryona Timofeevna’s father-in-law. It is noteworthy that grandfather Savely does not like his family. Obviously, all household members have far from the most best qualities, and an honest and sincere old man feels this very well. In his family of origin Savely is called “branded, convict.” And he himself, not at all offended by this, says: “Branded, but not a slave.
It’s interesting to observe how Savely is not averse to making fun of his family members:

A will annoy him greatly-
He jokes: “Look at this
Matchmakers are coming to us!” Unmarried
Cinderella - to the window:
an instead of matchmakers- beggars!
From a tin button
Grandfather sculpted a two-kopeck coin,
Tossed up on the floor-
Father-in-law got caught!
Not drunk from the pub-
The beaten man trudged in!

What does this relationship between the old man and his family indicate? First of all, it is striking that Savely differs both from his son and from all his relatives. His son does not possess any exceptional qualities, does not disdain drunkenness, and is almost completely devoid of kindness and nobility. And Savely, on the contrary, is kind, smart, and outstanding. He shuns his household; apparently, he is disgusted by the pettiness, envy, and malice characteristic of his relatives. Old man Savely is the only one in his husband’s family who was kind to Matryona. The old man does not hide all the hardships that befell him:

“Oh, the share of Holy Russian
Homemade hero!
He's been bullied all his life.
Time will change its mind
ABOUT death is hellish torment
In the other world they are waiting.”

Old man Savely is very freedom-loving. It combines qualities such as physical and mental strength. Savely is a real Russian hero who does not recognize any pressure over himself. In his youth Savely had remarkable strength, no one could compete with him. In addition, life was different before, the peasants were not burdened with the difficult responsibility of paying dues and working off corvée. As Savely himself says:

We did not rule the corvee,
We didn't pay rent
A so, when it comes to reason,
IN We'll send you three years.

In such circumstances, the character of young Savely was strengthened. No one put pressure on her, no one made her feel like a slave. Moreover, nature itself was on the side of the peasants:

There are dense forests all around,
There are swampy swamps all around,
No horse can come to us,
Neither let's go on foot!

Nature itself protected the peasants from the invasion of the master, the police and other troublemakers. Therefore, the peasants could live and work peacefully, without feeling someone else’s power over them.
When reading these lines, I remember fairy tale motifs, because in fairy tales and legends people were absolutely free, they were in charge of their own lives.
The old man talks about how the peasants dealt with bears:

We were only worried
Bears... yes with bears
We managed it easily.
With a knife and a spear
I myself am scarier than the elk,
Along protected paths
I go: “My forest!” - I shout.

Savely, like a real fairy-tale hero, lays claim to the forest surrounding him. It is the forest - with its untrodden paths and mighty trees - that is the real element of the hero Savely. In the forest, the hero is not afraid of anything; he is the real master of the silent kingdom around him. That is why in old age he leaves his family and goes into the forest.
The unity of the hero Savely and the nature surrounding him seems undeniable. Nature helps Savely become stronger. Even in old age, when years and adversity have bent the old man’s back, remarkable strength is still felt in him.
Savely tells how in his youth his fellow villagers managed to deceive the master and hide their existing wealth from him. And even though they had to endure a lot for this, no one could blame people for cowardice and lack of will. The peasants were able to convince the landowners of their absolute poverty, so they managed to avoid complete ruin and enslavement.
Savely is a very proud person. This is felt in everything: in his attitude to life, in his steadfastness and courage with which he defends his own. When he talks about his youth, he remembers how only people weak in spirit surrendered to the master. Of course, he himself was not one of those people:

Shalashnikov tore excellently,
And he received not so much great income:
Weak people gave up
A strong for the patrimony
They stood well.
I also endured
He remained silent and thought:
“Whatever you do, son of a dog,
A you can’t knock out your whole soul,
Leave something behind!”

Old man Savely bitterly says that now there is practically no self-respect left in people. Now cowardice, animal fear for oneself and one’s well-being and lack of desire to fight prevail:

These were proud people!
A now give me a slap-
Police officer, landowner
They're taking their last penny!

Savely's young years were spent in an atmosphere of freedom. But peasant freedom did not last long. The master died, and his heir sent a German, who at first behaved quietly and unnoticed. The German gradually became friends with the entire local population and gradually observed peasant life.
Gradually he gained the trust of the peasants and ordered them to drain the swamp, then cut down the forest. In a word, the peasants came to their senses only when a magnificent road appeared along which their godforsaken place could be easily reached.

And then came hard labor
To the Korezh peasant -
ruined the threads

Free life is over, now the peasants have fully felt all the hardships of a forced existence. Old man Savely speaks about the people's long-suffering, explaining it by courage and mental strength of people. Only truly strong and courageous people can be so patient as to endure such bullying, and so generous as not to forgive similar attitude to yourself.

A that's why we endured
What we- heroes.
IN Tom is Russian heroism.
Do you think, Matryonushka,
Man- not a hero"?
And his life is not a military one,
And death is not written for him
In battle- and the hero!

Nekrasov finds amazing comparisons when talking about people's patience and courage. He uses folk epic, speaking about heroes:

Hands are twisted in chains,
Feet forged with iron,
Back...dense forests
Walked along it - broke.
What about the breasts? Elijah the prophet
By it rattles and rolls around
On a chariot of fire...
The hero endures everything!

Old man Savely tells how the peasants endured the arbitrariness of the German manager for eighteen years. Their whole life was now at the mercy of this cruel man. People had to work tirelessly. And the manager was always dissatisfied with the results of the work and demanded more. Constant bullying from the Germans causes strong indignation in the souls of the peasants. And one day another round of bullying forced people to commit a crime. They kill the German manager. When reading these lines, the thought of supreme justice comes to mind. The peasants had already felt completely powerless and weak-willed. Everything they held dear was taken from them. But you can’t mock a person with complete impunity. Sooner or later you will have to pay for your actions.
But, of course, the murder of the manager did not go unpunished:

The life of Savely, the Holy Russian hero, after hard labor was very difficult. He spent twenty years in captivity, only to be released closer to old age. Savely's whole life is very tragic, and in his old age he turns out to be the unwitting culprit in the death of his little grandson. This incident once again proves that, despite all his strength, Savely cannot withstand hostile circumstances. He is just a toy in the hands of fate.

In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov is looking for an answer to a question that has long troubled humanity. The work presents the happiness of the priest, landowner, and local people.

But most often Nekrasov reflects on the happiness of the people and dreams that sooner or later the people will perk up and gather strength to actively fight against the existing system for their freedom and a decent life.

The images of peasants presented in the poem confirm the writer’s hopes and meet his aspirations. And one of the main figures of the poem, standing out for its extraordinary physical strength and spiritual power, is Savely, the Holy Russian hero:

It’s a sin to remain silent about grandfather,

He was also lucky...

This is what Matryona Timofeevna says about Savely.

We learn about Savelia from the chapter “Peasant Woman,” which says that this man grew up in a remote region near the Korezh River. The name itself - Korezhsky region - attracted the writer as a symbol of hardy labor and possessing enormous power a heroic people, of which Saveliy is a prominent representative. The word “korezhit” means “to bend”, “to break”, “to work”, and therefore Korezhina is a land of persistent and hardworking people.

Savely’s appearance personifies the mighty forest element: “With a huge gray mane, uncut for twenty years, with a huge beard, my grandfather looked like a bear...”

Nekrasov shows the complex path along which Savely’s rebellious sentiments grew: from silent patience to open resistance. Prison and Siberian hard labor did not break Savely and did not destroy his self-esteem. “Branded, but not a slave,” he says about himself. He went through all the trials that befell him, but was able to preserve himself. Savely treats his resigned fellow villagers with contempt and calls for a mass uprising for final reprisal against the oppressors, but his thoughts are not without contradictions. It is no coincidence that he is compared with Svyatogor, the strongest, but also the most motionless hero of the epic epic. At the same time, the image of Savely is very contradictory. On the one hand, he called for struggle, on the other, for patience:

Be patient, multi-branched one!

Be patient, long-suffering one!

We can't find the truth!

Saveliy advises Matryona Timofeevna. These words sound despair, hopelessness, and disbelief in the possibility of changing the bitter fate of the peasant. In the image of Matryona Timofeevna, Nekrasov embodied best features character of Russian peasant women. Matryona's highly moral qualities are harmoniously combined with her external beauty.

With her restrained and strict beauty, filled with self-esteem, Matryona represents the type of stately Slavic woman revealed by Nekrasov in the poem “Frost, Red Nose.” The story of her life confirms that Matryona’s character was formed in the conditions of latrine fishing, when most of The male population went to the cities. On the shoulders of a woman lay not only the entire burden of peasant labor, but also a huge amount of responsibility for the fate of the family, for raising children.

From the chapter “Before Marriage” we learn about Matryona’s youth, and from the chapter “Song” - about the difficult fate of the heroine after marriage. Matryona's songs are popular, so her personal fate reflects the typical fate of a peasant woman, ceasing to be her own. Short joys were replaced by frequent and severe misfortunes that could break even strong man. But Matryona persevered and found the spiritual and physical strength to fight for her happiness. Her beloved first-born Demushka dies, she saves her second son Fedotushka from terrible punishment at the cost of severe trials, she had to put in a lot of effort to achieve the release of her husband - and we see that no obstacles stop her, she is ready to fight for her happiness on her own to the last . The image of Matryona Timofeevna was created in such a way that she seemed to have been through all the vicissitudes that a Russian woman could experience. The voice of Matryona Timofeevna is the voice of the entire Russian people, all Russian women who had the same difficult fate.

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4. Nekrasov conceived the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” as “ folk book" He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book...
5. The result of twenty years of work was the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” for Nekrasov. In it, the author voiced the most important issues of the era and described the people's life in post-reform Russia. Critics call this poem a folk epic...
6. “He sang the embodiment of the people’s happiness” (based on the poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'”) I. Folk motives in Nekrasov's poetry. 1. The democratism of Nekrasov’s creativity. II. “He groans across the fields...
7. I. Folk motifs in Nekrasov’s poetry. 1. The democratism of Nekrasov’s creativity. II. “He groans across the fields, along the roads...” 1. The tragedy of serfdom. 2. Contradictions of post-reform reality. 3. The fate of a peasant woman. III. "You and...
8. The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” completes Nekrasov’s work. He wrote it in the seventies, but death prevented him from finishing the poem. And already in the first stanza of the “Prologue” the main problem of the poem is posed...
9. In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” Nekrasov is looking for an answer to main question of his work, which is formulated in “Elegy”: “The people are liberated, but are the people happy?..” Therefore, at the center of the work is...
10. CLASSICS BY N. A. NEKRASOV IMAGES OF LAND OWNERS IN N. A. NEKRASOV’S POEM “WHO LIVES WELL IN Rus'” The crowning achievement of N. A. Nekrasov’s work is the folk epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” IN...
11. Nekrasov wrote the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” for twenty years, collecting material for it literally “word by word.” It is not surprising that this work became a real epic, reflecting the life of post-reform Russia....
12. How do you imagine the Russian people from the songs of Matryona Timofeevna (N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'”)? When creating an essay on the proposed topic, remember what songs Nekrasov’s heroine sings in the third...
13. Why did N. A. Nekrasov say about his poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”: “It is not destined to end”? Answering the question posed in the question, note that the poem on which N.A...
14. Time spent working on the poem (60-70s. Decline of the liberation movement and a new rise). The sources of the poem are personal observations, stories of contemporaries, folklore. The idea of ​​the poem is to wander around Russia in search of a happy person;...
15. The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was conceived as an epoch-making work, thanks to which the reader could get acquainted with the situation in post-reform Russia, the way of life and morals of various strata of society, and...
16. The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is the pinnacle of Nekrasov’s creativity. This work is grandiose in its breadth of concept, truthfulness, brightness and variety of types. The plot of the poem is close to the folk tale about the search for happiness...
17. The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is the result of the author’s thoughts about the fate of the country and the people. Who can live well in Rus'? - the poem begins with this question. Its plot is similar to the plot...
18. Plan I. The main characters are from villages with meaningful names. II. Searching for happiness in native fatherland. 1. Perception of happiness by different layers of society. 2. Half-hearted, flawed, fleeting “happiness”. 3. The author's understanding of the true...
19. The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” occupies a central place in Nekrasov’s work. It became a kind of artistic result of more than thirty years of work by the author. All the motives of Nekrasov’s lyrics are developed in the poem, anew...
20. The literature of modern times knows almost no prologues, but the works of ancient - ancient and medieval literature usually began with such prologues-preliminaries, in which the authors explained what would be discussed. By entering...
21. N. A. NEKRASOV WHO LIVES WELL IN Rus' Part One PROLOGUE “On pillar path“Seven men came together” and began to argue about “who should live well in Rus'.” The men spent the whole day in...
22. The epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a kind of final work in the work of N. A. Nekrasov. The poem is indicative of the extraordinary breadth of understanding of contemporary Russian reality. The contradiction between the peasant world and...
23. History of creation. The beginning of work on “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is usually attributed to 1863. By this time, Nekrasov had created works that can be considered as steps towards the last poem. Already...
24. “WHO LIVES WELL IN Rus'” - ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN LIFE I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and...
25. Comment on V. Anikin’s statement about the style of N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”: “... the combination of stylistic flows is connected with the ideological concept of the chapters and the work as a whole.” By agreeing...
26. Savely Grinberg was born in Yekaterinoslav. At the age of two, the family moved to Moscow. He graduated from school and worked in factories. In the early 1930s and in subsequent years, an active member of the Mayakovsky Brigade of the first composition...
The image of the author in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” Plan I. The image of the author in literary works. II. Features of the author’s image in the poem “Dead Souls”. III. Author's attitude to the content of the poem...
27. Russian literature 2nd half of the 19th century century Genuine literature of genuine, not fictitious Rus'. (Based on the work of N. A. Nekrasov) National literature absorbs moral and philosophical values ​​accumulated by generations of people. Literature...

Savely - the Holy Russian hero and Matryona Timofeevna - the embodiment of the author’s dream about the spiritual forces of the people according to Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”

The chapter “Peasant Woman” was created by Nekrasov on the eve of the second democratic upsurge, when true knowledge of the people’s environment, the essence folk character became especially necessary. What conclusions did the long-term study of Nekrasov’s folk life lead to?

Never before in any of the chapters of the epic “Who in Rus'...” has the author so inspiredly affirmed the idea that inexhaustible sources lurk among the people moral beauty, perseverance, heroic power and love of freedom. The latter is revealed with particular force in the central episode of the chapter “Peasant Woman,” the story about Savely, the Holy Russian hero. It is completely natural that it is in the chapter characterizing the life of the peasantry, narrated by a peasant woman and closely connected with folk art, that the semi-fictional (and so concretely real!) image of the “homespun hero” appears, Savely - one of the best and most dramatic creations of Nekrasov’s genius .

From Matryona’s very first words about Savely, a feeling of his heroic power is born. The huge, “With a huge gray mane, / With a huge beard,” the hundred-year-old man not only “looked like a bear,” but his strength seemed “more terrible than an elk.” The epic, broadly generalizing meaning of the image of Savely is emphasized in the title of the chapter - “Savely, the Holy Russian hero.” What are the origins of the birth of this image and what place does it occupy in the development ideological plan poems?

Impulses that stimulated work creative imagination Nekrasova, very diverse. It is possible that the idea of ​​​​introducing the image of a peasant hero into the chapter “Peasant Woman” was prompted by Fedosov’s laments. Thus, in the lament “About the Killed by Thunder and Lightning,” the image of Elijah the Prophet is depicted, who asks God for permission to shoot a fiery arrow into the white chest of a mighty peasant. Words of the poem:

What about the breasts? Elijah the prophet

It rattles and rolls around

On a chariot of fire...

The hero endures everything! —

an undoubted echo of Fedosov's cry.

But Nekrasov came not so much from the book as from life. As it was found out in one of the most interesting studies, the intention of the chapter about Savely is acutely journalistic. The events described in the chapter “Savely, the hero of the Holy Russian” unfold in the northwestern part of the Kostroma region, as evidenced by the names: Korezhina, Bui, Sand Monastery, Kostroma. It turns out that the choice of the location, so to speak, “Kostroma topography,” is not accidental in the poem. Arriving in the city (“Governor’s Lady”), Matryona stops in surprise in front of the monument to Susanin:

It is forged from copper,

Exactly like Savely’s grandfather,

A man on the square.

- Whose monument? - “Susanina.”

The fact that Savely is compared with Susanin has been noted many times in the literature, but scientific research has shown that the internal connection between the image of Savely and Susanin is much deeper and more complex than it seemed. It is in it that the secret of the birth of the image is hidden.

The Kostroma “signs” of the chapter have a special meaning. The fact is that Ivan Susanin was born in the same place, in the village of Derevenki, Buysky district. He died, according to legend, about forty kilometers from Bui, in the swamps near the village of Yusupov.

As is known, Susanin’s patriotic feat was interpreted in a monarchical spirit; love for the Tsar and willingness to give his life for him were declared to be traits expressing the very essence of the Russian peasantry. In 1851, a monument to Susanin was erected in Kostroma (sculptor V.I. Demut-Malinovsky). At the foot of a six-meter column, topped with a bust of Mikhail Romanov, is the kneeling figure of Ivan Susanin. When visiting Kostroma, Nekrasov saw this monument more than once.

With the plot of the chapter “Savely, the hero of the Holy Russians,” the action of which is concentrated in a remote bearish corner, deep in the Kostroma forests and swamps, the poet declares that even in the most remote side a man wakes up. This is also evidenced by the image of Savely - an epically generalized image of the Russian peasantry rising to fight.

In his poem, Nekrasov gives an unusually deep analysis of the characteristics of the peasant movement of his era, peasant Rus' in its strengths and weaknesses. The author of the epic draws attention to the heroic power of the “homespun hero” (Russian peasant), the seemingly difficult patience with it and the spontaneous nature of his rebellion. The Russian man is patient. Korezhin silently tolerates Shalashnikov’s teasing. ABOUT inner strength, pride (“These were proud people!”) is evidenced by this ability to restrain growing anger, to rise above beatings and torture:

Whatever you do, son of a dog,

But you can’t knock out your whole soul...

In this patience there is not obedience and slavish blood, but common sense and fortitude.

A kind of competition in strength and stamina takes place between the Korezhinites and Shalashnikov, and Shalashnikov’s brute strength is not able to defeat the inner tenacity of the men, the strength of their spirit: “You are a fool, Shalashnikov!” - the Korezhin residents mockingly declare, making fun of the master. However

Peasant patience

Enduringly, and with time

There is an end to it too

peasant "axes lie for the time being." Ordinary natures submit to evil, but the people's environment constantly puts forward people who stand up to fight it. These people begin to understand that excessive patience often develops into a habit and gives birth to the psychology of a slave. “To endure the abyss...” Savely, who has taken the path of protest, formulates this thought.

The Russian peasant is patient, but once he has made his decision, he is no longer afraid of obstacles. Pushed to the limit by the bullying of the “German manager,” the patient Korezhin residents, silently agreeing to settle accounts with the hated Vogel, show amazing determination and unanimity in actions. The initiative belongs to Savely. It was he who was the first to lightly push Khristyan Khristianych towards the pit with his shoulder. And this slight push, a spark, is enough to ignite the flames of the people’s anger and start working in unison to the remark “Pump it up!” nine shovels...

Affirming the moral right of the people to fight, to deal with their oppressors, admiring the strength and determination of the Korezhinites, Nekrasov, however, also shows the doom of such outbursts of peasant anger. Savely and his comrades

To the land of the German Vogel

Khristyan Khristianych

Buried him alive.

Tavern... a prison in Bui-gorod,

...Twenty years of strict hard labor,

The settlement has been around for twenty years.”

By killing Vogel, the Korezhinites aroused against themselves the action of the force behind Vogel, the terrible force of the autocratic landowner state, which even heroes cannot cope with if they are alone. Old man Savely reflects:

Where have you gone, strength?

What were you useful for?

- Under rods, under sticks

Left for little things!

That’s why the Holy Russian hero likes to repeat: “To not endure is an abyss...” Yes, spontaneous and scattered peasant revolts will not lead to Izbytkovo village. Nekrasov knows this and yet speaks with enormous poetic inspiration about the power and love of freedom, about the enormous potential power of the Russian peasant’s anger.

Savely’s story contains the words:

Then... I escaped from hard labor...

The image of a peasant - a rebel, a people's avenger for centuries-old grievances - was originally conceived even more sharply. The manuscripts contain an episode that tells how Saveliy, having escaped from hard labor for the third time, “had a fair walk in freedom.” Wandering in the taiga in winter, he comes across a hut in which some hated officials were staying, and, carrying out his revenge, Savely burns his enemies.

It is generally accepted that the reason to refuse to introduce this episode into Nekrasov’s poem was due to concerns about censorship. But I would like to note something else. There is something eerie in the painted picture, casting an ominous glare, an ominous shadow on the appearance of Savely, contrary to Nekrasov’s concept of folk character. The Russian peasant is more complacent than cruel; thoughtful and deliberate cruelty is not characteristic of him. Yes, driven to the limit, in a fit of righteous anger, the Korezhinites bury Vogel in the ground. But psychological drawing here is different. The shovels of the Korezhin residents work under the influence of a spontaneous impulse, they carry out the will of the collective, although each of the participants in the massacre is internally embarrassed by the cruelty of this just (after all, they endured it for “eighteen” years!) will:

We didn't look at each other

In the eyes...

They came to their senses and “looked at each other” only when the deed was done. It seems that it was not a look at censorship, but an artistic flair that forced the poet to refuse to introduce into the final text of the poem the fragment “And the doors are covered with stones...”, which contradicts the humane foundations of the hero’s nature.

There is no force capable of breaking Savely. “Twenty years of strict hard labor, / Twenty years of settlement” only strengthened his natural love of freedom, expressed in the words: “Branded, but not a slave!” Having become a hundred-year-old man, all his thoughts are chained to the past, he reflects on the fate of the peasantry, “about the bitter lot of the plowman,” about the ways of struggle, and even in the monastery where he went, blaming himself for the death of Demushka, he prays “for all that has suffered.” Russian peasantry" True, at the end of his life Savely sometimes comes to bitter and bleak conclusions.

Be patient, long-suffering one!

We can't find the truth,

He says to Matryona, and mentally addresses the peasants with the words:

No matter how you fight, you fools,

What is written in the family

This cannot be avoided!

But fatalism and religiosity, so characteristic of the ideology of the patriarchal Russian peasantry, live in Savelia next to the anger and contempt for those who are not capable of fighting that has not subsided over a long life:

Oh you Aniki warriors!

With old people, with women

All you have to do is fight!

The image of Savely is correlated in the poem not only with Ivan Susanin, but also with the images of the Russian epic epic. He is a Holy Russian hero. This poetic parallel affirms the heroism of the people and faith in their inescapable powers. It has long been established that in Saveliy’s characterization of the peasant (Do you think, Matryonushka, the peasant is not a hero?...) one can hear the echo of the epic about Svyatogor and earthly cravings. Svyatogor the hero feels immense strength within himself.

If only I could find the traction

That would lift the whole earth! —

he says. But, having tried to lift the saddle bag with earthly traction,

And Svyatogor sunk into the ground up to his knees,

And not tears, but blood flows down the white face...

In the poem:

For now there is a terrible craving

He raised it,

Yes, he went into the ground up to his chest

With effort! By his face

Not tears - blood flows.

The image of Svyatogor helps to express the idea of ​​the strength and weakness of the Russian peasantry, of its powerful but still dormant forces and the unawakened, unformed state of its social consciousness. To the observation The comparison of the Russian peasant with Svyatogor is present in the poem as Savely’s reasoning. Saveliy, whose consciousness is characterized not by drowsiness, but by intense, many years of painful work of thought, the result of which was contempt for Anika warriors who were not capable of fighting, the consciousness that a convict brand was better than spiritual slavery. Therefore, the figurative parallel of Svyatogor - the Russian peasant cannot in any way be extended to Savely himself, also a Svyatorussky hero, but of a different, not dormant, but active force.