ALEXEY KONSTANTINOVICH TOLSTOY (1817-1875)

As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:

• – know the main motives and genres of Tolstoy's lyrics; the writer's historiosophy; understanding the problems of power in a dramatic trilogy; artistic features of Tolstoy's dramatic cycle;
• – be able to characterize the historical views of the writer; comprehend the forms of their artistic implementation;
• – own skills in analyzing lyrical and dramatic works.

A.K. Tolstoy is a writer of versatile talent: a subtle lyricist, a sharp satirist, an original prose writer and playwright. Tolstoy's literary debut was the story "The Ghoul", which was published in 1841 under the pseudonym "Krasnorogsky" and received a favorable assessment from Belinsky. However, then A.K. Tolstoy did not publish his works for a long time, and among them were such lyrical masterpieces as “My Bells...”, “Vasily Shibanov”, “Kurgan”. In the 1840s. he began working on the novel "Prince Silver". The long silence was probably due to the exactingness that was instilled in the writer by his uncle Alexei Perovsky, better known to us as the writer Antony Pogorelsky. A.K. Tolstoy appeared in print again only in 1854: in Sovremennik, published by Nekrasov, whom he had met shortly before, several poems by the poet appeared, as well as a series of satirical works with Kozma Prutkov. Later, Tolstoy broke off relations with the magazine and was published in Russky Vestnik Μ. N. Katkova, and in the late 1860s. began collaborating with Vestnik Evropy Μ. M. Stasyulevich.

Lyrics

A.K. Tolstoy is called a supporter of the theory of “pure art.” However, his lyrics are multifaceted and are not limited to those topics that poets professing artistic principles have traditionally addressed aesthetic direction in literature. Tolstoy responded vividly to the topical events of his era; his lyrics vividly represented civil themes. The writer expressed his position in the literary and political polemics of that time in a poem "Two stans is not a fighter, but only a random guest..."(1858), where we're talking about about the dispute between “Westerners” and “Slavophiles” (initially it was addressed to I.S. Aksakov). However, the meaning of the poem is broader: the author expresses his main ethical position - he is where the truth is; for him it is unacceptable to follow any idea just because it is professed by his circle of friends. In fact, the position of A.K. Tolstoy in those disputes that marked the era of the 1850–1860s was precisely in upholding the ideals of goodness, faith, love, in affirming high spiritual principles, which suddenly lost their obviousness, began to be perceived as dilapidated and outdated. The writer does not give up his beliefs under the pressure of new theories, does not shy away from controversy, does not withdraw into himself (which is typical for representatives of “pure art”) - he is a fighter, this is his highest purpose, it is no coincidence that one of the poems begins like this: “Lord , preparing me for battle..."

The later poem became programmatic in this regard "Against the stream"(1867). It is dialogical and addressed to those who, like A.K. Tolstoy himself, are committed eternal values, for whom dream, fiction, inspiration are significant, who are able to perceive the divine beauty of the world. The present for him is gloomy and aggressive - the poet almost physically feels the “onslaught of new times.” However, Tolstoy speaks of the fragility of the newest beliefs, because the essence of man remains the same: he also believes in goodness, beauty (in everything that the representatives of the “positive century” overthrow), the living movement of nature is also open to him. The spiritual foundations remain the same. The courage of those few who are faithful to them (“friends” - this is how the poet addresses like-minded people) is likened to the feat of the early Christians. Historical analogy shows that the truth is not with the majority, but with that small group that goes “against the grain.”

About loyalty to your convictions, about doom to inner loneliness thinking man the message says "To I. A. Goncharov"(1870). “Live only in your thoughts,” Tolstoy calls on the artist. This layer of A. K. Tolstoy’s lyrics is characterized by acute journalisticism, an unambiguous assessment of modern reality, this determines the vocabulary that creates a feeling of gloom, darkness, pressure when it comes to modern era(for example, the image of “black clouds”, the expression “the onslaught of new times” appears). Tolstoy puts this same idea into allegorical form. In a poem "Darkness and fog obscure my path..."(1870) the image of the Tsar Maiden appears, who for the poet is the embodiment of harmony, beauty, mystery; an ideal, the search for which is life. A.K. Tolstoy uses the image of a road, behind which semantics is firmly entrenched in the Russian literary tradition life path, finding your own spiritual path, searching for the meaning of life. The lyrical hero, without fear, goes into darkness and gloom, since only internal opposition to darkness gives rise to hope of meeting the mysterious Tsar-Maiden. The figurative structure of this poem and its style anticipate the lyrics of the Symbolists.

A.K. Tolstoy perceives modernity not only as “the noise of talk, gossip and trouble,” but also as a change of eras, the decline of the old noble culture. In poems such as "Do you remember, Maria..."(1840s), "The weather is noisy outside..."(1840s), "Empty house"(1849?), an image of an empty, abandoned house appears, which has become a symbol of the impoverishment of the family, the collapse of the connection of times, and the oblivion of family traditions. Thus, in Tolstoy’s lyrics, the subject begins to acquire symbolic meaning, and the spatial image allows one to convey the movement of time. In essence, this is Pushkin’s principle of development of a lyrical plot. However, in the poem "Uneven and shaking rowing..."(1840) the image of time receives an unexpected Lermontov-like turn. Conscious lyrical hero two perceptions of time are simultaneous: he exists in the real time flow, but at the same time loses the sense of the present, the singularity of the experienced situation.

The subject plan of the poem is extremely simple: it is a series of everyday and landscape paintings, over which the hero’s gaze glides while moving. Everything he sees is typical and ordinary. This is the reality, the contemplation of which, as a rule, does not give rise to any emotions or thoughts. However, the lyrical hero suddenly has the feeling of something he has already experienced and experienced: "All this once happened, // But I have long forgotten." Where does this feeling come from? This is cultural memory. It is in the very being of a person, and manifests itself on a subconscious level. Through such “recognition” the blood connection with the native land is realized.

The feeling of homeland in the lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy makes itself felt in different forms: both in a special interest in the historical theme, and in the use of folk poetic rhythms.

Historical theme for Tolstoy, without exaggeration, his favorite, and it is developed comprehensively, in different genres: the writer creates ballads, epics, satirical poems, elegies, novels, tragedies... Tolstoy was especially attracted to the era of Ivan the Terrible: the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. he perceived as crucial moment Russian history. It was at this time, according to Tolstoy, that the destruction of the original Russian character, the eradication of the love of truth and the spirit of freedom took place.

A.K. Tolstoy distinguished two periods in Russian history: he spoke about Kievan Rus', “Russian” (before Mongol invasion), and "Tatar Rus'". Kievan Rus- this is the historical past in which Tolstoy found a social ideal. The country was open to the outside world and actively maintained relations with other states. This was the era of spiritual heroes. In ballads "Song about Harald and Yaroslavna" (1869), "Three Massacres" (1869), (1869), "Borivoy" (1870), "Roman Galitsky"(1870) Tolstoy creates integral character hero-warrior, shows the directness and nobility of relationships. Rus' appears completely different in his depiction of the times of Ivan the Terrible. Tolstoy perceived the unification around a single center as the reason for the decline of Russian spirituality. In this regard, his thoughts on modern European world(and Tolstoy knew him very well), in which, as the poet saw, the “dominance of mediocrity” was established (this is one of the disputes between A.K. Tolstoy and Turgenev, who welcomed democratic reforms in France). Tolstoy foresaw the spread of these processes in other countries (for example, Italy). However, any centralization, in his opinion, leads to the loss of original features and originality. Free, truly cultural society can only exist in small states. Kievan Rus and Novgorod were precisely examples of such for Tolstoy. For this reason, the writer did not believe that the concentration of Russian lands around Moscow was a blessing for Russian history (which is clear, for example, from Karamzin’s “History of the Russian State”). The Moscow period, according to Tolstoy’s deep conviction, is the establishment of “Tatarism” in the Russian consciousness, and this is discord, lawlessness, violence, unbelief, animal, unenlightened consciousness. A.K. Tolstoy wrote: “The Scandinavians did not establish, but found the veche already completely installed. Their merit is that they confirmed it, while the disgusting Moscow destroyed it... There was no need to destroy freedom in order to conquer the Tatars. It was not worth destroying a less powerful despotism in order to replace it with a stronger one”; “My hatred of the Moscow period... is not a trend - it’s me myself. Where did they get the idea that we are the antipodes of Europe?”

In a ballad "Stream-hero"(1871), the historical panorama created by the writer allows us to show the essence of the changes that have occurred. The hero falls asleep in the time of Vladimir, and wakes up in the time of Ivan the Terrible and the contemporary era of Tolstoy. The technique of detachment allows the poet to evaluate the thousand-year Russian history through the eyes of ancestors, rather than descendants. First of all, unity, justice and love of truth disappear. Slavery to rank becomes the norm. In the modern era, Tolstoy emphasizes destruction traditional morality, the expansion of materialistic ideas, on the falsity of the word - in other words, he does not accept anything that was denoted by the word “progress”.

The historical theme already appears in the early lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy. The traditions of historical elegy develop in the poem "My bells..."(1840), however, the poet modifies the genre. As a rule, in a historical elegy, a hero from the present turned his gaze to the past, thereby correlating what was and what has become. Bygone eras made it possible to understand the present and identify general patterns of the movement of time. This, for example, was the case in the historical elegies of Batyushkov (who stood at the origins of the genre) and Pushkin. In A.K. Tolstoy’s elegy, the speaker is not a contemporary hero, but an ancient Russian warrior galloping across the steppe. However, this is not only a spontaneous movement in boundless space, it is a path “to an unknown goal,” a path that "No man can know – // God alone knows." A person finds himself alone with the steppe - this is how the poem includes the motif of fate, which is understood both as personal fate and as the fate of the country. And if the hero’s own share is unknown ( "I'll fall on the salt marsh // Die from the heat?// Or an evil Kyrgyz-Kaysak, // With a shaved head,// Silently he will draw his bow, // Lying under the grass // And suddenly it will catch up with me// With a copper arrow?"), then the future is obvious to him: it is in the unity of the Slavic peoples.

The lyrical monologue is structured as an appeal to “bells”, “steppe flowers”. IN in this case The use of the apostrophe is not just a rhetorical figure typical of Tolstoy’s era. It allows us to embody the essential feature of the consciousness of ancient Russian man, who had not yet lost pagan ideas, living in unity with nature, without opposing himself to it. A similar worldview is reflected in the famous monument of ancient Russian writing - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

Closer to the traditional historical elegy poem "You know the land where everything breathes abundantly..."(1840s). The lyrical meditation here is constructed as a memory of an ideal world, and the structure of the elegy (question form, presence of an addressee) creates a special atmosphere of intimacy. However, the poem clearly expresses the desire to overcome personality, to involve someone else’s consciousness in the circle of experience.

First, a series of landscape paintings filled with peace and quiet appear in the poet’s imagination. This is a harmonious, idyllic world in which a person is inscribed as an integral part of. Here is the fullness of life, here the memory of the heroic past has not yet died, which lives in legend, song (“O Blind Gritsko sings in the old days") , The appearance of a person also reminds of glorious times ( "forelocks – remnants of the glorious Sich"). Nature also preserves memorable milestones of the past ( "mound from the time of Batu"). Names mentioned historical figures and events resurrect a harsh, complex, but vibrant past. So gradually history enters the poem, and it begins to sound like an epic tale. As a result, the original idea of ​​an ideal world is destroyed: this is no longer a distant, from a spatial point of view, but specific Ukraine, but the historical past of the country. As a result, the spatial perspective is replaced by a temporal one, and the lyrical hero finds his ideal only in the dream of heroic bygone eras.

The poet also develops the historical theme in the genres of ballad and epic. The ballads are directed to the pre-Mongol period of Russian history. Researchers, as a rule, distinguish two cycles of ballads: Russian and foreign. Turning to the past, A.K. Tolstoy does not strive for historical authenticity. The writer is often reproached for the fact that the words and things in his ballads have a purely decorative function, and do not reflect the spirit and conflicts of the era. Tolstoy is interested not so much in an event as in a person at the moment of an action, so ballads are a kind of psychological portrait.

In early ballads ( "Vasily Shibanov", "Prince Mikhailo Repnin"(1840s), "Staritsky Voivode"(1858)) Tolstoy addresses the tragic moments of Russian history (primarily the era of Ivan the Terrible). Later ballads ( "Borivoy", "Snake Tugarin" (1867), "Gakon the Blind" (1869–1870), "Three Massacres", "Kanut" (1872), "Roman Galitsky", "Song about Vladimir's campaign against Korsun" etc.) are more diverse in terms of both theme and form. They sound different intonations: pathetic, solemn and ironic, humorous. One of the central conflicts in these ballads is the confrontation between two branches of Christianity. The moral strength of the heroes lies in loyalty to Orthodoxy.

In his epics, A.K. Tolstoy did not copy folklore samples, he did not even try to imitate epic verse: they are written in two- or three-syllable sizes. The poet also refused to simply retell famous tales about Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, and Sadko. In epics there is no developed action. As Tolstoy himself said about the epic "Sadko", in it "there is only a picture, so to speak, a few chords... there is no story." The same words can be attributed to the most famous epic “Ilya Muromets”. The poet does not try to "compete" with folklore sources, since they are “always above rework.”

However, turning to the genre folk song, Tolstoy demonstrates extraordinary mastery of her technique, uses those artistic constructions that are typical of folklore: question-and-answer form, parallelism, a system of repetitions, inversions, tautological combinations, an abundance of affectionate forms, constant epithets etc. Following the folklore tradition, Tolstoy often abandons rhyme, as a result of which the impression arises of the involuntary nature of the text, the naturalness of the verbal flow. The writer also relies on the imagery characteristic of folk songs: this is how “damp earth”, “sadness-melancholy”, “sorrow”, “flammable grief”, “path-road”, “field”, etc. appear in poems. Tolstoy also uses typical origins and appeal, natural reality can act as an “interlocutor” ( "You are my cornfield, my cornfield..."), state of mind (“You, mother of melancholy, grief-sorrower!”, “You really are, an evil sad woman...”). The natural world in songs is not self-sufficient; it allows the hero to tell about his emotional experience ( "The thought grows like a tree..."). The themes of the songs are varied: this is history, and love, and the search for truth, and thoughts about fate, about a difficult fate.

The hero of a folklore song is often quite specific: he is a robber, a coachman, good fellow etc. However, Tolstoy uses the form of folk songs to express his deeply personal experiences, so a clear autobiographical context arises in them. For example, in the song "Don't ask, don't inquire..." the poet talks about his feelings for S. A. Miller. Written on October 30, 1851, it, along with such poems as "In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance...", “Listening to your story, I fell in love with you, my joy!”, , "Not the wind, all from above...", which appeared at the same time, constitutes a kind of cycle. In Tolstoy's love lyrics, two consciousnesses interact (he and she) and sadness dominates. The feeling experienced by the characters is mutual, but at the same time tragic. Her life is full of internal suffering, which gives rise to the hero’s response:

You will lean against me, little tree, against the green elm:

You lean against me, I stand securely and firmly!

A stable antithesis in the love lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy is the opposition of chaos and harmony. Chaos will be overcome precisely because a great harmonizing and creative feeling of love comes into the world. In the elegy “Among the Noisy Ball,” a seemingly concrete situation growing out of a real biography develops into a symbolic picture. This is largely facilitated by the image of the ball, as well as the emphasis on this antithesis. In fact, the poem captures the moment of birth of a feeling that transforms the world. Initially, the hero perceives external existence as noise, “worldly vanity,” in which there is no dominant element that organizes it. The appearance of the heroine (Tolstoy puts the word “accidentally” in a strong semantic position) changes the world, she becomes the center, crowding out all other impressions. At the same time, the external existence itself remains the same, but the internal state of the hero changes. First of all, this is reflected in a change in the sound picture: the noise of the ball (and this is a superimposition of music, human conversations, Toyota dancers) is replaced by sounds associated with the idyllic chronotope: the singing of a “distant pipe”, “the playing wave of the sea” and female voice(“your laughter is both sad and ringing”).

The lyrical plot develops as a memory of a meeting. In the hero’s mind, certain features of the heroine’s appearance appear. Before us there is no complete portrait, only individual strokes: a thin figure, a “thoughtful look,” the sound of a voice, speech. The internal dominant of the woman’s image is the dissonance of joy and sadness, giving rise to a feeling of mystery.

In a poem "Into my soul, full of insignificant vanity..." the same internal situation is reproduced: love as a sudden impulse, as a passion that transforms the world, resurrects the soul of the hero, at the same time destroying the petty, vain.

Love for A.K. Tolstoy is a divine gift, the highest harmonizing principle. In a poem "Me, in the darkness and dust..."(1851 or 1852) there are lines: "And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light, // And all the worlds have one beginning,// And there is nothing in nature, // No matter what breathes love." In it, the connection with Pushkin’s “Prophet” is clearly audible. In Tolstoy’s poem, the same situation of internal transformation, the acquisition of the gift of “flame and word” is recreated, however, if the transformation of Pushkin’s the prophet is carried out under the influence higher powers, then in Tolstoy the transformation occurs due to the acquired gift of love. Secret, hidden essence the world reveals its presence suddenly; at the moment of acquiring a high feeling, a new vision opens up to a person:

And my dark gaze brightened,

And the invisible world became visible to me,

And the ear hears from now on,

Which is elusive to him.

And from the highest heights I came down,

Full of its rays,

And to the troubled valley

I look with new eyes.

Love makes the language (“non-silent conversation”) of the world understandable to a person. The poet’s task is precisely to convey the spirituality of existence. Tolstoy speaks about the creative power of the word, he declares: “... everything born from the Word.” Behind these lines the text of the Eternal Book is read. As I. San Francisco notes, “secret knowledge, secret hearing, transmission of the deep meaning of life to those who do not see it - this is the “practice” and purpose of art,” “Pushkin wrote about the Prophet, whose verb remained unknown... A. Tolstoy "revealed this Prophet in his verb. He revealed what this prophet was called to say to the Russian people."

Alexey Konstantinovich TOLSTOY

About love

Famous for its historical dramas in poetry and satirical works, one of the creators of the famous Kozma Prutkov, A.K. Tolstoy was also a soulful lyricist. Songs based on his words “If only I knew, if only I knew”, “My bells, steppe flowers” ​​became popular.

Love lyrics A.K. Tolstoy is entirely connected with the name of his wife - Sofia Andreevna Bakhmeteva (in her first marriage - Miller). Deep and long-term love appears in these lyrics in a romantically sublime coloring. The beloved is depicted as an object of admiration and worship, as a high ideal. Therefore, in the poems dedicated to her, there are almost no everyday details or episodes from which one could reconstruct true story their relationships, as can be done from the poems of Nekrasov, Tyutchev, Ogarev. There are no psychological conflicts in them either. They represent the high, poetic, but almost unchanged feeling of the poet himself.

Among noisy ball, casually,
In alarm of wordly vanity,
I have seen you, but secret
Your coverlets of line.

Only eyes it is sad looked,
And the voice so marvelously sounded,
As a ring of a remote pipe,
As the seas a playing shaft.

Your camp was pleasant to me thin
And all your thoughtful kind,
And your laughter, both sad and sonorous,
Since then in my heart sounds.

At o'clock lonely nights
I love, tired, to lie down -
I see sad eyes,
I hear cheerful speech;

And I am sad so I fall asleep,
And in dreams unknown I sleep...
Whether I love you - I don't know,
But it seems to me that I love!

Dmitry Hvorostovsky - Among the noisy ball

PETER NALCH IN THE CDA - ROMANCE "AMID A NOISY BALL..."

The purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the lyrical poems of A. K. Tolstoy on the theme of love with a pronounced musical beginning.

Lesson objectives:

• Analyze the history of the creation of A. K. Tolstoy’s poems “Among the noisy ball:”, “That was in early spring:” and the romances of P. I. Tchaikovsky written on these poems.
• Development of students’ speech, enrichment of vocabulary, ability to work with the text of a work of art, analyze poems, ability to work in small groups.
• Instilling in children a sense of beauty, a love of classical music, and respect for the work of great artists.

Lesson equipment: portraits of: A.K. Tolstoy, S.A. Miller, P.I. Tchaikovsky; illustrations on the theme of the ball; computer, two films based on the romances of P. I. Tchaikovsky with reproductions of paintings by I. P. Glazunov, K. Bryullov, V. E. Borisov - Musatov; poems by A.K. Tolstoy, M.Yu. Lermontov; cards - tasks for individual work and for work in small groups; dictionary of emotional terms.

Epigraph for the lesson:
Let me explain my love to you
The great syllable of Russian romance.
I. Kokhanovsky.

“Tolstoy is an inexhaustible source for texts to music; he is one of the poets I like.” P. I. Tchaikovsky.

“What Russian heart does not tremble, does not perk up, listening to P. I. Tchaikovsky’s romance “Among the noisy ball:” Vl. Stasov.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment: communication of the topic, goals and objectives of the lesson; notebook entry. A lesson on the poetry of A.K. Tolstoy is dedicated to World Poetry Day - March 21.

2. Checking homework.

A. Card for individual work on site on homework.

B. Conversation on issues.

What is the range of main themes in the lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy?

Which life values does the poet confess in his poems?

In which poem is this clearly expressed? (If you love, you go crazy:)

Conclusion made by students. The author loves people and life, appreciates every moment of it and writes such works with pleasure. His lyrical hero is a strong, healthy, cheerful person who loves nature, brave hunting, a friendly feast, an apt, sharp word and in his integrity is a purely Russian, national character. That’s why he was so good at living images of ancient Russian heroes and songs in popular taste, that’s why he knew and appreciated Russian history and literature, their beautiful expressive language so much.

And in the poem “If you love, you go crazy:” - this is a purely folk saying, very subtly, sweepingly and cheerfully listing the strong attractive features integral character. We see a sincere, ardent, but easy-going man, fair, alien to vindictiveness and rancor, ready to fight for a just cause and feast with friends. Of course, this is not the poet himself, but his lyrical hero, but it contains all the poetry of A.K. Tolstoy and the personality of his good-natured and chivalrous creator.

3. Teacher's word. The main thing it should be noted is that the poetry of A.K. Tolstoy is distinguished by soulful lyricism with a pronounced musical beginning.

- “He was an absolutely amazing person (and a poet, of course).” I. Bunin.

- “He is a big-hearted man:.” S. Yesenin.

Yes, today we will talk about an amazing person, a special one, since it is he who is for the great composer P. I. Tchaikovsky an inexhaustible source for texts to music. The lyricist A.K. Tolstoy knew how to feel deeply, his poetic thoughts are deep and strong. Let's try to get into the music of a wonderful genre - a romance based on the poems of an amazing person - A. K. Tolstoy. (More than a hundred romances based on his poems were written by different composers).

It is difficult today to meet a person who would not know anything about romance - a musical genre that is so popular these days. A small vocal work, combining two healing streams - poetry and music, tells us about a person’s feelings, about his love, joy, happiness. It tells about twilight days, about jealousy, passion, sadness. A romance can glorify the beauty of nature, raise high moral themes, grieve about the past in a soft, confidential tone, turn over the pages of history, and look into the future. And we hear all this in ancient and modern romances. And I just want to “declare my love in the high syllable of Russian romance.”

Why in a high syllable? (conversation with students against the backdrop of F. Glinka’s romance)

Romance conveys the subtlest shades of the psyche - personal emotional moods, and therefore closely fused with lyric poetry. They are written on a wide variety of poems, but the main goal of the composer is always the desire to express, with the greatest possible sensitivity, the poet’s intention and to enhance the emotional tone of the poems with music.

Remember what romances we listened to? (based on poems by A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, F. I. Tyutchev, A. A. Fet).

Russian romance: How many secrets of broken destinies, trampled feelings does he keep! But how much charm, poetry, touching love is sung in it! Marvelous!

4. Working with the text of the poem "Among the noisy ball:"

Guys, looking at the title of this poem, we, of course, remember the wonderful pages of the works where the theme of the ball sounds. We present luxurious halls, beautiful ballroom dresses for ladies and gentlemen. “A noisy whirlwind spins around the waltz:”, polonaise, mazurka, cotillion. "The legs of lovely ladies are flashing:". A familiar phrase: “Mask, I know you:”, casual acquaintances are a connection of destinies for life. (A. S. Pushkin - Natalya Goncharova, F. I. Tyutchev - Elena Denisyeva, A. Fet - Maria Lazich, etc.)

A student's story about A.K. Tolstoy's meeting with S.A. Miller at a masquerade ball.

They first met at a masquerade ball in St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater. He accompanied the heir to the throne, the future Tsar Alexander II, there. From childhood, he was chosen as a playmate for the Tsarevich. She appeared at the masquerade because, after breaking up with her husband, Horse Guardsman Miller, she was looking for an opportunity to forget herself, to disperse.

In the secular crowd, for some reason he immediately drew attention to her. The mask hid her face. But the gray eyes looked intently and sadly. Beautiful ashen hair crowned her head. She was slender and graceful, with a very thin waist. They did not speak for long: the bustle of the colorful ball-masquerade separated them. But she managed to amaze him with the accuracy and wit of her fleeting judgments.

She, of course, recognized him.

In vain he asked her to open her face and take off her mask: But he business card she took. Very little time will pass and he will write to her about another ball - a masquerade, at which he was again in the heir's retinue. Perhaps it was precisely on that January night in 1851, when he was returning home, that the first lines of this poem formed in his mind:

In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance,
In the worries of worldly vanity,
I saw you, but it's a mystery
Your veils of features:

This poem will become one of the best in Russian love lyrics, but it will become famous when it turns into a romance to the music of P. I. Tchaikovsky. And soon after this meeting at a masquerade ball, he received an invitation from her.

This time you won't escape me! - said Alexey Konstantinovich, entering the living room of Sofia Andreevna Miller.

In her he found not only his only woman, but also an intelligent friend.

(Reading a poem by heart and listening to a romance performed by Yuri Gulyaev, viewing a slide film)

5. Analytical conversation according to the text.

Guys, how did you feel after listening to the romance?

How did you feel what this meeting was like for the poet: a discovery, a strong shock, or a sudden understanding of the proximity of long-awaited happiness?

What does he see in an unfamiliar woman - a mask, having cast aside the “anxieties of worldly vanity”? (MYSTERY)

WHAT IS THIS SECRET? (students' answers)

He cannot reveal this secret, he cannot solve this riddle. The image of a woman is woven from strokes that are inexplicable in their contrast: cheerful speech, but sad eyes; laughter is sad, but loud; the voice is sometimes like the sound of a distant pipe, sometimes like a playing wave of the sea. Contrasting not only female image, the entire poem is built on contrasts: a noisy ball and the quiet hours of the night, the crowd of a secular crowd and the loneliness of the night, the appearance of mystery in everyday life. It seems to combine prose and poetry here. The everyday - I love to lie down when tired is combined with the sublime - poetic - sad eyes, the playing shaft of the sea. Romantic - unknown dreams with prosaic - sadly I fall asleep like that. Two stylistic plans here are deeply meaningful, with their help the poet depicts the process of awakening sublime love in the very prose of life.

How is the poem structured? (opposition - contrast)

Is it possible to judge the completeness of the poem? Do the heroes have a future, as the author talks about it? (there is hope - the word “love” (Unsaid ending, the author’s attitude towards the reader’s thoughts, associations outside the text).

The poem is constructed and unfolds according to all the rules of romance. Name these rules. (It has its own melody, vivid images express strong feelings and follow one after another, a chance meeting gives rise to memories, becomes fate).

Tolstoy lived his own life. “And even among the bustle of the world we can be alone and be happy,” he wrote to his future wife Sofya Andreevna, drawing this other world with the power of poetic imagination (“: I see a house half-opened by trees, I see a village, I hear the sounds of your piano and this a voice that immediately perked me up").

Compare this poem with the equally famous poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “From under the mysterious cold half mask: (1841), and you will see completely different poetic and psychological solutions to one biographical theme. (Reading the poem by a student, working with the text)

6. Guys, don’t forget that the great composer guessed these magical notes in the poem, and it means a lot to him. Years passed. Tchaikovsky's children grew up and turned into young men and women. Together with them, the composer experienced the anxieties of their youth. He rejoiced when music brought beauty to their hobbies. And especially the music of the romances “Among the noisy ball:” and “That was in early spring:” again and again conveyed the awakening of the soul, the thrill of the first feeling.

Tolstoy dedicated many poetic creations to Sofya Andreevna, namely romances: “A tear trembles in your jealous gaze” (1858), “Don’t believe me, friend:” (1856), “Autumn, Our whole poor garden is crumbling” and a romance written by Tolstoy and Tchaikovsky 20 years later - “That Was in Early Spring:” (1871)

7. Working with text. Reading a poem by heart. Listening to Tchaikovsky's romance performed by M. Magomayev, viewing a slide film.

The romance is sad, alarming and bright.
And to you it is incomprehensible in every word
The revelation itself comes
How did you once enter into your destiny? (I. Kokhanovsky).

Analytical conversation based on the text.

This is a memory of distant youth, the timidity of first confessions, the happiness of bright hopes. The theme of the rapid passage of time runs through the entire poem as a leitmotif: “It was in early spring, “it was in the morning of our years,” “it was among the birches.” This is a memory of distant, irretrievably gone moments of the first youthful love. The poet’s joy is laced with a feeling of sadness , a feeling of loss - inexorable, irrevocable. The May morning merges with the “morning of our years”, and life itself turns into a unique and fleeting moment.

In Tchaikovsky, the beauty of nature, a peaceful landscape, the subtle singing of morning, sunrise, and a clear day are just a background that enhances and highlights a person’s psychological state, his heartfelt melancholy, thoughts, memories, and deep emotional experiences. A whole series of exclamatory sentences that attract attention are pronounced not at all joyfully, but with aching pain.

Tolstoy's love lyrics are alien to tragic hesitations, male egoism, any accusations and claims against a woman, or admission of guilt; the author is confident in his feelings and expresses them directly. His very attitude towards his beloved is chivalrously respectful, generous and caring.

8. Work in groups.

1 group. Exercise 1. Determine the nature of the sound of a romance based on Tolstoy’s poems, choosing the correct definition in your opinion using a dictionary of aesthetic emotions, and compose a short coherent story.

2nd group. Exercise 1. The work of A. Tolstoy has passed the envious distance of time. Determine the closeness of the love lyrics of Tolstoy and other poets of the 19th century. Select poems by poets whose poetic traditions he inherited, in your opinion.

3rd group. Exercise 1. P. I. Tchaikovsky. Why did romance become one of the main genres in music for him? Based on the statements of the composer and critics, compose a coherent story.

(Group student performances)

Conclusion. Tolstoy is true to himself. Without putting on masks, he widely and generously gives us the wealth of his soul, and his lyre is organically incapable of producing false sounds - the tuning fork is too true for the poet’s heart. You want to look at such faces, you want to communicate with such personalities. And it seems that he himself is becoming better, cleaner:

9. Summing up. Marks. Homework: according to the textbook - pp. 120 - 122; p. 119 - written analysis of the poem: 1 gr. - “Not the wind, blowing from above:”; 2 gr. - “Don’t trust me, friend, :”; 3 gr. - “A tear trembles in your jealous gaze..”; choose poems for the painting by V.E. Borisov-Musatov "Lady in Blue"; memorize.

10. Conclusion on the lesson. Generalization.

A.K. Tolstoy was a simple and extremely sincere person. Even the titles of his poems convey to us the character of their author: “If you love, then without mercy. “, “You are my land, my dear land. “.

The natural world is a world in which the poet feels freely. But this is not a state of calm contemplation of the surroundings: the poet feels himself a participant in the intense and dramatic life of nature, which is always inextricably linked with man.

A.K. Tolstoy owns an expression that very accurately conveys the tone of his landscape lyrics: he speaks of “the healing power of resurrected nature.” It is obvious in the poems about his favorite season, spring: “It was early spring. “, “My bells. ”(he considered this poem one of his successes), “A birch tree was wounded with a sharp axe. “, “Swallows, circling. “, “The singing is louder than a lark. “, “Rain that has faded away. “.

“Art should not be a means. it itself already contains all the results that adherents of utilitarianism, calling themselves poets, novelists, painters or sculptors, fruitlessly strive for,” the poet wrote to a friend. Theoretical views and the poetic practice of A.K. Tolstoy are associated with romanticism. Like all romantics, he placed art at the center of his concept of the world. Among the positions associated with romanticism, Tolstoy’s idea of ​​love as a divine universal principle is especially important. At the same time, sadness, melancholy, sadness are the poet’s favorite words, giving rise to a comparison of his lyrics with the poems of V. A. Zhukovsky.

When meeting love lyrics The poet gets the impression that before us is something like a lyrical diary, which accurately reproduces the facts of the writer’s biography. The image of the beloved woman is imbued with the purity of moral feeling, it is concrete, and her appearance is real.

Tolstoy in his lyrics is not afraid of “simple” words, generally accepted epithets. The poetic power of his verse is in the spontaneity of feeling, sincerity of tone, even at times in the naivety of perception. The famous poem “In the middle of a noisy ball, by chance. ” can be called a psychological novel. It reflects the history of his relationship with Sofia Andreevna Miller, who quickly and forever entered the poet’s life at one of the St. Petersburg masquerades in 1851. Her life story could form the basis of a dramatic narrative. But the story of Count Tolstoy’s devotion to this woman is perhaps even more dramatic. Only after many years did they manage to unite their destinies and start a family.

Sofya Andreevna was the “aesthetic echo” of the poet and created an atmosphere that was dear to him. She spoke 14 languages, was an intelligent and attentive interlocutor, and a very subtle and sensitive reader of poetry. In the anthology we placed several poems that are dedicated to their relationship. You can also read other poems dedicated to her, which will expand your understanding of the relationship between these two extraordinary people. The lyrical lines of Tolstoy’s works are addressed to her: “With a gun over my shoulders, alone, in the moonlight. “, “Listening to your story, I fell in love with you, my joy. “, “A tear trembles in your jealous gaze. “,” Go to sleep, sad friend. “,” “You are a victim of life’s anxieties. “, “Crimean Sketches”, “The West is going out. "and etc.

Sincerely loving his homeland, the poet knew how to see the world around him not only in the charm of his lyrical beauties (“Kolodniki”).

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Literature lesson in 10th grade on the topic:

« « The beauty of love and landscape lyrics by A. K. Tolstoy».

(“A tear trembles in your jealous gaze...”, “In the middle of a noisy ball, by chance...”, “Against the tide...” and others)

« And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,

And all the worlds have one beginning,

And there is nothing in nature

Whatever breathes love.”

A.K. Tolstoy

TARGET: introduce students to the love and landscape lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy, showing beauty and sincerity human relations using the example of poems and their analysis.

During the classes.

1. Teacher's opening speech.

Guys, today we will talk about what is really close to you, it is clear what you live and breathe: about love. And the first question of today’s lesson: “What is love?”

/Students' answers./

You know that everyone answers this question differently. How many people, so many opinions. For some, love is a passion, for some it is a sweet torment, for some it is simply physical intimacy, and for others it is the desire to see a loved one happy.

And for some, for example, A.K. Tolstoy, love is all life:

« And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,

And all the worlds have one beginning,

And there is nothing in nature

Whatever breathes love.”

Word to the teacher. (slide 1)

Two stans is not a fighter, but only a random guest,

For the truth I would be glad to raise my good sword,

But the dispute with both is hitherto my secret lot,

And no one could bring me to the oath;

There will not be a complete union between us -

Not bought by anyone, under whose banner I would stand,

I can’t bear the biased jealousy of my friends,

I would defend the enemy's banner with honor!

What is the idea of ​​this poem

How do you understand the meaning of the metaphor “no fighter of two stuns”

-- In his struggle for the truth, T. defends the independence of the poet, his right to argue with in different directions and camps, the right to freely sing beauty and love.

We will talk about beauty and love today in class.

So, let's write down the topic of the lesson:

“The beauty of love and landscape lyrics by A.K. Tolstoy” (slide 2)

What will be the goal our work??? (slide 3)

The homework was to prepare a report on the life and work of A.K. Tolstoy.

1. Check ka homework.A story about the life and work of A.K. Tolstoy.(Acquaintance with facts from the biography of A.K. Tolstoy. (slide 4, 5, 6)

3. Studying new material (analysis of poems. Work in groups)As we have already learned, since the 1950s, all the love lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy are dedicated only to Sofya Andreevna Miller (nee Bakhmeteva), an extraordinary woman, intelligent, strong-willed, well educated (she knew 14 languages), but with a difficult fate. He fell passionately in love, his love did not go unanswered, but they could not unite - she was married, albeit unsuccessfully. After 13 years, they were finally able to get married, and their marriage turned out to be happy. Tolstoy always missed Sofia Andreevna, even in short separations.)

He constantly prayed for his wife and thanked God for the happiness he had given him:

“If I had God knows what kind of literary success, if they erected a statue of me somewhere in the square, all this would not be worth a quarter of an hour - to be with you, and to hold your hand, and to see your sweet, kind face!”

(from A.K. Tolstoy’s letters to Sofya Andreevna)

“My friend, understand all that is contained in these words: the day has come when I need you just to be able to live. Come to enliven this prose with poetry.”

“The blood freezes in my heart at the mere thought that I could lose you, and I say to myself: how terribly stupid it is to break up! Thinking about you, I don’t see a single shadow in your image - everything is just light and happiness...”

Love lyrics by A.K. Tolstoy.

“In the middle of a noisy ball, by chance...”(slide 9,10)

Discussion of the poem.

• Why did A.K. Tolstoy pay attention to Sofya Andreevna at the ball? (there was a secret, a riddle in it)
• Which stylistic figures help show this mystery? (oxymoron:I see sad eyes, I hear cheerful speech;

your laughter, both sad and sonorous)

syntactic parallelism, anaphora.

(The reader witnesses a crowded and noisy ball, in the bustle of which a masked stranger appears (“mystery covered your features”). Her face is not visible, but her thin figure, thoughtful appearance, sad look - everything is reproduced with truly picturesque visibility. And that’s all But in the portrait of a stranger there is some kind of uncertainty, an understatement. The lyrical hero himself is still full of vague feelings - he is both sad and lonely, it still seems to him that he has fallen in love, he himself is not yet completely sure of this. “A Fleeting Vision" disturbed his soul, deprived of peace, filled his heart with unclear dreams (it is not for nothing that a parallel arises in the poem with Pushkin’s “I remember wonderful moment..."; in Tolstoy - “In the anxiety of worldly vanity”, in Pushkin - “In the anxiety of noisy bustle”).

The feeling of understatement also arises because in the description of the lyrical heroine opposite principles collide: in her wondrous voice one can hear both the sound of a gentle pipe and the roar of the sea wall, her speech is cheerful, but her eyes are sad, her laughter is at the same time “sad and ringing”... The secret that covers the features of the stranger is not only a mask, but also the secret of her fate, her past, which left an imprint on her entire appearance.

And Sofia Andreevna Bakhmetyeva really had such a past: an affair with Prince Vyazemsky; a duel with him of her brother, whom the prince killed; unbearable life in a family where she was considered the culprit in the death of the young man; unsuccessful marriage with Colonel Miller. Tolstoy still had to suffer through the “past years” with his beloved, to feel with her her former “sorrows and hopes.” “I suffered a lot, I reproached you for many things; but I don’t want to forget your mistakes or your sufferings...” the poet wrote in the same year, 1851. Fate brought them together by chance in the middle of a noisy ball and for the rest of their lives.

He cannot reveal this secret, he cannot solve this riddle. The image of a woman is woven from strokes that are inexplicable in their contrast: cheerful speech, but sad eyes; laughter is sad, but loud; the voice is sometimes “like the sound of a distant pipe”, sometimes “like a playing wave of the sea.” Behind these contradictions lies, of course, the mystery of the woman’s mental appearance, but they also characterize the confusion of the feelings of the lyrical hero, who is in a tense oscillation between detached observation and unexpected surges of feeling that foreshadow love passion. High tide alternates with low tide.

Not only the female image is contrasting, the entire poem is built on contrasts: a noisy ball - and the quiet hours of the night, the crowd of a secular crowd - and the loneliness of the night, the appearance of mystery in the everyday life. The very uncertainty of feeling allows the poet to slide on the edge of prose and poetry, decline and rise. In an unstable psychological atmosphere, the stylistic polyphony allowed by the poet is natural and artistically justified. The everyday (“I love to lie down when I’m tired”) is combined with the sublimely poetic (“sad eyes”, “the playing shaft of the sea”), the romantic “unknown dreams” - with the prosaic “sadly I fall asleep like that.” Two stylistic plans here are deeply meaningful; with their help, the poet depicts the process of awakening sublime love in the very prose of life).

1. Analysis of the poem “Transparent clouds calm movement”(slide 11)

What is the idea of ​​the poem?

What language means Are the feelings of the lyrical hero expressed? Give examples, reveal their semantic meaning.

Why is autumn perceived by the hero as a symbol of “different beauty”?

Find examples of sound writing and its meaning.

What is the philosophical meaning of the last interrogative sentence, to whom is it addressed?

Nature becomes not just a background, but a fact, a subject creative process, A artistic creativity- an organic continuation of natural processes that embody the Divine plan.

A. Tolstoy considered the main tragedy of man to be the fragmentation of inspiration, the lack of spiritual synthesis, internal incompleteness, partiality, the impossibility of uniting “individually taken features of an entirely breathing nature.”.

Questions and tasks for the poem« A tear trembles in your jealous gaze..." (slide 12)

3. Why does the poet see the imperfection of the world in the disunity of these manifestations of beauty?
4. What meaning do the expressions “I can love only in the open”, “verbs” acquire in his poem creative power", "do we love with a fragmented love"? Find poetic paths, their meaning...
5. What is the meaning of the poet’s call to merge “into one love”?
The beauty of nature and the power of love have the same voice in the poetic inspiration of A. Tolstoy, they equally speak “unearthly speech” and, like two wings, lift the soul above the earth. The feeling of great love and the invariably accompanying feeling of enjoying the beauty of the world allows a person to move out of time into eternity. The image of Love in the works of A. Tolstoy is the embodiment of the divine all-encompassing principle, the triumph of eternal life - the final meaning of existence.

1. Analysis of the poem “If you love, you go crazy…”(slide 11)

• How does the lyrical hero appear? Character traits (the Russian mentality is depicted).
• Identify the verse. meter and rhyme (trochee, double)
• How does Bryullov’s portrait help reveal the character of A.K. Tolstoy?

Working with aphorisms.(slide 12)

Love is like a tree; she grows up on her own

takes deep roots into our entire being and often

continues to turn green and bloom even in ruins

our heart.

Victor Hugo, French writer (1802-1885)

To love is to find another in happiness

your own happiness.

Gottfried Leibniz, German philosopher, mathematician (1645-1716)

Love is worth exactly as much as a person

who experiences it.

Romain Rolland, French writer (1866-1944)

Being loved is more than being rich

for to be loved means to be happy.

Claude Tillier, French writer (1801-1844)

Lesson summary.

In what philosophical meaning the concept of "love" in Tolstoy's lyrics?

The light that gives life and embodies the divine unity in the work of A. Tolstoy is Love.

Merging into one love, we are an endless chain

Single link

And rise higher in the radiance of eternal truth

We are not destined to be apart.

That was on the morning of our years -

Oh happiness! oh tears!

O forest! oh life! oh sunshine!

O fresh spirit of birch!

("That was in early spring")

Love not only opens spiritual vision in a person, lifts him above earthly existence, clarifying its meaning, but also brings him closer to the world of people, awakens in him love for his neighbor, compassion and understanding

Love resurrects a person to a new life, gives rise to magnificent impulses of inspiration, and awakens the highest creative aspirations. The most valuable thing in love is the kinship of souls, spiritual closeness, which distance cannot weaken. The most important thing is when the souls of lovers sound in unison, when even in separation one feels an unbreakable connection that helps to overcome life's adversity.

Love, while enhancing the sense of the miracle of life and the beauty that surrounds a person, at the same time causes a longing for something greater than the surrounding reality. This longing for the infinite, for something mysteriously great, is the mysterious quality of love.

6. Homework.

• Write a miniature (essay) on the chosen aphorism (1 page)
• Choose your favorite poem by A.K. Tolstoy and learn it by heart.

In the middle of a noisy ball, by chance...

In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance,

In the anxiety of worldly vanity,

I saw you, but it's a mystery

Your features are covered.

Only the eyes looked sadly,

Like the sound of a distant pipe,

Like a playing shaft of the sea.

I liked your thin figure

And your whole thoughtful look,

And your laughter, both sad and ringing,

Since then it has been ringing in my heart.

In the lonely hours of the night

I love, tired, to lie down -

I see sad eyes

I hear cheerful speech;

And sadly I fall asleep like that,

And I sleep in unknown dreams...

Do I love you - I don't know

But it seems to me that I love it!

Answer the questions

• Why did A.K. Tolstoy pay attention to Sofya Andreevna at the ball?
• What poetic paths reveal the experiences and feelings of the lyrical hero?
• What are the conjunctions “but”, “a”, “and” used for?
• What is the role of the ellipsis and exclamation clause?
• What stylistic figures help show this mystery? (find examples of oxymoron, syntactic parallelism)
• Which poem by A. S. Pushkin is in tune with and why?

A tear trembles in your jealous gaze -

Oh, don’t be sad, you are still dear to me!

But I can love only in the open -

My love, wide as the sea,

The shores cannot contain life.

When Verbs are creative power

Crowds of worlds called out from the night,

Love illuminated them all like the sun,

And only on the ground to us did it shine

Rare rays descend separately.

And, separately looking for them greedily,

We catch a glimpse of eternal beauty;

The forest makes a joyful noise about her with news to us,

About her the stream thunders like a cold stream

And they say, swaying, flowers.

And we love with a fragmented love

And the quiet whisper of the willow over the stream,

And the sweet maiden’s gaze, inclined towards us,

And the starry shine, and all the beauties of the universe,

And we won’t merge anything together.

But don’t be sad, earthly grief will blow,

Wait a little longer - bondage won’t last long, -

We will all merge into one love soon,

In one love, wide as the sea,

What the earth's shores cannot accommodate!

Questions and assignments for the poem “A tear trembles in your jealous gaze...”
1. How is the concept of love reflected in the poem?
2. Prove that the poet considers nature, love and art to be manifestations of the ideal beauty of the world.
3. Why does the poet see the imperfection of the world in the disunity of these manifestations of beauty?

4.What means of expression help to understand the feelings of the lyrical hero? Find similes, metaphors, epithets...
5. What meaning do the expressions “I can love only in the open,” “the verb creative power,” “we love with a fragmented love” acquire in his poem?
6. What is the meaning of the poet’s call to merge “into one love”?

Transparent clouds calm movement,
Taking on the light of the sun like a haze,
Either pale gold, or soft blue shadow
Colors the distance. A quiet greeting to us
A peaceful autumn is coming. No sharp outlines
There are no bright colors. The earth has survived
It's time for luxurious forces and powerful tremors;
The aspirations have subsided; different beauty
Replaced the previous one; jubilant summer
No longer warmed by strong rays,
Nature is all full of the last warmth;
There are still flowers flaunting along the wet spaces,
And in the empty fields there are dried epics
Enmeshed in a network of trembling webs;
Whirling slowly in the calm forest,
Yellow leaf after leaf falls to the ground;
Involuntarily I follow them with a thoughtful gaze,
And I hear in their silent fall:
- Peace has come to everything, accept it too,
A singer holding a banner in the name of beauty;
Check if her holy seed is diligent
You threw into the furrows left by everyone,
In all conscience, have you completed the task?
And is the harvest of your days abundant or meager?

1. What is the idea of ​​the poem?
2. What linguistic means are used to express the feelings of the lyrical hero? Give examples, reveal their semantic meaning.
3. Why is autumn perceived by the hero as a symbol of “different beauty”?
4. Find examples of sound writing and its meaning.
5. What is the philosophical meaning of the last interrogative sentence, to whom is it addressed?

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