Images of people in fine art. Ilyina N.V. The Renaissance image of man and features of his depiction in art

The World History fine art has shown us a variety of examples of excellence. In the concept of any artistic direction There was always a certain ideal that determined the features of the embodiment of the image, form, manner and technique of performing a work of art.

In their work, artists have always tried to find some universal model person. Moreover, each artist absolutized not only a specific example of beauty, but also adhered to a certain perfect performance about human behavior, character and lifestyle. In other words, the aesthetic and ethical ideal were and are the key factors in any artistic creation.

“The ethical ideal is the answer of culture to the “question” of what a person is.” Artists realize their ideas about man in the form of a certain artistic image, existing in a personalized form. The image of a person concentrates certain values, the formation of which, in turn, is influenced by the philosophical views of a particular era.

Platform for the birth philosophical ideas The Renaissance became the original interpretation of Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism, philosophical thoughts Stoics and Epicureans. general review philosophy of this era is contained in the books of V.V. Sokolov “Essays on the philosophy of the Renaissance” and “European philosophy of the XV-XVII centuries”. The periodization of the main directions of Renaissance philosophy is given in the work of A.Kh. Gorfunkel "Philosophy of the Renaissance". Among domestic authors Issues of Renaissance culture were considered in the works of V.V. Bibikhin. "New Renaissance".

Currently topic ideal person The Renaissance era in the context of fine art remains open to research, so it seems relevant to us to address this issue.

The Renaissance creates a new worldview based on the idea that God is not separate from real world, but directly in themselves material objects(nature, things, people, etc.). Pantheistic philosophy views the world as a combination of the spiritual and the material. The result of this synthesis was the ideal of a person whose divine basis is adequately manifested in his appearance and actions. The harmonious man of the Renaissance is distinguished by nobility and morality. The humanistic ideal arose in Ancient Greece as an idea of ​​a perfect, comprehensively developed person, aware of his individuality and spiritual nature.

Renaissance man becomes the measure of all things, therefore everything natural and social phenomena, shown in the works of this period, are spiritual in nature. It is no coincidence that it was at this time that Leonardo da Vinci developed the principle of the golden ratio (a system of divine proportions).

The main characters in Renaissance paintings are famous aristocrats, philanthropists, biblical and mythological heroes. Noble man could experience only noble emotions and perform only noble deeds, therefore there is an ennoblement of actions, feelings and phenomena - a noble battle, a noble woman, noble suffering, a noble death. So, around 1480 Andrea Matenya painted the painting “Saint Sebastian”. By this time, artists often turned to the theme of the martyrdom of Christian saints. It is known that Saint Sebastian secretly professed Christianity. Therefore, Emperor Diocletian decided to sentence him to death. In the painting by A. Mantegna, the saint was punished brutal torture and tied to antique column, piercing the lower part of his body with arrows. However, if we look at the body of the saint, we will see a well-built athlete, resembling antique statue. Considering the fact that the physical appearance of the ideal Renaissance man is a vessel in which his divine essence is stored (the more beautiful this essence, the more beautiful the shape of the vessel), it becomes clear why the artist depicted not an old man tormented by torture, but a beautiful young man. Sebastian's face also looks very noble; the terrible emotions that a common person could experience severe physical pain.

Deification human body- one of the special requirements in fine arts Renaissance. It should be noted that the Renaissance masters did not strive to depict nudity in an erotic context. IN in this case the body was depicted as a great divine creation. Vivid examples paintings by outstanding Italian painters Giorgione and Titian can demonstrate the beauty of female nature. “Sleeping Venus” by Giorgione became a unique result of the artist’s ideas about the poetic and divine mystery contained in the naked body of the sleeping goddess of love - Venus. By the beginning of the 16th century, the image of Venus was not yet popular in the art of Italy, since art still retained the remnants of the chaste Middle Ages, and the image female body without clothes was very rare. In the image of Venus, Giorgione expressed the idea of ​​the divine principle in man and his complete harmony with the world around him.

To more expressively convey the perfect proportions of a person, Renaissance artists depicted the body from the most incredible angles and movements. In the famous frescoes of Michelangelo you can see the intricate play of muscles and joints, dynamic poses and complex positions of the body in space. So Great master showed the perfect harmony of the human body. He specifically looked for the most complex angles and movements, trying to depict in them the struggle between spirit and matter. Such features of the embodiment of an artistic image can be seen in the world famous fresco “ Last Judgment", where saints, sinners, angels and other characters are masterfully twisted into the most difficult positions.

The complex, dynamic composition of Leonardo da Vinci's "Battle of Anghiari" also shows us the power and superiority of the human spirit and body. “Leonardo...depicts a tangle of people and animals so closely intertwined that the work can be mistaken for a sketch for a sculpture... Leonardo directed all the lines of his composition: swords, people’s faces, horse bodies, the movement of horse legs - inward.”

Among artistic techniques To emphasize the importance of noble subjects and characters, Renaissance masters often used deliberately enlarged scales of saints or mythological heroes. On a small scale they depicted mere mortals. In the work of F. Lippi “Madonna and Child surrounded by angels, with Saints Frediano and Augustine”, the image of the saint stands out for its large size, since it has key value for the entire composition. Saints Frediano and Augustino are depicted kneeling, but the artist showed their significance with the help of bright colors and more detailed elaboration of the volume. Even more interesting, the author depicts the figure of the infant Christ. To show his superiority, Lippi unnaturally increases the size of the child. But, despite the fact that the baby looks very large, he seems completely weightless.

Of course, the perfection of beauty, according to the Renaissance worldview, does not depend on ideal natural proportions, but on the beautiful and divine that lies in man himself. The famous art theorist Alberti wrote about this: “It is not decoration that makes the body beautiful, but the beautiful is contained in the body.”

Thus, analyzing all of the above, it can be argued that during the Renaissance a specific image of an ideal person was formed. His essence is revealed in his noble deeds, spiritual image life and in the endless struggle for good and justice.

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I see myself as if in a mirror, But this mirror flatters me... A. S. Pushkin

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Man has an instinctive desire to know himself through images. For this primitive looked into the surface of the water at his image, but we reach for the mirror. But the man wanted not only to see himself, but also to perpetuate his image with the help of some material.

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Whatever art talks about, it talks about a person, about his life, about the environment in which it takes place, about joy and sadness, about his faith and hope, about his pride and desire to be understood and loved. The task of creating a portrait forces us to see a person in a new way, to discover him for ourselves and for him too. How amazingly different people are from each other. Everyone seems to be built the same, but looking at their faces, you are amazed at the human individuality. The special path of life of each person leaves a mark on his appearance. ______________________________________________

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A portrait is an image of a specific real person.

In a portrait, it is important to convey the characteristics of a person’s behavior, demeanor, and temperament. In an effort to reveal the image of the person being portrayed, the artist also talks about himself. Historical time also invades the portrait. The artist conveys the image of a person through the prism of time. In the portrait you can see the ideal of the era, the character of life, the world around us. _____________________________________________________

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Pictorial Sculpture Graphic Which means we can distinguish a portrait:

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A. Durer. Self-portrait. Drawing. Germany. 15th century P. Rubens. Portrait of the Infanta Isabella's maid. Flanders. 17th century

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Portrait of a young man. Fayum portrait. Ancient Rome. 1st century Portrait of Emperor Philip. Ancient Rome. 1st century

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The portrait appeared a very long time ago. For ancient people, preserving their appearance was a means of getting into the world eternal life, and they found ways to make faces look similar. A plaster or wax mask was made from the face. The word “portrait” comes from a Latin word that can be translated as “extracting the essence.” This is the main task of creating an artistic image. _________________________________________

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From the history of the emergence of the portrait.

The art of portraiture was born several thousand years ago. The earliest surviving works of this genre are giant sculptural images of ancient Egyptian pharaonic rulers, carved from stone.

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The genre of sculptural portrait reached perfection in Ancient Greece. Philosophers, poets, and politicians who had merits for the country served as models for the sculptors.

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In Ancient Rome, the customers were noble citizens and members of their families.

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The picturesque Fayum portraits served the same purposes.

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Empress Theodora. Byzantium. 6th century S. Botticelli Italy. 15th century

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The assertion that the spirit of a person can be conveyed through appearance became especially important in the Middle Ages. With the Renaissance comes an interest in the real person. Artists have learned to depict specific people with special attention to their unique personality. _____________________________________________________

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Genre picturesque portrait developed later, during the Renaissance. Then the portrait began to be divided into a ceremonial chamber portrait

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Ceremonial portrait - shows social status hero, is of a solemn nature. Chamber - much attention is paid individual characteristics person, the face is close to the viewer, the experience and inner world person. ___________________________________________

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During the Renaissance, artists imbued portraits with intelligence and spiritual harmony

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Jean Clouet. Francis 1. France. 16th century. R. vander Weyden. Portrait of a young woman. Netherlands. 15th century

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Of your greatest heyday portrait painting reached in the 17th century. From this era, images of gentlemen and peasants, children and old people, kings and jesters have come down to us... Incredibly, all this human diversity was embodied in his work by the Spanish artist Diego Velazquez.

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With a dreamy mysterious smile she poses... Thoughtful and great, with his flexible brush he reproduces her luxurious figure and incomparable face... But suddenly he puts down his brush. Solemnly and importantly, he says: “Let the centuries pass!” I finished this work, I walked towards the goal bravely; My heart trembled, but my hand did not tremble! You, forever fair-haired, with heavenly eyes, with a smile of happiness on your rosy lips, how you will rule our hearts now, when we both turn to dust...

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The Dutch artist Rembrandt Harmenswan Rijn was a brilliant master of chamber portraiture.

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In the 17th century, artists turned to the image of simple, nothing famous people and discovered in them the greatest wealth of Rembrandt’s soul and humanity. Portrait of a mother

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In Russian art, portraits first began to be painted in the 17th century, like icons - on boards and with tempera paints. And they were called “parsuna”, from the word “person”. Since the time of Peter 1, art in Russia began to develop very rapidly. Russian artists not only adopted other people's techniques, but also invented their own. Family portraits decorated offices and living rooms, and even special portrait rooms appeared. __________________________________________

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18 century-century of prosperity portraits in Russia Borovikovsky. Portrait of Lopukhina Bryulov. Portrait of a girl

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G.Ostrovsky.Portrait of E.P.Cherevina. Russia. 18 century. Prince M.V.Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna. Russia. 17th century

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Patriotic War The year of 1812 brought active and decisive people to the forefront. This is exactly how Hussar Colonel E.V., painted by Kiprensky, appears before us. Davydov: bright red dress uniform, firm gaze, confident posture.

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In the 19th century, artists conveyed individuality with the help of characteristic facial expressions, poses, and gestures, and assessed the role of a person in society. Tropinin. Lacemaker

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In the second half of the 19th century, romanticism gave way to realism, and ceremonial portrait– chamber. The Peredvizhniki played a big role in this. This is what the members of the Association of Traveling Exhibitions called themselves for short. His inspiration was the brilliant portrait painter Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy.

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I. N. Kramskoy “Mina Moiseev”

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I. N. Kramskoy “Stranger”

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The controversial 20th century mixed reality with abstraction and deformation of models in art. The main thing in a portrait is not the image, but the character.

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“The Solemn Meeting of the State Council” contains eighty-one models, all painted with portrait likeness.

Good afternoon dear guys!
We are with you today in class
let's get acquainted with the image
person in art different eras, With
the history of the emergence of the portrait.
Let's look at reproductions of paintings from
depicting portraits of different
eras, reproductions of paintings by Leonardo
da Vinci.

Love painting, poets! Only she, the only one, is given
Souls of changeable signs are transferred to the canvas.
You remember how from the darkness of the past, barely wrapped in satin.
Was the woman looking at us from Rokotov’s portrait again?
Her eyes are like two fogs, half smile, half cry,
Her eyes are like two deceptions, covered in the mist of failure.
A combination of two riddles, half delight, half fear,
A fit of mad tenderness, anticipation
death torment.
When darkness falls and a storm approaches,
From the bottom of my soul her beautiful eyes twinkle.

For centuries, thinkers and artists have tried
find universal criteria of beauty and
aesthetic value, but all their searches
were in vain. True, in modern
Few people in the world care about this problem.
Today, replaced by the indisputable
a spirit of tolerance came to the authorities, and
no one is trying to put it all together anymore
diversity of forms to a single ideal. IN
in the modern world it is believed that beauty
is present everywhere.

Classic canons of beauty still exist.
They are changeable, what was beautiful from the point
from the view of the Greeks, did not at all attract the Hindus and
vice versa. IN Ancient India the biggest
It was considered a compliment for a woman when she
they said she had hips like an elephant. In Japan in
eleventh century, during the Heian era, among
It was considered good manners for aristocrats to paint their teeth
black color. Africans have special tricks
stretched their necks. And the Indians of the Amazon basin
the lower lip was pulled back excessively. Nobody really
knows what it is (for example, in India) beauty
women are, first of all, internal content,
deep individuality that permeates everything
life, its drachma. That's why they rarely say that
a woman is beautiful until she is fifty
years.

There are faces like magnificent portals,
Where everywhere the great is seen in the small.
There are faces - like miserable shacks,
Where the liver is cooked and the rennet gets wet.
Other cold, dead faces
Closed with bars, like a dungeon.
Others are like towers in which for a long time
Nobody lives and looks out the window.
She was unprepossessing and not rich.
But from the window it looks at me
The breath of a spring day flowed.
Truly the world is both great and wonderful!
There are faces - similarities to jubilant songs.
From these notes, like the sun, shining
A song of heavenly heights has been composed. /Nikolai Zabolotsky/

Drawings by students of Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School" No. 9

Drawings by students of Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School"
№9

Portrait is an image of a person or group of people in works of painting or sculpture. Portrait is one of the main genres of painting

Portrait is an image of a person or
groups of people in works of painting
or sculptures. The portrait is one of
main genres of painting, sculpture,
architecture.
Portraits are:
individual, double, group,
self-portrait
intimate, ceremonial, satirical.

10. The art of portraiture originated several thousand years ago. The first portraits were created by the Egyptians. They performed religious-magical

The art of portraiture originated several times
thousands of years ago. The first portraits were
created by the Egyptians. They performed
religious-magical function: soul
the deceased had to leave the body, and then
return after the judgment of the gods to your mummy
owner and live there forever.
It was necessary to maintain portraiture
similarity so that the soul can find that body from
which she flew out of.
Huge majestic sculptures were created
in those days, one of the famous portraits,
portrait of Nefertiti (circa 1360 BC)
era).

11.

12.

Masters of the High Renaissance -
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian
they simply created images of their contemporaries,
But they also reflected the whole world feelings,
experiences, moods.
In complex contradictions with the environment
models of Rembrandt and
Velazquez (XVI-XVII centuries), in portraits
which are reflected lyrically
and dramatic, bright and sad,
funny and tragic.

13.

14.

Portrait in Russia
Russia has its own school of portraiture,
characterized by genre diversity.
What is a genre?
-Parsuna – techniques of realistic painting and
icons.
-The ceremonial portrait is characterized
gradual departure from customer requirements to
reflecting him as a personality of his time.
A large number of portraits from this time
can be seen in the Irkutsk Museum of Art.
In the 20th century, Russian portraits are different
genre and style diversity.

15.

16.

Only from everything huge
number of portraits in the world
there is one he knows about
practically every person
on earth, but keeping even
after many years, my
riddle.
What do you think this is?
portrait?

17. Mona Lisa! this name has become a household name.

Why is this portrait of Leonardo da Vinci still
Has it ever struck people? Why this riddle
everyone tries to unravel the paintings
looks at the portrait, but she remains so
unsolved. Some art critics believe
that this is a portrait of the artist’s wife, others,
self-portrait, and someone else's image
half-human, half-terrestrial being.

18.

19.

Every artist should be able to depict a person
in various positions, turns, movements.
Human - main object interest and images
artist.
The most expressive thing about a person is his appearance, and
main person. Therefore, the artist's study of man
traditionally begins with drawing the head.
Of course, some amateurs, without any preparation,
by drawing a person in profile, they achieve some
similarities, but such images turn out flat
and dead. So that the head in the drawing is alive,
so that the artist can depict it in any angle and
turn, he must know anatomy to clearly
know how any form is formed, but at the same time
must consistently portray a face, taking into account
that the image of the head is different depending on
age and gender and structural features of the skull.

20.

The child's facial part is relatively small,
the face is plump and smooth, with age the face
lengthens, protrusions are clearly defined
chin, at the eye sockets appear
folds. In old age, bone
the protrusions stand out even more, the muscles
become decrepit, the skin becomes wrinkled.
In addition, every person has ears, a nose,
eyes and lips have their own characteristics. But also
important behind external features
guess a person's character, feelings,
thoughts, experiences.

21.

Portrait is artistic
image of a person. In him
should be felt
specific person with
inherent in her, and only in her,
appearance features, and
moral character

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target

Introduce students to the portrait genre.

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Tasks

Consolidating knowledge about the genres of fine art. Acquaintance with the history of portraits. Acquaintance with types of portraits. Development of skills to analyze works of fine art. Cultivating a sense of beauty.

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The task of creating a portrait forces us to see a person in a new way, to discover him for ourselves. How amazingly people are different from each other! It seems that everyone is structured the same - eyes, nose, lips, but looking at their faces, you are amazed at human individuality! The special path of life of each person leaves a mark on his appearance.

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A portrait is an image of a certain real person. The meaning of the portrait is in interest specifically in his personality, endowed with individual qualities.

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For us there is always the joy of recognition. But what does “similar” or “dissimilar” mean? The details of the face are reproduced according to the shape and proportions - is this enough? It is equally important to convey the characteristics of his behavior, demeanor, and temperament. P.-P. Rubens. PORTRAIT OF THE INFANTA ISABELLA'S CHAMBER. Fragment. Oil. Flanders. XVII century

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Art has brought to us the faces of different eras and peoples. We see them as they imagined themselves, but each image for us is more than a likeness of one person. In each image you can see the ideals of the era, an understanding of the world around us, and the nature of life. And this is exactly what we especially value in portraits. An artist's understanding of life enriches our understanding of ourselves. F. Lippi. Fragment of a temple painting. Fresco. Italy. XV century

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During excavations in Fayum, near Cairo, tablets with portraits made with wax paints were found. Stunning, realistic images of people who lived two thousand years ago appeared before the amazed researchers. Their gaze is turned to us, in their images there is clearly a predominance spiritual origin over the bodily.

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In Ancient Rome, the attention of artists focused on the features of the face - every fold, wrinkle or scar revealed life path man, his nature. Here they did not care about external beauty, but in each portrait they emphasized strength of spirit, stern confidence and the will to action. Portrait of Emperor Philip Marble. Ancient Rome. I century

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The Byzantine Empress Theodora is revealed in the shimmer of a mosaic made of cubes of multi-colored glass - smalt. She is depicted on the wall of the temple at the head of the procession. This woman had a contradictory, bright character and an eventful fate, but her personal qualities cannot be seen in the detached expression of her regal face and frozen pose.

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The word “portrait” itself comes from a Latin word. It can be translated as “extracting the essence,” that is, identifying the internal content. This is the main task of creating an artistic image, only the meaning of this internal content is changeable, and therefore there is a search for new ones all the time artistic means, a new figurative language.

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In the work of the artist Jean Clouet, a detailed costume does not interfere with seeing the face of King Francis I. Noble restraint and impassive majesty are combined with grace and an unkind, stubborn gaze. J. Clouet. Francis I. Oil. France. XVI century

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The assertion that spiritual essence can be conveyed through appearance became especially important in the Middle Ages. With the Renaissance comes a new interest in the real person, in the originality of his personality. Artists of northern Europe learned to depict specific people with special attention to the uniqueness of their individuality.

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In Russian art, artists first turned to creating portraits in the 17th century. And at first they were painted using exactly the same method as icons - on a board with tempera paints. Such portraits were called parsuns, from the word “person”. Since the time of Peter I portrait art in Russia began to develop rapidly.

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Family portraits often decorated offices and living rooms in noble estates

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TO end of the XVIII V. Russian painters have achieved perfect mastery. Portraits were usually divided into ceremonial and chamber.

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The ceremonial portrait was usually intended to show the hero's social position. Such paintings have an upbeat, solemn character. O. A. Kiprensky. Portrait of E. V. Davydov. Oil. Russia. XIX century

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Of no less importance was the chamber portrait, in which great attention was paid to the individual characteristics of the person. His face is usually close to the viewer, confidentially revealing the hero’s inner world. At this time, the very complex and subtle ability to convey subtle, reverent shades of experience was especially valued. The portrait of Maria Lopukhina is the most famous of the portraits - images of youth, a thoughtful and at the same time slightly playful girl in a white dress against the backdrop of a landscape

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A. G. Venetsianov. Self-portrait. Oil. Russia. XIX century

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Outstanding portrait works were also created in sculpture. At first, sculpture developed more slowly, because in Russia there was no tradition of putting sculptural monuments(in honor of significant events founded temples), but gradually their own masters appeared. The brightest was F.I. Shubin.

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Questions

Why can’t every image of a person be called a portrait? How can one explain that in artistic portrait appears author's position artist? How does it relate to the task of portrait resemblance? How do you explain the difference between a ceremonial portrait and a lyrical chamber portrait?

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P. - P. Rubens Portrait of the Infanta Isabella's chambermaid Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Portrait by K. G. Prenner. 1754 Tretyakov Gallery

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