The role of art in human life: what the world of beauty is preparing for us. Why do you need art? What is real art? The role and significance of art in human life Art significance for a person

Art is the activity of the individual. With the help of it, he learns the world, rests and creates something new. The role and significance of art in human life should not be underestimated. It would be practically impossible without him. This is a kind of foundation for further discoveries.

What is art

This is a creative activity that allows a person to realize his inner world. You can create with the help of sounds, dances, pictures, words, flowers, various natural materials, and so on. Art is one of the many forms of consciousness of intelligent beings. It arises thanks to the creativity of specific individuals who touch on topics that are interesting not only to the author, but also to other people. Many people ask: "Does a person need art?" The answer is definitely yes, because this is a way of knowing the world. Science is also one of the types of acquiring knowledge from the surrounding reality. Art can be:

• Craft. Any kind of human activity is considered a creative process. Craftsmanship in some area: sewing, beadwork, furniture making, and so on is considered art. After all, a person tries to convey his vision of the world into reality.
• Cultural activities. People have always strived for something beautiful. By creating something good, a person emphasizes his love and peacefulness.
• Any expressive forms. With the development of society and aesthetic knowledge, art can be called absolutely any activity that, using special means, expresses some kind of meaning.

This term is broad enough. If it is interpreted on the scale of the entire human society, then it is a special means for cognition or reflection of the surrounding world, spirituality and consciousness of the individual. There is practically no person who could not give him an explanation. Listen to your inner world and define what art is for you. After all, it is valuable both for a particular author and for all people in general. During the existence of mankind, a lot of works of art have already been created that you can admire and which can inspire you to your own creative ideas.

History of the emergence of art

According to one theory, for the first time man began to engage in creativity during a primitive society. This is witnessed by rock inscriptions. These were the first mass forms of art. They were applied mainly for practical use. About 40 thousand years ago, art became an independent way to explore the world. It was represented by various rituals, musical compositions, choreography, body jewelry, images on rocks, trees and skins of killed animals.

In the primitive world, art performed the function of transmitting information. People could not communicate using language, so they conveyed information through creativity. Therefore, art for the people of those times was an integral part of existence. To apply images, objects from the surrounding world and various colors from them were used.

Art in the ancient world

It was in ancient civilizations such as Egypt, India, Rome and so on that the foundations of the creative process were laid. Even then, people began to think about whether a person needs art. Each developed center of civilization had its own unique style, which survived for many centuries and did not change. At this time, the first works of artists had already begun to be created. The ancient Greeks portrayed the human body best of all. They could correctly depict muscles, posture and respect the proportions of the body.

Art in the Middle Ages

People of these times focused their gaze on biblical stories and spiritual truths. In the Middle Ages, they no longer asked the question of whether a person needed art, because the answer was obvious. In painting or mosaics, a gold background was used, and people were depicted with ideal proportions and body shapes. Art of various kinds penetrated into the sphere of architecture, beautiful statues were built. People were not interested in what real art was, they just created their own wonderful works. Some Islamic countries attributed divine power to such creations. The people from India used the art for religious dancing and sculpture. The Chinese preferred bronze sculptures, wood carvings, poetics, calligraphy, music, and pictorial drawings. The style of this people changed every era and bore the names of the ruling dynasties. In the 17th century, it spread in Japan. By this time, people already knew what real art was. After all, it has already seriously influenced the education of a useful person for society. And also served as a good rest and relaxation.

Renaissance and the modern world

Humanity has returned to humanism and material values. This influenced the development of art. The figures of people have lost their idealized forms. During these eras, artists tried to show the universe and various ideas of that time. There were already a lot of interpretations of "what art is". Creative people perceived it as a way to convey human personality. Already by the 19th century, a lot of styles were formed, such as symbolism or fauvism. However, already in the XX century, there were many scientific discoveries and developing technologies. During this period, creative people were looking for new ways to display their inner world and reflect modern beauty.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the direction of modernism merged into art. People tried to find the truth and followed rigid norms. During this period, there were a lot of critics of painting, who assumed that it was over.

What is art

In the modern world, the creative process has reached unprecedented development. With the help of the World Wide Web, different kinds of skill are spreading at great speed. Art is as follows:

• Spectacular art. This includes theaters, operas, circuses, cinematography, and so on. With the help of visual perception, the authors convey their vision of the world and various events. Directors create films that reflect the existing problems of the world. Many branches of art serve as entertainment for a person, for example, a circus.
• Art. This area includes photography, painting, comics, sculpture and silent films. The authors, with the help of a static picture, convey the nature, the life of a people, the problems of mankind. Silent cinema is a dynamic art form. In the modern world, this phenomenon has already lost its popularity.
• Expressive art. People reflect their views in literature, create beautiful buildings. They also express the inner world in music and choreography. Most of the works raise global problems and vices of humanity. Thanks to this, people improve and move away from evil and self-flagellation.

For creative self-expression, man has invented a lot of materials. Artists use paint, canvas, ink and so on. Architects - clay, iron, plaster, etc. Thanks to modern methods of storing information, a person can transfer his creations to an electronic version. There are already many musicians, artists, filmmakers and writers who use computers to create works of art.

Modern world and art

The creative sphere of life teaches an individual true beauty, makes him more merciful and kinder. Art also teaches us to look at simple things from a different angle, most often positive. In all creations there is no one definite meaning, each person is looking for something of their own in them. Also, everyone individually chooses the type of activity for themselves. It can be painting, ballet, or even classical literature. People, through creativity, learn compassion, sensitivity and emotionality. Everyday life can depress a person, and art reminds how beautiful the world around him can be. Many people simply feed on positive energy from different works of authorship.

From an early age, an individual is instilled with a love of creativity. Exposing children to art allows them to learn to understand literature, painting, architecture, music and much more. It cultivates personality. However, there are times when a person does not understand why art is needed. Such behavior is one of the stages of personality development, after which people have an involuntary craving for something new, unknown. This allows you to broaden your horizons, improve and form individual moral values. Most importantly, creativity makes a person better.

How art affects personality development

A person is a creature that is formed with the help of the events around him and other opinions. Art occupies a special place in this process, it affects both a specific person and society as a whole. Thanks to him, pleasant feelings, interesting thoughts, moral principles are formed in a person, and the development of modern art helps him in this. Life without this industry is almost impossible. It would be dry, and for individuals with a rich inner world it would appear only in black and white colors. A special place in existence is occupied by fiction as art. She is able to fill a person, like a jug with water, life principles and views. Leo Tolstoy believed that spiritual beauty can save humanity. With the study of the work of various authors, people become internally attractive.

In the visual arts, a person tries to convey his point of view on the world around him, sometimes from his imagination. After all, he cannot recreate what does not exist. Each image conveys a specific thought or feeling of the creator. Man feeds on these works of art. If the message was kind, then the person will radiate positive emotions. Aggressive creativity generates negative feelings in a person. In life, people should have positive thoughts and deeds, otherwise humanity is threatened with extinction. After all, if everyone wants harm to his surroundings, then massive acts of violence and murder may begin.

Introducing children to art

Parents begin to engage in cultural education of their child almost from birth. Introducing children to art is an important part of raising a positive personality. School age is considered the most favorable for the development of a cultured person. At this stage, in schools, a sympathy for classical works is formed in the child. In the classroom, they examine the great artists, writers, musicians and their significant contribution to the culture of humanity. In the future, they will better perceive the work of various authors and not ask why they need art. However, when children move into middle school, teachers do not pay due attention to creativity. In this case, many parents send them to special art schools. Children are taught the ability to learn something new, interest in art, the ability to create and be a kind person. After all, artistic creations play a significant role in the development of a mature personality.

Arts and Literature

The word is an integral part of creativity. Thanks to him, you can very accurately convey information, events, feelings, and so on. able to convey to a person the widest range of emotions and views on life. Also, imagination helps to convey pictures of indescribable beauty. Thanks to the word, people can experience joy, anxiety, condolences, sadness, and so on. The text in the book is somewhat reminiscent of an alternative reality.

Also, the writers talk about their assumptions regarding the future of humanity. There are many popular dystopias that reflect a far from bright future, for example: Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, 1984 by George Orwell. They serve as a warning to a person so that he does not forget to love and tries to appreciate everything that he has. This fact shows why the art of negative literature is needed. Indeed, such books ridicule people's problems: insane consumption, love of money, power, and so on. After all, these things do not bring happiness at all, and you need to do only noble deeds and have honor.

What is the art of photographs and paintings for?

Almost everyone loves to decorate the walls of their home with the work of artists or photographers. However, not everyone thought about why they hang there and how they affect the mood. Psychologists believe that images on walls can affect a person. The picture affects primarily the subconscious, and it is very important what color it is. Impact of color images:

• Orange color. It is able to create warmth in a person and, however, some works can, on the contrary, be annoying.
• Red paintings. It is one of the most affecting colors on humans. He can feed healthy people with passion and warmth. In patients with psychological disorders, aggression may appear.
• Green. This is the color of the entire plant world, which creates in a person a sense of security and freshness.
• Blue images. They are able to give people calmness and a certain coolness. All light colors have a positive effect on the emotional state of a person.

Experts have long found out that different colors of paintings and photographs can improve mood, bring emotions in order and, in some cases, heal. However, some people may still wonder why the art of images is needed. They can be observed in schools, kindergartens, educational institutions and in some workplaces. These are often serene landscapes, forests and portraits of some beautiful people.

No matter how complex and unpredictable our life is, there are always moments and events that decorate it and make it beautiful. We always try to strive for the best, for something good. To live, to love, to do something useful for oneself and society is wonderful. The role of art in is as important as life itself. Everything that surrounds us is a kind of art.

Even in ancient times, our ancestors tried to depict on the walls, pieces of skin, stones some pictures, events of their lives, battles, hunting. In those days, they did not even suspect that their attempts would bring a lot of new knowledge for humanity in the future. Their sculptures, utensils, weapons, clothing are of great importance, thanks to these findings, we know the history of the development of our ancestors. Then they had no idea that everything they do is art, and that the role of art in human life will be very great.

Cultural development, morality are promoted by different directions of art (the essence of which is to show and teach the real and beautiful world). With the help of music, poetry, professionals and amateurs, we can learn the aesthetic perception of our world. Therefore, the role of art in human life is simply enormous!

Painters, sculptors, poets, musicians and every person who tries to convey with his creativity the perception and his vision of something special that surrounds us, occupies an important place in the cultural development of mankind. Even a small child, having made his first drawing, applique or craft, has already to some extent touched the world of art. At an older age, as a teenager, his tastes in the choice of style of clothing, preferences in music, books and his perception of life are formed. Worldview and aesthetic taste are built into a logical chain in direct communication with works of art, but only personal assessment influences the choice and formation of taste. Therefore, it is necessary to come across the art world and real masterpieces more often.

The role of art in human life is so great that, once having mastered the habit of visiting museums and art galleries, reading interesting books, poetry, you will want to touch the spiritual and historical world, meet new and interesting people, get to know the artistic creations of other peoples, get acquainted with their history and culture. All this brings variety and bright colors to our life, contributes to the desire to live better and more interesting. There is a lot of spiritual wealth around us and the role of art in the modern world is not the last. Having touched the beautiful, a person tries to bring as many beautiful things as possible into his life, strives for the perfection of his body and speech, correct behavior and communication with other people. Studying and communicating with art, there is a desire to come up with something new and original, I want to create and invent.

Slide 1

Art in the life of a modern person

Art is a part of the spiritual culture of mankind, a specific kind of spiritual and practical development of the world.

M. Klodt. Sculpture on the Anichkov bridge. Saint Petersburg

Slide 2

painting, architecture, sculpture, music, fiction, theater, dance, cinema, design, arts and crafts.

Art includes different types of human activities:

V. Borovikovsky. Portrait of the Gagarin sisters

A. Gaudi Cathedral of the Sagrada Familia Spain (Barcelona)

Slide 3

In a broader sense, the word "art" refers to any form of human activity, if it is performed skillfully, masterfully, skillfully.

Slide 4

O. Rodin. Poet and muse

Each type of art speaks in its own language about the eternal problems of life, about good and evil, about love and hate, about joy and sorrow, about the beauty of the world and the human soul, about the height of thoughts and aspirations, about the comic and tragic nature of life. Art helps a person to choose ideals and values. This has been the case at all times. Art is a kind of life textbook.

V. Van Gog Crows over a wheat field

Slide 5

“Art is an eternal joyful and good symbol of man's striving for good, for joy and perfection,” wrote the famous German writer T. Mann.

Novodevichy Convent Moscow

Slide 7

An artistic image is a generalized idea of ​​reality, an attitude towards life, towards the world around us, expressed in the language of art. Revealing his inner world, the artist is always tuned in to the wave of his time with all its worries and joys, anticipating certain changes. Therefore, it becomes possible to create an artistic image of the era.

Leonardo da Vinci La Gioconda Paris, Louvre

Slide 8

Style (from the Greek stylos - writing stick) means handwriting, it is a set of characteristic features, techniques, methods, and peculiarities of creativity. In art, there are: the style of the era (historical), the national style (belonging to a particular people), the individual style of a particular artist.

Basil's Cathedral Moscow

Nefertiti Ancient Egypt

Slide 9

The language of any art helps to hear in the work the living voice of the artist, the centuries-old wisdom of the people. The expressiveness and emotionality of language in painting, graphics, music, sculpture, poetry, dance is provided by such concepts as: composition, form, texture, rhythm, tone, intensity.

O. Tabakov - Salieri A. Bezrukov - Mozart

Slide 10

Peter the First on Senate Square St. Petersburg

Colosseum Italy, Rome

S. Raphael Sistine Madonna Germany, Dresden

Moreover, each art form speaks its own language. To learn to understand all the diversity of art, one must understand the figurative structure of a work of art, belonging to a certain style, direction.

Gorbunova Yulia

Research work on "The role of art in human life"

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1. Introduction
2. Main part

2.1. The concept of art.

2.2 Types of art

2.3 Functions of Art

2.4 The role of art in human life

2.5 Life is short, art is eternal.

1. Conclusion
2. Literature

1. Introduction.

I chose to work on the topic "The Role of Art in Human Life" because I wanted to deepen and generalize knowledge about art. It was interesting for me to broaden my horizons and find out what functions art performs, what is the role of art in a person's life, in order to further discuss this from the point of view of a knowledgeable person.

I consider the chosen topic of work to be relevant, since certain aspects of the topic have not been fully studied and the research carried out is aimed at overcoming this gap. She encourages me to show intellectual abilities, moral and communication qualities;

Before starting work, I conducted a survey among the students of our school. By asking them a few questions in order to identify their relationship to art. We got the following results.

The total number of respondents was people.

1. What role do you think art plays in modern human life?

Large%

No%

Helps to live%

1. What does art teach us and does it teach us at all?

Beauty%

Understanding Life%

Right actions%

Broadens the mind %

Teaches nothing%

1. What kinds of art do you know?

Theatre %

Cinema %

Music %

Painting%

Architecture%

Sculpture%

Other arts%

1. What kind of art do you do or are passionate about?

Passionate%

Not passionate%

1. Have there been times when art has played a role in your life?

Yes %

Not %

The survey showed that the work will help people understand the importance of art and, I think, will attract many, if not to art, then it will arouse interest in the problem.

My work is also of practical importance, because the materials can be used to prepare for an essay on literature, for oral presentations at lessons in fine arts, MHC, and later to prepare for exams.

Target work: to prove the importance of various types of art in human life;show how art influences the formation of the spiritual culture of a person's personality; arouse people's interest in the art world.

Tasks - to reveal the essence of art, to consider the relationship between man and art in society, to consider the main functions of art in society, their significance and role for a person.

Problematic issues: How does art express the feelings of a person and the world around him?

Why do they say “that life is short, but art is eternal”?

What is art? When, how and why did art emerge?

What role does art play in a person's life and in my life?

Expected Result

After getting acquainted with my work, a higher level of development of an emotional-value attitude towards the world, phenomena of life and art is expected; understanding the place and role of art in people's lives.

2. Main part

2.1 Concept of art

"Art gives wings and takes you far - far!" -
said the writerA.P. Chekhov

How nice it would be if someone created a device that would show the degree of influence of art on a person, society as a whole, and even on nature. How do painting, music, literature, theater, cinema affect human health, the quality of his life? Can this impact be measured and predicted? Of course, culture as a whole, as a combination of science, art and education, is capable, when choosing the right direction and priorities of life, to have a beneficial effect both on an individual and on society as a whole.

Art is the creative comprehension of the surrounding world by a talented person. The fruits of this understanding belong not only to its creators, but to all of humanity living on planet Earth.

Immortal are the beautiful creations of ancient Greek sculptors and architects, Florentine mosaic masters, Raphael and Michelangelo ... Dante, Petrarch, Mozart, Bach, Tchaikovsky. It captures the spirit when you try to comprehend with your mind everything created by geniuses, preserved and continued by their descendants and followers.

In a primitive societyprimitive creativityis born with a viewHomo sapiensas a way of human activity for solving practical problems. Arising in the eramiddle palaeolithic, primitive artreached its heyday about 40 thousand years ago, and was a social product of society, embodying a new stage in the development of reality. The oldest works of art, such as the shell necklace found in South Africa, date back to 75 millennium BC. e. and more. In the Stone Age, art was represented by primitive rituals, music, dances, all kinds of body decorations, geoglyphs - images on the ground, dendrographs - images on the bark of trees, images on animal skins, cave paintings, rock paintings,petroglyphs and sculpture.

The emergence of art is associated withgames, rituals and ritualsincluding duemythologically- magicalrepresentations.

Now the word "art" is often used in its original, very broad meaning. This is all skill in the implementation of any tasks, requiring some kind of perfection in its results. In a narrower sense of the word, this is creativity "according to the laws of beauty." Works of art, like works of applied art, are created according to the "laws of beauty". A work of art, like all other types of social consciousness, is always the unity of the object cognizable in it and the subject cognizing this object.

In a primitive, pre-class society, art as a special kind of social consciousness did not yet exist independently. It was then in unity with mythology, magic, religion, with legends about a past life, with primitive geographical concepts, with moral requirements.

And then art stood out among them in its special specific kind. It has become one of the forms of development of social consciousness of various peoples. This is how it should be viewed.

Thus, art is a kind of consciousness of society, it is an artistic content, not a scientific one. L. Tolstoy, for example, defined art as a means of exchange of feelings, opposing it with science as a means of exchange of thoughts.

Art is often compared to a reflecting mirror that reflects reality through the thoughts and feelings of the creator. Through him, this mirror reflects those phenomena of life that attracted the artist's attention, excited him.

Here one can rightfully see one of the most important specific features of art as a type of human activity.

Any product of labor - be it a tool, tool, machine, or means of sustaining life - is created for some special need. Even such products of spiritual production as scientific research may well remain accessible and important for a narrow group of specialists, without losing anything in their social significance.

But a work of art can be recognized as such only on condition of universality, "general interest" of its content. The artist is called upon to express something that is equally important for both the driver and the scientist, which is applicable to their life activity, not only to the extent of the peculiarities of their profession, but also to the extent of their involvement in public life, the ability to be human, to be a person.

2.2. Kinds of art

Depending on the material means with which works of art are constructed, three groups of art forms objectively arise: 1) spatial, or plastic (painting, sculpture, graphics, art photography, architecture, arts and crafts and design), i.e. those who unfold their images in space; 2) temporary (verbal and musical), that is, those where images are built in time, and not in real space; 3) spatio-temporal (dance; acting and everything based on it; synthetic - theater, cinema, television, circus, etc.), that is, those whose images have both length and duration, corporeality and dynamism. Each type of art is directly characterized by the way of material existence of its works and the type of figurative signs used. Within these limits, all its types have varieties, which are determined by the characteristics of this or that material and the resulting originality of the artistic language.

So, the varieties of verbal art are oral creativity and written literature; varieties of music - vocal and different types of instrumental music; varieties of performing arts - dramatic, musical, puppet, shadow theater, as well as variety and circus; varieties of dance - everyday dance, classical, acrobatic, gymnastic, ice dance, etc.

On the other hand, each art form has generic and genre divisions. The criteria for these divisions are defined in different ways, but the very presence of such types of literature as epic, lyric poetry, drama, such types of fine art as easel, monumental-decorative, miniature, such genres of painting as portrait, landscape, still life ...

Thus, art, taken as a whole, is a historically developed system of various specific methods of artistic development of the world,

each of which has features common to all and individually unique.

2.3. Functions of art

Art has similarities and differences with other forms of social consciousness. Just like science, it objectively reflects reality, cognizes its important and essential aspects. But unlike science, which assimilates the world with the help of abstract theoretical thinking, art learns the world through figurative thinking. Reality appears in art as a whole, in the richness of its sensory manifestations.

Unlike science, artistic consciousness does not set itself the goal of giving any special information about private branches of social practice and identifying their regularities, such as physical, economic, etc. The subject of art is everything that is interesting for a person in life.

The goals that the author or creator deliberately and consciously sets for himself while working on a work have direction. This can be some kind of political goal, a commentary on social status, the creation of a certain mood or emotion, a psychological impact, an illustration of something, a promotion of a product (in the case of advertising), or simply the transmission of a certain message.

1. Means of communication.In its simplest form, art is a means of communication. Like most other means of communication, it carries the intention of conveying information to the audience. For example, scientific illustration is also an art form that exists to convey information. Another example of this kind is geographic maps. However, the content of the message is not necessarily scientific. Art allows you to convey not only objective information, but also emotions, mood, feelings.
2. Art as entertainment... The purpose of art can be to create a mood or emotion that helps you relax or have fun. Very often, cartoons or video games are created for this very purpose.
3. Vanguard, art for political change.One of the defining goals of early 20th century art was the creation of works that provoke political change. The directions that have emerged for this purpose are -dadaism, surrealism, Russian constructivism, abstract expressionism- collectively referred tovanguard.
4. Art for psychotherapy.Psychologists and psychotherapists can use art for medicinal purposes. A special technique based on the analysis of the patient's drawings is used to diagnose the state of the personality and emotional status. In this case, the ultimate goal is not diagnostics, but mental health.
5. Art for social protest, overthrow of the existing order and / or anarchy.As a form of protest, art may not have any specific political goal, but be limited to criticism of the existing regime or some of its aspects.

2.4. The role of art in human life

All arts serve the greatest of the arts - the art of living on earth.
Bertolt Brecht

Now it is impossible to imagine that oura lifewould not accompany art,creation... Wherever and whenever you liveHuman, even at the dawn of his development, he tried to comprehend the world around him, which means he sought to understand and figuratively, intelligibly convey the knowledge gained to the next generations. This is how wall paintings appeared in caves - ancient human encampments. And this was born not only by the desire to protect their descendants from the mistakes already passed by the ancestors, but also to convey the beauty and harmony of the world, admiration for the perfect creations of nature.

Humanity did not mark time, it progressively moved forward and higher, and the art that accompanies a person at all stages of this long and painful path developed in the same way. If you turn to the Renaissance, you admire the heights reached by artists and poets, musicians and architects. The immortal creations of Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci still fascinate with their perfection and deep awareness of the role of man in the world, where he is destined to travel his short, but wonderful, sometimes tragic path.

Art is one of the most important stages in human evolution. Art helps a person to look at the world from different points of view. With each epoch, with each century, it is more and more improved by man. At all times, art has helped people develop their abilities, improve abstract thinking. Over the centuries, people have tried to change art more and more, improve it, deepen their knowledge. Art is the great secret of the world, in which the secrets of the history of our life are hidden. Art is our history. Sometimes in it you can find answers to those questions that even the most ancient manuscripts cannot answer.
Today a person can no longer imagine life without a novel he has read, without a new movie, without a premiere in the theater, without a fashion hit and a favorite musical group, without art exhibitions ... In art, a person finds new knowledge, answers to vital questions, and reassurance from the daily hustle and bustle, and enjoyment. A real work of art is always in tune with the thoughts of readers, viewers, listeners. The novel can talk about a distant historical era, about people, it seems, of a completely different way and style of life, but the feelings that people have been imbued with at all times are understandable to the present reader, consonant with him if the novel is written by a real master. Let Romeo and Juliet lived in Verona in ancient times. It is not the time and place of action that determines my perception of the great love and faithful friendship described by the brilliant Shakespeare.

Russia has not become a distant province of art. Even at the dawn of its emergence, she announced loudly and boldly about her right to stand next to the greatest creators of Europe: "The Lay of Igor's Host", icons and paintings by Andrei Rublev and Theophanes the Greek, cathedrals of Vladimir, Kiev and Moscow. We are not only proud of the amazing proportions of the Church of the Intercession on Nerl and the Moscow Intercession Cathedral, better known as the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed, but we also sacredly honor the names of its creators.

Ancient creations are not the only ones that grab our attention. We constantly come across works of art in our daily life. Visiting museums and exhibition halls, we want to join that wonderful world, which is accessible at first only to geniuses, and then to others, we learn to understand, see, absorb the beauty that has already become a part of our everyday life.

Pictures, music, theater, books, films give a person incomparable joy and satisfaction, make him sympathize. Eliminate all this from the life of a civilized person, and he will turn, if not into an animal, then into a robot or a zombie. The wealth of art is inexhaustible. It is impossible to visit all museums in the world, all symphonies, sonatas, operas cannot be listened to, all masterpieces of architecture cannot be reviewed, all novels, poems, and poems cannot be re-read. And to nothing. Know-it-alls are actually superficial people. Of all the diversity, a person chooses for the soul that which is closest to him, which gives the basis for his mind and feelings.

The possibilities of art are multifaceted. Art forms intellectual and moral qualities, stimulates creativity, and promotes successful socialization. In ancient Greece, the visual arts were considered as an effective means of influencing a person. The galleries exhibited sculptures that personified noble human qualities ("Mercy", "Justice", etc.). It was believed that, contemplating beautiful statues, a person absorbs all the best that they reflect. The same applies to the paintings of the great masters.

A group of researchers led by Professor Marina de Tommaso from the University of Bari, Italy, found that beautiful paintings can reduce pain, writes the Daily Telegraph today. Scientists hope that the new results will convince hospitals and hospitals to be more concerned with decorating their rooms.

In the course of the study, a group of people, both their men and their women, were asked to look at 300 paintings by masters such as Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli, as well as to select from them 20 paintings each that they find the most beautiful and most ugly. At the next stage, the subjects were shown these pictures or did not show anything, leaving a large black wall for pictures free, and simultaneously hit the participants with a short laser pulse comparable in strength to touching a hot frying pan. It has been found that when people see pictures they like, pain is three times less intense than when they are forced to look at an ugly picture or a black wall.

Not only children, but often adults too, are unable to cope with their emotions. We live by the rules, we force ourselves with constant "It is necessary, necessary, necessary ...", forgetting about our desires. Because of this, an internal discontent arises, which a person, being a social being, tries to keep in himself. As a result, the body suffers, because a negative emotional state often leads to various diseases. Creativity in this case helps to relieve emotional stress, harmonize the inner world and achieve mutual understanding with others. Of course, this can be not only drawing, but also applications, embroidery, photography, modeling from matches, prose, poetry and much more, one way or another related to art.

The question of how literature affects a person, his behavior and psyche, what mechanisms lead to peculiar experiences and, as a consequence, to a change in a person's personal characteristics when reading a literary work, has occupied the minds of many scientists and researchers from ancient times to the present. Fiction, giving knowledge of reality, expands the mental horizons of readers of all ages, gives an emotional experience that goes beyond what a person could acquire in his life, forms artistic taste, delivers aesthetic pleasure, which takes a large place in the life of a modern person and is one of his needs. But most importantly, the main function of fiction is the formation of deep and stable feelings in people, prompting them to think through, define their worldview, direct behavior personality.

Literature is for people a school of feelings and cognition of reality and forms an idea about the ideal actions of people, about the beauty of the world and relationships. The Word is a great mystery. Its magical power lies in the ability to evoke vivid images, to transport the reader to another world. Without literature, we would never have learned that once upon a time there lived a wonderful person and writer Victor Hugo or, for example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. We would not know anything about the time when they lived. Thanks to literature, we become more educated, we learn the history of our ancestors.

The influence of music on a person is great. A person hears sound not only with his ears; he hears the sound with every part of his body. Sound permeates his entire being, and in accordance with a certain influence slows down or accelerates the rhythm of blood circulation; either excites the nervous system or calms it down; awakens in a person stronger passions or pacifies him, bringing him peace. A certain effect is produced according to the sound. Therefore, knowledge of sound can provide a person with a magical tool for directing, tuning, controlling and using life, as well as helping other people with the greatest benefit.It is no secret that art can heal.

Isotherapy, dance therapy, music therapy are already common truths.

The scientist Robert Schofler, the creator of musical pharmacology, prescribes to listen to all the symphonies of Tchaikovsky, Schubert's "Forest Tsar", Beethoven's ode "To Joy" for therapeutic purposes. He claims that these works contribute to an accelerated recovery. And researchers at the University of California have experimentally proved that after 10 minutes of listening to Mozart's music, tests showed an increase in the IQ of students by 8-9 units.

But not all art heals.

For example: Rock music - causes the release of stress hormones, which erase some of the information in the brain, cause aggression or depression. Russian psychologist D. Azarov notes that there is a special combination of notes, he called them killer music. Having listened to such musical phrases several times, a person develops a gloomy mood and thoughts.

Bell ringing kills quickly:

1. typhoid bacteria
2. viruses.

Classical music (Mozart and others) contributes to:

1. general reassurance
2. increase in milk secretion (by 20%) in nursing mothers.

 The rhythmic sounds of some performers, through a direct effect on the brain, contribute to:

1. release of stress hormones
2. memory impairment
3. weakening (after 1-2 years) of the general condition (especially when listening to music with headphones).

Mantra, or meditative sounds "om", "aum", etc., have a vibrating character.
Vibrations initially promote the activation of certain organs, brain structures. At the same time, many different hormones are released into the blood. (This probably helps to do monotonous work with less energy).

Vibrating sounds cause

1. pleasure - for some people, for others - the same sounds cause
2. stress reaction with the release of hormones and a sharp increase in oxidative metabolism.

1. contributes to a sharp rise in blood pressure,
2. often leading to heart cramps.

In the literary sources of antiquity, we find many examples of the purposeful influence of music on the mental state of people. Plutarch says that Alexander the Great's fits of frenzied anger were usually pacified by playing the lyre. The mighty Achilles, according to Homer, tried, playing the lyre, to cool his "famous" anger, which begins the action in the Iliad.

It was believed that music saves from inevitable death when bitten by poisonous snakes and scorpions. As an antidote in these cases, music was widely recommended by one of the most famous doctors of ancient Rome, Galen. Nirkus, a companion of Alexander the Great in his campaigns, having visited India, said that in this country, teeming with poisonous snakes, singing is considered the only remedy for their bites. How can we explain the miraculous effect of music? Studies of our time have shown that music in such cases acts not as an antidote, but as a means of eliminating mental trauma, it helps the victim to suppress the feeling of horror. This is just one example when the health and even life of a person largely depends on his state of mind. But even this separate example allows one to judge how great the role of the nervous system in the body is. It must be taken into account when explaining the mechanism of the impact of art means on human health.

Even more striking is the effect of music on emotions. The influence of music on emotions was known in ancient times. Music was used for medicinal purposes and in war. Music acts both as a means of distracting from thoughts that bother a person, and as a means of calming and even healing. Music plays a great role as a means of fighting overwork. Music can set a certain rhythm before starting work, tune in to deep rest during a break.

Art makes the world of people more beautiful, lively and vibrant. For example, painting: how many old paintings have survived to our time, by which it is possible to determine how people lived two, three, four or more centuries ago. Now there are many paintings written by our contemporaries, and whatever it is: abstraction, realism, still life or landscape, painting is a wonderful art, with the help of which a person learned to see the world bright and colorful.
Architecture is another of the most important forms of art. A huge number of the most beautiful monuments are scattered all over the world, and they are not just called "monuments" - they contain the greatest secrets of history and the memory of them. Sometimes these mysteries cannot be solved by scientists all over the world.
Of course, in order to perceive the beauty of opera, for example, it is necessary to know its features, to understand the language of music and vocals, with the help of which the composer and singers convey all the shades of life and feelings and influence the thoughts and emotions of the listeners. The perception of poetry and the visual arts also requires some preparation and appropriate understanding. Even an interesting story will not capture the reader if he has not developed a technique of expressive reading, if he will spend all his energy on composing words from the sounds spoken and will not experience their artistic and aesthetic influence.

The effect of the means of art on a person can be caused by the long-term or long-term. This emphasizes the great possibilities for using art in order to obtain a persistent and long-lasting effect, using it for educational purposes, as well as for general health improvement and prevention. Art acts not on any one human ability and strength, be it emotion or intellect, but on a person as a whole. It forms, sometimes unaccountably, the very system of human attitudes.

The artistic genius of the famous poster by D. Moore "Have you signed up as a volunteer?" Those. the power of art consists in appealing to the human conscience, awakening its spiritual abilities. And on this occasion, you can cite the famous words of Pushkin:

Burn the hearts of people with the verb.

It seems that this is the true purpose of art.

2.5 Life is short, art is eternal.

Art is eternal and beautiful, because it brings beauty and goodness to the world.

A person is presented with very strict requirements and art must reflect these requirements. Artists of classicism were equal to classical samples. It was believed that the eternal is unchanging - therefore, one must learn from the Greek and Roman authors. Knights, kings, dukes very often become heroes. They were convinced that truth creates beauty in art - therefore, a writer must imitate nature and portray life believably. Rigid canons of the theory of classicism appear. The art scholar Boileau writes: "The incredible is not capable of touching, even if the truth always looks believable." The writers of classicism approached life from the standpoint of reason, they did not trust the feeling, they considered it changeable and deceitful. Accurate, reasonable, truthful and beautiful. "You need to think over the thought and only then write."

Art does not become obsolete. In the book of the academician philosopher I.T. Frolov wrote: “The reason for this is the unique originality of works of art, their deeply individualized character, which is ultimately conditioned by the constant appeal to man. The unique unity of man and the world in a work of art, "human reality". The renowned Danish physicist Niels Bohr wrote: "The reason why art can enrich us is its ability to remind us of harmonies beyond the reach of systematic analysis." In art, problems are often highlighted for all mankind, "eternal": what is good and evil, freedom, human dignity. The changing conditions of each era force us to solve these issues anew.

Art is multifaceted, eternal, but, unfortunately, it cannot influence people without their will, mental exertion, a certain work of thought. A person must want to learn to see and understand the beautiful, then art will have a beneficial effect on him, society as a whole. This will probably be in the future. In the meantime, talented creators should not forget that their works are capable of influencing millions, and this can be beneficial or detrimental.

Let me give you a simple example. For example, an artist painted a picture. The painting depicts negative scenes of murder, everywhere there is blood, dirt, the most chaotic, harsh tones are used, in short, the whole picture acts depressingly on the viewer, causing negative emotions in a person. The energy comes from the picture is extremely depressing. So much for the complete interconnection of the artist's thinking with the physical creation of the picture and, accordingly, the viewer or spectators looking at it ... Imagine thousands, tens of thousands of such depressing pictures. The same can be said about our cinema. What cartoons do our children watch, not to mention adult films? And in general now there is not even such a prohibition "Up to 16" as in the 70s. Continuous "negativism" ... Imagine how much negative energy in the country, in the world, on the whole Earth! .. The same can be said about all types of our art!
“Thinking together with action brings about change. If they are noble, then they liberate, save, promote prosperity. enrich. If they are base, then they enslave, impoverish, weaken, destroy. If the propaganda of violence, the cult of strength, evil steps on our screens, we will perish after the unlucky heroes of these one-day militants.

True art should be beautiful, have a kind, humane beginning with age-old traditions.

3. Conclusion.

Art plays a vital role in our lives, helping future generations to grow morally. Each generation contributes to the development of humanity, enriching it culturally. Without art, we would hardly be able to look at the world from different points of view, in a different way, look beyond the ordinary, feel a little sharper. Art, like a person, has many small veins, blood vessels, organs.

Passions, aspirations, dreams, images, fears - everything that every person lives with - acquire increativityspecial color and strength.

It is impossible for everyone to be creators, but it is within our power to try to penetrate into the essence of the creation of a genius, to come closer to understanding the beautiful. And the more often we become contemplators of paintings, architectural masterpieces, listeners to beautiful music, the better for us and those around us.

Art helps us to master science and gradually deepen our knowledge. And as mentioned above, it is an essential part of human development:

Forms in a person the ability to perceive, feel, correctly understand and appreciate the beauty in the surrounding reality and art,

Forms the skills of using the means of art to understand the life of people, nature itself;

Develops a deep understanding of the beauty of nature, the surrounding world. the ability to preserve this beauty;

Arms people with knowledge, as well as instills skills in the field of accessible types of arts - music, painting, theater, artistic expression, architecture;

Develops creativity, abilities and skills to feel and create beauty in the surrounding life, at home, in everyday life;

Develops an understanding of beauty in human relationships, the desire and ability to bring beauty into everyday life.

So, art affects our life from all sides, makes it varied and vibrant, lively and interesting, rich, helping a person to better and better understand his purpose in this world.Our earthly world is woven from perfection and imperfection. And it depends only on the person himself how he will make his future, what he will read, what he will listen to, how he will speak.

“The best means for educating feelings in general, for awakening the feelings of beauty, for the development of creative imagination, is art itself,” the scientist-psychologist N.Ye. Rumyantsev.

4. Literature

1. Nazarenko-Krivosheina E.P. Are you beautiful, man? - M.: They say. guard, 1987.

2. Nezhnov G.G. Art in our life. - M., "Knowledge", 1975

3. Pospelov G.N. Art and aesthetics.- Moscow: Art, 1984.

8. Solntsev N.V. Heritage and time. M., 1996.

9. For the preparation of this work, materials from Internet sites were used.

Introduction 3
1. The essence of art and its place in the life of a person and society 4
2. The emergence of art and its need for humans 8
3. The role of art in the development of society and human life 13
Conclusion 24
References 25

Introduction

A person comes into contact with art every day. And, as a rule, not in museums. From birth and throughout their lives, people are immersed in art.
The building of a hotel, train station, shop, apartment interior, clothing and jewelry can be works of art. But it may not be. Not every painting, statue, song or porcelain service is considered a masterpiece. There is no recipe where it would be precisely stated what and in what proportions must be combined to make a work of art. However, you can develop your ability to feel and appreciate beauty, which we often call taste.
What is art? Why does it have such magical power over a person? Why do people travel thousands of kilometers to see with their own eyes the great works of world art: palaces, mosaics, paintings? Why do artists create their creations, even if it seems that nobody needs them? Why are they willing to risk their well-being in order to realize their vision?
Art is often referred to as a source of pleasure. From century to century, millions of people enjoy the images of beautiful human bodies in Raphael's canvases. But the image of Christ crucified and suffering is not intended for enjoyment, and this plot is common to thousands of painters for many centuries ...
It is often said that art reflects life. Of course, this is largely true: often the accuracy and recognition of what the artist depicts is amazing. But it is unlikely that a simple reflection of life, its copying, would arouse such a strong interest in art and admiration for it.
In this essay, we will consider the place and role of art in human life.

1. The essence of art and its place in the life of a person and society

The word "art" in Russian and many other languages ​​is used in two senses - in a narrow sense (a specific form of practical-spiritual mastery of the world), and in a broad sense - as the highest level of mastery, skill, regardless of what sphere of society they are manifested in. (military leadership, skill of a surgeon, shoemaker, etc.) (2, p. 9).
In this essay, we are interested in the analysis of art in the first, narrow sense of the word, although both meanings are historically related.
Art as an independent form of social consciousness and as a branch of spiritual production grew out of material production; it was originally woven into it as, albeit an aesthetic, purely utilitarian moment. A person, emphasized A.M. Gorky, is an artist by nature, and he always strives to bring beauty in one way or another (1, p. 92). The aesthetic activity of a person is constantly manifested in his work, in everyday life, in public life, and not only in art. There is an aesthetic assimilation of the world by a social person.
Art implements a number of social functions.
First, it is its cognitive function. Works of art are a valuable source of information about complex social processes, sometimes about those, the essence and dynamics of which science grasps much more difficult and belatedly (for example, turns and breaks in public consciousness).
Of course, not everything in the world around us is interested in art, and if it does, then to varying degrees, and the very approach of art to the object of its cognition, the perspective of its vision is very specific in comparison with other forms of social consciousness. The general object of knowledge in art has always been and remains a person. That is why art in general and, in particular, fiction is called human studies, a textbook of life, etc. Thus, one more important function of art is emphasized - educational, that is, its ability to have an indelible impact on the ideological and moral formation of a person, his self-improvement, or, on the contrary, fall.
And yet, the cognitive and educational functions are not specific to art: these functions are performed by all other forms of social consciousness. The specific function of art that makes it art in the true sense of the word is its aesthetic function. Perceiving and comprehending a work of art, we do not just assimilate its content (like the content of physics, biology, mathematics), we pass this content through our heart, our emotions, give sensually concrete images created by the artist an aesthetic assessment as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic. Art forms in us the very ability to give such aesthetic assessments, to distinguish the truly beautiful and sublime from all kinds of ersatz.
Cognitive, educational and aesthetic art is fused together. Thanks to the aesthetic moment, we enjoy the content of a work of art, and it is in the process of pleasure that we are enlightened and educated. In this regard, sometimes they speak of the hedonistic function of art (from the Greek "hedone" - pleasure).
For many centuries in the socio-philosophical and aesthetic literature there has been a dispute about the relationship between beauty in art and reality. In this case, two main positions are found. According to one of them (in Russia N.G. Chernyshevsky proceeded from it in his dissertation "On the aesthetic relations of art to reality"), beauty in life is always and in all respects higher than beauty in art (1, p. 94). In this case, art appears as a copy of the typical characters and objects of reality itself and a surrogate for reality. Obviously, an alternative concept is preferable (Hegel, A.I. can ignite them, inspire, straighten them with his art. Otherwise, in the function of a surrogate or even a duplicate, society would not need art (4, p. 156).
Each form of social consciousness reflects objective reality in a specific, unique way.
The specific result of the theoretical reflection of the world is a scientific concept. It is an abstraction: in the name of knowing the deep essence of an object, we are distracted not only from its directly perceptible, but also from many logically deduced features, if they are not of paramount importance. Another thing is the result of aesthetic reflection of reality. This is an artistic, concrete-sensual image, in which a certain degree of abstraction (typification) is combined with the preservation of concrete-sensual, individual, often unique features of the reflected object.
Hegel wrote that “sensual images and signs appear in art not only for themselves and their immediate manifestation, but in order to satisfy higher spiritual interests in this form, since they have the ability to awaken and touch all the depths of consciousness and evoke their response in spirit "(4, p. 157). Revealing the specificity of artistic thinking in comparison with other forms of social consciousness, this definition, in full accordance with the main paradigm of the Hegelian philosophical system, leads to the conclusion about the artistic image as an expression of an abstract idea in a concrete-sensual form. In reality, it is not the abstract idea itself that is captured in the artistic image, but its concrete bearer, endowed with such individual features that make the image vivid and impressive, not reducible to the same-order images already known to us. Let us recall, for example, the Artamonovs by M. Gorky and the Forsytes by D. Golsworthy (5).
Thus, in contrast to the scientific concept, the artistic image reveals the general in the singular. By showing the individual, the artist reveals in it the typical, that is, the most characteristic of the entire type of depicted social or natural phenomena.
The singular in the artistic image is not simply interspersed with the general, but "animates" it. It is the individual in a genuine work of art that grows into the concept of a type, an image. And the brighter, more accurately small, individual, concrete details are noticed, the broader the image, the broader generalization it contains. The image of Pushkin's Covetous Knight is not only a concrete image of a greedy old man, but also an exposure of greed and cruelty itself. In Rodin's sculpture The Thinker, the viewer sees something more than a specific image recreated by the author.
In connection with the fusion of the rational and the concrete-sensual in the image and the resulting emotional impact of art, the artistic form is of particular importance. In art, as in all spheres of the world around us, the form depends on the content, is subordinate to it, serves it. This well-known position nevertheless has to be emphasized, bearing in mind the thesis of representatives of formalistic aesthetics and formalistic art about a work of art as a "pure form", a self-contained "play of form", etc. At the same time, the scientific understanding of art has always been alien to a nihilistic attitude towards form, and even any belittling of its active role in the system of the artistic image and the work of art as a whole. It is impossible to imagine a work of art in which the content would be expressed not in an artistic form.
In various forms of art, the artist has different means of expressing content. In painting, sculpture, graphics, it is color, line, chiaroscuro; in - music - rhythm, harmony; in literature - a word, etc. All these means of depiction constitute the elements of the artistic form, with the help of which the artist embodies his ideological and artistic conception. An art form is a very complex formation, all elements of which are naturally interconnected. In Raphael's painting, Shakespeare's drama, Tchaikovsky's symphony, Hemingway's novel, it is impossible to arbitrarily change the construction of the plot, character, dialogue, composition, it is impossible to find another solution to harmony, color, rhythm so as not to violate the integrity of the entire work.

2. The emergence of art and its necessity for a person

Art as a special area of ​​human activity, with its own independent tasks, special qualities, served by professional artists, became possible only on the basis of the division of labor. The creation of the arts and sciences - all this was possible only with the help of an intensified division of labor, which was based on a large division of labor between the masses engaged in simple physical labor and a privileged few who manage work, are engaged in trade, public affairs, and later also science and art. ... The simplest, completely spontaneously formed form of this division of labor was precisely slavery ”(2, p. 13).
But since artistic activity is a peculiar form of cognition and creative labor, its origins are much more ancient, since people worked and in the process of this labor cognized the world around them long before the division of society into classes. Over the past hundred years, archaeological discoveries have uncovered numerous works of art by primitive man, dating back tens of thousands of years. These are rock paintings; statuettes made of stone and bone; images and ornamental designs carved on pieces of deer antlers or on stone slabs. They are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, these are works that appeared long before a conscious idea of ​​artistic creation could arise. Many of them, reproducing mainly the figures of animals - deer, bison, wild horses, mammoths - are so vital, so expressive and true to nature that they are not only precious historical monuments, but also retain their artistic power to this day (2, p. 14).
The material, objective nature of works of visual creativity determines especially favorable conditions for the researcher of the origin of the visual arts in comparison with historians who study the origin of other types of arts. If the initial stages of the epic, music, dance have to be judged mainly by indirect data and by analogy with the work of modern tribes in the early stages of social development (a very relative analogy, which can only be relied on with great care), then the childhood of painting, sculpture and graphics comes up before us with our own eyes.
It does not coincide with the childhood of human society, that is, the most ancient epochs of its formation. According to modern science, the process of humanization of ape-like ancestors of man began even before the first glaciation of the Quaternary epoch and, therefore, the "age" of mankind is approximately one million years. The very first traces of primitive art date back to the Upper Paleolithic era, which began about several tens of millennia BC. e. This was the time of the comparative maturity of the primitive communal system: the man of this era in his physical constitution was no different from the modern man, he was already fluent in speech and knew how to make rather complex tools from stone, bone and horn. He led a collective hunt for a large game using spears and javelins. The clans were united into tribes, matriarchy arose.
More than 900 thousand years had to pass, separating the most ancient people from the modern person, before the hand and brain were ripe for artistic creation.
Meanwhile, the manufacture of primitive stone tools dates back to much more ancient times of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic. Already Sinanthropus (whose remains were found near Beijing) reached a sufficiently high level in the manufacture of stone tools and knew how to use fire. People of the later, Neanderthal type processed the tools more carefully, adapting them to special purposes. Only thanks to such a “school”, which lasted for many millennia, did the necessary flexibility of the hand, fidelity of the eye and the ability to generalize the visible, highlighting the most essential and characteristic features in it, that is, all those qualities that manifested themselves in the wonderful drawings of the Altamira cave, have been developed. If a person had not exercised and refined his hand, processing such a difficult material as stone for the sake of obtaining food, he would not be able to learn to draw: without mastering the creation of utilitarian forms, he could not create an artistic form. If many, many generations had not concentrated the ability of thinking on the capture of the beast - the main source of life of primitive man - it would not have occurred to them to portray this beast.
So, firstly, "labor is older than art" and, secondly, art owes its origin to labor. But what caused the transition from the production of extremely useful, practically necessary instruments of labor to the production, along with them, of "useless" images? It was this question that was most of all debated and most confused by bourgeois scientists, who strived at all costs to apply to primitive art the thesis of I. Kant about the "aimlessness", "disinterest", "intrinsic value" of the aesthetic attitude to the world.
K. Bücher, K. Gross, E. Grosse, Luke, Breuil, W. Gausenstein and others who wrote about primitive art argued that primitive people were engaged in "art for art", that the first and defining stimulus of artistic creativity was the innate human desire to play (2, p. 15).
The theories of "play" in their various varieties were based on the aesthetics of Kant and Schiller, according to which the main feature of aesthetic, artistic experience is precisely the striving for "free play by appearance" - free from any practical goal, from logical and moral assessment.
“Aesthetic creative motivation,” wrote Schiller, “imperceptibly builds in the midst of the terrible kingdom of forces and in the midst of the sacred kingdom of laws, a third, merry kingdom of play and appearance, in which it removes the shackles of all relationships from a person and frees him from everything that is called compulsion as in the physical and in a moral sense ”(2, p. 16).
Schiller applied this basic thesis of his aesthetics to the question of the emergence of art (long before the discovery of genuine monuments of Paleolithic creativity), believing that the “merry kingdom of play” was erected already at the dawn of human society: “... now the ancient Germanic seeks for himself more brilliant animal skins , more magnificent horns, more graceful vessels, and the Caledonian is looking for the most beautiful shells for his festivities. But, content with the fact that a surplus of the aesthetic has been introduced into the necessary, the free impulse to play finally breaks completely from the shackles of need, and beauty itself becomes the object of man's aspirations. He decorates himself. Free pleasure is credited to his needs, and the useless soon becomes the best part of his joy. " However, this point of view is refuted by the facts.
It cannot be denied that colors, lines, as well as sounds and smells, also affect the human body - some in an irritating, repulsive way, while others, on the contrary, strengthen and promote its correct and active functioning. This, in one way or another, is taken into account by a person in his artistic activity, but in no way lies at its basis. The motives that forced Paleolithic man to draw and carve figures of animals on the walls of caves, of course, have nothing to do with instinctive motives: this is a conscious and purposeful creative act of a creature that has long broken the chains of blind instinct and embarked on the path of mastering the forces of nature - and, therefore, and understanding these forces.
Man draws the beast: thereby he synthesizes his observations over him; he more and more confidently reproduces his figure, habits, movements, his various states. He formulates his knowledge in this drawing and consolidates it. At the same time, he learns to generalize: in one image of a deer, the features observed in a number of deer are transmitted. This in itself gives a tremendous impetus to the development of thinking. It is difficult to overestimate the progressive role of artistic creativity in changing human consciousness and his relationship to nature. The latter is now not so dark for him, not so encrypted - little by little, still groping, he studies it.
Thus, primitive fine art is at the same time the embryos of science, more precisely, primitive knowledge. It is clear that at that infantile, primitive stage of social development, these forms of cognition could not yet be dismembered, as they were dismembered in later times; At first, they appeared together, It was not yet art in the full scope of this concept and there was no knowledge in the proper sense of the word, but something in which the primary elements of both were inseparably combined (3, p. 72).
In this regard, it becomes explainable why early art pays so much attention to the beast and comparatively little to man. It is aimed primarily at the knowledge of external nature. At the very time when animals have already learned to depict wonderfully realistically and vividly, human figures are almost always portrayed very primitively, simply clumsily, except for some rare exceptions, such as reliefs from Lossel. In Paleolithic art, there is still no that predominant interest in the world of human relationships, which distinguishes art, which delimited its sphere from the sphere of science. It is difficult to learn anything about the life of the tribal community from the monuments of primitive art (at the sea - visual art) apart from its hunting activities and related magical rites; the main place is occupied by the very object of the hunt - the beast. It was his study that was of main practical interest, since he was the main source of existence - and the utilitarian-cognitive approach to painting and sculpture was reflected in the fact that they depicted mainly animals, and such breeds, the extraction of which was especially important and at the same time difficult and dangerous, and therefore demanded especially careful study. Birds and plants were rarely depicted.
By drawing the figure of an animal, in a certain sense, man really "took possession" of the animal, since he cognized it, and knowledge is the source of dominance over nature. The vital necessity of figurative cognition was the reason for the emergence of art. But our ancestor understood this "mastery" in the literal sense and performed magic rituals around the drawing he made to ensure the success of the hunt. He fantastically rethought the true, rational motives of his actions. True, it is highly probable that not always the fine arts had a ritual purpose; here, obviously, other motives were involved, which were already mentioned above: the need for the exchange of information, etc. But, in any case, it can hardly be denied that the majority of paintings and sculptures served also magical purposes.
People began to engage in art much earlier than they had a concept of art, and much earlier than they could understand its real meaning, its real benefits.
While mastering the ability to depict the visible world, people also did not realize the true social significance of this skill. Something similar to the later formation of sciences was happening, which were also gradually liberated from the captivity of naive fantastic ideas: medieval alchemists sought to find the "philosopher's stone" and spent years of hard work on this. They never found the Philosopher's Stone, but they gained valuable experience in the study of the properties of metals, acids, salts, etc., which paved the way for the subsequent development of chemistry.
Speaking about the fact that primitive art was one of the initial forms of cognition, the study of the world around us, we should not assume that, therefore, there was nothing aesthetic in it in the proper sense of the word. The aesthetic is not something fundamentally opposite to the useful.
The content of early art is poor, its horizons are closed, its very integrity rests on the underdevelopment of social consciousness. The further progress of art could be carried out only at the cost of the loss of this initial integrity, which we see already at the later stages of the primitive communal formation. Compared with the art of the Upper Paleolithic, they mark a certain decline in artistic activity, but this decline is only relative. By schematizing the image, the primitive artist learns to generalize, abstract the concepts of a straight or curved line, circle, etc., acquires the skills of conscious construction, rational distribution of drawing elements on a plane. Without these latently accumulated skills, the transition to those new artistic values, which are created in the art of ancient slave-owning societies, would have been impossible. We can say that in the period of primitive art, the concepts of rhythm and composition were finally formed. Thus, the artistic creation of the tribal system clearly shows the need for art in human life.

3. The role of art in the development of society and human life

There was and is a lot of controversy about the role of art in the development of society and in the life of an individual, art critics put forward a variety of concepts, but the level of mass art culture in the Russian Federation has fallen as low as, perhaps, in no other civilized country.
Probably, we are the only state where art and music have actually been eliminated from general education. Even the advancing humanitarization envisages without change the "residual" role of the arts. Unfortunately, the scientific principle has been dominating education for a long time and undividedly. Everywhere, in all pedagogical documents, it is said only about the mastery of the scientific method of cognition, the assimilation of scientific knowledge and skills, the formation of a scientific worldview. And so in all documents - from the most traditional to the most innovative. Moreover, even in the analysis of art, not only in secondary school, but also in higher education, a purely scientific approach has been established (6, p. 12).
The wrong has taken root; a distorted idea of ​​the absence of a serious connection between artistic development, firstly, with the morality of man and society, and secondly, with the very development of human thinking.
Nevertheless, human thinking is initially two-sided: it is made up of the rational-logical and emotional-figurative side as equal parts. The scientific and artistic activity of a person is based on different forms of thinking that caused their development, completely non-identical objects of cognition and the resulting requirement for fundamentally different forms of transferring experience. These positions naturally arising from the formula “art is not science” may cause doubts and rejection. And they will be based on absolutely not scientific, but trivial everyday attitude to the arts; understanding their role only as a sphere of recreation, creative entertainment, aesthetic pleasure, and not a special, equal to scientific, irreplaceable sphere of knowledge.
It is widely believed that emotional-figurative thinking, which historically really flourished earlier, is more primitive than rational, something not entirely human, half-animal. Today the rejection of this path of cognition as insufficiently developed and “insufficiently scientific” is based on such a delusion, and it is forgotten that it has developed and improved in the same way since the emergence of mankind (6, p. 13).
There is no human thinking, consisting only of rational-logical, theoretical consciousness. This kind of thinking is invented. A holistic person takes part in thinking - with all his "irrational" feelings, sensations, etc. And, developing thinking, you need to form it integrally. In fact, in the development of mankind, two most important systems of knowledge of the world have developed. We think in their constant interaction, whether we want it or not. It happened so historically.
If we compare these two sides of thinking in the scheme, then we get the following:

Forms of thinking Scope of activity and work result Subject of knowledge (what is cognized) Ways of mastering experience (how is it known) Results of mastering experience
Rational-logical Scientific activity. Result - the concept of Real object (subject) Study of the content of Knowledge. Understanding the laws of natural and social processes
Emotional-figurative Artistic activity. The result is an artistic image Attitude towards the object (subject) Experience of the content (living) Emotional and value criteria of life, expressed in the stimuli of actions, desires and aspirations

The table shows that everything in these two rows is different - both the subject of knowledge, and the ways and results of its development. Of course, the areas of activity are indicated here where these forms are manifested only most clearly. In all spheres of work, they "work" together, including scientific, industrial and artistic.
Scientific activity (and cognition) develops the sphere of theoretical thinking more actively than any other.
But artistic activity also develops its own sphere of thought as a priority. The scientific one is more likely to be able to exploit it and use it to help itself (6, p. 14).
Studying any plant: its flowers, fruits or leaves, a Russian or Mexican scientist is interested in completely objective data: its genus and species, shape, weight, chemical composition, developmental system - that does not depend on the observer. The more accurate and independent of the student are the data and conclusions of observation, the more valuable they are, the more scientific. But artistic observation and its results are fundamentally different. They generally cannot and should not be objective. They are necessarily personal, mine. The result is my personal attitude to this plant, flower, leaf - whether they cause me pleasure, tenderness, sadness, bitterness, surprise. Of course, all of humanity is looking at this object through me, but also my people, my history. They build the paths of my perception. I will perceive a birch twig differently than a Mexican. Outside me, there is no artistic perception, it cannot take place. Emotions cannot be impersonal.
That is why it is impossible to transfer the experience of emotional-figurative thinking to new generations through theoretical knowledge (as we have tried so persistently). This experience is useless only to study. With such a "study", for example, moral feelings, such as feelings of tenderness, hatred, love, turn into moral rules, into social laws that have nothing to do with feelings. Let's be sincere: all the moral laws of society, if they are not experienced by a person, are not contained in feelings, but only in knowledge, are not just not strong, but are often the object of anti-moral manipulations.
LN Tolstoy said correctly that art does not convince anyone, it simply infects with ideas. And the "infected" can no longer live otherwise. Awareness of belonging, assimilation, empathy is the power of human thinking. Global technocratization is disastrous. Psychologist Zinchenko wrote about this very correctly: "For technocratic thinking, there are no categories of morality, conscience, human experience and dignity." It is harsh, but accurate.
B.M. Nemensky clarifies why: technocratic thinking is always the primacy of means over meaning (6, p. 16). For the meaning of human life is precisely the human improvement of man's relationship with the world, the harmonization of these relations. With the integrity of the two paths of cognition, the scientific provides the means for harmonization, while the artistic includes the introduction of these means into the system of actions and determines the formation of human desires as incentives for action. When the emotional-value criteria are distorted, knowledge is directed towards antihuman goals.
With depression, underdevelopment of the emotional-figurative sphere, today's imbalance occurs in our society - the primacy of means, confusion of goals. And this is dangerous, because, whether we want it or not, we understand or don’t understand, it is our feelings that determine the "first movements of the soul", determine desires. And desires, even contrary to beliefs, shape actions.
Two paths of cognition arose precisely because there are two objects, or subjects, of cognition. And the object (subject) of cognition for the emotional-figurative sphere of thinking is not the reality of life itself, but our human emotional-personal attitude to it. In this case (the scientific form) the object is cognized, in the other (artistic) the thread of the emotional-value connection between the object and the subject is cognized - the subject's relation to the object (object). And here is the root of the whole problem.
And then the thread of understanding the activity of the emotional-figurative sphere of thinking stretches to those types of labor where this form is most manifested, to art. Art is multifunctional, but its main role in the life of society is precisely this - analysis, formulation, consolidation in a figurative form and transfer to the next generations of the experience of emotional and value relationships to certain phenomena of people's relationships with each other and with nature. Naturally, as in the scientific form, there is a struggle of ideas, tendencies in relation to the phenomena of life. Ideas not only useful but also harmful to society live and fight. And society intuitively selects and consolidates from them what it needs today for prosperity or decline.
Isn't it time to look for ways of harmonious development, but not among adult generations, which is too late, but among the generation that is entering life? You just need to realize that we are offering not one flux of development instead of another. It is necessary to achieve precisely harmony in the development of thinking. But for this, it is necessary to accept as an objective given the two-sidedness of our thinking: the presence of rational-logical and emotional-figurative thinking, the presence of different circles of cognition corresponding to them - the real object and the relationship of the subject to the object. And if we accept these two sides, then it is easy to accept two ways of mastering experience - studying the content of experience and living, experiencing the content. Here, it is here that the foundation of artistic didactics is laid - nothing else is given (6, p. 17).
However, upon careful analysis, one can sense the different roles of the three forms of plastic-artistic thinking in the behavior and communication of people.
Decoration. Only freely born Roman citizens had the right to wear the outfit. Special decrees on costume in Europe were issued already in the 13th century. In most of them, strict rules were determined for which class and which costumes could be worn. For example, in Cologne in the 15th century. judges and doctors had to wear red, lawyers - in purple, other pundits - in black. For a long time in Europe, only a free person could wear a hat. In Russia under Elizabeth, people without rank had no right to wear silk or velvet. In medieval Germany, under pain of death, serfs were forbidden to wear boots: this was the exclusive privilege of the nobles. And in Sudan there is a custom to pass brass wire through the lower lip. This means that the person is married. Her hairstyle speaks of the same. And today, choosing for himself one or another type of clothing or its cut, a person who considers himself to a certain social group uses them as social symbols that act as a regulator of relations between people. The business of decorating oneself, weapons, clothing, home has not been an entertainment event since the formation of human society. Through decoration, a person distinguished himself from among people, denoting his place in it (hero, leader, aristocrat, bride, etc.) and introducing himself to a certain community of people (warrior, tribal member, caste member or businessman, hippie, etc.). etc.). Despite the more multifaceted playing out of the decor, its root role remains the same today - a sign of initiation and isolation; a sign of a message that affirms the place of a given person, a given group of people in the environment of human relations - this is where the basis for the existence of decoration as an aesthetic phenomenon (6, p. 18).
The fact that the masses of Russians are illiterate in this area leads to many social confusion and personal moral breakdowns. Experts correctly point out that society has not yet developed a systematic system of teaching the language of decorative arts. Everyone goes through the school of the language of such communication completely independently and spontaneously.
The constructive line of artistic and plastic thinking performs a different social function and responds to a different need. You can trace the role of this line of thinking in the art, where it is revealed more clearly and appears openly as the leading one. The construction of any objects is directly related to human communication, but other than decor. Architecture most fully (like design) expresses this line of artistic thinking. She builds houses, villages and cities with their streets, parks, factories, theaters, clubs - and not only for the convenience of life. The Egyptian temple with its construction expressed certain human relations. The Gothic temple, and the medieval city itself, its construction, the nature of the houses are completely different. Fortress, feudal lord's castle and noble estate of the 13th century. were the answer to different social, economic relations, in different ways they formed the communication environment of people. It is not for nothing that architecture is called the stone chronicle of mankind, according to which we can study the change in the nature of human relations.
The influence of forms of architecture on our life is easy to feel today. For example, how much the destruction of Moscow courtyards has changed in the development of children's games. Until now, organic forms of self-organization of the children's environment have not been found in these huge undivided structures. And the relationship between adults and neighbors is built differently, or rather, almost never. By the way, there is something to think about. To what extent does our everyday architecture correctly express the type of human relationship we want? We need an environment for communication, for creating strong human ties. Now neighbors, even on the same floor, may not know each other at all, have no relationship. And architecture contributes to this in every possible way, there is no environment for communication in it. Even at the humanities faculties of Moscow State University, people have nowhere to sit and talk. There are only lecture halls and meeting rooms. No environment is planned where one can communicate with an individual person, argue, talk, reflect. Although, perhaps, in the previous periods of the history of our society, this was not necessary. And outside of architecture and in spite of it, it is extremely difficult to create conditions for communication. Thus, in addition to its narrowly utilitarian function (protection from cold, rain and providing conditions for work), architecture plays a significant social, "spiritually utilitarian" role in the formation of human relations. It performs the function of a constructive element of artistic thinking: it forms a real environment that determines the character, lifestyle and relationships in society. In this way, she kind of sets the parameters and sets milestones for a certain aesthetic and moral ideal, creates an environment for development for it. The formation of the aesthetic ideal begins with the construction of its foundations and fundamental properties. The constructive realm fulfills its purpose through all arts.
The pictorial basis of plastic-artistic thinking is manifested in all arts, but it becomes the leading line in the fine arts proper, and even sharper than all in easel - in painting, graphics, sculpture. For what needs of society did these forms of thinking develop? The possibilities of these forms, in our opinion, are the most subtle and polysyllabic. They are research activities in many respects and are somewhat similar to scientific activities. All aspects of real life are analyzed here. But the analysis is emotional-figurative, and not the objective laws of nature and society, but the nature of personal, emotional relationships of a person with his entire environment - nature and society. It is through the personality of each of us that only our human - common - can be manifested. A society without personalities is a herd. So, if in science the conclusion is: "I know, I understand," then here: "I love, I hate," "I enjoy this, it is disgusting." These are the emotional-value criteria of a person.
The pictorial form of thinking expands the possibilities of imaginative systems, filling them with the living blood of reality. This is where thinking takes place in real visual images (and not just a depiction of reality). It is thinking in real images that makes it possible to analyze all the most complex, subtle aspects of reality, to realize them, to build an attitude towards them, variably and sensually (often intuitively) to compare their moral and aesthetic ideals with it and to consolidate this attitude in artistic images. Secure and pass on to other people.
It is because of this that fine art is a powerful and subtlest school of emotional culture and its chronicle. It is this side of artistic thinking that makes it possible for the fine arts to raise and solve the most complex spiritual problems of society.
Elements of artistic thinking, like three hearts, three motors of the artistic process, participate in the formation of the character of human society, in their own way affect its forms, methods, development.
The change in the tasks of art at different stages of the formation of the moral and aesthetic ideal of each time is manifested in the pulsation of these three tendencies. The rise and fall of each of them is a response to the changing demands of society for art as a tool that helps it not only to form the moral and aesthetic ideal of the time, but also to approve it in everyday life. From practice through its spiritual, emotional, moral and aesthetic mastering again to the daily practice of life - this is the way to implement these foundations. And each basis (sphere) has its own, unique and irreplaceable function, generated by the specifics, the nature of its capabilities.
Art appears in its true meaning as one of the most important forms of self-awareness and self-organization of the human collective, as a manifestation of an irreplaceable form of thinking developed over millions of years of human existence, without which human society could not have taken place at all.

Conclusion

In this work, we examined the role of art in the life of society and each person, dwelled on the specifics of one of the forms of manifestation of emotional-figurative thinking - the plastic-artistic sphere of activity.
This is not only a theoretical problem. The existing unwillingness to see the reality of these forms of thinking results in the formation of a one-sided intellect. There was a worldwide fetishization of the rational-logical path of knowledge.
Professor of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology J. Weizenbaum writes about this danger: “From the point of view of common sense, science has become the only legal form of cognition ... forces are all other forms of knowledge. " Such thoughts were also expressed by our scientists. Suffice it to recall the philosopher E. Ilyenkov. But society does not listen to them at all.
Lost, not developed and not passed on from the ancestors of the traditions of emotional-value culture. And it is they who constitute the culture of attitude to the world, which lies at the basis of all human life, the basis of human action.

Bibliography

1. Apresyan R. Aesthetics. - M .: Gardariki, 2003.
2. General history of art. In 9 volumes.Vol. 1. Primitive art. - M., 1967.
3. Loktev A. Theory of art. - M .: Vlados, 2003.
4. Ilyenkov E. Works. - M .: Logos, 2000.
5. Art. - M .: Avanta +, 2003.
6. Nemensky B.M. Emotional-figurative cognition in human development / In the book. Contemporary art: development or crisis. - M .: Knowledge, 1991.S. 12-22.

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