Means of protection of skin of the isolating type. Rules for the use of skin protection products

Products are used to protect the skin personal protection skin (SIZK). They protect against toxic and highly toxic substances acting on the skin and through the skin, radioactive substances, bacterial aerosols and toxins, as well as from the light radiation of a nuclear explosion and incendiary mixtures. According to the principle of protective action, all personal protective equipment for the skin is divided into insulating and filtering. According to the method of use, skin protection products are distinguished for constant wear, periodic use and single use.

Personal protective equipment for the skin includes a combined-arms complex protective suit of a filtering type (OKZK-M, OKZK-D), a set of protective filtering clothing (KZFO), a combined-arms protective filtering kit (OZK-F), a combined-arms protective kit of an insulating type (OZK) and a special protective clothing - suit L-1.

Skin protection with personal protective equipment of a filtering type is based on the neutralization of aerosol or vapors of toxic and highly toxic substances when they pass through the thickness of linen and uniforms, previously impregnated with special degassing formulations.

The combined arms complex protective suit (OKZK-M) is designed to protect the skin of personnel from toxic and highly toxic substances, radioactive aerosol, biological agents and light radiation from a nuclear explosion, as well as from the adverse effects of weather conditions at and below the level of summer army uniforms. It consists of a cap with a visor to protect the eyes from the light radiation of a nuclear explosion, a jacket with visors on the low sleeves and trousers. A balaclava is put on the cap, and a protective shirt and underpants are put on under the jacket and trousers. Complete with OKZK-M, a filtering gas mask and protective stockings can be used, and a protective mesh KZS suit, which is a jacket with a hood and trousers, can be worn over it.

The protective properties of OKZK-M against the action of light radiation from a nuclear explosion are provided by fire-retardant impregnations of the outer layer and headgear, the presence of air gaps between the layers and additional elements to protect exposed skin areas. The fire-retardant properties of the suit are maintained for 5 months.

Protection against OHTV is achieved by the presence of impregnation on protective underwear, the multi-layer suit and its tightness. The duration of the protective action depends on the type of agent and its concentration, the content of "active" chlorine on the protective linen and the air temperature. With regard to RH vapors, it ranges from 3 to 24 hours. When the suit is moistened with sweat and water, the protective properties decrease, therefore, to protect OKZK-M from moisture in the rain, it is necessary to use raincoats or insulating skin protection. The protective properties of the moistened OKZK are restored after the suit dries. After wearing OKZK-M for 2-2.5 months, as well as after degassing and disinfection in the units of the troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection, restoration is carried out protective properties suit in relation to vapors and aerosols of HVTV by re-impregnating protective underwear and a balaclava by machine or in another way.

The protective effect of insulating type personal protective equipment is based on the ability of some materials to retain OVTV on their surface and very slowly pass them in a liquid and vapor state through the thickness of tissues. Such materials do not have air permeability and, with the appropriate cut of clothing made from them, isolate the body from the external environment.

Combined-arms protective kit (OZK), which includes a protective rubberized raincoat 0P-1M, protective stockings and protective gloves. The OZK protective raincoat can be used in the form of a cape worn in sleeves and in the form of overalls.

In the form of a cape, a cloak is used when the enemy suddenly uses poisonous and highly toxic substances, biological agents, as well as when radioactive substances fall out of the cloud of a nuclear explosion. When overcoming on open vehicles areas of terrain contaminated with toxic, highly toxic or radioactive substances, when performing degassing and decontamination work, a protective raincoat is used worn in sleeves. On areas heavily contaminated with toxic substances, as well as in the centers of chemical lesions during rescue operations and evacuation activities, a protective raincoat is used in the form of overalls.

Skin protection products are intended to protect open areas of the skin, clothing, equipment and footwear from falling on them with drop-liquid agents and SDYAV, pathogens of infectious diseases, RV, and also partially from exposure to light radiation. They are divided into service (OZK, L-1) and improvised (household clothing items). According to the principle of operation, standard-issue means are divided into filtering (breathable) and insulating (air-tight).

Filtering skin protection products.

The filtering means of protecting the skin includes a set of filtering clothes of the West Federal District. It consists of a cotton jumpsuit of a special cut, impregnated with a solution of a special paste - chemicals that trap vapors of organic matter (adsorption type), as well as men's underwear (shirt and underpants), a cotton balaclava and two pairs of footcloths (one of which is impregnated with the same composition, like a jumpsuit). Underwear, a balaclava and an unimpregnated pair of footcloths are used in order to prevent abrasions by the overalls of the skin and irritation from the impregnating composition.

The sizes of the overalls included in the ZFO set: 1st - for people up to 160 cm tall, 2nd - from 160 to 170 cm and 3rd - over 170cm.

Isolating skin protection

Insulating skin protection products made of airtight materials can be airtight (suits, overalls that cover the entire human body and protect against drops and vapors of agents) or non-tight (raincoats, capes, aprons, etc.) that mainly protect against drip - liquid agents (SDYAV): OZK kit, L-1 light protective suit, protective overalls or suit.

The protective effect of insulating materials is based on the property of protective films to delay the OM for a certain time, i.e. prevent their penetration to the inner surface of these materials. The following requirements are imposed on protective materials: they must be elastic, frost-resistant, moisture-proof, as well as resistant to degassing, disinfection and withstand long-term storage.

The protective properties of insulating materials are determined by the following values: protective power and wettability.

Protective power is the time from the moment of exposure to a droplet liquid or vaporous agent on the front side of the material until the appearance of vapors on its underside that cause minimal damage.

Wetting is the time from the moment of exposure of the liquid droplet agent to the front side of the material until it appears on the wrong side in a liquid state.

Protective power and wetness are expressed in hours or minutes. The value of the protective power and wettability is significantly affected by the temperature, the thickness of the protective film and its nature, the nature of the RH.

As the temperature rises, the penetration rate of the OM increases. In this regard, in winter conditions, the protective power of skin protection products is much greater than in summer.

Materials based on butyl rubber, polyisobutylene and some synthetic resins have the highest protective power.

Combined Arms Protective Kit (OZK).

The combined arms protective kit, together with a gas mask, is used to protect against explosive agents, SDYAV, as well as to protect the skin, uniforms, shoes and equipment from contamination with RV, BS, light radiation and incendiary mixtures.

The combined arms kit includes a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves. The combined arms protective kit, as a rule, is used in combination with impregnated uniforms and underwear.

The protective raincoat is available in five sizes, depending on its length:

I- up to 165 cm;

P- 165 - 170 cm.

W- 170 - 175 cm.

IV- 175-180 cm.

V- more than 180 cm.

Safety boots - stockings in three sizes depending on the size of the boots:

Ithe size 37 - 40

IIthe size 41 - 42

IIIthe size 43 and over

Protective gloves come in 2 types: summer - five-fingered, winter - three-fingered. The weight of the set is 3 kg.

OZK fully provides protection against RW and BS, prevents damage to agents through the skin - drops and aerosols of agents for 1 hour, vapors of agents for 6 hours, and also protects against burns with a light pulse of 14 cal/sq. see. Instead of OZK, KZP can be used for the same purposes - a protective film suit with similar protective properties and consisting of protective fabric gloves, a jacket and trousers made of polyethylene. When infected with OV, KZP is used once, and when infected with RV, BS repeatedly. OZK can be used in the form of a cape, put on in sleeves and in the form of overalls.

In the form of a cape, a protective raincoat is used in case of sudden use of toxic substances and biological agents or in the event of a fallout of radioactive substances. A protective raincoat put on in the sleeves is used: when overcoming areas contaminated by agents or biological agents in open vehicles; when overcoming zones radioactive contamination on open machines in conditions of dust formation, when performing degassing, decontamination and disinfection work.

Combined-arms protective kit in the form of overalls is worn in uncontaminated areas. It is used in areas contaminated with OS or BS in the following cases:

When operating on foot in areas with tall grass, crops, shrubs or covered with deep snow;

When carrying out rescue and evacuation work, engineering work and repair of equipment.

Protective stockings are made of a special fabric and are designed to protect against drop-liquid agents, RV and BS when overcoming infected areas. The soles of the stockings are reinforced with a canvas or rubber vamp. The stockings have two or three ribbons for attaching to the leg and a ribbon for attaching to the waist belt. Stocking weight 1 - 1.5 kg, protective power not less than 1 hour.

Special protective clothing.

There are the following types of special protective clothing;

Light protective suit L-1;

Protective overalls;

Protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers.

The light protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves and a balaclava. In addition, there is a bag for carrying the suit and a spare pair of gloves.

Protective coverall is made of rubberized fabric and consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn in one piece. The kit includes rubber boots, protective gloves and a balaclava.

The balaclava is the same for all types of protective clothing, has a neck flap and a button for fastening.

The protective suit consists of a jacket and trousers, made of rubberized fabric. The protective suit jacket and trousers, as well as the light protective suits, are available in three sizes.

To protect against RV, the population can also adapt ordinary clothing. To ensure its tightness, you need to have additional devices: bibs, hood, side fasteners of trousers. To protect against RV, you can also use improvised means of protecting the skin (items of personal, household, sports, industrial and other clothing and footwear with additional sealing means).

Sanitary and hygienic assessment of skin protection products.

Insulating protective clothing is of the greatest interest and practical importance from the point of view of human impact.

The essence of its influence, mainly, is reduced to a violation of the thermoregulation of the human body.

An adult weighing 60-70 kg produces up to 1900-2100 calories per day. With significant physical exertion, heat generation can increase by 4-6 times. All the generated heat with the help of adaptive mechanisms is removed to the external environment, as a result of which a constant body temperature is maintained - 36-37 degrees.

If more heat is removed to the external environment than it is generated, hypothermia of the human body occurs, if less is removed, it overheats.

Heat transfer occurs mainly through the surface of the skin and lungs (respiratory organs).

As a percentage (to the total heat transfer) - heat transfer through the skin is 80% (in hot conditions 90%) and occurs through heat conduction and convection, heat radiation and evaporation of liquid (sweat) from the surface of the skin.

In insulating clothing, heat transfer can be impaired along all these heat loss paths.

The most powerful mechanism of physical thermoregulation in the hot season is heat transfer by evaporation of sweat from the skin surface, which in percentage terms is almost 80%.

In insulating protective equipment, as soon as the air of the undersuit space is saturated with moisture, heat transfer is completely excluded. However, the function of sweating is not disturbed. On the contrary, there is an excessive separation of sweat, which in the hot season can be released up to 5 or more liters per day.

The cessation of evaporation of sweat under these conditions leads to overheating of the body and the development of heat stroke.

Violation of thermoregulation in insulating protective equipment is especially pronounced during significant physical exertion and high external temperature. In these cases, there is a sharp dehydration of the body, which is accompanied by a violation of oxidative processes, blood circulation, the development of oxygen starvation, depletion of the neuro-regulatory apparatus, which is manifested by increased heart rate, respiratory failure, fever and vasodilation.

In order to avoid overheating of the human body, the "Instruction on the use of personal protective equipment" provides for maximum permissible periods of work in protective clothing insulating type (including in a combined-arms protective kit used in the form of overalls):

at a temperature of +30 and above - 15-20 minutes;

from 25 to 29 degrees - 20-35 minutes;

from 20 to 24 degrees - 40-60 minutes;

from 15 to 19 degrees - 1.5-2 hours;

below +15 degrees - more than 3 hours.

At temperatures of 10 degrees and below, overheating is not observed. At the same time, in order to maintain the greatest efficiency when using protective clothing in conditions of different outdoor temperatures, it should be worn at a temperature of +15 degrees and above, as a rule, on underwear, from 0 to +15 degrees over summer uniforms, from 0 to - 10 degrees over winter uniforms and below -10 degrees over a padded jacket worn on uniforms.

In all cases, light protective suits are worn over uniforms, and rubber boots, as a rule, on footcloths or socks, and at low temperatures - on warm footcloths. In winter conditions, a warm balaclava is worn under the hood.

All work related to a long stay in insulating protective equipment must be supervised by the medical service.

In the system of measures to protect the population from the damaging factors of technological disasters, natural disasters, mass diseases, a significant place is given to personal protective equipment. They are designed to prevent and provide first aid to the population exposed to radiation, chemical and other damaging factors of technological and natural disasters. With their help, it is possible to prevent or significantly reduce the damaging effect of these factors on the human body and increase its resistance to them.

PRACTICE #1

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

POPULATION

Means of individual skin protection.

Medical personal protective equipment
1. Purpose and classification of PPE

Personal protective equipment is designed to protect the human body from the harmful effects of AHOV (emergency chemical poisonous substances), OV (poisonous substances), RV (radioactive substances), BS (bacterial agents), as well as to reduce the undesirable effects of light, thermal and ionizing radiation (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Classification of PPE
2. Personal protective equipment for the skin

2.1. Purpose and classification of SZK

Radioactive and toxic substances, bacterial agents can penetrate the human body not only through the respiratory system, but also through the skin. Therefore, in case of danger of radiation, chemical, bacteriological contamination, in case of accidents and natural disasters with the release of hazardous chemicals, it is necessary to protect not only Airways but also the whole human body and skin. This is what skin protection products (SZK) are for.

Skin protection means include special clothing that supplements or replaces ordinary human clothing and footwear, made from special materials (rubberized fabrics, coarse cloth, tarpaulin, polyethylene and other moisture- and dust-proof materials) and provides protection of human skin from toxic substances (OS ), radioactive dust (RP), biological agents (BS) and emergency chemical hazardous substances(AHOV). SZK is used in conjunction with RPE.

Skin protection products are classified according to purpose, principle of use and principle of action (Fig. 2).

Fig.2. Purpose and classification of SZK

The classification of SZK according to the principle of protective action is based on the type of material (impregnation) from which the SZK sample is made. In accordance with this principle, all SZKs are divided into filtering and insulating.

2.2. Filtering SZK

Designed to protect against harmful substances in the vapor (gas) phase. They are made from air- and vapor-permeable fabrics, non-woven materials. This circumstance makes possible their long-term continuous use without a significant impact on the ergonomic properties of a person. Separate samples of filtering SZK are intended for many months of constant wear during the threatening period of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy. They are used complete with gas masks, boots and gloves.

SZK filter type are intended mainly for non-military civil defense formations industrial facilities.

Protective filter clothing set (WFD) designed to protect against vapors and aerosols of hazardous chemicals, agents, BS and RP. The ZFO kit includes: an impregnated protective filter overall made of moleskin, a cotton balaclava, two pairs of cotton footcloths, one of which is impregnated, as well as rubber gloves and protective rubber boots.
2.3. Insulating SZK

Isolating SZK are made from airtight rubberized fabrics or polymeric materials and are used when performing degassing, decontamination and disinfection work in lesions and in infection zones, i.e. in cases where a person meets with high infection densities. They are only used for protection. personnel of non-military civil defense formations economic objects.

SZK of an insulating type, depending on the method of their application and the type of donning (cape or overalls), can be sealed and leaky. Sealed protect against vapors (gases), aerosols and drops of AHOV (OV). Leaky - only from aerosols and drops.

Insulating SZK affect the body's heat transfer. During high temperatures and hard work, the body overheats, which can lead to heat stroke. For this reason, the use of insulating SZK is limited in time. Re-stay in isolating SZK is possible after a 30-minute rest.

They should include combined arms protective kit OZK and light protective suit L-1. At present, the production of modern insulating SZK is organized to provide the structures of the RSChS, including civil defense economic objects. Among them are protective insulating suits such as KZIM, LG-5, KIH, etc. "

Combined Arms Protective Kit (OZK) designed to protect human skin, uniforms, equipment and individual weapons from OV, BS, RV and AHOV. When put on in advance, the OZK increases the level of protection of the skin from fire mixtures and open flame, and also weakens the destructive effects of thermal factors on the items of equipment located under it. OZK is a means of protection periodical wearing. When infected with OV, BS, RV, OZK is subjected to special treatment and used repeatedly.

OZK consists of: protective raincoat OP-1; protective stockings made of rubberized fabric; protective rubber gloves, with obturators made of impregnated fabric (impregnated with a special composition), summer five-fingered and winter two-fingered. All gloves are the same size.

W

protective raincoat made of special fabric and can be used as a cape, worn in sleeves, as a jumpsuit

V the form of a cape it is used for protection against dropping out of the infected cloud of RV, drop-liquid AHOV (OV) and BS. When OZK is used in the aftermath of an accident on the ground contaminated with RV and BS, as well as in the performance of work on the decontamination of equipment, transport, technological equipment, raincoat put on sleeves. When operating in areas, outbreaks and areas contaminated with hazardous chemicals (OS), with strong dust formation in areas contaminated with RS and BS, the kit is used in the form of a jumpsuit.

Raincoats are made in four heights: the first one is for people up to 166 cm tall; the second, from 166 to 172; the third - from 172 to 178; the fourth - from 178 cm and above.

The soles of the protective stockings are reinforced with canvas or rubber soles. They are worn over regular shoes. Protective stockings are made in three sizes: the first - for shoes of 37-40 sizes, the second - for 41-42, the third - for 43 sizes and more.

L

light protective suit (L-1) protects not only from OV, BS, RP, but also from many AHOV. It is a special means of protection and is used during long-term work in contaminated areas, as well as when performing decontamination, decontamination, emergency rescue and other urgent work. It is made of rubberized fabric (Fig. 3).

Suit L-1 is a means of protection periodical wearing. When infected with OV, RV, BS, the L-1 suit is subjected to special treatment and used repeatedly.

The costume includes : jacket with a hood; trousers with stockings; two pairs of gloves; impregnated balaclava; carrying bag.

The L-1 suit is available in three sizes: the first - for a person up to 165 cm tall, the second - from 166 to 172 cm, the third - above 172 cm.

Protective emergency kit (KZA) is designed to protect specialists of rescue teams involved in the elimination of accidents accompanied by fire from the effects of an open flame, infrared radiation, hazardous chemicals. The kit is used in combination with a breathing apparatus placed in the undersuit space. KZA consists of two overalls: heat-reflecting and heat-insulating, legs are protected by boots with shoe covers made of the same materials, hands are protected by three-fingered mittens. The heat-reflecting (upper) coverall is made of a special fabric with a fire and oil and petrol resistant coating, with an infrared radiation reflection coefficient of up to 80%. To protect the eyes, the overalls are equipped with special panoramic glasses.
2.4. Improvised skin protection

To protect the population as the simplest SZK can be used production overalls- jackets and trousers, overalls, dressing gowns with hoods, sewn in most cases from coarse cloth, tarpaulin, flame retardant or rubberized fabric. It not only protects against contact with the skin of people of radioactive substances and bacterial agents, but also does not let drop-liquid agents pass for some time.

At home, with the threat of damage by radioactive, toxic substances or bacterial agents, everyone should be able to adapt improvised means to protect the skin - industrial, sports and everyday (household) clothing and shoes. To increase the protective properties of clothing from OM vapors, it is necessary to impregnate it with a special solution. To impregnate one set of clothes, it is enough to dissolve 250-300 g of crushed laundry soap in 2 liters of hot water and add 0.5 liters of vegetable or mineral oil, and then heat the solution. After impregnation, the clothes are lightly wrung out and dried in the open air.

If the protective properties of the suit are not enough, raincoats and capes made of waterproof material are put on over it. Such clothing protects against contact with the skin of RV and BS, it protects against drip-liquid agents in summer time approximately 10 min. You can also use winter things: coats made of coarse cloth or drape, padded jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats. To protect the nose and hands - mittens, gloves, rubber boots, galoshes, felt boots, etc.
3. Medical protective equipment

3.1. Purpose and classification of medical PPE

Medical personal protective equipment (MSPE)- these are chemical, chemotherapeutic, biological preparations and dressings designed to prevent or reduce the impact on a person of the damaging factors of various emergencies (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Classification of medical PPE
Their timely and correct use can save a person's life, prevent or significantly reduce the severity of the lesion. They are used either independently or in mutual assistance.

When there is a threat of radiation, biological or chemical contamination medical devices protection will be issued at specially organized points for the issuance of PPE.
3.2. First aid kit individual AI-2

First aid kit individual AI-2 It is designed to provide self- and mutual assistance in case of injuries and burns (to relieve pain), to reduce the damage of RV, OB or AHOV, as well as to prevent infectious diseases.

V

the means included in the first-aid kit are placed in a plastic case. Small size (90x100x20 mm) and weight (130 g) allow you to always have it with you. The contents of the first-aid kit are a syringe-tube and canisters of different colors with medicines, placed in a plastic case and held by the internal partitions of the case. Each medicine is located in a strictly defined place, which allows you to quickly find the necessary remedy. In the cold season, the first-aid kit is carried in the inner pocket of clothing to prevent freezing. Included in first aid kit detailed instructions by application. The instructions are stamped with the expiration date of the drugs, which you should definitely pay attention to. Everything medicines first aid kits are ready for use.

Placement order medical preparations in the nests of the first-aid kit is strictly defined and looks like this.

socket no. 1 - a syringe tube with a 2% solution of promedol -strong pain reliever which is administered intramuscularly for severe pain caused by fractures, extensive wounds, tissue crushing, burns; in emergency cases, the injection can be done through clothing. Promedol is a drug; it is not included in the training first-aid kit, but is stored separately and replaced in a syringe with distilled water;

nest№ 2 - taren -antidote against organophosphate poisons.

Six tablets are stored in a red case. Take one tablet under the tongue, then put on a gas mask; with the appearance and increase of signs of poisoning (impaired vision, shortness of breath), after 6 hours, you need to take another pill;

nest№ 3 - sulfadimethoxine -antibacterial agent. The unpainted case contains 15 tablets. Taken for gastrointestinal disorders that have arisen after radiation exposure, immediately seven tablets in one dose on the first day, on the second and third days, take four tablets per dose;

nest№ 4 - cystamine (drug RS-1)- fast acting radioprotector(decreased radiosensitivity). Stored in two pink cases of six tablets. Take six tablets at once in 60 minutes. before expected exposure. The radioprotective effect occurs in 40-60 minutes. and persists for 4-6 hours. Re-admission is possible after 6 hours at the same dose if you are in an area contaminated with radioactive substances;

nest№ 5 - tetracyclineantibacterial agent(broad spectrum antibiotic). Stored in two colorless pencil cases of five tablets. They are taken in case of a threat or infection with bacterial agents, as well as for injuries and burns (to prevent infection): first immediately drink the contents of one pencil case (five tablets), and then after 6 hours - another;

nest number 6 -potassium iodide (radioprotective drug RS-2)- used to protect the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine(the thyroid gland is maximally saturated with ordinary iodine, then it will not be able to capture radioactive iodine). There are ten tablets of potassium iodide in a white pencil case. It is applied in 30-40 minutes. before the expected exposure or while staying in a territory contaminated with radionuclides in a dose of one tablet daily until the threat of radioactive isotopes of iodine entering the body disappears;

nest№ 7 - drug etaperazin -antiemetic. The blue pencil case contains five tablets of the drug. Take one tablet immediately after irradiation to prevent vomiting, as well as head bruises, concussions and concussions, if nausea occurs. The action lasts 4-5 hours after administration. With continued nausea, you need to drink one tablet every 4 hours. For children, the doses should be less. Children under eight years of age are given 1/4 dose of an adult at one time, from eight to 15 years - 1/2 dose.

In order to increase the effectiveness of medical protection of the population, it is planned to include more modern medicines in the AI-2 first aid kit. Instead of tetracycline - doxycycline, instead of etaperazine - the drug dimetcarb. V individual first aid kit there are no means of general calming action and weakening the feeling of fear. In emergencies, as practice has shown, these funds are necessary. Therefore, it is possible to recommend to the population for these purposes, in addition to the contents of AI-2, to use tranquilizers (such as elenium, sibazon, fenozepam).

3.3. Individual anti-chemical packages

Individual anti-chemical packages are intended for disinfection of drop-liquid agents of organophosphorus hazardous chemicals that have fallen on the body and clothing of a person, personal protective equipment and tools. Currently, there are various modifications of individual anti-chemical packages based on both liquid and powder degassing formulations.

IPP-8 consists of a flat glass vial with a screw cap filled with a polydegassing solution, four cotton-gauze swabs and instructions enclosed in a sealed plastic bag. When using the package, you need to open its shell, unscrew the cap of the vial and moisten the swab with its contents. . Thoroughly wipe the open areas of the neck and hands with it, wipe the outer surface of the gas mask helmet; then moisten the swab again and treat the edges of the collar and cuffs of the sleeves adjacent to the skin. You should also process those areas of clothing and shoes where drops of RH are visible. When processing the skin, a burning sensation may be felt, but it quickly disappears and does not affect well-being. However, it must be remembered that the liquid of the package is poisonous and dangerous to the eyes, so the skin around the eyes should be wiped with a dry swab and rinsed with clean water or a 2% soda solution. The liquid of the vial does not have a disinfectant property.

IPP-9 It is a cylindrical aluminum vessel with a screw cap. A punch is inserted into the bottle, on the top of which there is a foam rubber sponge. To moisten the sponge, you need to drown the punch to the stop, opening and turning the vessel, shake it two or three times. Wipe the skin of the face, hands, infected areas of clothing with a dampened sponge. After that, pull the punch out of the vessel and screw on the lid.

IPP-10- cylindrical aluminum cylinder filled with Langlic-based polydegassing prophylactic protective formulation . The cylinder is fitted with a cap-nozzle with stops, which is attached to the strap. There is a punch hole inside the lid. When using it, you need to turn the lid, move it from the stops and open the vessel with a blow on it; remove the lid and pour 10-15 ml of liquid into the palm of your hand; treat her face and neck in front. Then you need to pour another 10-15 ml of liquid and treat the hands and neck from behind. After that, close the bag with a lid and store it for reprocessing. Treatment of the skin is carried out in 30-40 minutes. prior to entering the site of chemical contamination. In case of contact with the skin and clothing of RH or AHOV, treatment is carried out immediately. The liquid has a disinfecting effect and gives a protective effect for 12-24 hours due to the creation of a protective film in the thickness of the skin.

The most convenient and easy to use is an individual anti-chemical package. IPP-11. It is intended for the prevention of lesions in case of infection with any known agents of exposed skin. IPP-11 is a plastic disposable bag (36 g), in which a swab soaked in a special solution is sealed. The advantages of IPP-11 are:

• 
  speed and area of ​​treatment of the skin;
• 
  the convenience of processing the face under the front of the gas mask;
• 
  effective protection up to 6 hours;
• 
  bactericidal;
• 
  healing of small wounds and cuts;
• 
  treatment of thermal and chemical burns.

In the absence of anti-chemical packages, areas of the body and clothing can be treated with soap and water using paper swabs, rags, or a handkerchief. It is better to do this when no more than 10 minutes have passed since the droplets hit the body and clothes. As a degassing liquid, a solution prepared from one liter of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 150 g of silicate glue, which are mixed immediately before use, can be used.

The treatment of open areas of the body, carried out with the help of an individual anti-chemical package in the first minutes of infection, prevents skin damage and the penetration of OM into the blood. Treatment carried out at a later date may reduce, but not prevent, the development of the lesion. In these cases, an antidote must be administered after treatment.
3.4. Individual dressing package
P

individual dressing kit (PPI) It is used to apply a primary bandage to wounds and burns. It contains a disinfected dressing, which is enclosed in two shells: the outer one is made of rubberized fabric, with the method of opening and using printed on it, and the inner one is made of paper. There is a safety pin in the fold of the inner shell.

The shells ensure the sterility of the dressing material, protect it from mechanical damage, dampness and contamination. The material in the bag consists of a gauze bandage (1) 10 cm wide and 7 m long and two equal-sized cotton-gauze pillows 17x32 cm in size. One of the pillows is sewn to the bandage (2), the other is movably connected to it (4 ) and can move freely along the length of the bandage (5). Due to this, with penetrating wounds, it is possible to close the inlet and outlet wound openings with one package. Colored threads (3) mark the surfaces of the pads, which can be grasped by hand when applying a bandage.

When applying a bandage, you must:

• 
  open the package, remove the pin and pin it to the clothes;
• 
  take the end of the bandage with your left hand, and the roll of the bandage with your right hand and unfold it;
• 
  apply pads, without touching them to other objects, on the wound (burn) on the side that is not stitched with colored threads;
• 
  bandage the pads, and secure the end of the bandage with a pin.

Personal protective equipment is used to protect the skin. They protect against poisonous substances acting on the skin and through the skin, radioactive substances, bacterial aerosols and toxins, as well as light radiation from a nuclear explosion and incendiary mixtures.

According to the principle of protective action, personal protective equipment for the skin is divided into filtering and insulating. According to the method of use, skin protection products are distinguished for constant wear, periodic use and single use.

Filtering-type personal protective equipment for skin includes: a combined-arms complex protective suit (OKZK-M), a protective mesh suit (KZS), a set of protective filtering clothing (KZFO). Skin protection with personal protective equipment of a filtering type is based on the neutralization of aerosols (vapors) of agents, radioactive substances and BA when they pass through the thickness of linen and uniforms, previously impregnated with special degassing formulations.

Personal protective equipment for the skin of an insulating type includes: a combined-arms protective kit (OZK), a protective film kit (KZP) and special protective clothing (light protective suit L-1). These protective equipment isolate the skin, uniforms, shoes from the effects of RH, RW and BA.

Combined-arms complex protective suit designed to protect the skin of military personnel from toxic substances, radioactive aerosol, biological agents and light radiation from a nuclear explosion, as well as from the adverse effects of weather conditions at the level of summer army uniforms. It consists of a cap with a visor to protect the eyes from the light radiation of a nuclear explosion, a jacket with visors on the low sleeves and trousers. A balaclava is put on the cap, and a protective shirt and underpants are put on under the jacket and trousers. Complete with OKZK-M, a filtering gas mask and protective stockings can be used.

The protective properties of OKZK-M against the action of light radiation from a nuclear explosion are provided by fire-retardant impregnations of the outer layer and headgear, the presence of air gaps between the layers and additional elements to protect exposed skin. The fire-retardant properties of the suit are maintained for 5 months.

Protection against RH is achieved by the presence of impregnation on protective underwear, the multi-layered suit and its tightness. The duration of the protective action depends on the type of agent and its concentration, the content of "active" chlorine on the protective linen and the air temperature. With regard to RH vapors, it ranges from 3 to 24 hours. When the suit is moistened with sweat and water, the protective properties decrease, therefore, to protect OKZK-M from moisture in the rain, it is necessary to use raincoats or insulating skin protection. The protective properties of the moistened OKZK are restored after the suit dries. After wearing OKZK-M for 2–2.5 months, as well as after degassing and disinfection in the units of the troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection, the protective properties of the suit are restored in relation to vapors and aerosols of agents by re-impregnating protective underwear and a balaclava by machine or in another way .

Protective mesh suit is designed to increase the level of protection of the skin from burns by SNRI when worn over OKZK-M, uniforms and special clothing to protect them from thermal degradation.

Protection to a certain level of OKZK-M, uniforms and special clothing from thermal destruction is achieved by shielding them with a KZS suit from direct exposure to SIYaV. After that, the KZS suit is destroyed (charred) and is not suitable for further use.

The KZS suit can be used as a camouflage and is a means of occasional wear. The jacket with a hood and trousers of the KZS suit are made of a mesh fabric treated with a flame retardant formulation with a camouflage color. The sleeves of the jacket allow you to completely close the hands and protect them from the direct impact of the SIJV.

Protective filter clothing set(KZFO) is designed to protect the skin from RH, RV, BA, SIYAV, fire mixtures and flames.

KZFO consists of a two-layer suit with separate layers interconnected by fittings, fire-retardant knitted gloves, hygienic knitted socks, protective socks, protective rubber gloves, and a bag. The upper layer of KZFO is fire-retardant, the lower one is chemical-protective. Its upper and lower layers consist of jackets and trousers.

Protection of the skin from RH is ensured by the multi-layered and tight design of the kit and the absorption of RH vapors by the sorbent layer of chemical protective jackets, trousers and socks. An increase in the level of protection of the skin from RH is achieved by the use of insulating type PPE (OZK). Protection against RW and BA is provided by the filtering properties of the multilayer package of materials of the KPFO and the tightness of the design of the protective suit.

To combined-arms SIZK of insulating type include a combined-arms protective kit (OZK) and a protective film suit (KZP). Light protective suit L-1 (suit L-1) is a special means of protection.

The principle of the protective action of the OZK, KZP and the L-1 suit is to isolate the skin, uniforms and footwear of military personnel from the effects of OV, RV and BA.

The protective effect of insulating type personal protective equipment is based on the ability of some materials to retain agents on their surface and very slowly pass them in a liquid and vapor state through the thickness of tissues. The time from the moment a drop of the agent is applied to the insulating material until the appearance of an agent vapor on the reverse side in a concentration sufficient to damage the skin is called the protective action time.

OZK in combination with filtering SIZK is designed to protect the skin of military personnel from RH, RV, BA, as well as to reduce contamination of uniforms, equipment, shoes and individual weapons. When put on in advance, the OZK increases the level of protection of the skin from SNRI (begins to burn out at a light pulse of 14 cal / cm 2), fire mixtures and open flames. OZK is a means of protection for periodic wear.

The OZK (Fig. 5) includes a protective raincoat OP-1M, protective stockings and protective gloves of two types: summer BL-1M (five-fingered) and winter BZ-1M (three-fingered). The gloves are made from rubber.

Rice. 5. Combined Arms Protective Kit:

1 - protective raincoat OP-1M; 2 - tightener; 3 - back loop; 4 and 7 - steel frames, 5 - loop for thumb arms; 6 and 10 - rolls; 8 - central peg; 9 - strap; 11 - raincoat holders; 12 - cover for protective raincoat OP-1M; 13 - cover for protective stockings and gloves; 14 - protective stockings; 15 - protective gloves BL-1M; 16 - insulating inserts for protective gloves BZ-1M;
17 - protective gloves BZ-1M

The raincoat is made from a lightweight protective fabric coated with butyl rubber. The actual protective power for mustard gas is 60-100 minutes, for lewisite and soman - up to 3 hours. Protective stockings are made of butyl rubber, retain mechanical strength after a 50-100 km march.

The OZK protective raincoat can be used in the form of a cape, put on in sleeves and in the form of overalls. In the form of a cape, the cloak is used in case of sudden use of OV, BA, as well as in the event of EV falling out of the cloud of a nuclear explosion. When overcoming on open vehicles areas of terrain contaminated with toxic or radioactive substances, when performing degassing and decontamination work, a protective raincoat is used worn in sleeves. On areas heavily contaminated with toxic substances, as well as in the centers of chemical lesions during rescue operations and evacuation activities, a protective raincoat is used in the form of overalls.

A protective film suit in combination with filtering SIZK is designed to protect the skin from RH, RV, BA, as well as to reduce contamination of uniforms, equipment, shoes and individual weapons. KZP consists of a protective raincoat with a hood, protective stockings. The protective film raincoat is made of polymeric film material. Protective film stockings consist of voluminous boots made of rubberized fabric and tops made of film polymer material. KZP is a means of protection for periodic wear. When infected with OV, RV, BA, it is used once and is not subjected to special treatment. KZP is used in conjunction with protective gloves BL-1M and BZ-1M.

Special protective clothing of an insulating type is used for long-term actions of military personnel in contaminated areas, when performing especially dangerous work with agents, as well as carrying out degassing work. TO special means protection of the skin, which is on the service equipment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus is a light protective suit (L-1, Fig. 6).

Suit L-1 is designed to protect the skin and protect uniforms and footwear from contamination with OV, RV, BA. It is a means of protection for occasional wear. Suit L-1 consists of a jacket with a hood, trousers with stockings and gloves. When infected with OV, RV, BA, the L-1 suit is subjected to special treatment and is used repeatedly. The L-1 suit is used in conjunction with the OKZK-M, and when worn over underwear, with the OKZK-M balaclava.

Physiological and hygienic characteristics of skin protection products. The use of PPE can lead to a decrease in the performance of military personnel. When military personnel dressed in PPE perform combat missions, the terms of work in them may be limited by the thermal state of the body: in summer conditions at elevated air temperature and physical work, overheating of the body is possible, and in winter conditions at negative air temperature - hypothermia.

The deadline for working in skin PPE at elevated temperatures is the time when servicemen can develop heat strokes, which disable them for a long time (up to 5 days). In conditions of high air temperature and solar radiation, intense physical labor a person can lead to overheating of the body, and cause heat stroke. The main signs of overheating are an increase in body temperature up to 38–41 ºС, severe weakness, headache, increased heart rate, hyperemia (sometimes pallor) of the face. In severe cases, heat stroke occurs with loss of consciousness.

In order to avoid overheating and hypothermia of the body, it is recommended to observe the maximum permissible periods of continuous work in protective clothing, which are given in Table. 11, 12.

Table 11

Deadlines for continuous work in the means of individual
protection in summer conditions (in hours)

In order to maintain maximum performance in summer conditions in protective clothing of an insulating type, it is recommended:

- store it in the shade, avoiding preheating;

- wear it immediately before work;

– work without unnecessary movements, observe uniform and moderate pace;

– if possible, irrigate protective clothing with water;

- to conduct continuous monitoring of employees;

- systematically conduct training of personnel in protective clothing in order to develop skills, more rational movements and dexterity.

Table 12

Deadlines for continuous work in personal protective equipment at negative air temperature (in hours)

Complete set of PPE and uniforms	Air temperature, ºС	The degree of physical activity
light	average	heavy
Filtering gas mask, winter clothing (wadded trousers, jacket, OKZK-M), stockings, gloves	– 40	0,5	0,7	1,5
– 30	0,6	1,2
– 20	0,8	Unlimited
– 10	2,8	Unlimited
	Unlimited
Filtering gas mask, OZK, winter uniforms (wadded trousers, jacket, OKZK-M)	– 40			Unlimited
– 30	1,7	Unlimited
– 20	2,8	Unlimited
– 10	Unlimited
	Unlimited

The deadline for working in winter conditions is the time, when exceeded, the military personnel may experience hypothermia, leading to chills and frostbite.