Critical realism in 19th century literature. Russian realism in literature style. In Russia (Art systems in literature)

critical realism artistic herzen

Guy de Maupassant (1850-1993): he passionately, painfully hated the bourgeois world and everything connected with it. He painfully searched for antitheses to this world - and found it in the democratic strata of society, in the French people.

Works: short stories - "Dumbnut", "Old Sauvage", "Crazy", "Prisoners", "Chair Weaver", "Papa Simone".

Romain Rolland (1866-1944): the meaning of being and creativity initially consisted in faith in the beautiful, kind, bright, which never left the world - it is simply necessary to be able to see, feel and convey to people.

Works: the novel "Jean Christoff", the story "Pierre and Luce".

Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880): His work indirectly reflected the contradictions french revolution mid nineteenth century. The desire for truth and hatred for the bourgeoisie were combined in him with social pessimism and distrust in the people.

Works: novels - "Madam Bovary", "Salambo", "Education of the Senses", "Bouvard and Pécuchet" (not finished), novels - "The Legend of Julian the Hospitable", "A Simple Soul", "Herodias", also created several plays and extravaganza.

Stendhal (1783-1842): The work of this writer opens the period of classical realism. It was Stendhal who took the lead in substantiating the main principles and program for the formation of realism, theoretically stated in the first half of the 19th century, when romanticism still dominated, and soon brilliantly embodied in artistic masterpieces eminent novelist that time.

Works: novels - "Parma Convent", "Armans", "Lucien Leven", stories - "Vittoria Accoramboni", "Duchess di Palliano", "Cenci", "Abbess of Castro".

Charles Dickens (1812--1870): Dickens' works are full deep drama, social contradictions wear it sometimes tragic character, which they did not have in the interpretation writers of the XVIII V. Dickens also deals with the life and struggle of the working class in his work.

Works: "Nicholas Nickleby", "The Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewitt", "Hard Times", "Christmas Stories", "Dombey and Son", "The Antiquities Shop".

William Thackeray (1811-1863): Arguing with the Romantics, he demands strict truthfulness from the artist. "Let the truth not always be pleasant, but there is nothing better than the truth." The author is not inclined to depict a person as either a notorious scoundrel or an ideal being. unlike Dickens, he avoided happy endings. Thackeray's satire is riddled with skepticism: the writer does not believe in the possibility of changing life. He enriched the English realistic novel by introducing the author's commentary.

Works: The Book of Snobs, Vanity Fair, Pendennis, The Career of Barry Lyndon, The Ring and the Rose.

Pushkin A.S. (1799-1837): founder of Russian realism. Pushkin is dominated by the idea of ​​the Law, the patterns that determine the state of civilization, social structures, the place and importance of a person, his independence and connection with the whole, the possibility of authorial sentences.

Works: "Boris Godunov", " Captain's daughter”, “Dubrovsky”, “Eugene Onegin”, “Tales of Belkin”.

Gogol N.V. (1809-1852): a world far from any ideas about the law, vulgar everyday life, in which all concepts of honor and morality, conscience are mutilated - in a word, Russian reality, worthy of grotesque ridicule: "to blame everything on the mirror, if the face is crooked" .

Artworks: « Dead Souls”,“ Notes of a madman ”,“ Overcoat.

Lermontov M.Yu. (1814-1841): sharp enmity with the divine world order, with the laws of society, lies and hypocrisy, all kinds of upholding the rights of the individual. The poet strives for a specific image social environment, everyday life individual person: combining the features of early realism and mature romanticism into an organic unity.

Works: "Hero of Our Time", "Demon", "Fatalist".

Turgenev I.S. (1818-1883): Turgenev is interested in moral world people from the people. The main feature of the cycle of stories was truthfulness, which contained the idea of ​​the liberation of the peasantry, presented the peasants as spiritually active people capable of independent activity. Despite his reverent attitude towards the Russian people, Turgenev the realist did not idealize the peasantry, seeing, like Leskov and Gogol, their shortcomings.

Works: "Fathers and Sons", "Rudin", " Noble Nest"," The day before.

Dostoevsky F.M. (1821-1881): Regarding Dostoevsky's realism, it was said that he had a "fantastic realism." D. believes that in exceptional, unusual situations, the most typical appears. The writer noticed that all his stories were not invented, but taken from somewhere. main feature: Creation philosophical basis with the detective - there is a murder everywhere.

Works: "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot", "Demons", "Teenager", "The Brothers Karamazov".

Realism is a trend in literature and art that aims to faithfully reproduce reality in its typical features Oh. The reign of realism followed the era of Romanticism and preceded Symbolism.

1. In the center of the work of realists is objective reality. In its refraction through the worldview of thin-ka. 2. The author subjects vital material to a fil-th processing. 3. the ideal is reality itself. Beautiful is life itself. 4. Realists move towards synthesis through analysis

5. The principle of the typical: typical hero, specific time, typical circumstances

6. Identification of causal relationships. 7. The principle of historicism. Realists address the problems of the present. The present is the convergence of the past and the future. 8. The principle of democracy and humanism. 9. The principle of objectivity of narratives. 10. Socio-political, philosophical issues prevail

11. psychologism

12. .. The development of poetry somewhat subsides 13. The novel is the leading genre.

13. An aggravated socially critical pathos is one of the main features of Russian realism - for example, The Inspector General, Dead Souls by N.V. Gogol

14. The main feature of realism as a creative method is increased attention to the social side of reality.

15. Images realistic work reflect the general laws of being, not living people. Any image is woven from typical features, manifested in typical circumstances. This is the paradox of art. The image cannot be correlated with a living person, it is richer than a concrete person - hence the objectivity of realism.

16. “An artist should not be a judge of his characters and what they say, but only an impartial witness

Realist writers

The late A. S. Pushkin is the founder of realism in Russian literature (historical drama "Boris Godunov", the stories "The Captain's Daughter", "Dubrovsky", "Tales of Belkin", the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" back in 1820 - 1830s)

M. Yu. Lermontov ("A Hero of Our Time")

N. V. Gogol ("Dead Souls", "Inspector")

I. A. Goncharov ("Oblomov")

A. S. Griboyedov ("Woe from Wit")

A. I. Herzen (“Who is to blame?”)

N. G. Chernyshevsky (“What to do?”)

F. M. Dostoevsky ("Poor People", "White Nights", "Humiliated and Insulted", "Crime and Punishment", "Demons")

L. N. Tolstoy ("War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection").

I. S. Turgenev ("Rudin", "Noble Nest", "Asya", "Spring Waters", "Fathers and Sons", "Nov", "On the Eve", "Mu-mu")

A. P. Chekhov ("The Cherry Orchard", "Three Sisters", "Student", "Chameleon", "Seagull", "Man in a Case"

WITH mid-nineteenth century, the formation of Russian realistic literature, which is created against the backdrop of a tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, contradictions between the government and common people. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country.

Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. Their works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. It is worth noting the poetic works of Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce into poetry social issues. His poem “Who is living well in Rus'?” is known, as well as many poems, where the hard and hopeless life of the people is comprehended. End of the 19th century - The Realist tradition began to fade. It was replaced by the so-called decadent literature. . Realism becomes, to a certain extent, a method of artistic cognition of reality. In the 40s, a "natural school" arose - Gogol's work, he was a great innovator, discovering that even an insignificant case, such as the acquisition of an overcoat by a petty official, can become a significant event for understanding critical issues human existence.

"Natural School" has become initial stage development of realism in Russian literature.

Topics: Life, customs, characters, events from the life of the lower classes became the object of study of "naturalists". The leading genre was the "physiological essay", which was based on the exact "photography" of the life of various classes.

In the literature of the “natural school”, the class position of the hero, his professional affiliation and the social function that he performs, decisively prevailed over his individual character.

TO " natural school"adjoined: Nekrasov, Grigorovich, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Goncharov, Panaev, Druzhinin and others.

The task of truthfully showing and investigating life in realism involves many methods of depicting reality, which is why the works of Russian writers are so diverse both in form and content.

Realism as a method of depicting reality in the second half of the 19th century. was called critical realism, because his main task was to criticize reality, the question of the relationship between man and society.

To what extent does society influence the fate of the hero? Who is to blame for the fact that a person is unhappy? What can be done to change people and the world? - these are the main questions of literature in general, Russian literature of the second half of XIX V. - in particular.

Psychologism is a characterization of a hero by analyzing his inner peace consideration of the psychological processes through which the self-consciousness of the individual is carried out and his attitude to the world is expressed, has become the leading method of Russian literature since the formation of a realistic style in it.

One of the remarkable features of Turgenev's works of the 1950s was the appearance in them of a hero embodying the idea of ​​the unity of ideology and psychology.

The realism of the 2nd half of the 19th century reached its heights precisely in Russian literature, especially in the work of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky, who became at the end of the nineteenth century central figures world literary process. They enriched world literature new principles for constructing a socio-psychological novel, philosophical and moral issues, new ways of revealing the human psyche in its deepest layers

Turgenev is credited with the creation of literary types of ideologues - heroes, the approach to the personality and characterization of the inner world of which is in direct connection with the author's assessment of their worldview and the socio-historical meaning of their philosophical concepts. At the same time, the fusion of the psychological, historical-typological and ideological aspects is so complete in Turgenev's heroes that their names have become a common name for a certain stage in the development of social thought, a certain social type, representing the class in its historical state, and the psychological makeup of the personality (Rudin, Bazarov, Kirsanov, Mr. N. from the story "Asya" - "Russian man on rendez-vous").

The heroes of Dostoevsky are in the grip of an idea. Like slaves, they follow her, expressing her self-development. Having “accepted” a certain system into their soul, they obey the laws of its logic, go through all the necessary stages of its growth with it, bear the yoke of its reincarnations. So, Raskolnikov, whose concept grew out of the rejection of social injustice and craving good, passing along with the idea that has taken possession of his whole being, all its logical stages, accepts murder and justifies tyranny strong personality over the silent mass. In solitary monologues-reflections, Raskolnikov "strengthens" in his idea, falls under its power, is lost in its ominous vicious circle, and then, having made an “experiment” and having suffered an internal defeat, he begins feverishly looking for a dialogue, the possibility of a joint assessment of the results of the experiment.

For Tolstoy, the system of ideas that the hero develops and develops in the process of life is a form of his communication with the environment and is derived from his character, from the psychological and moral characteristics of his personality.

It can be argued that all three great Russian realists of the middle of the century - Turgenev, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky - depict the mental and ideological life of a person as a social phenomenon and ultimately presupposes an obligatory contact between people, without which the development of consciousness is impossible.

Realism

Realism (- real, real) - artistic direction in art and literature, which was established in the first third of the 19th century. I. A. Krylov, A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin stood at the origins of realism in Russia (realism appeared somewhat later in Western literature, its first representatives were Stendhal and O. de Balzac).

features of realism. Principle life truth, which is guided by the realist artist in his work, trying to give the most total reflection life in her typical properties. The fidelity of the image of reality, reproduced in the forms of life itself, is the main criterion of artistry.

Social analysis, historicism of thinking. It is realism that explains the phenomena of life, establishes their causes and consequences on a socio-historical basis. In other words, realism is inconceivable without historicism, which involves the understanding of a given phenomenon in its conditionality, in its development and connection with other phenomena. Historicism is the basis of the worldview and artistic method of the realist writer, a kind of key to the knowledge of reality, allowing you to connect the past, present and future. In the past, the artist is looking for answers to topical issues of the present, and modernity comprehends as a result of previous historical development.

Critical portrayal of life. Writers deeply and truthfully show the negative phenomena of reality, focus on exposing the existing order. But at the same time, realism is not devoid of life-affirming pathos, because it is based on positive ideals - patriotism, sympathy for the masses, the search for a positive hero in life, faith in the inexhaustible possibilities of man, the dream of a bright future for Russia (for example, "Dead Souls"). That is why in modern literary criticism, instead of the concept of "critical realism", which was first introduced by N. G. Chernyshevsky, they most often talk about "classical realism". Typical characters in typical circumstances, that is, the characters were portrayed in close connection with the social environment that brought them up, formed them in certain socio-historical conditions.

The relationship between the individual and society is the leading problem posed by realistic literature. For realism, the drama of these relationships is important. As a rule, realistic works focus on outstanding personalities, dissatisfied with life, “breaking out” of their environment, people who are able to rise above society and challenge it. Their behavior and actions become the subject of close attention and research for realist writers.

The versatility of the characters' characters: their actions, deeds, speech, lifestyle and inner world, the "dialectic of the soul", which is revealed in the psychological details of her emotional experiences. Thus, realism expands the possibilities of writers in the creative development of the world, in the creation of a contradictory and complex personality structure as a result of the subtlest penetration into the depths of the human psyche.

Expressiveness, brightness, figurativeness, accuracy of Russian literary language enriched with living elements, colloquial speech which realist writers draw from the common Russian language.

A variety of genres (epic, lyrical, dramatic, lyrical epic, satirical) in which all the richness of the content of realistic literature finds expression.

The reflection of reality does not exclude fiction and fantasy (Gogol, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Sukhovo-Kobylin), although these artistic means do not determine the main tone of the work.

Typology of Russian realism. The question of the typology of realism is connected with the disclosure of well-known patterns that determine the dominant of certain types of realism and their change.

In many literary studies there are attempts to establish typical varieties (trends) of realism: Renaissance, enlightenment (or didactic), romantic, sociological, critical, naturalistic, revolutionary-democratic, socialist, typical, empirical, syncretic, philosophical and psychological, intellectual, spiral, universal, monumental... Since all these terms are rather conditional (terminological confusion) and there are no clear boundaries between them, we propose to use the concept of "stages of development of realism". Let us trace these stages, each of which takes shape in the conditions of its time and is artistically justified in its uniqueness. The complexity of the problem of the typology of realism lies in the fact that typologically unique varieties of realism not only replace each other, but also coexist and develop simultaneously. Therefore, the concept of "stage" does not mean that in the same chronological framework there can be no other kind of current, earlier or later. That is why it is necessary to correlate the work of this or that realist writer with the work of other realist artists, while revealing the individual originality of each of them, revealing the closeness between groups of writers.

First third of XIX century. Krylov's realistic fables reflect the real relations of people in society, live scenes are drawn, the content of which is diverse - they could be everyday, social, philosophical and historical.

Griboedov created " high comedy”(“ Woe from Wit ”), that is, a comedy close to drama, reflecting in it the ideas that an educated society lived in the first quarter of a century. Chatsky, in the fight against the serf-owners and conservatives, defends national interests from the standpoint of common sense and popular morality. The play presents typical characters and circumstances.

In Pushkin's work, problems and the methodology of realism have already been outlined. In the novel "Eugene Onegin" the poet recreated the "Russian spirit", gave a new, objective principle images of the hero, first showed " extra person”, and in the story “The Stationmaster” - “ little man". In the people, Pushkin saw the moral potential that determines national character. In the novel "The Captain's Daughter" the historicism of the writer's thinking was manifested - both in a true reflection of reality, and in accuracy. social analysis, and in understanding the historical patterns of phenomena, and in the ability to convey the typical features of a person’s character, to show him as a product of a certain social environment.

30s of the XIX century. In this era of "timelessness", public inaction, only the bold voices of A. S. Pushkin, V. G. Belinsky and M. Yu. Lermontov were heard. The critic saw in Lermontov worthy successor Pushkin. Man in his work bears the dramatic features of the time. in destiny

Pechorin, the writer reflected the fate of his generation, his “age” (“A Hero of Our Time”). But if Pushkin devotes the main attention to the description of the actions, actions of the character, gives "outlines of character", then Lermontov focuses on the inner world of the hero, on an in-depth psychological analysis his actions and experiences, on the "history of the human soul."

40s of the XIX century. IN specified period realists received the name "natural school" (N. V. Gogol, A. I. Herzen, D. V. Grigorovich, N. A. Nekrasov). The works of these writers are characterized by accusatory pathos, rejection of social reality, increased attention to everyday life, everyday life. Gogol did not find the embodiment of his lofty ideals in the world around him, and therefore he was convinced that in the conditions of contemporary Russia, the ideal and beauty of life can be expressed only through the denial of ugly reality. The satirist explores the material, material and everyday basis of life, its "invisible" features and the spiritually wretched characters that arise from it, firmly confident in their dignity and right.

Second half of the 19th century. Creativity of writers of this time (I. A. Goncharov, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. S. Turgenev, N. S. Leskov, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, V G. Korolenko, A. P. Chekhov) distinguishes qualitatively new stage in the development of realism: they not only critically comprehend reality, but also actively look for ways to transform it, reveal close attention to the spiritual life of a person, penetrate into the “dialectics of the soul”, create a world inhabited by complex, conflicting characters, saturated dramatic conflicts. The works of writers are characterized by subtle psychologism and great philosophical generalizations.

Turn of XIX-XX centuries. The features of the era were most clearly expressed in the works of A. I. Kuprin, I. A. Bunin. They sensitively captured the general spiritual and social atmosphere in the country, deeply and faithfully reflected the unique pictures of the life of the most diverse segments of the population, created an integral and truthful picture of Russia. They are characterized by such themes and problems as the continuity of generations, the legacy of centuries, the root connections of a person with the past, the Russian character and features national history, the harmonious world of nature and peace public relations(deprived of poetry and harmony, personifying cruelty and violence), love and death, the fragility and fragility of human happiness, the mysteries of the Russian soul, loneliness and tragic predestination human existence, ways of liberation from spiritual oppression. The original and original work of writers organically continues the best traditions of Russian realistic literature, and above all a deep insight into the essence of the depicted life, disclosure of the relationship between the environment and the individual, attention to the social background, expression of the ideas of humanism.

pre-October decade. A new vision of the world in connection with the processes taking place in Russia in all areas of life determined the new face of realism, which differed significantly from classical realism in its "modernity". New figures came forward - representatives of a special trend inside realistic direction- neo-realism ("updated" realism): I. S. Shmelev, L. N. Andreev, M. M. Prishvin, E. I. Zamyatin, S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky, A. N. Tolstoy, A. M. Remizov, BK Zaitsev and others. They are characterized by a departure from the sociological understanding of reality; mastering the sphere of the “earthly”, deepening the concrete sensory perception of the world, artistic study of the subtle movements of the soul, nature and man coming into contact, which eliminates alienation and brings them closer to the original, unchanging nature of being; a return to the hidden values ​​of the folk-village element, capable of renewing life in the spirit of "eternal" ideals (pagan, mystical coloring of the depicted); comparison of the bourgeois urban and rural way of life; the idea of ​​the incompatibility of the natural force of life, existential good with social evil; connection of the historical and metaphysical (next to the features of everyday or concrete historical reality, there is a “superreal” background, mythological overtones); the motif of cleansing love as a kind of symbolic sign of the all-human natural unconscious principle, bringing enlightened peace.

Soviet period. Distinctive features arising at this time socialist realism party spirit, nationality, the image of reality in its "revolutionary development", propaganda of the heroism and romance of socialist construction began. In the works of M. Gorky, M. A. Sholokhov, A. A. Fadeev, L. M. Leonov, V. V. Mayakovsky, K. A. Fedin, N. A. Ostrovsky, A. N. Tolstoy, A. T. Tvardovsky and others affirmed a different reality, a different person, different ideals, a different aesthetics, principles underlying the moral code of a fighter for communism. A new method was promoted in art, which was politicized: it had a pronounced social orientation, expressed state ideology. In the center of the works was usually positive hero, inextricably linked with the team, which constantly had a beneficial effect on the individual. The main sphere of application of the forces of such a hero is creative work. It is no coincidence that the production novel has become one of the most common genres.

20-30s of the XX century. Many writers, forced to live under a dictatorial regime, under conditions of severe censorship, managed to preserve their inner freedom, showed the ability to remain silent, be careful in their assessments, switch to allegorical language - they were devoted to the truth, genuine art realism. The genre of dystopia was born, in which harsh criticism was given totalitarian society based on the suppression of personality, individual freedom. The fates of A. P. Platonov, M. A. Bulgakov, E. I. Zamyatin, A. A. Akhmatova, M. M. Zoshchenko, O. E. Mandelstam were tragically destined for a long time to be deprived of the opportunity to publish in the Soviet Union.

The period of the "thaw" (mid-50s - first half of the 60s). At this historical time, young poets of the sixties (E. A. Yevtushenko, A. A. Voznesensky, B. A. Akhmadulina, R. I. Rozhdestvensky, B. Sh. Okudzhava, etc.) declared themselves loudly and confidently. "rulers of thoughts" of their generation, together with representatives of the "third wave" of emigration (V. P. Aksenov, A. V. Kuznetsov, A. T. Gladilin, G. N. Vladimov,

A.I. Solzhenitsyn, N.M. Korzhavin, S.D. Dovlatov, V.E. Maksimov, V.N. Voinovich, V.P. the human soul in the conditions of the command-administrative system and internal opposition to it, confession, moral quest heroes, their release, emancipation, romanticism and self-irony, innovation in the field artistic language and style, genre diversity.

Last decades of the XX century. The new generation of writers, who already lived in somewhat relaxed political conditions within the country, came up with lyrical, urban and rural poetry and prose that did not fit into the rigid framework of socialist realism (N. M. Rubtsov, A. V. Zhigulin,

V. N. Sokolov, Yu. V. Trifonov, Ch. T. Aitmatov, V. I. Belov, F. A. Abramov, V. G. Rasputin, V. P. Astafiev, S. P. Zalygin, V. M. Shukshin, F. A. Iskander). The leading themes of their work are the revival of traditional morality and the relationship between man and nature, which manifested the closeness of the writers to the traditions of Russian classical realism. The works of this period are permeated with a sense of attachment to native land, and hence the responsibility for what is happening on it, a feeling of irreparable spiritual losses due to the rupture of age-old ties between nature and man. Artists comprehend the break in the sphere moral values, shifts in society in which she is forced to survive human soul, reflect on the catastrophic consequences for those who lose historical memory, the experience of generations.

The latest Russian literature. In the literary process recent years Literary critics fix two currents: postmodernism (blurring of the boundaries of realism, consciousness of the illusory nature of what is happening, a mixture of different artistic methods, stylistic diversity, increased influence of avant-garde - A. G. Bitov, Sasha Sokolov, V. O. Pelevin, T. N. Tolstaya, T. Yu. Kibirov, D. A. Prigov) and post-realism (traditional attention to the fate of a private person, tragically lonely, in the vanity of everyday life that humiliates him, losing moral guidelines trying to self-determine - V. S. Makanin, L. S. Petrushevskaya).

So, realism as a literary and artistic system has a powerful potential for continuous renewal, which manifests itself in one or another transitional era for Russian literature. In the work of writers who continue the traditions of realism, there is a search for new themes, heroes, plots, genres, poetic means, a new way of talking to the reader.

The second half of the 19th century is characterized by the emergence of such a trend as realism. He followed immediately after romanticism, which appeared in the first half of this century, but at the same time radically different from it. Realism in literature demonstrated typical person in a typical situation and tried to reflect reality as plausibly as possible.

The main features of realism

Realism has a certain set of features that distinguish it from the romanticism that preceded it and from the naturalism that follows it.
1. Typification in a way. The object of a work in realism is always an ordinary person with all his advantages and disadvantages. Accuracy in depicting human details is the key rule of realism. However, the authors do not forget about such nuances as individual characteristics, and they are harmoniously woven into an integral image. This distinguishes realism from romanticism, where the character is individual.
2. Typification of the situation. The situation in which the hero of the work finds himself should be characteristic of the time being described. The unique situation is more characteristic of naturalism.
3. Accuracy in the image. Realists have always described the world as it was, reducing the author's perception of the world to a minimum. Romantics acted quite differently. The world in their works was demonstrated through the prism of their own attitude.
4. Determinism. The situation in which the heroes of the works of realists find themselves is only the result of actions committed in the past. Heroes are shown in development, which is formed by the surrounding world. The key role in this is played by interpersonal relationships. The personality of the character and his actions are influenced by many factors: social, religious, moral and others. Often in the work there is a development and change of personality under the influence of social factors.
5. Conflict: hero - society. This conflict is not unique. It is also characteristic of the currents preceding realism: classicism and romanticism. However, only realism considers the most typical situations. He is interested in the relationship between the crowd and the individual, the consciousness of the mass and the individual.
6. Historicism. Literature in the 19th century demonstrates a person inseparably from the environment and the period of history. The authors studied the lifestyle, the norms of behavior in society at a certain stage, before writing your works.

History of occurrence

It is believed that already in the Renaissance, realism begins to emerge. Heroes characteristic of realism include such large-scale images as Don Quixote, Hamlet and others. During this period, a person represents as the crown of creation, which is not typical for more late periods its development. Enlightenment realism appeared during the Age of Enlightenment. The hero from the bottom acts as the main character.
In the 1830s, people from the circle of romantics formed realism as a new literary trend. They strive not to portray the world in all its versatility and refuse the two worlds familiar to romantics.
By the 1940s, critical realism was becoming the leading trend. However, at the initial stage of formation of this literary direction fledgling realists still use residual features characteristic of romanticism.

They can be counted:
esoteric cult;
the image of bright atypical personalities;
the use of fantasy elements;
segregation of heroes into positive and negative.
That is why the realism of the writers of the first half of the century was often criticized by the writers of the end of the 19th century. However, it is at an early stage that the main features of this direction are formed. First of all, this is a conflict characteristic of realism. In the literature of the former romantics, the opposition of man and society is clearly traced.
In the second half XIX realism takes on new forms. And it is not for nothing that this period is called the "triumph of realism." Social and political situation contributed to the fact that the authors began to study the nature of man, as well as his behavior in certain situations. Social ties between individuals began to play an important role.
The science of that time had a huge influence on the development of realism. In 1859, Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published. Kant's positivist philosophy also contributes to artistic practice. Realism in literature XIX century acquires an analytical, studying character. At the same time, writers refuse to analyze the future, it was of little interest to them. The emphasis was on modernity, which became the key theme of reflecting critical realism.

Main Representatives

Realism in the literature of the 19th century left many works of genius. By the first half of the century Stendhal, O. Balzac, Merimee were creating. It was they who were criticized by their followers. Their works have a subtle connection with romanticism. For example, the realism of Merimee and Balzac is permeated with mysticism and esotericism, the heroes of Dickens are bright carriers of one pronounced character trait or quality, and Stendhal portrayed bright personalities.
Later development creative method were engaged in G. Flaubert, M. Twain, T. Mann, M. Twain, W. Faulkner. Each author brought individual features to his works. IN Russian literature realism is represented by the works of F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy and A. S. Pushkin.

Realism is a trend in literature and art that aims to faithfully reproduce reality in its typical features. The reign of realism followed the era of Romanticism and preceded Symbolism.

Peculiarities:

1. In the center of the work of realists is objective reality. In its refraction through the worldview of thin-ka.
2. The author subjects life material to philosophical processing.
3. the ideal is reality itself. Beautiful is life itself.
4. Realists move towards synthesis through analysis
5. The principle of the typical: Typical hero, specific time, typical circumstances
6. Identification of causal relationships.
7. The principle of historicism. Realists addresses the problems of the present. The present is the convergence of the past and the future.
8. The principle of democracy and humanism.
9. The principle of objectivity of the narrative.
10. Socio-political, philosophical issues prevail
11. psychologism
12. .. The development of poetry is somewhat calming down
13. The novel is the leading genre.
14. An aggravated socially critical pathos is one of the main features of Russian realism - for example, The Inspector General, Dead Souls by N.V. Gogol
15. The main feature of realism as a creative method is increased attention to the social side of reality.
16. The images of a realistic work reflect the general laws of being, and not living people. Any image is woven from typical features, manifested in typical circumstances. This is the paradox of art. The image cannot be correlated with a living person, it is richer than a concrete person - hence the objectivity of realism.
17. “The artist should not be a judge of his characters and what they say, but only an impartial witness.

Realist writers

The late A. S. Pushkin is the founder of realism in Russian literature (historical drama "Boris Godunov", the stories "The Captain's Daughter", "Dubrovsky", "Tales of Belkin", the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" back in the 1820s - 1830s)

M. Yu. Lermontov ("A Hero of Our Time")

N. V. Gogol ("Dead Souls", "Inspector")

I. A. Goncharov ("Oblomov")

A. S. Griboyedov ("Woe from Wit")

A. I. Herzen (“Who is to blame?”)

N. G. Chernyshevsky (“What to do?”)

F. M. Dostoevsky (“ poor people», « White Nights”, “Humiliated and Insulted”, “Crime and Punishment”, “Demons”)

L. N. Tolstoy ("War and Peace", " Anna Karenina", "Resurrection").

I. S. Turgenev ("Rudin", "Noble Nest", "Asya", "Spring Waters", "Fathers and Sons", "Nov", "On the Eve", "Mu-mu")

A.P. Chekhov (“ The Cherry Orchard”, “Three sisters”, “Student”, “Chameleon”, “Seagull”, “Man in a case”

Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which is being created against the background of the tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, and contradictions between the authorities and the common people are strong. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country.

Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. Their works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. It is worth noting the poetic works of Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social issues into poetry. His poem “Who is living well in Rus'?” is known, as well as many poems, where the hard and hopeless life of the people is comprehended. End of the 19th century - The Realist tradition began to fade. It was replaced by the so-called decadent literature. . Realism becomes, to a certain extent, a method of artistic cognition of reality. In the 40s, a "natural school" arose - Gogol's work, he was a great innovator, discovering that even an insignificant event, such as the acquisition of an overcoat by a petty official, can become a significant event for understanding the most important issues of human existence.

The "Natural School" became the initial stage in the development of realism in Russian literature.

Topics: Life, customs, characters, events from the life of the lower classes became the object of study of "naturalists". The leading genre was the "physiological essay", which was based on the exact "photography" of the life of various classes.

In the literature of the “natural school”, the class position of the hero, his professional affiliation and the social function that he performs, decisively prevailed over his individual character.

Adjoining the "natural school" were: Nekrasov, Grigorovich, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Goncharov, Panaev, Druzhinin and others.

The task of truthfully showing and investigating life in realism involves many methods of depicting reality, which is why the works of Russian writers are so diverse both in form and content.

Realism as a method of depicting reality in the second half of the 19th century. was called critical realism, because his main task was to criticize reality, the question of the relationship between man and society.

To what extent does society influence the fate of the hero? Who is to blame for the fact that a person is unhappy? What can be done to change people and the world? - these are the main questions of literature in general, Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century. - in particular.

Psychologism - a characterization of the hero by analyzing his inner world, considering the psychological processes through which the self-consciousness of the individual is carried out and his attitude to the world is expressed - has become the leading method of Russian literature since the formation of a realistic style in it.

One of the remarkable features of Turgenev's works of the 1950s was the appearance in them of a hero embodying the idea of ​​the unity of ideology and psychology.

The realism of the 2nd half of the 19th century reached its heights precisely in Russian literature, especially in the work of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky, who became the central figures of the world literary process at the end of the 19th century. They enriched world literature with new principles for constructing a socio-psychological novel, philosophical and moral issues, new ways of revealing the human psyche in its deepest layers.

Turgenev is credited with creating literary types ideologists - heroes, the approach to the personality and characteristics of the inner world of which is in direct connection with the author's assessment of their worldview and the socio-historical meaning of their philosophical concepts. The fusion of the psychological, historical-typological and ideological aspects is so complete in Turgenev's heroes that their names have become a common noun for a certain stage of development. public thought, a certain social type, representing the class in its historical state, and the psychological makeup of the personality (Rudin, Bazarov, Kirsanov, Mr. N. from the story "Asya" - "Russian man on rendez-vous").

The heroes of Dostoevsky are in the grip of an idea. Like slaves, they follow her, expressing her self-development. Having “accepted” a certain system into their soul, they obey the laws of its logic, go through all the necessary stages of its growth with it, bear the yoke of its reincarnations. So, Raskolnikov, whose concept grew out of the rejection of social injustice and a passionate desire for good, passing along with the idea that has taken possession of his whole being, all its logical stages, accepts murder and justifies the tyranny of a strong personality over the mute mass. In solitary monologues-reflections, Raskolnikov “strengthens” in his idea, falls under its power, gets lost in its sinister vicious circle, and then, having made an “experiment” and having suffered an internal defeat, he begins feverishly looking for a dialogue, the possibility of a joint assessment of the results of the experiment.

For Tolstoy, the system of ideas that the hero develops and develops in the process of life is a form of his communication with the environment and is derived from his character, from the psychological and moral characteristics of his personality.

It can be argued that all three great Russian realists of the middle of the century — Turgenev, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky — depict the mental and ideological life of a person as a social phenomenon and ultimately presupposes an obligatory contact between people, without which the development of consciousness is impossible.