The theme of compassion in the novel is crime and punishment. "Compassion is the highest form of human existence ..." (F. M. Dostoevsky) - Works, Abstracts, Reports

1. Objective reality in the novel.
2. Sonya's moral purity.
3. Love of Sonya and Raskolnikov.

FM Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" is to some extent a great textbook of life. Where else can you find a similar intensity of passions, where still heroes reveal all the most secret corners of their souls and where human reality is shown so truthfully and harshly.

Sonya Marmeladova, one of the main heroines of the novel, is perhaps the most ideal example of self-sacrifice and mercy. She does not consider people from the point of view of intellectual philosophizing; for her, every living person is needed and valuable for God, and therefore for life. Perhaps, as a test, she is given love for a person whose reasoning at the beginning of the book sounds exactly the opposite.

Rodion Raskolnikov, a poor student, driven to despair by his unenviable position, develops a whole theory according to which everyone in such an imperfect society, one way or another, is a criminal. The world is imperfect and cruel, which means that each person has the right to dictate his own conditions to him, there would be enough vitality and stamina. In accordance with this, there is a division into "the right of those who have" and "louse". Like any impetuous young man, Raskolnikov seeks to prove, and above all to himself, that he belongs precisely to the category the mighty of the world this. Therefore, Rodion's act cannot be considered spontaneous and thoughtless. He has been hatching his idea for several weeks. Preparing the murder of the old woman-pawnbroker, the young man is sincerely confident that this will only bring benefit to those around him. In the murder of a worthless old woman, Raskolnikov's rebellion against the order existing at that time is manifested. But life often makes its own adjustments to the course of events: “Lizaveta stood in the middle of the room, with a large bundle in her hands and looked in a daze at murdered sister, all white as a sheet and as if unable to shout. "

Getting rid of the involuntary witness, Raskolnikov also kills a relative of the old woman, and with her and her not yet born child... The young man is incredibly lucky: he leaves the crime scene almost unnoticed. Rodion was never able to step over himself and take advantage of the belongings of the pawnbroker he killed, moreover, doubts begin to torment her soul, he suddenly realizes that he cannot continue to live with this burden. He needs to tell someone about everything. The confidant is Sonya, who believes that only sincere repentance will help the beloved to be reborn to life: "Suffering to accept and redeem yourself with it, that's what you need." Scolding himself for cowardice, Raskolnikov nevertheless comes to the police to confess. The murder of the old woman and her sister completely "cuts" the protagonist from the past. A new awareness of what has been accomplished leads to the fact that Rodion, feeling himself the most pitiful and an insignificant person in the world, he does not even dare to hug his sister and mother when they meet. Sonya Marmeladova is the complete opposite of Raskolnikov. Her image has absorbed Dostoevsky's idea of ​​"physical dirt" and "moral dirt". Sacrificing her maiden honor and dignity for the sake of the family, the girl is forced to sell her body. She cannot feed her stepmother and stepsisters and brother in any other way. Being in the “physical filth”, it nevertheless retains its moral purity. Sonya humbly resigns herself to her unhappy lot. The suffering she suffered only strengthens her faith. The girl is sure that God will not allow her little sisters to undergo the same fate. Here, the desire, and most importantly, Sonya's readiness for self-sacrifice, is manifested as strong as possible. At the same time, her soul and heart are not hardened. She does not hide in her resentment against fate and is open to kind people and actions, perhaps even more than before. The girl does not repulse her unlucky drunken father, because of whom, in many ways, this is how her fate developed, and even sometimes gives him money. She treats her stepmother and her children with pity, realizing how hard it is for them in this world.

Sonya is ready to lend a hand to anyone who turns to her for help. Perhaps that is why she so closely converges with the God-fearing and reliable Lizaveta, reading the lines of the holy books with her. Of course, those around them cannot fail to notice the girl's moral purity. That is why the stepmother stands up for Sonya so furiously when Luzhin accuses the girl of stealing. She, realizing all the baseness of the failed Dunya's groom, declares that he is not worthy of her even a little finger. Katerina Ivanovna, perhaps more than anyone else, knows what a great sacrifice her stepdaughter made for the sake of other people's children, and how hard it is for her to put up with the surrounding reality. Raskolnikov, listening to the story of his casual acquaintance Marmeladov, is imbued with sympathy and sympathy for Sonya in absentia. Even among hardened criminals in prison, the girl evokes only bright feelings, although she does nothing specifically for this. Undoubtedly, she is infinitely far from Rodion's reasoning about human role in the existing society. She is a whole person and perceives the world as something harmoniously united, where each creature is in its place. And above all this there is only one judge and protector - the Lord. She is perplexed, serving reasoning young man: "Is this a louse?"

For her, man is God's creation, and only God can dispose of his fate. Having learned about Rodion's crime, the girl does not take offense at him for the death of her friend, she is imbued with sympathy for him, seeing how hard it is for this person to carry such a sin in his soul. Sonya, who perceives the unjust laws of this world only as tests that temper the soul and make a person only better, cleaner, regrets the young man: "What have you done on yourself?" She begs him to go to the crossroads, bow and repent of his deeds. According to his moral purity and kindness, Sonya cannot alienate the protagonist, because she feels that in the depths of his soul Raskolnikov is a completely different person than the people around him imagine. Analyzing the other actions of the young man and believing that Rodion is inherently not evil (he gave the last money to Katerina Ivanovna, saved two children during a fire, kept a sick fellow student for about a year), Sonya realizes that her new acquaintance is simply confused. And the idea that haunts him is something like an illness that, like any other ailment, will surely pass sooner or later. The girl loves Raskolnikov, and with all her soul longs for his recovery. She feels that only through repentance, her lover can find peace and harmony in this life. After the end of the novel in the epilogue, Dostoevsky briefly tells the readers about later life main characters. Of course, attention is drawn to Raskolnikov and Sonya, who went to hard labor for her lover. For a long time Rodion does not feel guilty, he only reproaches himself that he was weak and made a confession. His illness became the one a turning point, which determined all of his further outlook and outlook. Serious spiritual internal confrontation took place in Raskolnikov, when he rushed about in delirium. It seemed to him that the whole world was inhabited by microbes or spirits that infect people. These harmful creatures make those around them crazy and possessed. People simply do not understand how susceptible they are to infection, many are already simply sick, considering their opinion to be the most correct. It seemed to Rodion that the sick man himself began to kill, devour those around him. Having overcome the disease, the young man feels his renewal. He is frightened by the news of Sonya's poor health.

He longs to see her. Making sure that the girl is no longer in danger, Rodion suddenly realizes that he loves her. He understands how much suffering this fragile little girl has endured because of him. In a fit of surging feelings, Raskolnikov rushes to her feet and cries. Repentance for everything he has done also comes to him, which brings him spiritual relief, and allows him to be reborn to a new life. A considerable merit in this is precisely Sonina. Her self-sacrifice and kindness paid off.

1. Fathers and children

This direction is addressed to the eternal problem of human existence, associated with the inevitability of generational change, harmonious and disharmonious relationships between "fathers" and "children".

This topic is touched upon in many works of literature, where various types of interaction between representatives different generations(from conflict confrontation to mutual understanding and continuity) and identifies the reasons for the confrontation between them, as well as the ways of their spiritual rapprochement.

Have Dostoevsky the theme of fathers and children is present so extensively and contradictory in "The Brothers Karamazov", "Demons", "Teenager", "Humiliated and Insulted" that it can be traced to some extent only in a special study. In the school program novel "Crime and Punishment" it appears, perhaps, indirectly, but for our essay it is necessary to touch upon this motive.

Let's not start with the main characters. In the background, this theme is correlated with Svidrigailov: "My children remained with my aunt; they are rich; but they personally do not need me. And what a father I am!" (6, 301). This remark emphasizes Svidrigailov's lifelessness, his human fall and aspiration for death. Let us also notice the image of the bride's father associated with him: here the definition of a relaxed father (6,501) sounds: sick, the third year in paralysis. Any weakening of paternity in Dostoevsky is the cause of decline: life collapses where the presence of the father weakens. Therefore, the bride Svidrigailov was found in a flawed family.

On the other hand, even memories of her father are capable of supporting the unfortunate heroes of the novel: Katerina Ivanovna will be eternally proud that she is a colonel's daughter, but is not the root of her family's misfortunes seen in the fact that she once neglected her father when she got married? She herself breaks up with her father - isn't it so that the image of her father remains for her a constant reproach, but also the last support?

Raskolnikov sees his late father in a dream, and this will be a kind of warning against a contemplated murder, not to mention the fact that the crime itself was born of fatherlessness: deprived of paternal care, the hero in ugly fantasies sees himself as the guardian of humanity, remaining just a dropout. student. Such shifts in the psyche may well be associated with the absence of a father.

It is symbolic that in a dream, the father leads Rodion by the hand: this is a gesture that conveys a shade of patronage and upbringing. They go to the cemetery, where the boy loved to be and where everything is filled with holiness: the ancestral graves, the old, beloved church - everything awakens God in Raskolnikov's soul (“Every time he visited the cemetery, he was religiously and respectfully baptized over the grave, bowed to her and kissed her ", 60). In a word, the father leads his son along the righteous path, and around him there is a terrible and sinful world: "He holds his father by the hand and looks back at the tavern with fear" (60). Here is played out a nightmarish scene of the killing of a horse, the first symbolic analogy of a future killing. Leads away from the bloody horse - father. "Daddy! - sounds here. - Why did they ... kill!" And in this whole scene, the shade of the father's impotence is important in the picture of the triumph of evil. “Drunk, they are naughty, it's none of our business, let's go!” Says the father. He wraps his arms around his father, but his chest is cramping, cramping ”(65). Is it because of this powerlessness that the next one who will lead Raskolnikov by the hand will be the devil himself: "As if someone took him by the hand and pulled him along, irresistibly, blindly, with unnatural strength, without objection" (77). The son cannot accept in his father just a little man, and in his mind a dream is born, as he himself put it, about the role of Napoleon, about the role of a savior who has the right.

Raskolnikov no longer has a father, he is an orphan, and the presence of even a weak father will be salutary for Dostoevsky's heroes. This is the role of Marmeladov for our topic. He brings only misfortune to his family, nevertheless, none of the children will express any reproach to him. Even him himself strange marriage with Katerina Ivanovna can be understood not only through the motive "nowhere to go" to a person, but also through the need for fatherhood for three orphans. For three adopted children, he is a real father, for whom everyone prays along with prayer for his own father ("another father"). According to Dostoevsky, love should not contradict suffering, the source of which will be the father (cf. Lermontov's opposite solution). This is precisely the Christian state: love not in spite of suffering, but precisely as a feeling for one's neighbor, purified by suffering. Therefore, only love binds Mrameladov and his daughter Sonya and his adopted children.

Foster children were introduced into the novel, of course, not by accident: Dostoevsky is important not so much blood as spiritual fatherhood. There is also a shade in Marmeladov's words, which we noted in Tolstoy's transposition of the Gospel: he calls himself an "earthly father" (26), implying a kind of higher fatherhood in God himself. Actually Marmeladov brings religiosity into the family, into Sonya's consciousness, he teaches children the Law of God (197). He gives Sonya hope for justification before God for her love - for her earthly, fallen father: "Your sins are forgiven you because you loved much" (27), he retells the Gospel. The attitude towards the father here symbolizes love for a sinful person as a whole, therefore it will be so natural for Sonya to fall in love with Raskolnikov, who is much more sinful than her father: through an attitude towards her father, all people become truly close to her. From Marmeladov, a Christian feeling was given to her, and then the hero himself is responsible for his soul before the Heavenly Father.

With all the plot insignificant presence of the theme of fathers and children in Crime and Punishment, it is obvious that Dostoevsky's solution differs significantly from other authors. There is an inhuman solution to the theme in Svidrigailov - the complete alienation of paternity, to the point of indifference to one's children, which even more rejects paternity than the previous enmity, but this is already a sign of the hero's doom (compare with Nozdrev for contrast). However, a kind of longing for fatherhood will be noticed in Svidrigailov, at least when he suits Marmeladov's children.

Further. In this novel, there is no conflict between fathers and children for any reason for accusations and enmity (compare with Lermontov, and then with the Brothers Karamazov), just as there is no personal isolation here (Griboyedov's heroes), there is no motive for the father's power (compare with Taras Bulboy), the father's responsibility for the earthly welfare of children (Chichikov), and there is no purely generic, genetic connection (compare with Goncharov). Dostoevsky's decision in Crime and Punishment is that fatherhood is a purely spiritual theme: the father is the closest of his relatives, his presence symbolizes a person's attitude to people, to the world. Breaking this connection (in Raskolnikov) leads to a break with people. Therefore, the return to the world, to life takes place in Raskolnikov through an appeal to Sonya, the true daughter of her father. Fatherlessness devastates, the connection even with the most fallen father connects with God, even if it does not promise any earthly good. The lyric hero of Lermontov should have read Dostoevsky, but this is already a solution to the topic in a different time.

2. Dream and reality

The concepts of "dream" and "reality" are in many ways opposed and at the same time closely related, they aim at comprehending various ideas about the world and the meaning of life, at thinking about how reality gives rise to a dream and how a person's dream raises it above everyday life.

In literature, there are many heroes who relate to dreams in different ways: some are inspired by noble aspirations and are ready to realize them, others are captivated by beautiful dreams, others are deprived of a high dream and are subordinated to base goals.

"Dreams and Reality" - so close to the soul human concept... Everyone wants to hide from the hustle and bustle of the world in the world of dreams. This is not always possible, but you can turn to the literature, which contains many arguments that reveal these concepts.

1. F.M. Dostoevsky called his novel Crime and Punishment "a psychological account of one crime." The work tells about a man with a "wrong dream". Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, the protagonist of the novel, could not correctly translate his idea into reality. The poor student living in a coffin-like room simply could not cope with the circumstances of the world around him. The hero believed that by killing the old woman-pawnbroker, he could change reality. He succumbed to the "Napoleonic" dream: to divide all people into "material" and "have the right." It would seem that the killer-ideologist must commit a crime for the sake of improving his own situation, or for the "humiliated and insulted." But the stolen money did not help anyone, and the disappearance of the moneylender deprived the poor of the opportunity to receive immediate financial assistance. This is the essence of the "wrong dream": you cannot do good to people by exterminating one of them. Therefore, not all dreams should come true, because the dreamer can make a mistake and realize something completely different from what he wanted.

2. The reality described in the novel itself pushes the hero to murder. Gloomy, poor, drunken and dissolute Petersburg presses on Rodion from all sides. The starting point of the crime is a conversation between two young people about a greedy old woman - a pawnbroker who deceives her clients. Raskolnikov thinks that the death of this greedy old woman will change reality. He put on himself the stigma of a murderer twice (the pawnbroker's sister Lizaveta fell from his hand) and destroyed his already restless personality. Murder is not a measure that can lead to a positive transformation of reality. This is just a path to self-destruction. Rodion did not take this into account, therefore he did not manage to change the surrounding reality. If a person wants to change the world, then he needs to start with himself, and not with those whom he considers unnecessary.

3. One of the inhabitants of the poor and hopeless reality was Marmeladov, who drank the money so necessary for his family. Raskolnikov met him in one of the dirty taverns. Marmeladov aroused compassion in Rodion, because the characters are very similar. Both are dreamers out of this world. Only now the former official ruined himself and his loved ones when his dreams began to diverge from reality. Once the hero was a successful man who wanted to help a poor widow left with children and no means of subsistence. His dream was the same rosy utopia as Rodion's theory: to change people without loving them. Semyon Zakharovich married an unloved woman, wanting only to help her financially, and not to start a family. As a result, he himself started drinking, lost his job, sank to the bottom of life and dragged all his loved ones with him, and all because his captivating dream was embodied in a waking nightmare. Marmeladov was initially mistaken in trying to implement what is not feasible.

4. Suffered from the gloomy and brutal reality and Sonya Marmeladova. The girl was forced to live on the “yellow ticket” in order to feed her family. In the eyes of Raskolnikov, she became the embodiment of “all human suffering,” which so weighed down the hero. Once quite a girl ran out of the house and went to sell herself. Late she returned to her stepmother, and brought with her 30 rubles - such is the price of her shame. But, despite such a wretched and dirty life, the heroine was not disappointed in herself and in what surrounds her. She did not blame the cruel world and its laws in everything, because faith helped her to escape from the clutches of vice and come to terms with what was happening. Meekness of disposition helped her learn to understand people and selflessly help them, improving the world as much as possible. It was Sonya who helped Rodion to submit to the torments of conscience and confess to the murder, accepting the punishment. It was she who supported the whole family, saving the children of her stepmother from starvation. This girl is living proof that the world can be changed on your own, but you need to start with what you can do.

5. You need to make your dreams come true, but not by all means. There are methods that will turn any dream into a waking nightmare. For example, Rodion's noble desire to improve the world did not lead him to the desired result. Petersburg remained at the mercy of poverty and powerlessness, despite the disappearance of Alena Ivanovna. This means that she was not at all the cause of all the troubles, and it was certainly not worth killing her. Raskolnikov's act is not salvation and not permissible revenge, but a cruel persecution of society itself, which after each murder loses faith in its own safety and becomes even more miserable. Hearing about another violence, any city dweller will think: “Can't the authorities do anything? Then I too will go and do what I want. " This means that violent and illegal methods are in no way suitable for the embodiment of a bright and moral dream, since they only harm people.

6. Dreams should always be interconnected with reality, otherwise a person will do something completely different from what he really needs. An example is the intention of Dunya Raskolnikova. She wanted to save her family from poverty and provide her brother with a decent education, but she could not work, since the master for whom she served as a governess harassed her and disgraced the entire county. As a result, there was only one way out for a woman of that time: to marry a rich man. So the heroine decided to do, finding a groom - a calculating and selfish man. She did not like Luzhin, and even he saw in Duna only an obedient slave, obliged to obey him in everything. But, in the end, the girl became disillusioned with the chosen one and realized that none of her family members wanted this sacrifice. Dunya's unhappy marriage will make them unhappy, and no amount of money will help. The girl simply did not want to see this, believing that her decision is the best and noblest remedy for troubles. Seeing her mistake, the reader must conclude: one cannot leave reality into the realm of illusions, even dreams must be corrected in accordance with what surrounds us.

3. Revenge and generosity

Within the framework of this direction one can talk about diametrically opposite manifestations of human nature, associated with ideas about good and evil, mercy and cruelty, peacefulness and aggression.

The concepts of "revenge" and "generosity" are often in the focus of attention of writers who investigate a person's reactions to life challenges, to the actions of other people, analyze the behavior of heroes in a situation moral choice both personally and socially and historically.

"Napoleon's idea" - the idea of ​​one chosen one, standing above humanity and prescribing his laws to it.

If one person arrogates to himself the right to physically destroy an unnecessary minority for the sake of the happiness of the majority, “simple arithmetic” does not work here: in addition to the old woman, Raskolnikov has to kill Lizaveta, the very humiliated one for which his ax was raised.

"Revenge and Generosity" based on Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment", I propose the following image for description:

Rodion Raskolnikov - his existence, the reasons that prompted him to double murder. But at the same time, his attitude towards Sonya. Compare what opposite qualities the author describes in Raskolnikov, his manifestation of generosity in relation to the funeral of an unfamiliar person, where he gives his last pennies. One can give an example of interference in the fate of a young girl, whom he is trying to save from dishonor.

Revenge, as many say, is a dish that is served cold. Does it become easier for a person when he takes revenge? Most crimes are committed in a fit of revenge. Only then does a person realize that succumbing to this strong, but at the same time destructive feeling, he took revenge not only on the offender, but also broke his life.

Not many are willing to show generosity ...

What is generosity? A great soul or generosity is not characteristic of many people. It seems that it is not at all comparable to revenge, because a generous person forgives evil and does not hide it in his heart.

to reveal on the basis of ideology - the theory of the superman. He wanted revenge, but he committed a crime.

At the same time, Sonya Marmuladova had the strength not to take revenge on others, not to look for the "guilty". Her generosity lay in humility, willingness to sacrifice. It was Sonino's generosity that helped Radion to repent, get rid of his thirst for revenge.

The soul is alive. We ourselves fill it with feelings by doing certain actions. But if revenge is a vice, a dark manifestation of us, then magnanimity is a blessing, the highest degree of virtue.

To develop generosity in oneself, one must work hard - forgive, forget the old, help others.

Raskolnikov's goal is ultimately “freedom and power, and most importantly, power! Over all the trembling creature and over the whole anthill! .. "

But for Sonya Marmeladova, a person can never be a "trembling creature" and a "louse". It is Sonechka who first of all personifies the truth of Dostoevsky. Sonya's nature can be defined in one word - “loving”. Active love for one's neighbor, the ability to respond to someone else's pain (especially deeply manifested in the scene of Raskolnikov's confession of murder) make the image of Sonya in a piercingly Christian way.

It is from a Christian standpoint, and this is the standpoint of Dostoevsky himself, that Raskolnikov is sentenced in the novel.

Sonechka, who also "transgressed" and ruined her soul, "a man of a high spirit", of the same "category" with Raskolnikov, the same humiliated and insulted, condemns him for contempt for people and does not accept his rebellion, his ax, which, as it seemed to Raskolnikov , was raised for her sake, for her happiness. Sonya, according to Dostoevsky, embodies the popular Christian principle, the Russian folk element, orthodoxy: patience and humility, immeasurable love for God and man.

There is a lot of generosity in this novel, but there is also revenge. Both revenge and generosity are fighting in the main character - Rodion Raskolnikov, still a very young man, with a sick soul. Revenge against the old woman-pawnbroker comes from the desire to improve the world, freeing it from a person unworthy in the opinion of Rodion. Raskolnikov takes revenge not from internal congenital anger, but rather from pain, from the imperfection of a living human soul... But in his heart there is a place not only for revenge, but also for generosity, otherwise there would be nothing to write. Raskolnikov is magnanimous towards Sonya (who herself is a model of generosity in this novel) and towards people unfamiliar to him.

4. IskusV yours and craft

Topics in this area actualize the ideas of graduates about the purpose of works of art and the measure of the talent of their creators, provide an opportunity to reflect on the mission of the artist and his role in society, about where craft ends and art begins.

Literature constantly turns to comprehending the phenomenon of creativity, depicting creative labor, helps to reveal inner world character through his relationship to art and craft.

5. Kindness and cruelty

This direction directs graduates to think about the moral foundations of attitudes towards a person and all living things, allows them to reflect, on the one hand, on the humanistic desire to value and protect life, on the other, on the inhuman desire to cause suffering and pain to others and even to oneself.

The concepts of "kindness" and "cruelty" belong to the "eternal" categories, in many works of literature characters are shown gravitating towards one of these poles or passing the path of moral rebirth

Arguments on the topic: Kindness and cruelty in the novel "Crime and Punishment"

Kindness and cruelty are one of the eternal themes that are found both in literature and in life. In FM Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, these two contrasting concepts go side by side and form a dramatic intensity of passions. What will the heroes choose? Good or Evil? Virtue or Cruelty?

1. Raskolnikov shows by his example how kindness and cruelty can be combined in one person. The main character by nature he is very kind and merciful - he loves his sister and mother very much, is anxious about the Marmeladov family, spares no money for Marmeladov's funeral, and sincerely sympathizes with Sonya. In addition, the author focuses on Rodion's dream, where he returns to childhood. In a dream, the boy regrets the horse that is beaten by the peasants to tears. At the same time, a cruel theory about the division of people into "trembling creatures" and "having the right" is ripening in his head. The same man kills an old money-giver and her sister. In the soul of Raskolnikov, throughout the entire work, there is an internal struggle between kindness and cruelty. In the finale, the reader sees the hero's sincere remorse, the victory of good over evil. Yet both of these qualities coexist in him, as in many other people.

2. Sonya Marmeladova is also an example of how evil can fight good within one heart. The heroine herself is very gentle, sensitive, meek. This heroine is an example of Christian humility and love for others. Under the pressure of life's circumstances, Sonya is forced to commit a cruel act towards herself and her conscience - to sell herself, her body. But she does this for the sake of love for her neighbors. Without the money she earned, her stepmother and children could simply starve to death. And now it turns out that the cruel act of the heroine is based on the purest and most real good. Unfortunately, sacrifice in the name of bright ideals rarely does without cruelty, but, nevertheless, Sonya's example proves that a person can win dark side your soul and keep virtue no matter what.

3. Cruelty and goodness also struggle in the soul of Svidrigailov. If you believe Luzhin's gossip, it turns out that Svidrigailov is a real criminal who has committed not one, but a number of cruel acts. On his conscience lie the rape, murder and molestation of young children. Although the author does not provide reliable confirmation of these acts, the reader still sees Svidrigailov as a criminal. On the other hand, the writer talks about how the hero helps Sonya Marmeladova and Katerina Ivanovna. Dostoevsky assigns such contrasting actions to one hero in order to show his versatility along with the versatility of the surrounding world. Good coexists with evil, both in a single hero and in the whole novel.

4. Evil for the sake of good - this is how Raskolnikov tried to justify an act that was cruel in nature. He killed an old woman-pawnbroker for the money that he planned to spend on good causes. Together with her, the hero killed her sister, who, by a fatal accident, ended up at the scene of the crime. The author shows that cruelty and anger cannot become the basis of something bright and kind. Rodion could not change anything for the better, the situation in the city only worsened from his actions. There was more violence, more aggression, but no less social injustice, which the hero wanted to eradicate. Raskolnikov, through mental throwing and suffering, comes to the fact that he repents of his deed. However, Alena Ivanovna and Lizaveta cannot be returned by this repentance. Therefore, cruelty cannot be a weapon to achieve a good goal. Its consequences are always tragic and, unfortunately, irreversible.

5. Sometimes we feel that we have the right to treat other people without kindness, because we consider them unworthy. good attitude... For example, these are the people who surrounded Raskolnikov and aroused in him feelings of hatred, anger and cruelty. Luzhin and Svidrigailov are the embodiment of extreme selfishness, which made the main character despise these gentlemen. At first glance, Rodion feels antipathy towards them, but during their communication, the author makes it clear that the unpleasant interlocutors are just Raskolnikov's doubles. A rapist and a calculating liar really do not deserve respect, but they need forgiveness and compassion, because they are the same people, like everyone else, simply entangled in the intricacies of vice. Rodion also got confused, to whom Sonya's mercy gave a chance for correction. However, without him, he would have ended his sinful life the way Svidrigailov did. Did he have the moral right to harshly condemn the groom and the former employer of the sister? No, because he himself could not boast of holiness. None of us has the right to condemn our neighbor, for none of us can call ourselves an impeccable moral authority. This means that we should all treat each other kindly, only in this way can we make each other better.

6. Each of us needs a good friend in moments when life path becomes especially thorny. Therefore, society will always highly value kindness in a person. For example, Rodion was saved by Sonya Marmeladova - the embodiment of light, kindness and love. The girl accepted the hero's bitter confession and did not condemn him. She supported the criminal, not rejected. Therefore, Raskolnikov reached out to Sonya - she taught him to love, forgive, be meek and humble. Then Rodion realized his guilt, his mistakes. The hero's conscious repentance is a very difficult and courageous step towards realizing the truth and the beginning of a new clean path, from which, I want to believe, he will never leave.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

The cruelty of the world around him oppressed Rodion Raskolnikov. He could not calmly watch how the poor suffered in poverty, and the rich lived in luxury, and believed that his calling was to restore justice. Cruelty gave rise to cruelty: Raskolnikov kills an old woman-pawnbroker, whom he considers worthless and unworthy of existence, and then, not intentionally, takes her sister's life. But the crime does not bring the hero the expected relief; on the contrary, it dooms him to torment and suffering. In difficult moments of loneliness, he meets Sonya Marmeladova - an example of virtue and philanthropy. The girl returns Raskolnikov to life, forcing him to abandon inhuman ideas and change his worldview.

Mercy consists not so much in material help as in spiritual support of a neighbor.

Leo Tolstoy

Mercy and compassion.

I want swans to live

And from white flocks

The world has become kinder ...

A. Dementyev

Songs and epics, fairy tales and stories, stories and novels of Russian writers teach us kindness, mercy and compassion. And how many proverbs and sayings have been created! "Remember the good, but forget the evil", "A good deed has lived for two centuries", "While you live, you do good, only the path of good is the salvation of the soul," says folk wisdom... So what are mercy and compassion? And why today a person sometimes brings to another person more evil than good? Probably because kindness is such a state of mind when a person is able to help others, give good advice, and sometimes just regret. Not everyone is able to feel someone else's grief as their own, to sacrifice something for people, and without this there is no mercy or compassion. good person attracts to him like a magnet, he gives a particle of his heart, his warmth to the people around him. That is why each of us needs a lot of love, justice, sensitivity in order to have something to give to others. We understand all this thanks to the great Russian writers, their wonderful works.

Truly merciful and compassionate people are the heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment". The emergence of the novel "Crime and Punishment" was the result of the writer's generalization of the most important contradictions of the 60s. Dostoevsky thought about his work for 15 years. Even in the engineering school, the future writer was interested in the topic strong personality and her rights. In 1865, when Dostoevsky was abroad, the idea of ​​the future novel was formed. At the heart of the original plot - dramatic story the Marmeladov family, then the crime story came to the fore, and central theme became the topic of moral responsibility. "Crime and Punishment" - ideological novel, socio-philosophical in the subject matter, tragic in the nature of the problems posed, adventurous criminal in its plot. The focus of the writer is the terrible reality of Russia at the end of the 19th century, with its poverty, lack of rights, corruption and disunity of the individual, suffocating from the consciousness of his own powerlessness.

The protagonist of the novel, a drop-out student Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, goes to terrible crime- the deprivation of the life of another person - under the influence of theories popular among young people in the 60s of the 19th century. Rodion is a dreamer, romantic, proud and strong, noble person, completely absorbed in the idea. The thought of murder evokes in him not only moral, but also aesthetic disgust: "The main thing: dirty, filthy, disgusting, disgusting! ..". the hero asks the questions: is it allowed to commit a small evil for the sake of a great good, does a noble goal justify a criminal means? Raskolnikov has a kind and compassionate heart, wounded by the spectacle of human suffering. The reader is convinced of this by reading the episode in which Raskolnikov wanders around St. Petersburg. The hero sees scary pictures big city and the suffering of the people in it. He makes sure that people cannot find a way out of the social impasse. The unbearably hard life of the poor working people, doomed to poverty, humiliation, drunkenness, prostitution and death shakes him. Raskolnikov perceives someone else's pain more acutely than his own. Risking his life, he saves children from the fire; shares the latter with the father of a deceased comrade; a beggar himself, he gives money for the funeral of Mameladov, whom he barely knew. But the hero realizes that he cannot help everyone, being a simple student. Raskolnikov comes to the realization of his own powerlessness in the face of evil. And in despair, the hero decides to "violate" the moral law - to kill out of love for humanity, to do evil for the sake of good. Raskolnikov is looking for power not out of vanity, but in order to really help people who are dying in poverty and powerlessness. Mercy and compassion - these are the moral laws that prompted Raskolnikov to commit a crime. The hero takes pity on everyone: mother, sister, the Marmeladov family. For their sake, he committed a crime. The hero wanted to make his mother happy. She helped her children all her life, sending her son the last money, trying to make her daughter's life easier. Raskolnikov wanted to save his sister, who lives in companions with the landowners, from the voluptuous claims of the head of the landlord's family. WITH Marmeladov Rodion meets in a tavern, where Semyon Zakharovich talks about himself. A drunkard official, a destroyer appears before Raskolnikov own family who deserves sympathy, but not condescension. His unfortunate wife arouses burning compassion in Raskolnikov, but she is also guilty of the fact that, although “in illness and the cry of children who did not eat,” she sent her stepdaughter to the panel ... and the whole family lives by her shame, her suffering. Raskolnikov's conclusion about the meanness of people looks inevitable. Only one thing stuck a thorn in the hero's mind: what is Sonya's fault, who sacrificed herself for the sake of saving her sisters and brother? What are they themselves to blame - this boy and two girls? For the sake of these children and all the other Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime. He says that children "cannot be children." The hero tells the frightened Sonya: “What to do? all the anthill! .. "What kind of suffering is Raskolnikov talking about? Probably about murder. He is ready to step over himself, killing a person, so that subsequent generations live in harmony with their conscience.

Raskolnikov's tragedy is that, according to his theory, he wants to act according to the principle "everything is allowed", but at the same time, fire lives in him sacrificial love to people.

In the novel, virtually every character is capable of empathy, compassion, and mercy. Sonechka transcends herself for others. To save the family, he goes to the panel. Sonecha finds love and compassion, a willingness to share his fate, Raskolnikov. It is Sonechka that the hero confesses to his crime. She does not judge Raskolnikov for his sin, but painfully sympathizes with him and calls on him to "suffer", to atone for his guilt before God and people. Thanks to the love for the heroine and her love for him, Rodion is resurrected to a new life. "Sonechka, Sonechka

Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka while the world stands! "- a symbol of self-sacrifice in the name of one's neighbor and endless" insatiable "compassion.

Raskolnikov's sister, Avdotya Romanovna, who, in Rodion's opinion, "would rather go to a Negro planter or to a Latvian to an Eastsee German than to revitalize her spirit and moral sense with a bond with a person she does not respect," is going to marry Luzhin. Avdotya Romanovna does not like this man, but by this marriage she hopes to improve the situation, not so much even of her own, as of her brother and mother.

In this work, Dostoevsky showed that you cannot do good by relying on evil. That compassion and mercy cannot coexist in a person along with hatred of individuals. Here either hatred supplants compassion, or vice versa. In the soul of Raskolnikov, a struggle of these feelings takes place, and, in the end, mercy and compassion win. The hero realizes that he cannot live with this black spot, the murder of an old woman, on his conscience. He understands that he is a "trembling creature" and had no right to kill. Anyone has the right to life. Who are we to deny him this right?

Mercy and compassion in the novel play significant role... The relationships of almost all the heroes are built on them: Raskolnikov and Sonechka, Raskolnikov and Dunya, Raskolnikov and the Marmeladov family, Pulkhiriya Alexandrovna and Raskolnikov, Sonya and Marmeladov, Sonya and Dunya. Moreover, mercy and compassion in these relationships was manifested from both parties in contact.

Yes, life is harsh. Many of the human qualities of the heroes were tested. Some in the process of these trials got lost among vices and evils. But the main thing is that among the vulgarity, filth and debauchery, the heroes were able to preserve, perhaps, the most important human qualities - mercy and compassion.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site bobych.spb.ru/

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Human life is full of difficulties that we face many times. People react to problems in different ways - some become angry and indifferent, and some, on the contrary, no matter how hard it is for them, try to help others, do not lose faith in people, showing compassion towards them. According to Ozhegov's dictionary, compassion is pity, sympathy, caused by someone's misfortune.

This is a character trait that, unfortunately, not everyone can boast of. Dostoevsky said: “There is compassion highest form human existence", Let's try to figure out whether this is really so.

When thinking about this question, one involuntarily recalls the image of Sonya Marmeladova - one of the heroines of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. Sonya is a poor girl from a dysfunctional family, her father constantly drinks, spending all his money on alcohol, her stepmother suffers from consumption, and her stepbrothers and sister sometimes have nothing to eat. Realizing the plight of her family, the girl decides to start living “on the yellow ticket,” that is, she sells her own body.

She doesn't do it out of a desire for easy money beautiful life, but from the desire to help your loved ones, from the greatest feeling of compassion for others. Sonya possesses strong character and a sense of self-sacrifice, because it is she who helps Rodion Raskolnikov, who committed a terrible crime, to embark on the path of truth. She, not sparing herself, goes after the young man to hard labor to help him cope with this. Sonya is the embodiment of a strong-minded person who is ready to help others in any situation, regardless of her position.

The world has helpful people, ready to help in any situation, not sparing themselves, their time and money. These are people with a “burning heart”, full of love for others, for the world, ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of humanity. There are a lot of works with such heroes in literature. Maxim Gorky's story "The Old Woman Izergil" is based on the narration of various legends, one of which is about the burning heart of Danko, whose people found themselves in distress. A young gypsy, trying to save his relatives, offers to go through the forest. Weak people along the way, they began to lose heart, to die. They accuse Danko of not knowing the way. The hero does not despair, and without a moment's hesitation, pulls out his burning heart from his chest, which illuminated the way for people. His act is amazing, courageous, I would say heroic. Danko was not afraid to sacrifice his life for the sake of other people, he felt great love for those around him, his actions can only be admired and taken as an example.

The conclusion involuntarily suggests itself that human life is impossible without compassion, self-sacrifice, responsiveness, so I agree with the statement of the greatest Russian writer. I sincerely hope that people will become less indifferent towards each other and more responsive to others.

Updated: 2018-01-17

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In order not to deviate from the source of this prophetic remark, let us turn to one of the wonderful creations of F. M. Dostoevsky "The Idiot".
The protagonist of the novel, Prince Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin, is an example of Christian consciousness as imagined by the author. He is infinitely kind, all-forgiving, he has a subtle understanding of human souls. However, the world around the hero is far from ideal. Myshkin can neither save Nastasya Filippovna from death, nor save Rogozhin from committing a crime, nor keep Aglaya from a rash step. However, Myshkin himself also cannot bear the weight of the world and his hidden guilt before these people. Ironically, calling his hero an idiot, while thinking about the novel “about positively wonderful person", The author describes in detail social environment the character falls into. His heroes are all as one - sinners overwhelmed by passions, who, according to Aglaya, do not stand to lift the handkerchief of Prince Myshkin - not being able to figure out their sins and passions themselves, they are drawn to him as to the light. He is pure in spirit. He consoles anyone who simply tells him that they want to repent. His attitude towards Nastasya Filippovna is determined at the moment when he sees her portrait: “Oh, if only it were good! Everything would be saved, ”but realizing that she is not kind, but on the contrary, under the feeling of her grave guilt, she herself is ready to mock right and wrong, he decides for himself that she is insane. She is not insane, but rather possessed, and in order to heal her, Christ really is needed, and Myshkin, with all his kindness and purity, does not possess firmness in the fight against evil, in renouncing the evil one. He does not see evil in the world, for him all people are good, all are unhappy and all suffer. Dostoevsky thinks differently. He places his hero in a world of squabbles, strife and sins. Myshkin manages to bring Ganya Ivolgin back into the path of truth, albeit for a short time, with his disinterestedness, but this act is generally not justified.
In essence, compassion is manifested when a person forgets their vital, selfish interests and gives everything they can to a needy neighbor. If a person is capable of such an act, it means that he is sure that nothing will happen to him, he will not suffer, because the Lord protects him, and the one who is in need really needs help, because he turned away from God and does not believe in his help. ... Dostoevsky's compassion is inextricably linked with faith, and what can save a soul if not faith. Thus, a selfish person retreats before a spiritual person. The body suffers, the soul belongs to God, and therefore the writer sees the source of mental anguish in spiritual blindness, in the inability to find divine providence in the events of life. This inability comes from human cowardice, lack of true faith, fear for something vain, at a time when the soul is tormented and suffering without finding in the darkness of true light. Compassion, the ability to feel with the soul and partly take on the suffering of another person, his mental anguish and thereby renounce his own selfishness at least for a short moment show the strength of the human spirit, and what if not the spiritual organization determines the meaning of human existence. Thus, Prince Myshkin is the embodied meaning of the writer's spiritual quest. Another question is that the environment is pretentiously ugly and they want not Christian love from it, and this, in the writer's understanding, is a grave sin. Dostoevsky had correct ideas about the spiritual essence, but the main conflict of the work is the desire to be clean and dirty of the environment, which in turn deprives the heroes of faith in their own strength to change something. They cannot correct their lives, but they can remain human even in this environment - forgiving, loving, compassionate. This is what defines the writer as the meaning of human existence. The awakening of the spiritual essence is a massive breakthrough for his heroes. When this awakening is accomplished, when a person remembers his destiny, the meaning of his existence, the actions he has performed hitherto are justified in his darkened consciousness. He justifies both Raskolnikov and Rogozhin. Suffering atone for guilt formally, while compassion, the discovery of the spiritual essence, exalt a person to new round development. He will never be the same. He who knows compassion renounces evil, his life is filled with love, light and grace. This is exactly what Myshkin wants. In order for people to remember their conscience, to pray for their neighbors, to feel sorry for their enemies. And although he did not do much, he did not live in vain. Returned from madness to the world of those darkened by reason, he was forced to drink his cup of suffering. The connection between suffering and madness is visible, for only the insane, turning away from God, begins to suffer, and the one who is with God experiences grace and understanding of divine providence, and not suffering. The pure intention of Prince Myshkin to help people knowingly justifies his existence, since his compassion for them heals souls and gives strength from God.

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