Catherine II – Great Russian Empress. Presentation on the history of "The Reign of Catherine II"

• Catherine the Great was born Sophia Frederica Augusta, a German princess from the provincial principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, who, by the will of fate, ascended to the Russian throne and for almost thirty-five years (1762-1796) autocratically ruled the great Empire.

• Catherine came to power in a palace coup that overthrew her unpopular husband Peter III from the throne.
• Catherine had two sons: Pavel Petrovich (1754) and Alexei Bobrinsky (1762 - son of Grigory Orlov), as well as a daughter, Anna Petrovna (1757-1759, possibly from the future king of Poland Stanislav Poniatovsky), who died in infancy.
• Her era was marked by the maximum enslavement of the peasants and the comprehensive expansion of the privileges of the nobility.
• The borders of the Russian Empire were significantly expanded to the west (divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and to the south (annexation of Novorossiya).

Catherine - Enlightened.

The era of Catherine II is often called enlightened. She did a lot for the development of culture in Russia. Universities were opened under her. Girls could study on equal terms in lyceums. The Institute of Noble Maidens (Smolny Institute) was opened. The Empress made a big emphasis on training.

She invited various cultural figures.

• Catherine II did a lot for Russia:
• She transformed the Senate. (It was divided into 6 departments, headed by chief prosecutors, headed by the prosecutor general. Each department had certain powers. The general powers of the Senate were reduced, in particular, it lost legislative initiative and became a body for monitoring the activities of the state apparatus and the highest judiciary authority. The center of legislative activity moved directly to Catherine and her office with secretaries of state.

• Stacked commission. (The commission that was convened to develop a new code. Composition - deputies of all classes, all empires, had to gather in Moscow and bring with them orders from their voters (serfs and clergy were not included in the composition). A total of 564 were elected deputy (30% - nobles; 39% - urban inhabitants; 14% - rural inhabitants; 5% - officials; 12% - other classes. Especially for them, the empress created the “Nakaz”. The longer the commission met, the clearer it was that They will not be able to reach any agreement.Each pursued his own goals.

• The deputies presented the empress with honorary titles: Great, Wise, Mother of the Fatherland. But Catherine did not like this, and she wrote that “I told them to review the laws, and they did the anatomy of my qualities. The Wise One is God. Great—will posterity judge about that?!”
• She accepted only the title of "Mother of the Fatherland".

• Provincial reform. -Under Catherine, the territory of the empire was divided into provinces. “Institution for the management of the provinces of the All-Russian Empire” was adopted on November 7, 1775. Instead of a three-tier administrative division- province, province, district, a two-tier structure began to operate - governorship, district (which was based on the principle of a healthy population). From the previous 23 provinces, 53 governorships were formed, each of which was home to 350-400 thousand male souls. The governorships were divided into 10-12 districts, each with 20-30 thousand male souls. The governor-general controlled several viceroyalities, headed by viceroys (governors), herald-fiscals and refatges. Finances in the governorships were handled by the Treasury Chamber, headed by the vice-governor, with the support of the Accounts Chamber. Land management was carried out by the provincial land surveyor at the head of the digger. Executive body The governor (governor) was the provincial government.

• Provincial reform - The criminal and civil chambers judged all classes and were the highest judicial bodies in the provinces. Captain police officer - stood at the head of the district, leader of the nobility, elected by him for three years. A conscientious court is called upon to stop strife and reconcile those who argue and quarrel. This trial was classless. The Senate becomes the highest judicial body in the country.

• Already existing rights were confirmed.
• the nobility were exempted from the quartering of military units and commands
• from corporal punishment
• the nobility received ownership of the subsoil of the earth
• the right to have their own class institutions
• The name of the 1st estate has changed: not “nobility”, but “noble nobility”.
• it was forbidden to confiscate the estates of nobles for criminal offenses; the estates were to be transferred to the legal heirs.
• nobles have the exclusive right of ownership of land, but the Charter does not say a word about the monopoly right to have serfs.
• Ukrainian elders were given equal rights with Russian nobles.
• a nobleman who did not have an officer rank was deprived of the right to vote.
• Only nobles whose income from estates exceeded 100 rubles could hold elected positions.

• the right of the elite merchant class not to pay the poll tax was confirmed.
• replacement of conscription with a cash contribution.

• Division of the urban population into 6 categories:
• “real city inhabitants” - homeowners (“Real city inhabitants are those who have a house or other building or place or land in this city”)
• merchants of all three guilds (the lowest amount of capital for merchants of the 3rd guild is 1000 rubles)
• artisans registered in workshops.
• foreign and out-of-town merchants.
• eminent citizens - merchants with a capital of over 50 thousand rubles, rich bankers (at least 100 thousand rubles), as well as the city intelligentsia: architects, painters, composers, scientists.
• townspeople, who “support themselves by fishing, handicrafts and work” (who do not have real estate in the city).

• In 1773-1775 there was peasant revolt led by Emelyan Pugachev. It covered the lands of the Yaitsk army, the Orenburg province, the Urals, the Kama region, Bashkiria, part of Western Siberia, the Middle and Lower Volga region. During the uprising, the Cossacks were joined by Bashkirs, Tatars, Kazakhs, Ural factory workers and numerous serfs from all the provinces where hostilities took place.
• 17 Sep. 1773 The uprising begins. Near the Yaitsky town, government detachments went over to the side of 200 Cossacks, going to suppress the rebellion. Without taking the town, the rebels go to Orenburg.

• Oct 5 - March 22, 1773-1774 - standing under the walls of Orenburg.

• March - July 1774 - the rebels seize factories in the Urals and Bashkiria. The rebels are defeated near the Trinity Fortress. On July 12, Kazan was captured. On July 17, they were defeated again and retreated to the right bank of the Volga.

• 12 Sep. 1774 Pugachev was captured (his own people turned him in).

• In 1772, the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place. Austria received all of Galicia with its districts, Prussia - Western Prussia (Pomerania), Russia - the eastern part of Belarus to Minsk (Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces) and part of the Latvian lands that were previously part of Livonia.
• In 1793, the Second Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place, approved at the Grodno Sejm. Prussia received Gdansk, Torun, Poznan (part of the lands along the Warta and Vistula rivers), Russia - Central Belarus with Minsk and Novorossiya (part of the territory of modern Ukraine). In 1795, the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place. Austria received Southern Poland with Luban and Krakow, Prussia - Central Poland with Warsaw, Russia - Lithuania, Courland, Volyn and Western Belarus.

• October 13, 1795 - a conference of the three powers on the fall of the Polish state, it lost statehood and sovereignty.

• The war began in 1768 and ended in 1774.
• And it all started with the fact that Russia did not want to withdraw its troops from the territory of Poland.
• Russian troops, on land and at sea, won victories. Distinguished: P.A. Rumyantsev; A.G. Orlov; G.A. Spiridov.
• On July 26, 1770, the Turks took refuge in Chesme Bay, where they were defeated by Russian troops.
• Russia forced Turkey to sign the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Treaty, as a result of which the Crimean Khanate formally gained independence, but de facto became dependent on Russia. Turkey paid Russia military indemnities in the order of 4.5 million rubles, and also ceded the northern coast of the Black Sea along with two important ports

Second Russo-Turkish War (1787-1791)

The reason for the war was Russia's refusal to recognize the supreme power Ottoman Empire over all of Georgia, and the return of Crimea to Turkey.

Here, too, the Russians won a number of important victories, both land - the Battle of Kinburn, the Battle of Rymnik, the capture of Ochakov, the capture of Izmail, the battle of Focsani, the Turkish campaigns against Bendery and Akkerman were repulsed, etc., and sea - the battle of Fidonisi (1788), The Battle of Kerch (1790), the Battle of Cape Tendra (1790) and the Battle of Kaliakria (1791). As a result, the Ottoman Empire in 1791 was forced to sign the Treaty of Yassy, ​​which assigned Crimea and Ochakov to Russia, and also pushed the border between the two empires to the Dniester.

• Russia rose to high level. She conquered new lands and expanded her territories. Got access to the seas. She proved that she is still the same Great Power.

• Culturally, Russia finally became one of the great European powers, which was greatly facilitated by the empress herself, who was keen on literary activity, who collected masterpieces of painting and corresponded with French educators. In general, Catherine’s policy and her reforms fit into the mainstream of enlightened absolutism of the 18th century.

• Photo of Catherine II (1 slide) - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Profile_portrait_of_Catherine_II_by_Fedor_Rokotov_(1763%2C_Tretyakov_gallery).jpg
• Information about the life of Catherine (1 slide) - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%EA%E0%F2%E5%F0%E8%ED%E0_II
• It was also based on the 2013 series “The Romanovs”.

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Catherine II – the Great Russian empress. Second half XVIII century in Russia is associated with the name of the empress, whose reign amounted to an entire era in the history of the country. A wise politician and subtle diplomat, Catherine II strove to strengthen the autocracy and create favorable conditions for economic and spiritual development countries. The reign of Catherine is one of the most glorious and difficult periods, which is listed in national history great.

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“Either I die or I reign. » The coronation of the new empress took place on September 22, 1766. Catherine was born on April 21, 1729. Her real name was Sophia Augusta Friederike of Anhalt of Zerbst. Having converted to Orthodoxy, she was betrothed to Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich Romanov, after which she received the title of Grand Duchess and the new name Catherine. Slowly but surely she moved towards the Russian throne, according to Klyuchevsky: “She made a double seizure: she took power from her husband and did not transfer it to her son, the natural heir of his father.”

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Personality of the Empress The Empress was self-possessed, well able to control herself, suppress outbursts of anger, maintain a conversation, at the same time patient with the shortcomings of people, but irreconcilable with her opponents, and knew how to be cruel. Catherine had a fairly developed sense of humor; her correspondence contained a lot of causticity and mockery.

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Favorites of Catherine II The empress was unable to experience family happiness. The relationship with his son did not work out; he could not forgive his mother for taking the throne. Catherine's affairs of the heart characterize her relationships with her many admirers. Count G. Orlov. Prince Potemkin. A. Lanskoy Dmitriev-Mamonov. The last favorite of Catherine II was His Serene Highness Prince Peter Zubov, Governor-General of Novorossiya and Commander of the Black Sea Fleet.

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“You need to act slowly, with caution and reason. » Catherine II. Immediately after Catherine's accession to the throne, vigorous activity was noticeable in the state body. She belonged to those statesmen who intended not only to reign, but also to govern.

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Order of Catherine II. If Peter I took the first steps towards a rule-of-law state regulated by laws, then “Nakaz” deepens this idea in many articles, explaining the meaning of the law in all spheres of life. The main text of the “Nakaza” contains 20 chapters, divided into 546 articles, of which 245 are borrowed from the work of Montesquieu, 106 from the book of the learned lawyer, Beccarn. In addition, Catherine used the works of German scientists: Bielfeld and Just, as well as the French encyclopedia and Russian legislation.

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Letter of grant to the nobility. According to the charter, the nobles received a number of personal and corporate rights. The main ones are the right to own land, freedom to choose occupations, to have their own factories, handicrafts and factories - which suited their interests. A nobleman could not be subjected to corporal punishment and could not be deprived of noble dignity, honor, life and property without a trial.

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The “charter granted to cities” transferred to city societies the right of a legal entity that could independently dispose of property and income from it. Certificate for "middle class people". Merchants registered in the guild received special privileges - to pay off conscription duties with money and be free from government orders. Merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds were exempt from punishment. The burghers, like the nobles, received personal and cooperative rights.

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The uprising of E. Pugachev. During the reign of Catherine II, the largest popular uprising in Russian history took place under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev. The idea of ​​erecting the throne of a “peasant king” shocked the empress; in fear and anger, she ordered a bloody massacre of the rebels, but forced the authorities to look for ways to resolve the peasant issue.

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Secularization of church lands. Under Catherine II, monasteries and dioceses became completely dependent on the state, which took them for its maintenance. Catherine II also made the life of the monastery peasants easier, freeing them from everyday punishments, service in the household, and forced marriages. Of course, such changes caused dissatisfaction on the part of the church. It was a serious matter for Arseniy Matseevich, who opposed such a solution to the issue of church estates.

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Catherine II the Great (1762-1796) Murzina M.N., teacher of history and social studies, MAOU Secondary School No. 15 named after. G.E. Nikolaeva, Tomsk

Topic study plan Palace coup 1762 The policy of enlightened absolutism. The uprising of E.I. Pugachev. Foreign policy of Catherine II. Economics II half of the XVIII century. Domestic policy of Catherine II after the uprising of E.I. Pugachev. Results of the reign of Catherine II.

Sofia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst (1729-1796) Sofia grew up in a poor family and was educated at home. In 1744, the princess and her mother were invited to Russia to marry Pyotr Fedorovich, who was her second cousin. In 1744, Sofia Frederica Augusta converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy and received the name Ekaterina Alekseevna. In 1745, Catherine and Peter got married. The couple did not love each other. Ekaterina devoted herself to studying the Russian language, culture, and was engaged in self-education.

Palace coup On June 28, 1762, Catherine, intelligent, stubborn, powerful, who had long deeply despised her husband, actually led a conspiracy against him. The Orlov brothers became her support (the eldest of them, Grigory, was Catherine’s favorite). Peter III was arrested and kept under guard in Ropsha, where he died. Assassination of Peter III

Enlightened absolutism is the policy of achieving the “common good” in the state, pursued in the second half of the 18th century by a number of European absolute monarchs who accepted the ideas of philosophy of the 18th century. Voltaire - French philosopher Francois Quesnay - French economist Turgot - French economist and statesman Man is the most valuable thing on earth and his freedom is more important than the interests of the state; All people are equal in their human rights, regardless of class differences; Society needs to be improved, and science, education, and lawmaking must play a key role in this.

The objectives of the policy of enlightened absolutism of Catherine II are to strengthen the autocracy by improving the management system and eliminating its most outdated elements; expansion of the rights and privileges of the nobility; creating conditions for economic development countries; dissemination of knowledge, development of European forms of culture and education. Catherine II drawing up the “Instruction”

Reforms of public administration In 1763, the Senate was divided into six departments, each of which had a strictly defined range of responsibilities and powers. In 1764, the hetmanate in Ukraine was destroyed. Ukraine has finally lost its autonomy. In 1763-1764. Catherine carried out the secularization of church lands, which was canceled after the overthrow of Peter III. This replenished the treasury and made it possible to stop the unrest of the monastery peasants. Senate and Synod building

Free Economic Society 1765 - Free Economic Society of Russia, or Imperial Free Economic Society - one of the oldest scientific societies in Russia, the very first public organization in the Russian Empire. VEO was founded by Grigory Orlov under the patronage of Catherine II. It actually stopped working in 1918 and resumed in 1982.

Order of Catherine II For two years (1764-1765), the Empress worked on drawing up the “Order” for deputies, basing it on the famous treatise of the French thinker C. Montesquieu “On the Spirit of Laws,” as well as the ideas of other major enlighteners. “The order of Her Imperial Majesty Catherine the Second, the All-Russian Autocrat, was given to the Commission on the drafting of a new code.”

Laid Commission In 1767, Catherine convened the “Laid Commission,” which was supposed to prepare a new Code of Laws. In Russia, the Council Code of 1649 was still in force. M. Zaitsev. Catherine's Commission of 1767

Results of the work of the Statutory Commission It did not fulfill its main task, did not draw up a new Code; The activities of the Legislative Commission contributed to the spread of Enlightenment ideas in Russia; Catherine II strengthened her position (the empress had no special rights to the Russian throne). Matvey Markov. Catherine's Commission of 1767

The uprising of E.I. Pugachev 1773-1775.

Emelyan Pugachev (1742-1775) Don Cossack Participant of the Seven Years and Russian-Turkish Wars Once on the Yaik River, he decided to call himself a king Peter III. Gathered the Cossacks, as well as other supporters. Kalmyks, Bashkirs, and Tatars began to join. Portrait of Pugachev, painted from life with oil paints

Causes of the uprising Dissatisfaction of the Yaik Cossacks with the elimination of their privileges. Discord grew between the rich Cossack “sergeant major” and the rest of the “army”. Strengthening serfdom. Difficult conditions life and labor of working people, as well as assigned peasants in the factories of the Urals. E.I. Pugachev

September 1773 – March 1774 - the beginning of the uprising and military successes; April 1774 - mid-July 1774 - Pugachev’s flight, return (campaign to the Urals and Kazan) and failures of the uprising; July 1774 - early September 1775 defeat of the uprising The main stages of the uprising of E.I. Pugachev

Stage I of the uprising of E.I. Pugachev The uprising began on September 17, 1773 with the performance of a small detachment of Cossacks. Main events: gathering of supporters, siege of Orenburg, battle tsarist army and those who rebelled at the Tatishchev Fortress. Result: the siege of Orenburg ended in failure for the rebels. Defeat of the rebels in the battle near the Tatishchev Fortress.

II stage of the uprising of E.I. Pugachev April - July 1774 Main events: the siege of Orenburg was lifted, the replenishment of the rebel army with working people and guns. The rebels also managed to take the outskirts of the city of Kazan. Result: it was not possible to occupy the Kazan Kremlin - tsarist troops came to the rescue.

III stage of the uprising of E.I. Pugachev The most massive stage of the uprising Main events: July 31, 1774 - the creation of a manifesto by Pugachev on the liberation of peasants from serfdom and taxes. Pugachev approached Tsaritsyn. Result: Pugachev was unable to master Tsaritsyn. On September 12, 1774, he was captured and handed over to Mikhelson. Pugachev is being taken to Moscow in a wooden cage

Reasons for the defeat: Weakness of organization and extremely poor weapons of the rebels. Lack of a clear understanding of one’s goals and a constructive program for the uprising. The predatory nature and cruelty of the rebels, which caused widespread indignation in various sectors of society. The strength of the state mechanism, which was able to mobilize and organize the suppression of such a large-scale uprising.

Results of the uprising of E.I. Pugachev Pugachevism forced landowners and factory owners to moderate their oppression over serfs and working people. The government and the nobility began to think about what needed to be done to avoid a new revolt. "The execution of Pugachev on Bolotnaya Square". Drawing of an eyewitness to the execution of A. T. Bolotov

Main directions foreign policy Russia under Catherine II

Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774 The reason is the intervention of the Russian Empress Catherine II in Polish affairs, which caused discontent in Turkey. The goals of the parties: Russia - to gain access to the Black Sea; Türkiye - to expand its possessions in the Black Sea region and the Caucasus and capture Astrakhan.

The main battles of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. 1770 - Battle of Chesma 1770 - Battles of the Ryabaya Mogila, on the Larga River, on the Cahul River. 1774 – battle near the village of Kozludzhi. “Allegory of the victory of Catherine II over the Turks”, 1772

Results of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. 1774 - Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty: Independence from the Ottoman Empire of the Crimean Khanate was proclaimed. Russia maintains outposts on the Azov and Black Seas; Russia is recognized as having the right to protect and patronize Christians in the Danube principalities; Russia receives the right to have its own fleet in the Black Sea and the right of passage through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits Admiral G.A. Spiridov

Annexation of Crimea In 1777, Russian troops invaded Crimea and ensured the election of the Russian protege Shagin-Girey to the khan's throne. However, his power was fragile. In 1783, after difficult negotiations with Potemkin, Shagin-Girey transferred the Khanate to Russia and abdicated the throne. For this diplomatic success, Potemkin was awarded the title of "Prince of Tauride." Prince G. Potemkin

Russian-Turkish War 1787-1791 The reason is Turkey’s reluctance to accept the loss of undivided dominance in the Black Sea. Main battles: 1787 - defeat of the Turks at Kinburn; 1787 - capture of Ochakov by the Russians; 1789 – victory over the Turks at Focsani; August 1789 – victory of Russian troops on the Rymnik River; 1790 – capture of the Izmail fortress by Suvorov. 1791 – naval battle at Cape Kaliakria.

Results of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. 1791 – Treaty of Yassi: the entire Northern Black Sea region, including Crimea, was assigned to Russia; The lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester went to Russia; In the Caucasus, the border along the Kuban River was restored. Türkiye renounced its claims to Georgia. The assault on Ishmael based on a sketch from nature. Engraving by S. Shiflyar.

Sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Participants: Russia, Prussia, Austria. Results: Lithuanian, Western Russian (modern Belarusian and Ukrainian) lands went to Russia. The indigenous Polish lands were divided between Prussia and Austria. On January 15, 1797, the last convention was signed, which approved the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, abolished Polish citizenship and completely eliminated the remnants of Polish statehood. Map of the sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Sections of the Land that went to Prussia Austria Russia 1st section (1772) Part of the lands adjacent to Baltic Sea Galicia (Western Ukraine) Eastern regions of Belarus. 2nd partition (1793) of the Land with Poznań and Gdańsk. Western part of Poland along the Warta and Vistula rivers Part of Belarus with Minsk and Right Bank Ukraine. 3rd section (1795) The central part of the lands with Warsaw. Southern part of Poland. Western Belarus, Volyn, Lithuania, Courland.

Results of the foreign policy of Catherine II 1. Significant growth of Russian territory (Right Bank Ukraine and Belarus, southern Baltic states, Northern Black Sea region, many new territories on Far East and in North America). 2. The population of Russia increased from 22 million to 36 million people. 3. Russia was turning from a great European power into a world power. Suvorov A.V.

Economy of Russia in the second half of the 18th century The number of manufactories increased (a significant part was located in the estates of landowners); Agriculture developed extensively, new territories were being developed (Novorossia, the Urals, Siberia); New agricultural crops were introduced; Large centers of domestic trade were fairs (Makaryevskaya, Irbitskaya); Foreign trade expanded significantly.

The internal policy of Catherine II after the uprising of E.I. Pugachev in 1775 - provincial reform (the number of provinces increased to 50, provinces were liquidated); 1775 - Zaporozhye Sich was liquidated; 1783 – serfdom was introduced in Ukraine; 1785 – Letters granted to nobles and cities.

Catherine II's policy after French Revolution The implementation of reforms ceased; Educator and publisher Novikov N.I. was sent to the fortress; After the appearance of the book “Travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A.N. Radishchev, he was sentenced to death, which was later replaced by a 10-year exile to Siberia. A.N. Radishchev

Results of the reign of Catherine II Strengthening autocracy; Strengthening the position of the nobility (“Golden Age” of the Russian nobility); The situation of peasants and working people remained difficult; Expansion of Russian territory (access to the Black Sea).

Catherine

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Catherine the Great. The world. When Catherine II moved to Russia at the age of 14, Elizaveta Petrovna reigned here. The sharp and lively mind and beauty of the German princess attracted the attention of the Empress. Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna - future Empress Catherine II. Years of reign 1762 - 1796. In 1782, a monument to Peter I was erected in St. Petersburg - " Bronze Horseman" Travel to St. Petersburg. Empress Catherine II sought to give St. Petersburg the character of a European city. Under Catherine II, the Hermitage was built. Hermitage, main staircase. Pavilion Hall of the Hermitage. - Ekaterina.ppt

Russia under Catherine II

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The image of Catherine II through the eyes of historians, artists and writers XVIII-XIX centuries. Levitsky D.G. Portrait of Catherine II. Annotation. Project goals. Fundamental question. How objective is the image? historical figure V different types artistic creativity? Problematic issues. What is the purpose of creating a ceremonial portrait in the era of classicism? How do traits relate? historical image Catherine II with a literary image? T o m e s a n d i n e x p e d e r s . Catherine's building. ( virtual tour) presentation. Project implementation stages. Bibliography. - Catherine II.ppt

Catherine II

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Plan: The Golden Age of Catherine II. Personality of Catherine II. Educational activities. Changes in public administration. Letters granted to the nobility and cities in 1785. Decrees of Catherine II on the enslavement of peasants. Conclusion. Catherine II Alekseevna - Empress of All Russia. Born Sophia-Frederica-Amalia, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. Personality of Catherine the second. Fikke was a kind, patient, inquisitive student. Family. Wedding of Catherine II and Peter III. Catherine II. Peter III. Catherine had enough time to read many books. Count Alexei Orlov is one of the main participants in the conspiracy. - Catherine the Second.ppt

Catherine the Great

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The name of Russia is Catherine the Great. Catherine II the Great (1729-1796) Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. Coronation of Catherine II on September 22, 1762. Empress Catherine II with M.V. Lomonosov. Travel Palace. Summer Palace. “Well, brother, let all the German blood out of me so that only Russian remains. I am proud that I am Russian." - Catherine the Great.ppt

Empress Catherine II

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Golden Age of Catherine II reign 1762-1796. Lesson topic. Lesson plan: The Golden Age of Catherine II The personality of Catherine II. Educational activities. Changes in public administration. Letters granted to the nobility and cities in 1785. Decrees of Catherine II on the enslavement of peasants. Conclusion. Peter i. Catherine II is the successor of the ideas of Peter I. “To Peter the First - Catherine the Second.” inscription on the pedestal of the monument by E. Falcone. 1. Personality of Catherine II. Family. Princess Johanna-Elisabeth of Angal-Zerbst. Prince Christian August of Angal-Zerbst. Catherine II Alekseevna - Empress of All Russia. - Empress Catherine II.ppt

Empress Catherine 2

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Rush hour with Catherine the Great. Step in the shower. Catherine II. Empress Catherine II. Prince Peter Fedorovich. Order of Empress Catherine II. Legislator. A.V. Suvorov. Russia. Homeland. Small homeland. Chepega Zakhary Alekseevich. Letter of Complaint. Letter of Complaint from Empress Catherine II. Commendable behavior. Expenses. Punishment. Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega. Icons of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine. Monument to Catherine II. Return of the monument to Catherine II. Head of Administration. Relics of the Kuban Cossacks. The idea of ​​M.O. Mikeshina. Figure of a blind kobzar. Fragments of the monument. Signs of monarchical power. - Empress Catherine 2.pptm

Empress Catherine the Great

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Presentation "Catherine the Great". Catherine the Great. Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna - future Empress Catherine II. When Catherine II moved to Russia at the age of 14, Elizaveta Petrovna reigned here. The sharp and lively mind and beauty of the German princess attracted the attention of the Empress. Years of reign: 1762 - 1796. Objectives of government: It is necessary to educate the nation that is to be governed. It is necessary to establish a good and accurate police force in the state. It is necessary to make the state formidable in itself and inspiring respect among its neighbors. St. Petersburg became the most populous city in the Empire. - Empress Catherine the Great.ppt

Biography of Catherine II

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Named after Catherine. Dictionary. Icons of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine. Life of Saint Catherine. Sophia Frederica August of Anhalt-Zerbst. Chronology of Catherine's life. Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich. Shubin. Life of Catherine. Catherine II. Accession to the throne. Favorites of Catherine II. Empress Catherine. Letter of Complaint. The beginning of Ekaterinodar. Cossack regalia. Krasnodar. Back to the roots. Return of Cossack regalia. Returning the name to the city. - Biography of Catherine II.ppt

Catherine's story 2

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Catherine II. Goals: Portrait of Catherine II in a fur hat. Catherine II. Unknown artist (Roslin-Rokotov circle). XVIII century She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. She was educated at home. In 1744, Catherine II came to Russia at the invitation of Elizaveta Petrovna. Highlights of life. Russian Empress (1762-1796); Since 1744 - in Russia. She headed the Statutory Commission of 1767-1769. Black Sea region, Crimea, Kuban region. Accepted under Russian citizenship Eastern Georgia (1783). It seemed that the little princess had nothing to expect from fate. - Catherine's story 2.ppt

Reign of Catherine 2

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The main measures of the policy of enlightened absolutism. Events in the interests of the nobility of Russia. The reign of Catherine II left a very significant imprint on the history of Russia. Either I will die or I will reign.” Under Ekaterina Alekseevna, the territory of Russia, the population (almost 75%), and income increased many times over. “I wanted to be Russian so that Russians would love me. Results of the reign: But the situation of the working classes of society was difficult. People's War led by E. Pugachev is a black spot in Catherine’s policy. - Catherine's reign 2.ppt

The reign of Catherine II

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Catherine II. Advancement to the Russian throne. People are multifaceted and contradictory. Biography. Overthrow of Peter III. Captured power. Empress. Results of the first years of government. Favoritism. Orlov. Peasant War. Increasing wages for assigned peasants. Policy. The nobility was the support of the throne. Reforms. Stacked commission. One must be on friendly terms with all powers. Foreign policy tasks. Consequences. Catherine. Notes. Under Catherine II, Russia joined the union of European states. - The reign of Catherine II.ppt

Russia under Catherine 2

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Catherine II. Catherine II. Russian Empress (1762-1796); Since 1744 - in Russia. She headed the Statutory Commission of 1767-1769. Black Sea region, Crimea, Kuban region. Accepted Eastern Georgia under Russian citizenship (1783). She corresponded with Voltaire and other figures of the French Enlightenment. Author of many fictional, dramatic, journalistic, popular science works, “Notes”. Origin, upbringing and education. Life in Russia before accession to the throne. Catherine became a consistent supporter of the ideas of the Enlightenment. In the early 1750s. - Russia under Catherine 2.ppt

Golden Age of Catherine 2

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Golden Age of Catherine II. Activities of Catherine II. Checking progress homework. Tendencies of the reign period. Enlightened absolutism. First reforms. Filling out the table. Fragments of prepared materials. Close a window. Questions for the document. Internal reforms. Consolidation of the studied material. - The Golden Age of Catherine 2.ppt

Favorites of Catherine II

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Favorites of Catherine II. Catherine II. Purpose: Conclusion. Sometimes the emperor's face was just a mask ruling the country favorite. Portraits of Catherine II's favorites. G. Orlov. Lanskoy. Korsakov. Potemkin. Chronicle of humanity. - Favorites of Catherine II.ppt

Russian foreign policy

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Lesson: Russian Foreign Policy. A lesson on learning new material in the history of Russia course in 10th grade. Assessment of Russian foreign policy: Main question lesson: Eastern politics. Far Eastern policy. Lesson questions: Main directions of foreign policy. Eastern. Far Eastern. Western European. The fight against revolutionary France. The struggle for access to the “warm seas”. Ensuring the security of the south of Russia. Annexation of fertile lands. Annexation of new territories. Strengthening positions in the region. "Greek Project" "Northern Accord". Foreign policy projects. Literacy and clarity of speech. - Russia politics.ppt

Foreign policy of Catherine II

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Catherine the Great. Goals. Origin, upbringing and education. Catherine became a consistent supporter of the ideas of the Enlightenment. Life in Russia before accession to the throne. Soon soldiers from other regiments joined the rebels. Accession to the throne. Character and mode of government. In dealing with her subjects, Catherine was, as a rule, restrained, patient, and tactful. Attitude to religion and the peasant question. Domestic policy. IN last years Throughout her life, Catherine continued to develop plans for major transformations. However, Catherine did not have time to complete her reform program. - Politics of Catherine II.ppt

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Domestic policy of Catherine II. Lesson Plan: Lesson Objective: Prove that Catherine was truly an “enlightened” empress? Prove that Catherine really was an “enlightened” empress? "Enlightened absolutism." The beginning of Catherine's reign was marked by reforms within the framework of the policy of "Enlightened absolutism". Catherine's policy ii. She tried to create new legislation and convened a commission in 1767. Decree of 1767 “On the prohibition of peasants from complaining about landowners. Judicial system. - Catherine 2 politics.ppt

Foreign policy of Catherine II

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Foreign policy of Catherine II. Catherine II. International situation empire at the time of Catherine's accession to the throne. Directions of foreign policy. Northern. Yuzhnoe. Polish. St. Petersburg was well aware of the long-standing aspirations of the Swedes and was ready to fight back. Northern direction. The alliance with Austria led Russia to a clash with Prussia in Seven Years' War. South direction. Polish direction. In 1762, Catherine decided to place her protege on the Polish throne. I period of Catherine's foreign policy (1762-1774). The beginning of the war turned out quite well for Russia. - Catherine's Politics 2.ppt

Foreign policy of Catherine II

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Foreign policy of Catherine II. Directions of Russian foreign policy under Catherine II. The southern direction of Russian foreign policy under Catherine II. Conditions of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace. Establishment of the highest military award. Main events. Russian-Turkish war. Annexation of lands to Russia. Western direction. Suppression of the T. Kosciuszko uprising. Northwestern direction of foreign policy. - Catherine's Foreign Policy 2.pptx

Direction of Catherine's foreign policy 2

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Foreign policy of Catherine II. Workbook. Russian-Turkish wars. Aivazovsky. Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774. Rumyantsev Pyotr Alexandrovich. Spiridov Grigory Andreevich. Alexey Grigorievich Orlov. Engraving by S. Shiflyar. Russian-Turkish War 1787-1791. Suvorov's troops. Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich. Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich. Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin. - Direction of Catherine’s foreign policy 2.ppt

Russian troops

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The mighty foreign policy stride of the empire. O loud age of military disputes, Witness to the glory of the Russians! A.S. Pushkin. Problem task. 1. Political situation in Europe in the second half of the 18th century. What foreign policy challenges were faced? Russian Empire in the 18th century? How has the balance of power changed in the international arena? Which state has become Russia's main adversary at this stage? Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th century. Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774 Main events: The Turks agreed to sign a peace treaty. July 10, 1774 - Kyuchuk - Kaynardzhi peace. Basic conditions: - Russian troops.ppt

Azov-Mozdok defensive line

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The need for creation. The need to create a defensive line. Potemkin. Main provisions of the report. Special card. Names of fortresses. Project diagram. Chronicle of line construction. Stavropol. Stavropol settlement. Alexander Fortress. Grushevsky redoubt. The meaning of the defensive line. Check yourself. - Azov-Mozdok defensive line.ppt

Domestic policy of Catherine II

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Domestic policy of Catherine II 1762 -1796. “We are immortal forever, giants of Russia, brought up in battles Amidst the stormy weather.” Local government reforms. 3. Change and streamlining of the administrative-territorial system of Russia. 1775 - "Institutions for governing provinces." Subordination of all military units of the province to the governor. System of provincial government. Treasury chamber. Provincial government. Order of public charity. An elected body of local government consisting of representatives of the nobility, townspeople, and state peasants. He was involved in the creation and care of schools, hospitals, and almshouses. - Domestic policy of Catherine II.ppt

Domestic policy of Catherine 2

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Domestic policy of Catherine II. Enlightened absolutism. The policies of a number of European monarchs with unlimited power. Stacked commission. Cities. Results of the work of the Statutory Commission. Provincial reform. Governor General (“guardian of the law”). Social politics. 1785 - “Charter granted to the nobility.” 1785 - “Charter granted to cities.” Results of the domestic policy of Catherine II. The people's movement under the leadership of E.I. Pugacheva. - Catherine’s domestic policy 2.ppt

Reforms of Catherine 2

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Domestic policy of Catherine II. Goals. Historical portrait Catherine II. Goals of the reign of Catherine II. “Enlightened absolutism” - the policy of Catherine II. Transformations of Catherine II. Facts of manifestation of the policy of “enlightened absolutism”. Stacked commission. Catherine II presented the commission with an “instruction” - an essay. "Golden Age" of the Russian nobility. Provincial reform. Tightening of domestic policy in the 70-90s. Catherine II was awarded the title “Great, Wise and Mother of the Fatherland.” - Catherine's reforms 2.ppt

Pugachev Emelyan

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Hero or anti-hero?! Emelyan Pugachev. Is Emelyan Pugachev a passionary? Reasons, goals, participants in the war. Main stages: Peasant War 1773-1775. Manifesto of Emelyan Pugachev. Announced publicly. Date: July 31st, 1774. Peter. Results and significance. Conclusion: E. Pugachev – hero and anti-hero E. Pugachev – passionary. Mari region and the Peasant War under the leadership of E. Pugachev. E. Pugachev. Reasons for the participation of the Mari people in the peasant war (1773-1775). Progress of the uprising. Peasant War. The famous Pugachev oak. Generals and atamans. Chiktaknur Grigory Vasiliev (Yanysh) - village. - Pugachev Emelyan.ppt

Pugachev's Peasant War

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Peasant war led by E. Pugachev. Topic questions. Causes of the Peasant War. The strengthening of serfdom, the growth of duties and taxes caused resistance from the peasants. One of the forms of peasant resistance was flight. In 1730-1750 Robber gangs of runaway peasants began to organize. Uprisings of peasants and workers in factories in the Urals and Karelia became active. P. Sokolov. The landowner's loss of grain in the Peasant Field. In 1771, to Moscow from the front Russian-Turkish war the plague has arrived. Up to a thousand people died every day. Many rich people fled Moscow, factories and shops were closed. - Pugachev's War.ppt

Pugachev's rebellion

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Uprising led by E.I. Pugachev. 1773 - 1775. “God forbid that we see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless” A.S. Pushkin. Uprising I.I. Bolotnikova. Uprising S.T. Razin. The uprising of Kondraty Bulavin. Bulavin’s diploma to the Belgorod governor D.M. Golitsyn. Causes of the uprising. Sale of serfs. Could the uprising have ended in victory for the rebels? Group I. Ural Mountains. Composition of the rebels. Yaik Cossacks. Peasantry of the Volga region. Working people of the Urals. Non-Russian peoples of the Volga region, Bashkirs. Stages of the uprising. Stage I – September 17, 1773 – March 1774 Stage II – April – July 1774 - Pugachev's Rebellion.ppt

Peasants' War

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Peasant war led by E.I. Pugachev. Hall 1 “Life of the country’s population in the 18th century.” Punishment of a peasant by the rich in the presence of the landowner. Engraving from the early 19th century. Hall 1 “Life of the country’s population in the 18th century.” I.A. Ermenev. Peasant lunch. Watercolor. Hall 2 “Personalities of the 18th century”. Pugachev E.I. Unknown artist of the 18th century. Hall 2 “Personalities of the 18th century”. Catherine II. Hall 3 “Economic regions of the Urals in the 18th century.” Avilov M.I. Ural workers bring guns to Pugachev. Hall 4 “Mari region during the Pugachev War.” Pugachev's Oak national park"Mari Chodra" of the Republic of Mari El. - Peasant War.ppt

Pugachev's Peasant War

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Peasant War. Revolt of the Yaik Cossacks. Insurrection. Bashkirs. Military defeat. Orenburg. Panorama of Orenburg. Pugachev's army. Reinsdorp. The decision to defend. Pugachev's squad. After the capture of the fortress. Some of the peasants. Court. Pugachev uprising. Cinema. - Pugachev’s Peasant War.ppt

Relocation of Greeks from Crimea

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Odyssey of the Crimean Greeks. Did you know. Goal of the work. Mariupol. Metropolitan Ignatius is the inspirer and organizer of the resettlement. Crimean Greeks. Map of the resettlement of Greeks from Crimea to the Azov region. Bible brought from Crimea (from the funds of the Mariupol Museum). Sculpture of a Greek woman (from the funds of the Mariupol Museum). The reason for the need for relocation. -

1762 179 6 Reign of Catherine II. Chuprov L.A. Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 3 s. Kamen-Rybolov, Khankaisky district, Primorsky Krai.

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Plan. 1. Personality of the Empress 2. Beginning of the reign 3. Mandate" and the Commission of 1767 - 1768 4. Provincial reform 5. Judicial reform of Catherine II 6. "Charter granted to the cities" 7. "Charter granted to the nobility"

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Goal: to understand the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of Catherine II Basic concepts: “enlightened absolutism”, city duma, Statutory Commission. Important dates: 1762-1796 – the years of the reign of Catherine II, 1763 – reform of the Senate, 1767 – convening of the Statutory Commission (abolished in 1774), 1775 – “Establishment of the Provinces”, 1785 – charters granted to cities and the nobility.

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Outstanding personalities: Vyazemsky A.A. Orlov A. Potemkin G.

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8th Empress of All Russia June 28 (July 9) 1762 – November 6 (November 17), 1796 Coronation: Predecessor: Successor: Birth: Death: Dynasty: Father: Mother: Spouse: Children: 1 (September 12) 1762 Peter III Paul I 21 April (May 2) 1729 Stettin, (Prussia). 6 (November 17) 1796 Winter Palace, St. Petersburg Askania (by birth) / Romanovs (by marriage) Christian August Anhalt Zerbst Johanna Elisabeth Holstein Gottorp Pavel I Petrovich Anna Petrovna Alexey Grigorievich Bobrinsky Elizaveta Grigorievna Tyomkina

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Personality of the Empress. She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. She was educated at home. Smart and ambitious, she was brought up in strictness, and her natural pride was suppressed in every possible way. In 1744, Catherine II came to Russia at the invitation of Elizaveta Petrovna.

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Having converted to Orthodoxy and receiving the name Ekaterina Alekseevna, in 1745 she married the great. Prince Peter Fedorovich (Peter Ulrich), later Peter III. With her husband’s indifference, the strictly regulated life of the court, surrounded by ill-wishers, Catherine II read a lot, getting acquainted with works on history, jurisprudence, the works of French enlighteners, and studied Russian. language.

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In 1754, Catherine II gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I. Elizaveta Petrovna’s illness and her husband’s dislike made it possible for Catherine II to be expelled from Russia or imprisoned in a monastery. After the accession of Peter III, who treated her more and more hostilely, her position became precarious.

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Beginning of Reign Relying on the guards regiments, on June 28, 1762, Catherine II carried out a bloodless coup and became an autocratic empress. "Tartuffe in a Skirt and Crown" (A.S. Pushkin), unprincipled, vain, domineering, she knew how

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Coronation of Catherine II Torelli Stefano (1712-

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The reign of Catherine II is characterized as “Enlightened absolutism.” The policy of “enlightened absolutism” is an attempt to govern the country with the help of “good laws,” laws that improve the situation of all segments of the population. In 1767, having abandoned the management reform project of N.I. Panin, Catherine II convened a “Commission to draft a new code”, writing for it “Instructions”, compiled from the works of enlighteners Montesquieu, Beccaria and others.

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1. In 1763 she carried out a Senate reform. The Senate was divided into 6 departments, losing its significance as the body that manages the state. apparatus, and became the highest administrative body of management. 2. In 1763-1764, she carried out secularization (i.e., turning into secular property) church lands, which made it possible not only to replenish the treasury, but also to continue and complete the neutralization of the clergy as a political force, begun by Peter I. 3. In 1775, the “Establishment for the Administration of Provinces” made it possible to create a large local administration. 4. In 1785, “Charter granted to the nobility” and “Charter granted to cities.” The documents streamlined the social structure of Russian society, divided into five classes: nobility, clergy, merchants, and philistines.

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"Mandate" and the Commission of 1767 - 1768 In January 1765, Catherine began direct work on the legislative project. From the very first sketches the work was original. The initial text of the future "Nakaz" (mostly extracts from Montesquieu, Luzac, "Encyclopedia", Beccaria) was written in French. Then the empress's secretaries made a Russian translation, which the empress edited no less three times, making additions, rearranging texts. All the manuscripts of both Catherine and her secretaries. By May 1766, an almost completed text was ready - it contained things related to the “Order”, and have been preserved to this day. over one and a half dozen chapters and more than 400 articles. The thoroughly rewritten “Order” was transmitted through Catherine’s favorite Count Orlov for reading to some high dignitaries and close people: M. I. Vorontsov, V. G. Baskakov, A. P. Sumarokov, the highest church hierarchs.

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In July 1767, over 500 locally elected deputies gathered in Moscow to form the “Commission on the Drafting of a New Code,” which worked for seven years. On June 30, the Commission began its work, the “Order” was officially promulgated, and all deputies received the texts of the Code of Legal Principles. The official text of the “Order of the Commission on the drafting of a new code” consisted of 20 thematic chapters and 526 articles. Most of the text was apparently borrowed. At the end of 1768, the members of the general meeting were dissolved due to the war with Turkey. Catherine understood the failure of the matter and, assessing the situation, dissolved the general meeting, leaving some private commissions that worked until 1774.

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Provincial reform "Institution for the management of provinces." In accordance with this document, a new administrative-territorial division came into force, and major changes were made to local government. This system lasted for almost a century. All newly formed provinces and districts received a uniform structure based on a strict separation of administrative, financial and judicial affairs. At the head of the province was a governor appointed by the government with his deputy - vice-

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Sometimes two or three provinces were united under the control of a governor-general. The country was divided into 50 provinces; the provinces were abolished, each province was divided into 10-12 districts. This division was based on the principle of the size of the tax-paying population. A certain number of inhabitants was established for provinces and districts: 300-400 thousand and 20-30 thousand people, respectively. With the change in the boundaries of the former administrative territories, new district and provincial centers arose. The local government system was reorganized.

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Senate Governor General Lieutenant Governor Governor Governor Province (300-400 thousand people) Province (300-400 thousand people) Police captain County 20-30 thousand people Police captain County 20-30 thousand people Police captain County 20-30 thousand people 50 provinces In district cities, mayors Chief of Police Moscow St. Petersburg