The most important factor and condition for the development of a child is the social environment. Social environment - everything that surrounds us in social life and, above all, people with whom each individual has a specific relationship. The social environment has a complex structure, which is a multi-level formation, including numerous social groups that have a joint impact on mental development and individual behavior. These include:

1. Microenvironment.

2. Indirect social formations affecting the individual.

3. Macrosocial structures - macroenvironment.

The microenvironment is the immediate environment, everything that directly affects a person. In it he is formed and realizes himself as a person. This is a family, a group kindergarten, school class, production team, various informal communication groups and many other associations that a person constantly encounters in everyday life.

Indirect social formations affecting the individual. These are formations that are not directly related to the individual. For example, the production team where his parents work is directly connected with them, but only indirectly - through the parents - with the child.

Macro environment is a system social relations in society. Its structure and content include a combination of many factors, among which in the first place are economic, legal, political, ideological and other relations. The named components of the macroenvironment influence individuals both directly - through laws, social policy, values, norms, traditions, mass media, and indirectly, through influence on small groups in which the individual is included.

Relationships between people have a wide range. Both on the scale of the macroenvironment and in the microenvironment, they are multiply mediated. For example, a grandfather or grandmother may not always be with the child. But a father’s story about his grandfather and his qualities as a person can have no less impact on the child than direct contact with him.

Introduction

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the social environment has a strong influence on a person and is, as it were, a source that feeds the development of the individual, instills in him social norms, values, roles, etc.

Personality formation occurs in the process of people’s assimilation of experience and value orientations of a given society, which is called socialization. A person learns to perform special social roles, i.e. learns to behave in accordance with the role of a child, student, employee, spouse, parent, etc.

Social personality develops in the communication of people, starting with the primary forms of communication between mother and child. The child is constantly included in one form or another of social practice; and if its special organization is absent, then the educational influence on the child is exerted by its existing, traditionally developed forms, the result of which may be in conflict with the goals of education. The formation of a person as an individual requires from society a constant and consciously organized improvement of the system of public education, overcoming stagnant, traditional, spontaneously formed forms.

The object of this work is the social environment, and the subject is the study of the influence social environment to the individual.

Acting as both a subject and a result of social relations, a personality is formed through its active social actions, consciously transforming both the environment and itself in the process of purposeful activity. It is in the process of purposefully organized activity that the most important need for the good of another is formed in a person, defining him as a developed personality.

Under the influence of the behavioristic paradigm, this approach was born: any given individual develops in a certain environment by adapting to it. This environment represents for the individual a set of stimuli: physical, technical, social. Other people in relation to a given individual are also considered only as elements of the environment. The “individual-society” connection is essentially no different from the “organism-environment” connection. The same laws and the same principles apply here: adaptation, balancing, reinforcement, etc. It is true that the influences of the social environment are more complex (than the physical), as well as the responses of the individual.

The purpose of this work is to consider the most important issues relating to the social environment and personality.

The purpose of the work determines the formulation of the following tasks: consideration of the formation of conventional meanings, social roles, social activity, activities, social attitudes and personality orientations.

1. Personality as a socio-cultural formation

Personality is a system of socially significant qualities of an individual, a measure of mastery of them social values and his ability to realize these values.

As a person, a person is characterized by the level of development of his consciousness, the correlation of his consciousness with public consciousness, which, in turn, is determined by the level of development of a given society.

An essential aspect of a personality is its attitude towards society, towards individuals, towards itself and its social and labor responsibilities.

A human being becomes a person only thanks to social heredity - thanks to the development of the experience of previous generations, enshrined in knowledge, traditions, objects of material and spiritual culture, in the system of social relations.

But the formation of a person as an individual occurs only in specific social conditions. The demands of society determine both the behavior patterns of people and the criteria for assessing their behavior.

As a starting point for understanding the nature of personality, we can take the statement of A. N. Leontyev. Describing the subject of personality psychology, he wrote: “Personality ≠ individual; This special quality, which is acquired by the individual in society, in the totality of relationships, social in nature, in which the individual is involved... Personality is a systemic and therefore “supersensible” quality, although the bearer of this quality is a completely sensual, bodily individual with all his generated and acquired properties "

The essence of personality manifests itself when studying the position, position of a person in his relationships with other people, is revealed in his life goals and the motives behind them, in methods of behavior and means of action in relation to their general goals and objectives. The concept of personality is closely related to the concept of position and the related concepts of social role and social status.

According to a widespread definition in psychology, a role is a program that corresponds to the expected behavior of a person in the structure of a particular social group; it is a given, unfree way of his participation in the life of society. Status determines the behavior of a person included in the system of established social relations, where a place and method of action, and a type of normative behavior are assigned to him. In a status system there are always norms that regulate our relationships and our actions.

The concepts of status and role are relevant to the definition of personality. It is no coincidence that in everyday consciousness a person’s personality is identified with his social position, social status; a personality is judged by his social actions, by his social role.

A person’s place in social life can be given, prescribed to him by chance, birth, circumstances. A person’s place in life can be chosen, found, conquered by himself, according to his own will and free, conscious choice. In this case, they talk about the subject’s choice of position in life, about his personal self-determination. Position is the most holistic characteristic of a person as an individual. A personality is a person who freely, independently and responsibly determines his place in life, in society, in culture. Therefore, personality is an entirely socio-cultural formation. You can also find the following definition: a person is a subject who has freely defined himself and developed his position in the space of culture and the time of history.

2. Social environment and personality

The social environment is, first of all, people united in various groups, with whom each individual is in specific relationships, in a complex and diverse system of communication. The social environment surrounding a person is active, influences a person, exerts pressure, regulates, subjugates social control, captivates, “infects with appropriate “models” of behavior, encourages, and often forces one to a certain direction of social behavior.

Complex of scientific knowledge, rich life experience, the individual draws the motives for his actions from a direct source, which is the social environment. Those opportunities objectively existing in society that allow an individual to express himself as a person are brought to the fore. The content of this impact is that the realization of the rights, freedoms and responsibilities of the individual should occur on the basis of a combination of the interests of the entire society as a whole and each individual individually. This is possible only in a society where the free development of everyone is a condition for the free development of all. In addition to the state-social environment, social in the broad sense of the word, we should also highlight the microenvironment, which includes relationships that arise in a small social group, in a work collective of which the individual is a member, and a set of interpersonal relationships.

It cannot be assumed that under the influence of the social environment in the broad sense of the word, a unification of representatives occurs, that they all become exactly the same. Each personality has its own specific traits that distinguish it.

2.1. Formation of conventional meanings

Each person's belief system regarding his environment consists of knowledge. The development of shared knowledge is possible in part because all human beings share similar biological characteristics. The physical world is familiar to us primarily through influence on it, and agreement about the properties of physical objects is achieved because, by manipulating them, all people acquire similar experiences.

General concepts of reality are based in part on the proper functioning of the sensory organs. Any disturbances in the flow of sensory processes make each person's perceptions more idiosyncratic, and the ability to achieve agreement is weakened.

Similarity of biological characteristics, however, is unlikely to be sufficient to explain consent in cases where we're talking about about the meanings of something that cannot be directly perceived or manipulated. A person acquires most conventional knowledge due to the fact that other people react to his behavior in a standard way. The meaning of most categories is clearly established by the fact that other people's reactions are institutionalized. Each device of a person participating in organized groups, is fixed into a habit and reinforced through social sanctions.

The acquisition of conventional meanings is the learning of appropriate methods of recognizing and classifying objects and the development of accepted methods of action in relation to them. Most often, certain values ​​are acquired through the stable emotional reactions of other people.

When new person is included in the group, his behavior gradually approaches accepted standards - starting with crude imitation and little by little developing into conventional procedures.

It is the systematic and monotonous reactions of other people that forms and fixes an individual’s behavior patterns. Meanings evolve in the process natural selection. Behaviors that enable a person to successfully adapt to existing conditions of life are retained to become part of his orientation towards the world.

Factors influencing the social environment of an organization

An organization as a social system, a stable form of association of people with common interests and goals, is characterized by versatility of functioning. Its development is carried out in at least three directions - technical, economic, social. The first of them is mainly related to the improvement of production means and technologies, the availability of the necessary equipment and materials, the degree of mechanization and automation of labor processes. The second direction expresses the forms of ownership, the level of specialization and cooperation of production, the system of organization and remuneration of labor, the structure and methods of management. Social development includes the organization’s personnel with their traditions, preferences, intellectual potential and professional qualifications, ways to satisfy the material and spiritual needs of employees, interpersonal and intergroup relations, and the moral and psychological atmosphere in the team.

Consequently, the social environment of an organization, which is closely interconnected with the technical and economic aspects of its functioning, consists of those material, social, spiritual and moral conditions in which workers work, live with their families and in which the distribution and consumption of goods take place and real connections are formed. between individuals, their moral and ethical values ​​find expression. This environment is formed by: the organization’s personnel themselves, with their differences in demographic and professional qualifications - gender, age, education, etc., as well as various interpersonal and intergroup connections; social infrastructure, including social facilities; components of the quality of the working life of workers, one way or another determining the material and moral remuneration of work, the atmosphere of solidarity, cooperation and mutual assistance, the degree of team cohesion, and the prestige of teamwork.

Always, but on modern stage social development, especially, the successful activity of any organization depends on the high effectiveness of the joint work of the workers employed in it, on their qualifications, professional training and level of education, on the extent to which working and living conditions are conducive to the humanization of work, the satisfaction of the material, social and spiritual needs of people, diverse manifestation of personality. The vector of social development of the organization should be aimed at diversifying and enriching the content of work activity, more fully using the intellectual and creative potential employees, increase their discipline and responsibility, create appropriate conditions for effective work, have a nice rest, arrangement of family affairs.

The development of the social environment is expressed both in the form of objective processes, i.e. in connections between people regarding their living conditions (work, life and leisure), and in a subjective, conscious form, i.e. in the phenomena of the psychological atmosphere, interpersonal relationships and moral assessments. The factors of such development include the conditions that characterize the content of changes in the social environment and the consequences adequate to these changes. They differ in the direction and forms of influence on personnel, both directly - during joint work, and indirectly - where employees and their families live, raise children, communicate with friends, and relax.

A factor is the driving force of development. In relation to the social environment of an organization, this concept expresses the conditions that determine the nature and possible consequences of the changes occurring in it, which in turn affect the personnel.

The main direct factors of the social environment of an organization include: the potential of the organization, its social infrastructure; labor conditions and safety; material reward for labor contribution; social protection of workers; socio-psychological climate of the team; non-working time and use of leisure time.

Potential reflects the material, technical, organizational and economic capabilities of the organization, i.e. its size and territorial location, number and quality of personnel, the nature of leading professions, industry affiliation and profile of the enterprise, volumes of products (goods and services), form of ownership, financial position, state of fixed assets and technical level of production, content and organizational forms labor process, the company's fame, its traditions and image. These are, of course, basic factors that have a versatile, essentially complex influence on the social environment as a concentration of the most important means and incentives that encourage and ensure the social development of an organization.

Social infrastructure is a complex of facilities designed to provide life support to the organization’s employees and members of their families, and to satisfy social, cultural and intellectual needs. In the conditions of the Russian Federation, the list of such objects includes:

Socialized housing stock (houses, dormitories) and public utility facilities (hotels, baths, laundries, etc.) with networks of energy, gas, water and heat supply, sewerage, telephone communications, radio broadcasting, etc.;

Medical and treatment-and-prophylactic institutions (hospitals, clinics, outpatient clinics, first-aid posts, pharmacies, sanatoriums, dispensaries, etc.);

Educational and cultural facilities (schools, preschool and out-of-school institutions, cultural centers, clubs, libraries, exhibition halls and so on.);

Trade objects and Catering(shops, canteens, cafes, restaurants, farmsteads for the supply of fresh products);

Public service facilities (factories, workshops, studios, salons, rental points);

Sports facilities (stadiums, swimming pools, sports grounds) and public recreation centers adapted for physical education and recreational activities;

Collective dacha farms and gardening partnerships.

An organization, depending on its scale, form of ownership, industry affiliation, location and other conditions, can have its own social infrastructure entirely (Fig. 2.1) or have a set of only its individual elements or rely on cooperation with other organizations and on the municipal base of the social sphere.

But in any case, taking care of the social services of workers and their families is the most important requirement for managing social development.

Labor conditions and safety include factors that in one way or another affect the well-being and useful output of workers, ensuring safe work, preventing injuries and occupational diseases.

Working conditions are a set of psychophysiological, sanitary-hygienic, aesthetic and socio-psychological factors of the production environment and the labor process that influence human health and performance. They include safe working conditions, under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is reduced to a minimum - to the level of established standards or completely eliminated; reducing the amount of heavy work that requires great physical effort; overcoming the monotony of work, rational use regulated breaks during the working day (shift) for rest and nutrition; availability and convenience of social facilities (locker rooms, showers, toilets, first aid station, rest rooms, buffets, canteens, etc.).

Rice. 2.1. Social infrastructure of the organization

Occupational safety, designed to ensure the safety of life and health of workers, in particular, provides for: the establishment of uniform regulatory requirements in the field of occupational safety, the development of programs corresponding to them and the implementation of events in organizations; state supervision and public control over compliance with the legal rights of workers to work that meets safety and hygiene requirements, the fulfillment of labor protection obligations by employers and the workers themselves; provision of workers at the expense of the employer special clothing and footwear, personal and collective defense, therapeutic and preventive nutrition; prevention of accidents at work, implementation of a system of measures for the rehabilitation of persons injured at work.

Material reward for labor contribution acts as a key point in the social development of the organization. It combines basic labor costs, compensation for workers’ labor costs, their social status and, at the same time, family budgets, meeting people’s immediate needs for the goods of life.

Remuneration should be based on the social minimum - on what is necessary to maintain a decent standard of living and reproduce a person’s ability to work, to obtain a means of subsistence not only for himself, but also for his family. In the Russian Federation, the total monetary income of the population includes wages, all types of pensions, scholarships for students and students are added to it educational institutions, benefits for children and child care, the cost of natural farm products used for personal consumption, as well as income from property, sales of farm products on the market and entrepreneurial activity, including dividends and interest from bank deposits.

The expenditure part of the family, mainly consumer, budget consists of cash expenses for paying taxes and making various contributions (including interest on loans), for the purchase of short-term and durable goods - food, clothing, shoes, cultural and household items and household items. household goods, to pay for housing, utilities, transport, medical and other services. The balance of the expenditure and revenue parts of the budget is an indicator of the volume of benefits received by a family during a certain time (month, year) per person. Average per capita income and corresponding expenses reflect the level of family wealth, quality and standard of living.

Social protection employees of the organization make up measures for social insurance, unconditional compliance civil rights and social guarantees established by the legislation in force in the country, collective agreements, labor agreements and other legal acts. In the Russian Federation, these measures, in particular, provide for:

Ensuring a minimum wage and tariff rate (salary);

Normal working hours (40 hours per week), compensation for work on weekends and holidays, annual paid leave of at least 24 working days;

Compensation for harm to health in connection with the performance of work duties;

Contributions to pension and other off-budget social insurance funds;

Payment of benefits for temporary disability, monthly benefits to mothers during their maternity leave, stipends for employees during professional training or advanced training.

These guarantees are implemented with the direct participation of the organization. Cash payments, as a rule, are made from the organization’s funds, their amounts are focused on average salary or share minimum wage labor. The social protection system should insure workers against the risk of finding themselves in a difficult financial situation due to illness, disability or unemployment, and give them confidence in the reliable protection of their labor rights and privileges.

Socio-psychological climate- this is the total effect of the influence of many factors affecting the organization’s personnel. It manifests itself in work motivation, communication of workers, their interpersonal and group connections. In the structure of the socio-psychological climate of the team, three main components interact: the moral and psychological compatibility of workers, their business spirit and social optimism. These components relate to the subtle strings of human intellect, will and emotional properties of the individual, which largely determine its desire for useful activity, creative work, cooperation and cohesion with others. Expressing the attitude of workers to the joint business and each other, the socio-psychological atmosphere puts forward foreground Such motives, which are no less effective than material reward and economic benefit, stimulate the employee, cause him to exert tension or a decline in energy, work enthusiasm or apathy, interest in the business or indifference.

After hours forms another group of factors in the social environment of the organization. They are associated with the rest and recuperation of workers, their organization home life, their fulfillment of family and social responsibilities, and the use of leisure time. The time resource of a working person is divided into working hours on a weekday (the length of the working day in different countries is not the same, it also differs by economic sector and profession) and non-working time in a ratio of approximately 1: 2. In turn, time not directly related to labor activity, includes spending 9-9.5 hours to restore strength and satisfy the natural physiological needs of a person (sleep, personal hygiene, eating, etc.). The remaining time of the day is occupied by traveling to and from work, running the home and household chores, caring for children and activities with them, as well as leisure.

Free time equivalent to leisure is of particular importance for the comprehensive development of personality. It serves to restore the physical and intellectual strength of workers, and is closely connected with the satisfaction of their socio-cultural needs, caused, among other things, by the acceleration of scientific, technical and social progress, and the requirements of the humanization of labor. The size, structure, content and forms of use of leisure significantly influence the lifestyle and worldview of a working person, his choice of moral guidelines and civic position.

More general factors also have a significant and often decisive influence on the social environment of the organization, the level of well-being and the quality of working life of employees. Meaning, as shown in Fig. 2.2, socio-economic situation of the country, spiritual and moral state of society, social policy of the state.

Socio-economic situation of the country is assessed primarily by whether it is in this moment on the rise, in the prime of life, or experiencing a recession, crisis and experiencing increased social tension. At the same time, events taking place in any country are an integral part of the development of human civilization as a whole, an expression of trends common to the world.

The state of affairs in Russia recently is characterized by a deep and all-encompassing crisis. According to scientists and politicians, the country is stuck halfway in its progress from an over-centralized planned economy to the establishment of market relations and a socially structured state. The reforms that have been launched have not yet brought tangible results that are acceptable to the majority of Russians. Instead of improving life, they resulted in a decline in production, a weakening inflow of investment into the economy and the social sphere, a decrease in income and impoverishment of a significant part of the population, and a deterioration in the financing of healthcare, education, science and culture institutions.

Rice. 2.2. General factors, affecting the social environment of the organization

It is becoming increasingly clear that the market itself cannot be a panacea for all problems. A significant correction is needed in both the tactics and the strategic line of socio-economic transformations. In this matter of paramount importance, it is necessary to establish order based on law, coherence of market mechanisms and government regulation in order to open not just declared, but actual space for healthy competition between different forms of ownership and types of business, for the effective use of technical, economic and social innovations aimed at achieving high living standards for all segments of the population.

The experience of Germany, Sweden, Japan and a number of other countries with socially developed market economies shows that a fair decision social problems as much a priority as achieving economic growth and making profits. The guidelines for such a market economy are: respect for basic human rights, providing everyone with equal opportunities to demonstrate their abilities, hard work, initiative and entrepreneurship; increasing the level of well-being and social protection in proportion to the country’s potential, insuring people from the risk of losing a decent livelihood; maintaining stability, civil harmony and social peace in society.

And in Russia, according to the general opinion, the implementation of overdue reforms should be in line with the interaction of economic and social efficiency. In this case, preference should be given to social goals, taking into account the traditions and national characteristics of the country.

Spiritual and moral state of society not in to a lesser extent than the economy, the material sphere, affects the way of life in the country and the level of well-being of the population. Inextricably linked with it are the realization of human freedoms and rights, the affirmation of individuality and collective principles, the originality of historical traditions, stability of moral principles, in particular the requirements of the labor morality prevailing in a given society, personal and social behavior, high criteria of civic virtue - all that makes up the mentality of the people, deep essence his national and social nature, worldview and ideals.

Of course, the mentioned components are mobile and changeable. They can either become thinner or lost, or they can grow and become stronger. Historical experience teaches that success and well-being accompany a society that constantly takes care of the social sphere, reproducing social ties and relationships, is able to rely on the enthusiasm and creative spirit of its members, and provides citizens’ associations and individuals with maximum opportunities to realize their generally significant goals. That is why it is so important to achieve harmony between the interests of the state and civil society, to merge together the action of objective laws of social development and consciously undertaken efforts.

Russian society is currently in a difficult situation due to the stalling of ongoing reforms, the crisis situation in the economy and social sphere, the destruction of the former, which for many have already become familiar way of life, the decline in living standards to a critical point, and a sharp revaluation of social and moral guidelines. In particular, there is a dangerous trend of income stratification, a striking polarization of poverty and wealth, and an increase in the number of disadvantaged families on the verge of poverty. There is a serious weakening of interest in productive work - an allergy to work, increased selfishness, greed and acquisitiveness, the spread of those negative manifestations of the market element, which are accompanied by speculative fraud, seizure of other people's property, quick but unjust enrichment, extortion, corruption, and criminal lawlessness.

In some regions, social tension is growing, contradictions are intensifying, leading to acute social and labor conflicts, and clashes on ethnic and religious grounds. The moral foundations of society and citizens are being undermined, which is fraught moral degradation people, growing feelings of fear and hopelessness, loss of confidence in the future.

Sociological studies also document the emotional state of Russians that is unfavorable for society. Thus, the results of a representative public survey conducted at the beginning of 1999 in all territorial-economic regions of the country showed that three-quarters of citizens regularly felt the injustice of what was happening around them, two-thirds of the population constantly felt shame for the state of affairs in their native country, and the same number did not could get rid of the feeling of the impossibility of continuing life in such conditions. Pessimistic sentiments also prevailed in the expectations of the respondents: 52% expressed fears for the future of their children, 48% - to be left without a livelihood, 37% - to get sick and find themselves without medicines and medical care, 32% - to lose their job, 30% - to become a possible victim of crime.

The spiritual and moral improvement of Russian society, overcoming the crisis of its trust in the authorities requires, first of all, a clearly expressed ideal that can unite Russians, instill in them the spirit for constructive activity, strengthen the legal culture and purity of moral aspirations.

Social politics states as a powerful force for social development is intended to play a key role in solving social problems facing a particular country. Conducted by the government, all branches and authorities, based on economic structures and public support, such a policy should accumulate, focus, reflect the situation in the country and the situation in society, the needs and goals of social development, contribute to the creation of optimal conditions for people’s lives, and the improvement of social ties , interactions and relationships between them, to implement social justice.

The main object of influence of social policy is the social sphere, directly related to the distribution of material and spiritual benefits, the satisfaction of a person’s specific needs, the quality and standard of his life, working conditions, life and leisure. This sphere covers a variety of relationships between individuals, social groups and strata in the form in which they develop at a specific historical moment, includes a number of sectors of the national economy and the main elements social infrastructure, including healthcare, education, science and culture institutions, health resort complex, sports and tourism industry, housing and utilities. The social sphere includes a system of social services for the population, social protection and guarantees for citizens, established by laws state and based on the traditions and customs of the inhabitants of a given country.

Contents and specific objectives of social policy cover stimulating economic growth and subordinating production to the interests of consumption, strengthening labor motivation and business entrepreneurship, ensuring a guarantee of a certain standard of living and social protection of the population, preserving cultural and natural heritage, national identity and identity. To effectively implement your social functions The state has such effective levers as social legislation, the national budget, and the system of taxes and fees.

The practice of most countries confirms that, despite all the objective dependence of the solution of social problems on the economic and political situation of the state, social policy also has independence, is capable of helping to improve the level of well-being of the population through its own means, and have a stimulating influence on the desire of citizens for social progress. In modern conditions, it should be a priority for the power structures of any state.

Following generally accepted principles, the Constitution of our country (Article 7) proclaims that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure decent life and free development of man. This presupposes labor protection and human health, guaranteed minimum size wages, state support family, motherhood, paternity and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens, development of social services, establishment of state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection.

The priority of social policy, as well as the social sphere, means, first of all, the search for real ways to a higher level of consumption, increased life expectancy, further development of education and culture, environmental well-being, and the inadmissibility of any attempts to curtail social programs and diminish guarantees. People in any country are not content with a minimum of social improvements, but hope for a completely prosperous, safe and civilized life. They want social policy to be promoted not by “willy-nilly humanism,” but by the lofty goal of bringing the “social minimum” to a level worthy of a human being.

But this is not the case everywhere. In a number of countries, including Russia, social policy is not yet a well-thought-out, conceptually verified tool for regulating social relations and processes, or a means of optimally linking the economy and the social sphere. In particular, there is a lack of understanding of the simple truth that low wages and incomes limit the demand for goods and services and deprive production of a capacious and solvent sales market. The social sphere is not a dependent at all, and social expenses are not irrecoverable costs, not a simple deduction from economic resources. They are absolutely necessary as investments in human capital, which ultimately result in increased productivity and quality of labor, and expanded consumption. Thus, a balanced social policy is very significant as a kind of investor, a stimulator of economic growth and the well-being of society.

In harsh market conditions, individual economic units and entrepreneurial structures cannot and are not able to fully engage in the social sphere. Authorities are intended to perform this most important function. It is the state, through its regulatory role, that is obliged to compensate and eliminate the shortcomings that were initially inherent in the market element, and to establish the “rules of the game.” It, in particular, without directly interfering in the management of enterprises, pricing and setting wages, has the opportunity and must, in accordance with the laws of the country, exercise control to ensure that profit making does not harm the social goals of the market economy, so that wage, provided for in agreements between employers and trade unions, increased in proportion to the growth of labor productivity so that the market work force responded to unemployment and reduced its scope so that social payments were made in a timely manner and other social protection measures were taken.

Social policy does not come down to the state proclaiming social goals and declaring guarantees, but should be represented by a system of specific measures for their implementation, designed for the short-term (usually within a year), medium-term (three to five years) and long-term (ten or more years) perspective . Regulation of the social sphere presupposes the purposeful functioning of various social institutions- systems of values, samples and norms of behavior, branches and institutions of government, local governments, trade unions, associations of entrepreneurs and other public organizations.

In the Russian Federation, the fundamentals of institutional regulation of the social sphere, established by the Constitution of the country, provide for a unified state policy in the field of culture, science, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology. At the same time, most social policy issues are the subject of joint jurisdiction of the Federation and its constituent entities.

At the federal level, the functions of pursuing a unified policy in the social field should be performed by the government of the country. The ministries of health, culture, education, labor and social development and other levels also participate in the management of the social sphere government controlled, designed to predict, plan, direct, coordinate the activities of relevant industries, enterprises and institutions. At the level of the subjects of the Federation (republics, territories, regions, autonomous okrugs, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg), similar ministries, departments, administrations or departments are created. The management structures of cities and districts have their own departments for social issues.

An integral part The general system of goals and objectives of the state's social policy is regional policy in the social sphere. It must ensure equal quality and standard of living for the population in all regions of Russia. These regions, as a rule, coincide with the territories of the subjects of the Federation and have common natural, socio-economic, national, cultural and other conditions. Subjects of the Federation have a leading role in the development and implementation of regional social programs that take into account the level of socio-economic development of the territory, financial capabilities, demographic situation, natural and climatic conditions, national traditions and local characteristics of work, life, consumption of food, non-food goods and services.

For the success of the state's social policy, it is important that public agreement is achieved regarding its main guidelines and priorities. The framework of such a consensus “fits” the harmonization of the interests of citizens and the state as a whole, the socio-psychological perception by most of society of the goals and methods of state regulation of the economy and social sphere, the interaction of participants in social partnership, which allows solving problems of employment, improving working conditions and remuneration in a civilized way, social protection of both workers and the entire population. This is the only way to achieve people’s trust in the government and mass support for its social policies.

The social policy of the Russian Federation, for a number of reasons mentioned above, in recent years has not enjoyed the necessary support from citizens suffering from the excessive social costs of the reforms undertaken in the country. Polls public opinion indicate that the majority of Russians, negatively assessing the current situation, show a low degree of trust in the central and regional authorities, which, of course, cannot be a favorable background for the implementation of socio-economic transformations.

Currently, there is a tendency towards a change in the mood of Russians. Surveys in 2000 showed that 63% of the country's adult population (14% more than in 1999), while acknowledging difficulties, noted signs of improving living conditions. But restoring trust in the authorities, the obligations of the state, and achieving constructive agreement based on a common goal - a real and sustainable increase in people's well-being in accordance with available opportunities - are still relevant. Specific tasks are put forward, aimed, in particular, at making the costs of wages and social benefits protected, i.e. not subject to any reduction, move step by step to the targeted principle of social protection, actively introduce insurance methods to replenish sources of covering social expenses, strictly control the activities of social departments and social development funds.

The implementation of a set of measures to further reform the economy and social sphere seems to be the most important matter at all levels - national, sectoral, regional, local. This also applies to individual organizations. Of course, additional specification of social guidelines is needed here.

The formation of a person’s personality occurs in society. These are two interrelated social phenomena. Personality and do not exist separately. They are the subject of close interest and study of the entire complex of socio-economic disciplines: history, economics, psychology, philosophy and sociology.

How do individuals and society interact?

Who is the subject and object of this mutual influence? What are the patterns of personality integration in society? We will try to answer questions and outline modern approaches to the nature of the relationship between man and the world around him.

Man as an individual

The birth of a person is reflected through a set of metric indicators, which together provide information about the individual. Height, weight, health, nationality, place and date of birth are the basic characteristics with which a person comes into the world.

In the process of development, a person as an individual interacts with outside world. And the path of his development is as individual and unique as his anthropometric portrait.

Each individual has a family or is left without one, was born in an economically prosperous metropolis or in a remote village - all these are factors in the social environment that have a direct impact on the formation of character, views, culture and the method of further socialization.

In the process of becoming a member of society, an individual acquires psychological characteristics, habits, views, behavior patterns. He becomes an individual in society. And only the full right to which is officially regulated by the age of majority transforms individuality into a personality.

Stages of socialization

Socialization is the process of integration of an individual into society, as a result of which at each stage he acquires the qualities of a full member. Personality and social environment are dynamic units. At all stages of their interaction or refusal to interact, a change in subject-object roles occurs.

Three stages of personality socialization can be distinguished:

• The period of entry into society: mastering norms and requirements, developing communicative methods of interaction with the outside world.
• The period of self-actualization in society: determination of personal characteristics, one’s position, status, social preferences.
• The period of integration: the formation of personality and active interaction between the social environment and the individual.

All three periods are not strictly tied to age stages and can be carried out synchronously in each age period.

Entering society

Conventionally, the beginning of socialization can be attributed to the age stages of infancy and childhood. This period is characterized by the acquisition of initial experience of interaction between individuality and society. Social environmental factors directly influence the formation of a person’s attitude towards the world.

If this is a socially unfavorable environment, then it can form a negative scenario for the individual’s behavior and lead in the future to an antisocial lifestyle. There are other examples: if during the period of personality formation a person makes a choice not in favor of the negative environment around him, he has every chance to change his environment.

In any case, the characteristics of the social environment leave an imprint on the initial experience. An indicator of the level of personality is freedom of choice. Every person has the right to follow the norms of society to the extent that corresponds to his personal nature.

Self-actualization in society

During this period, the formation of a person’s position in society occurs.

In adolescence, when there is a reassessment of the world around us and our place in it, there is active process social self-identification, a person declares himself and his place in society.

This is a rather painful process for the individual. Sometimes for the immediate environment. The social environment and the socialization of the individual in it is a two-way process. By declaring his place, a person thereby demands to determine the attitude of other members of society towards himself, to “conquer” his personal space from the world. Often this involves the interests of other people.

The ability to come to an agreement and find a common interest is required by both the individual and the society interested in successful adaptation and receiving social benefit from a new member of the community.

Integration into society

The most important period for society and people is the stage of integration, when an already accomplished person realizes himself. The individual and the social environment are interested in each other. If at the first and second stages of the process of entering society, a person as an individual more often acted as an object of relations, society taught him to be its member, then during the period of integration it is the individual who active position subject of social interactions.

What does this mean?

• A person is included in the production, distribution and consumption of a social product.
• He fully exercises his rights and bears responsibility for the consequences of his activities to society.
• Determines his civic position in the state.

Thus, the individual, without ceasing to be an object of society, acts as a subject of management of the community in which he has been socialized and influences it.

Conventions of the stages of socialization

All these stages of socialization are conditional in their horizontal historical orientation. At each stage, the role and status of an individual can change; in different conditions, the same person can perform different social roles and statuses.

The stage of entering society can be repeated at any period of the individual’s social maturity, with the status of either a social community, a professional community, or in other similar cases.

Plays an important role If a person changes jobs or gets married, then he is forced to go through the process of socialization again. Determine to what extent he is satisfied or not with the new socio-cultural environment, and make a choice as a free individual.

Relationships between the individual and society

An individual at birth becomes an individual in the process of interaction with other people and is formed as a social significant person. Personality is the result of social evolution, limited to the experience of one person from an individual to a full member of society.

The quality of the social environment is important characteristic for personality development.

On the other hand, pure copying and reproduction of the values ​​of society is not enough for the prospects for the development of society. And here lies the potential of the individual.

Personal freedom forces us to change the boundaries of society's ability to ensure this right. This is the purpose of the individual - improving the world around him through active participation both in the mode of production of goods and in the architecture of knowledge.

Role and status of the individual

A person in society has a certain social status- complex social characteristics, determining place in the social hierarchy.

In accordance with it, a certain social image of a person and an a priori form of attitude of other people towards him in a limited social circle are formed.

In society, each member performs social roles. This is a model of individual behavior characteristic of the social circle of society. It happens that a person’s individual merits become unacceptable traits for society. For example, a brilliant person is a person who is extremely inconvenient for his immediate environment; his talent neutralizes the interests of his family, and he often finds it difficult to fit into the norms of his immediate environment.

Social paradigm and freedom

Personality is the result of the socialization of the individual into society. Let us ask the question of whether society always corresponds to the level of individual freedom. And where are the criteria, how much does society meet her interests, and should she follow the standards set by this society? Personality and social environment - where is the line of freedom at this intersection?

Society is a living organism. And, just like a person, it has a different orientation - humane and inhumane in relation to its members. History provides a lot of examples for this.

Society in relation to a specific person acts as a social paradigm, a model with values ​​given by history and time. The characteristics of the social environment differ significantly within the social paradigm.

Behavior model

The model of Soviet society as a social paradigm set the vector of strict conformity for each member of society state standards. Freedom was limited by the norms of communist morality - to be like everyone else. Actually, it was a given lack of freedom into which a person found himself at birth. The person was at risk of losing either his head or other important organs.

The fate of lonely heroes who do not give up the right to freedom of choice is, alas, sad. But only they can rightfully be considered individuals, since main characteristic these people have freedom of choice.

About society and man

Man is a social being; he cannot fulfill his destiny outside of society.

An important motive for progress is the individual and the social environment in which it could be realized. One of the well-known forms of recognition by society of a person’s merits is the awarding of the title of laureate Nobel Prize. These are people whose personal contributions are recognized as socially significant for the progress of society. These are people who have not only achieved grandiose goals, but are spiritually rich, independent in their ability to be free, worthy members of human society.

Albert Einstein, physicist, author of the theory of relativity, said worthy words: more important than achieving success in life is understanding its meaning. Very relevant words for today, considering that the Internet is littered with ways of “how to become successful,” and this success is measured by the size of your wallet.

The great Irish playwright, a man with a great sense of humor, said: get what you want, or you will have to love what you get. These words have a deep meaning. He encourages a person to develop the world, set goals worthy of him and not be limited by what society is ready to give.

English environment social; German Milieu, soziales. 1. The totality of material, economic, social, political, and spiritual conditions of existence, formation and activity of individuals and social. groups. There are: macro-environment - socio-economic. system as a whole and microenvironment - direct social. environment. 2. Part of the environment consisting of interacting individuals, groups, institutions, cultures, etc.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Social environment

a set of social conditions of human life that influence his consciousness and behavior. The concept of "S. With." is a specific difference between the more general concept of “environment”, the content of which includes the totality of all conditions surrounding a thing, plant, animal or person and directly or indirectly affecting them. Influence or impact on something or someone is a constitutive feature of the environment, since it always presupposes something in relation to which it exists. Conditions that surround but do not have any impact on a thing, plant, animal or person are not included in their environment. The relative nature of the environment, the specificity of its manifestations are determined not only by the difference in the properties and composition of the elements that form it, but also by the characteristics of what it surrounds and what it interacts with. Thus, for an animal, the influence of the surrounding world is structured in accordance with its hereditary-biological organization and the instinctive, biological attitude towards nature that follows from it. As for a person, here the structure-forming factor of the environment is not his biological qualities, but the forms of objective-practical and spiritual activity he carries out, as well as those public relations, within which they are implemented. In this case, the social system, understood as the human environment, should include economic, political, social and spiritual conditions and relationships, territorial and other social communities and associations to the extent that they spontaneously or purposefully, directly or indirectly influence on the consciousness and behavior of the individual. S. s. has a multifaceted structure and, depending on the division criteria, represents either a set of spheres public life, or a system of social institutions or social groups etc. At the same time, the environment can also be considered as a unity of the general, the particular and the individual. Two extreme forms of manifestation of S. s. defined as “macroenvironment” and “microenvironment”. The macroenvironment is understood as the general environment. It includes those factors that, influencing society as a whole, represent prerequisites and conditions of life that are common to all its members. These are, first of all, productive forces, material and ideological relations, classes and social strata, nations, industrial, state-political and other public organizations, system of public education and training, means mass media etc. Along with the listed conditions in the structure of S. s. on the basis of “immediacy of contact”, social spheres are distinguished where a person manifests himself in his individual behavior and which serve as a connecting link in the relationship between the individual and society. This link forms that unique, characteristic only for a given individual, complex of material, spiritual and personal factors, which is defined as the microenvironment. Its most important structural components are: the primary labor or educational team (team, section, school class, student group), party, trade union, Komsomol and other public organizations at the place of work, study or residence, informal interest associations, etc. The nature of the influence of the microenvironment on the formation of personality is determined not only by general social conditions, but also largely depends on special or regional conditions (city, village, town). As the results of sociological research show, socio-settlement differences significantly affect the material and spiritual conditions of people’s lives, their forms of behavior and communication.