The last days of Bazarov. Death of Bazarov: one of the most important episodes of the novel "Fathers and Sons. Understanding of True Values

The novel "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev ends up with the death of the main character. Understanding the reasons why the author ends his work in this way is possible through the analysis of the episode "Bazarov's death". Fathers and Sons is a novel in which the death of the protagonist is certainly not accidental. Perhaps this ending speaks of the inconsistency and beliefs of this character. So, let's try to figure it out.

Who is Bazarov?

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death is impossible without understanding what this character is. Thanks to what is told about Eugene in the novel, we imagine an intelligent, self-confident, cynical young man who denies generally accepted moral principles and ideals. He considers love to be "physiology", in his opinion, a person should not depend on anyone.

Subsequently, however, Turgenev reveals to us in his hero such qualities as sensitivity, kindness, the ability to deep feelings.

Bazarov is a nihilist, that is, a person who denies all generally accepted values, including he does not share the enthusiasm of amateurs.In his opinion, only that which brings practical benefit is significant. He considers everything beautiful to be meaningless. Eugene means "work for the benefit of society" as his main one. His task is "to live for the great goal of renewing the world."

Attitude towards others

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" cannot be carried out without understanding how the relationship of the protagonist with the people who made up his social circle was built. It should be noted that Bazarov treated others with contempt, he put others lower than himself. This was manifested, for example, in the things he said to Arkady about himself and his relatives. Affection, sympathy, tenderness - all these feelings Eugene considers unacceptable.

Lyubov Bazarova

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death requires mentioning that, with all his disregard for lofty feelings, he, ironically, falls in love. His love is unusually deep, as evidenced by an explanation with Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. Realizing that he is capable of such a feeling, Bazarov ceases to treat him as physiology. He begins to consider the existence of love possible. Such a change of views could not pass without leaving a trace for Eugene, who lived with the ideas of nihilism. His old life has been destroyed.

Bazarov's explanation of love is not just words, it is an admission of his own defeat. Eugene's nihilistic theories are shattered.

Turgenev considers it inappropriate to end the novel with a change in the views of the protagonist, and decides to end the work with his death.

Is Bazarov's death an accident?

So, in the finale of the novel, the main event is the death of Bazarov. The analysis of the episode requires recalling the reason why, according to the text of the work, the main character dies.

His life becomes impossible due to an unfortunate accident - a small cut, which Bazarov received when opening the body of a peasant who died of typhus. Ironically, as a doctor who is doing a useful job, there is nothing he can do to save his life. The realization that he was going to die gave the protagonist time to evaluate his achievements. Bazarov, aware of the inevitability of his death, is calm and strong, although, of course, being a young and energetic person, he regrets that there is so little left to live.

Bazarov's attitude to death and to himself

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death is impossible without a deeper understanding of how the hero relates to the proximity of his end and death in general.

Not a single person can calmly realize the approach of the finale of his life. Evgeny, being a person who is certainly strong and self-confident, is no exception. He regrets that he did not fulfill his main task. He understands the power of death and speaks of the approaching last minutes with bitter irony: "Yes, go and try to deny death. She denies you, and that's it!"

So, the death of Bazarov is approaching. The analysis of the episode, which is one of the key in the novel, needs an understanding of how the character of the protagonist has changed. Eugene becomes kinder and more sentimental. He wants to meet with his beloved, once again talk about his feelings. Bazarov is softer than before, treats parents, now understanding their importance.

An analysis of the episode of Bazarov's death shows how lonely the protagonist of the work is. He does not have a loved one to whom he could convey his beliefs, therefore, there is no future for his views.

Understanding true values

In the face of death, they change. An understanding comes of what is really important in life.

An analysis of the episode "Bazarov's death" based on the novel by Ivan Turgenev requires an understanding of what values ​​the protagonist now considers to be true.

The most important thing for him now is his parents, their love for him, as well as his feelings for Madame Odintsova. He wants to say goodbye to her, and Anna, not afraid to get infected, comes to Eugene. Bazarov shares his innermost thoughts with her. He comes to the understanding that Russia does not need it at all, it needs those who do their usual work every day.

Bazarov finds it harder to come to terms with his death than any other person, because he is an atheist and does not believe in life after death.

Turgenev ends his novel with the death of Bazarov. The principles by which the hero lived are destroyed. Bazarov did not have any stronger, new ideals. Turgenev notes that it was the deep adherence to nihilism that killed the protagonist, which forced him to abandon the universal values ​​that allow him to live in this world.

Question

How did you take the last pages of the novel? What feelings did Bazarov's death evoke in you?

Answer

The main feeling that the last pages of the novel evoke in readers is a feeling of deep human pity for the fact that such a person is dying. The emotional impact of these scenes is great. A.P. Chekhov wrote: "Oh my God! What a luxury Fathers and Sons! Just shout the guard at least. Bazarov's illness was so severe that I was weakened and it felt as if I had contracted it from him. And the end of Bazarov? .. The devil knows how it was done. Simply brilliant. "

Question

How did Bazarov die? (Ch. XXVII)

“Bazarov was getting worse every hour; the disease took on a rapid pace, which usually happens with surgical poison. He had not yet lost his memory and understood what was being said to him; he was still struggling.

“I don’t want to rave,” he whispered, clenching his fists, “what nonsense!” And then he said: "Well, subtract ten from eight, how much will come out?" Vasily Ivanovich walked around like a madman, offering first one remedy, then another, and all he did was to cover his son's legs. "Wrap in cold sheets ... emetic ... mustard plasters to the stomach ... bloodletting," he said tensely. The doctor, whom he begged to stay, assented to him, gave the patient lemonade to drink, but for himself he asked for either a tube or a “strengthening-warming” one, that is, vodka. Arina Vlasyevna sat on a low bench near the door and only from time to time went out to pray; a few days ago the dressing mirror slipped out of her hands and broke, which she always considered a bad omen; Anfisushka herself did not know how to tell her. Timofeich went to Madame Odintsova. "

“The night was not good for Bazarov ... The cruel fever tormented him. By morning he felt better. He asked Arina Vlasyevna to comb his hair, kiss her hand and take a sip of two tea. "

“The change for the better did not last long. The attacks of the disease have resumed. "

“I'm finished. I got hit by a wheel. And it turns out that there was nothing to think about the future. Death is an old thing, but new to everyone. I still don’t worry ... and then unconsciousness will come, and fuit! (He waved his hand weakly.) "

“Bazarov was no longer destined to wake up. By evening he fell into complete unconsciousness, and the next day he died. "

Question

Why D.I. Pisarev said: "To die the way Bazarov died is all the same, what to do a great feat ..."?

Answer

Bazarov's fatal illness is his last test. In the face of the inevitable force of nature, courage, strength, will, nobility, and humanity are fully manifested. This is the death of a hero, and a heroic death.

Not wanting to die, Bazarov struggles with illness, unconsciousness, and pain. Until the last minute, he does not lose his clarity of mind. He shows willpower and courage. He made himself an accurate diagnosis and calculated the course of the disease by almost an hour. Feeling the inevitability of the end, he did not chicken out, did not try to deceive himself and, most importantly, remained true to himself and his convictions.

“… Now, for real, the hell stone is not needed either. If I got infected, it’s too late now. ”

“Old man,” Bazarov began in a hoarse and slow voice, “it's a crappy business of mine. I am infected, and in a few days you will bury me. "

“I didn't expect to die so soon; it is an accident, very, to tell the truth, unpleasant. "

“Strength, strength,” he said, “everything is still here, but we must die! .. The old man, at least, he managed to get out of the habit of life, and I ... Yes, go and try to deny death. She denies you, and that's it! "

Question

According to the beliefs of believers, those who received the communion were forgiven all their sins, and those who did not receive the communion fell to eternal torment in hell. Does Bazarov agree or not to take the sacrament before death?

Answer

In order not to offend his father, Bazarov "uttered at last": "I do not refuse, if this can console you." And then he adds: “... but it seems to me that there is still no need to rush. You yourself say that I'm better. " This phrase is nothing more than a polite refusal to confess, because if a person is better, then there is no need to send for a priest.

Question

Does Bazarov himself believe that he is better?

Answer

We know that Bazarov himself accurately calculated the course of the disease. The day before, he tells his father that "tomorrow or the day after tomorrow, his brain will resign." “Tomorrow” has already come, there is a maximum of one more day, and if you wait any longer, the priest will not have time (Bazarov is exact: that day “towards evening he fell into complete unconsciousness, and the next day he died”). It cannot be understood otherwise than an intelligent and delicate refusal. And when the father insists on "doing the duty of a Christian," he becomes harsh:
“No, I'll wait,” interrupted Bazarov. - I agree with you that the crisis has come. And if you and I were wrong, well! after all, they give communion to the forgetful.
- Have mercy, Eugene ...
- I'll wait. Now I want to sleep. Do not disturb me".

And in the face of death, Bazarov rejects religious beliefs. It would be convenient for a weak person to accept them, to believe that after death he can go “to heaven”, Bazarov is not deluded by this. And if they do give him Communion, then he will be unconscious, as he had foreseen. Here his will is not: this is the act of his parents, who find consolation in this.

Answering the question why the death of Bazarov should be considered heroic, D.I. Pisarev wrote: “But to look death in the eye, to anticipate its approach, not trying to deceive yourself, to remain true to yourself until the last minute, not to become weak and not cowardly - this is a matter of a strong character ... a person who knows how to die calmly and firmly, will not retreat before an obstacle and will not chicken out in front of danger ".

Question

Did Bazarov change before his death? Why did he become closer to us before he died?

Answer

The dying Bazarov is simple and humane: the need to hide his "romanticism" has disappeared. He thinks not of himself, but of his parents, preparing them for a terrible end. The hero says goodbye to his beloved almost in Pushkin's manner and speaks in the language of the poet: "Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out."

He finally uttered “other words” that he had feared before: “… I loved you! .. Farewell… Listen… I didn’t kiss you then…” “And caress your mother. After all, people like them cannot be found in your big light in the daytime with fire ... ". Love for a woman, filial love for father and mother merge in the minds of the dying Bazarov with love for his homeland, for mysterious Russia, which remained an incompletely solved riddle for Bazarov: "There is a forest here."

Before his death, Bazarov became better, more humane, softer.

Question

In life, Bazarov dies from an accidental cut on his finger, but is the death of the hero in the composition of the novel accidental?

Why, after all, does Turgenev end his novel with a scene of the death of the protagonist, despite his superiority over other characters?

Answer

Bazarov says about his departure: “Russia needs me ... No, apparently it is not needed. And who is needed? "

Any plot-compositional device reveals the ideological intention of the writer. The death of Bazarov, from the author's point of view, is natural in the novel. Turgenev defined Bazarov as a tragic figure, "doomed to perish."

There are two reasons for the death of the hero - his loneliness and internal conflict. Both of these interrelated reasons were part of the author's intention.

Question

How does Turgenev show the hero's loneliness?

Answer

Consistently, in all Bazarov's meetings with people, Turgenev shows the impossibility of relying on them. The first to fall away are the Kirsanovs, then the Odintsovs, then the parents, then Fenechka, he has no true students, Arkady also leaves him, and, finally, the last and most important collision occurs at Bazarov's before his death - a clash with the people.

“Sometimes Bazarov went to the village and, teasing as usual, entered into a conversation with some peasant.
- What was he talking about?
- It is known, master; does he understand what?
- Where to understand! - answered another peasant, and, shaking their hats and putting on their sashes, both of them began to talk about their affairs and needs. Alas! Bazarov, who contemptuously shrugged his shoulder, knew how to talk to the peasants (as he boasted in the dispute with Pavel Petrovich), this self-confident Bazarov did not even suspect that in their eyes he was after all something like a pea jester ...

New people look lonely compared to the vast mass of the rest of society. Of course, there are few of them, especially since these are the first new people. Turgenev is right in showing their loneliness in the local and urban noble environment, he is right in showing that they will not find helpers here.

The main reason for the death of Turgenev's hero can be called socio-historical. The circumstances of Russian life in the 60s did not yet provide an opportunity for radical democratic reforms, for the implementation of the plans of Bazarov and others like him.

Fathers and Sons caused a fierce controversy throughout the history of Russian literature in the 19th century. And the author himself, with bewilderment and bitterness, stops before the chaos of conflicting judgments: greetings to enemies and slaps of friends.

Turgenev believed that his novel would serve to unite the social forces of Russia, that Russian society would heed his warnings. But his dreams did not come true.

“I dreamed of a gloomy, wild, large figure, half grown out of the soil, strong, spiteful, true, but still doomed to perish, because it still stands on the threshold of the future.” I.S. Turgenev.

Exercise

1. Share your feelings about the novel.
2. Did the hero evoke sympathy or antipathy in you?
3. Do you get along in your idea of ​​him such assessments, definitions: clever, cynic, revolutionary, nihilist, victim of circumstances, “genius nature”?
4. Why does Turgenev lead Bazarov to death?
5. Read your miniature essays.

In the 60s of the XIX century, Russia was embraced by a new trend of "nihilists" and I.S. Turgenev studies with interest its foundations, its directions. He creates a wonderful novel "Fathers and Sons", the protagonist of which is an ardent representative of the nihilists.

Appears in front of the readers. Throughout the novel, the author tries to reveal his character traits, demeanor, habits and life principles.

Eugene was a hardworking man who studied natural sciences, devoted all his time to research. The hero is of the opinion that society only needs useful sciences, such as physics, mathematics or chemistry. They can be much more useful than ordinary poetry and poems.

Bazarov is blind in relation to the surrounding beauties of nature, he does not perceive art, does not believe in religion. According to the principles of nihilists, he is trying to destroy everything that the ancestors left and passed on. In his opinion, it is necessary to clear the place in order to create something new. But, creation is no longer his concern.

The main character is unusually smart and witty. He is independent and self-reliant. However, such a position in life is quite dangerous, because it fundamentally contradicts the normal laws of human existence.

Deep changes occur in the hero's soul after he falls in love with Anna Odintsova. Now Eugene understands what feelings are, what romance is. And most importantly, the emerging emotions are absolutely beyond the control of reason, they are difficult to control. Everything that Eugene lived earlier is destroyed. All the nihilist theories of life have been dispelled. Bazarov does not know how to live on.

To put things in order in his thoughts, the hero leaves for the parental home. And there misfortune happens to him. When a typhoid patient is opened, Eugene becomes infected with the virus. Now, he will die! But, the desire to live in it flared up more and more. He understood that neither chemistry nor medicine would save him from death. And at such a moment, Bazarov ponders the existence of a real God who could miraculously correct the whole situation.

He asks his parents to pray for him. It is now, just before his death, that Eugene understands the value of life. He looks differently at his parents, who were madly in love with their son. He reinterprets his love for Anna. He calls Odintsova to him, goodbye and the woman fulfills Evgeny's request. It is in moments of communication with his beloved that Bazarov reveals the true essence of his soul. Only now he realizes that he has lived his life completely meaningless, that he has not left anything behind him.

Turgenev's hero was endowed with intelligence, strength, and hard work. He was a good man who fell under the influence of nihilism. And what ultimately happened? It was nihilism that killed all human impulses in his soul, destroyed all the bright dreams that a person can strive for.

Death of Bazarov

The protagonist of Ivan Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" - Evgeny Vasilievich Bazarov - dies in the finale of the work. Bazarov is the son of a poor district doctor who continues the work of his father. Evgeny's position in life is that he denies everything: views on life, feelings of love, painting, literature and other types of art. Bazarov is a nihilist.

At the beginning of the novel, there is a conflict between Bazarov and the Kirsanov brothers, between a nihilist and aristocrats. Bazarov's views differ sharply from those of the Kirsanov brothers. In disputes with Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, Bazarov wins. Therefore, there is a gap for ideological reasons.

Evgeny meets Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, an intelligent, beautiful, calm, but unhappy woman. Bazarov falls in love, and, having fallen in love, realizes that love appears before him not as "physiology", but as a real, sincere feeling. The hero sees that Odintsova highly values ​​her own calmness and measured order of life. The decision to part with Anna Sergeevna leaves a heavy mark in Bazarov's soul. Unrequited love.

Bazarov's "imaginary" followers include Sitnikov and Kukshina. Unlike them, for whom denial is just a mask that allows them to hide their inner vulgarity and inconsistency, Bazarov confidently defends the views close to him. Vulgarity and insignificance.

Bazarov, having arrived to his parents, notices that he is getting bored with them: neither with his father nor with his mother Bazarov can talk the way he talks with Arkady, even argue the way he argues with Pavel Petrovich, so he decides to leave. But soon he comes back, where he helps his father to treat sick peasants. People of different generations, different development.

Bazarov likes to work, for him work is satisfaction and self-respect, so he is close to the people. Bazarov is loved by children, servants and peasants, because they see him as a simple and intelligent person. The people are their understanding.

Turgenev considers his hero doomed. Bazarov has two reasons: loneliness in society and internal conflict. The author shows how Bazarov remains lonely.

The death of Bazarov was the result of a small cut he received while opening the body of a peasant who died of typhus. Eugene is waiting for a meeting with his beloved woman in order to once again confess his love to her, he also becomes softer with his parents, in the depths of his soul, probably, nevertheless, realizing that they have always occupied a significant place in his life and deserve a much more attentive and sincere attitude. Before his death, he is strong, calm and imperturbable. The death of the hero gave him time to evaluate what he had done and realize his life. His nihilism turned out to be incomprehensible - after all, he himself is now denied by both life and death. We do not feel pity for Bazarov, but respect, and at the same time we remember that we are facing an ordinary person with his own fears and weaknesses.

Bazarov is a romantic at heart, but he believes that romanticism has no place in his life now. But still, fate made a revolution in Yevgeny's life, and Bazarov begins to understand what he once rejected. Turgenev sees him as an unrealized poet, capable of strong feelings, possessing the strength of the spirit.

DI. Pisarev asserts that “it is still bad for the Bazarovs to live in the world, even though they hum and whistle. There is no activity, there is no love - therefore, there is no pleasure either. " The critic also argues that one must live "while one lives, eat dry bread, when there is no roast beef, be with women, when you cannot love a woman, and generally not dream of orange trees and palms when there are snowdrifts and cold tundra under your feet."

The death of Bazarov is symbolic: medicine and natural sciences, in which Bazarov so hoped, turned out to be insufficient for life. But from the author's point of view, death is natural. Turgenev defines the figure of Bazarov as tragic and “doomed to death”. The author loved Bazarov and repeatedly said that he was a "clever" and "hero". Turgenev wanted the reader to fall in love with Bazarov with his rudeness, heartlessness, pitiless dryness.

He regrets his unspent strength, the unfulfilled task. Bazarov devoted his entire life to striving to benefit the country and science. We imagine him as an intelligent, reasonable, but at the bottom of our souls, a sensitive, attentive and kind person.

According to his moral convictions, Pavel Petrovich challenges Bazarov to a duel. Feeling uncomfortable and realizing that he is compromising his principles, Bazarov agrees to shoot with Kirsanov Sr. Bazarov slightly wounds the enemy and himself gives him first aid. Pavel Petrovich holds up well, even makes fun of himself, but at the same time he and Bazarov are embarrassed / Nikolai Petrovich, from whom the true reason for the duel was hidden, also behaves in the most noble way, finding justification for the actions of both opponents.

"Nihilism", according to Turgenev, challenges the enduring values ​​of the spirit and the natural foundations of life. This is seen as the tragic guilt of the hero, the reason for his inevitable death.

Evgeny Bazarov can by no means be called a "superfluous person." Unlike Onegin and Pechorin, he does not get bored, but works a lot. Before us is a very active person, he has "immense strength in his soul." One job is not enough for him. To really live, and not drag out a miserable existence, like Onegin and Pechorin, such a person needs a philosophy of life, its purpose. And he has it.

The worldviews of the two political trends of the liberal nobles and the revolutionary democrats. The plot of the novel is based on the opposition of the most active representatives of these trends, the commoner Bazarov and the nobleman Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. According to Bazarov, aristocrats are incapable of action, they are of no use. Bazarov rejects liberalism, denies the ability of the nobility to lead Russia to the future.

The reader understands that Bazarov has no one to convey that little, but the most precious thing he has - his convictions. He does not have a close and dear person, and therefore, there is no future. He does not think of himself as a district doctor, but he also cannot be reborn, become like Arkady. He has no place in Russia, and perhaps abroad, too. Bazarov dies, and with him dies his genius, his wonderful, strong character, his ideas and convictions. But true life is endless, flowers on Eugene's grave confirm this. Life is endless, but only true ...

Turgenev could show how Bazarov would gradually abandon his views, he did not do this, but simply “killed” his protagonist. Bazarov dies of blood poisoning and, before his death, recognizes himself as unnecessary for Russia. Bazarov is still alone, therefore, doomed, but his fortitude, courage, stamina, persistence in achieving his goal make him a hero.

Bazarov does not need anyone, he is alone in this world, but he does not feel his loneliness at all. Pisarev wrote about this: "Bazarov alone, by himself, stands at the cold height of sober thought, and it is not hard for him from this loneliness, he is completely absorbed in himself and work."

In the face of death, even the most powerful people begin to deceive themselves, to indulge unrealizable hopes. But Bazarov boldly looks into the eyes of inevitability and is not afraid of it. He only regrets that his life was useless, because he did not bring any benefit to the Motherland. And this thought gives him a lot of suffering before his death: “Russia needs me ... No, apparently, it is not needed. And who is needed? A shoemaker is needed, a tailor is needed, a butcher ... "

Let us recall the words of Bazarov: "When I meet a person who would not pass up in front of me, then I will change my opinion about myself." There is a cult of strength. "Hairy" - this is how Pavel Petrovich said about Arkady's friend. He is clearly jarred by the appearance of a nihilist: long hair, a hoodie with tassels, red unkempt hands. Of course, Bazarov is a man of labor who does not have time to take care of his appearance. It seems to be so. Well, what if this is "deliberate shock of good taste"? And if this is a challenge: I dress and comb my hair as I want. Then it is bad, immodest. The disease of swagger, irony over the interlocutor, disrespect ...

Reasoning purely humanly, Bazarov is wrong. At a friend's house he was greeted cordially, although Pavel Petrovich did not shake hands. But Bazarov does not stand on ceremony, he immediately enters into a heated argument. His judgment is uncompromising. "Why would I begin to recognize authorities?"; "A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than a poet"; he reduces high art to "the art of making money." Later, Pushkin and Schubert and Raphael will get it. Even Arkady remarked to a friend about his uncle: "You insulted him." But the nihilist did not understand, did not apologize, did not doubt that he behaved too impudently, but condemned: "Imagines himself as a sensible person!" what kind of relationship is it "between a man and a woman ...

In the X chapter of the novel, during a dialogue with Pavel Petrovich, Bazarov managed to speak out on all the fundamental issues of life. This dialogue deserves special attention. Here Bazarov asserts that the social system is terrible, and one cannot but agree with this. Further: there is no God as the highest criterion of truth, which means, do what you want, everything is permitted! But not everyone will agree with this.

There is a feeling that Turgenev himself was at a loss, examining the character of a nihilist. Under the pressure of Bazarov's strength and firmness, the writer was somewhat embarrassed and began to think: "Maybe this is how it should be? Or maybe I am an old man who has ceased to understand the laws of progress?" Turgenev clearly sympathizes with his hero, and already treats the nobles condescendingly, and sometimes even satirically.

But the subjective view of the heroes is one thing, the objective thought of the whole work is another. What is it about? About the tragedy. The tragedies of Bazarov, who, in a thirst for "doing a long time," in his enthusiasm for his god-science, trampled on universal values. And these values ​​are love for another person, the commandment "Thou shalt not kill" (fought in a duel), love for parents, indulgence in friendship. He is cynical in relation to a woman, mocks Sitnikov and Kukshina, people who are narrow-minded, greedy for fashion, poor, but still people. Eugene excluded from his life lofty thoughts and feelings about the "roots" that feed us, about God. He says: "I look up to the sky when I want to sneeze!"

The tragedy of the hero is also completely alone both among his own people and among strangers, although Fenichka and the emancipated servant Peter sympathize with him. He doesn't need them! The peasants who called him "a pea buffoon" feel his inner contempt for them. His tragedy lies in the fact that he is inconsistent in his attitude to the people, whose name he hides behind: "... I hated this last man, Philip or Sidor, for whom I have to get out of my skin and who will not even thank me ... And why should I thank him? Well, he will live in a white hut, and a burdock will grow out of me - well, and then? "

Interestingly, before his death, Bazarov remembers the forest, that is, the natural world that he had essentially denied earlier. Even religion now he calls for help. And it turns out that the hero of Turgenev in his short life passed by everything that is so beautiful. And now these manifestations of genuine life seem to triumph over Bazarov, around him and rise in himself.

First, the hero of the novel makes a feeble attempt to fight the disease and asks his father for a hell stone. But then, realizing that he is dying, he ceases to cling to life and rather passively gives himself up into the hands of death. It is clear to him that it is in vain to comfort himself and others with the hope of healing. The main thing now is to die with dignity. This means not to whine, not to relax, not to panic, not to despair, to do everything to ease the suffering of old parents. Without in the least deceiving his father's hopes, reminding him that everything now depends only on the time and pace of the disease, he nevertheless invigorates the old man with his own perseverance, conducting a conversation in a professional medical language, advice to turn to philosophy or even to religion. And for the mother, Arina Vlasyevna, her assumption about her son's cold is supported. This concern before death for loved ones greatly elevates Bazarov.

The hero of the novel has no fear of death, no fear of parting with life, he is very courageous during these hours and minutes: "All the same: I won't wag my tail," he says. But he does not leave the insult for the fact that his heroic forces are dying in vain. In this scene, the motive of Bazarov's strength is especially emphasized. At first, it is conveyed in the exclamation of Vasily Ivanovich, when Bazarov pulled out a tooth from a visiting peddler: "Evgeny has such a force!" Then the hero of the book himself demonstrates his power. Weakened and fading away, he suddenly lifts the chair by the leg: "Strength, strength is still here, but we must die!" He overcame his half-oblivion imperiously and speaks of his titanism. But these forces are not destined to prove themselves. "I will break off a lot of things" - this task of the giant has remained in the past as an unfulfilled intention.

The farewell meeting with Madame Odintsova is also very expressive. Eugene no longer restrains himself and utters the words of delight: "glorious", "so beautiful", "generous", "young, fresh, clean." He even talks about his love for her, about kissing. He indulges in a kind of "romanticism" that would have previously infuriated him. And the highest expression of this is the hero's last phrase: "Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out."

Nature, poetry, religion, parental feelings and filial affection, the beauty of a woman and love, friendship and romanticism - all this takes over, triumphs.

And here the question arises: why does Turgenev "kill" his hero?

But the reason is much deeper. The answer lies in life itself, in the social and political situation of those years. Social conditions in Russia did not provide an opportunity for the implementation of the aspirations of the commoners for democratic transformations. In addition, their isolation from the people, to whom they were drawn and for whom they fought, remained. They could not fulfill the titanic task that they set for themselves. They could fight, but not win. The seal of doom was on them. It becomes clear that Bazarov was doomed to the impracticability of his affairs, to defeat and death.

Turgenev is deeply convinced that the Bazarovs have come, but their time has not yet come. What is left for an eagle when it cannot fly? Think about doom. Eugene, in the midst of his everyday life, often thinks about death. He unexpectedly compares the infinity of space and the eternity of time with his short life and comes to the conclusion about his "own insignificance." It is amazing that the author of the novel cried when he finished his book with the death of Bazarov.

According to Pisarev, "to die as Bazarov died is the same as to do a great feat." And this last heroic deed is performed by Turgenev's hero. Finally, we note that in the scene of death, the thought of Russia arises. Tragically, the homeland is losing its big son, a real titan.

And here I recall the words of Turgenev, said about the death of Dobrolyubov: "It is a pity for the lost, wasted power." The same author's regret is felt in the scene of Bazarov's death. And the fact that powerful opportunities were wasted make the hero's death especially tragic.

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Bazarov's illness and death seemed to be caused by an absurd accident - a fatal infection that accidentally entered the bloodstream. But in the works of Turgenev, this cannot be accidental.

The wound itself is an accident, but there is also a grain of regularity in it, since during this period Bazarov lost his vital balance and became less attentive, more absent-minded in work.

The pattern is also in the author's position, since Bazarov, who always challenged nature in general and human nature (love) in particular, should, according to Turgenev, be avenged by nature. The law is cruel here. Therefore, he dies, infected with bacteria - natural organisms. Simply put, it dies by nature.

In addition, unlike Arkady, Bazarov was not fit to "build a nest for himself." He is lonely in his beliefs and devoid of family potential. And this is a dead end for Turgenev.

And one more circumstance. Turgenev could feel the premature, uselessness of the Bazarovs for contemporary Russia. If on the last pages of the novel Bazarov looked unhappy, then the reader would certainly pity him, and he is worthy not of pity, but of respect. And it was in his death that he showed his best human features, with the last phrase about the "dying lamp" finally coloring his image not only with courage, but also with bright romance, which, as it turned out, lived in the soul of a seemingly cynical nihilist. This was the whole point of the novel in the end.

By the way, if the hero dies, then it is not at all necessary that the author denies him something, punishes or takes revenge for something. Turgenev's best heroes always die, and from this his works are colored with a bright, optimistic tragedy.

Epilogue of the novel.

The epilogue can be called the last chapter of the novel, which briefly tells about the fate of the heroes after the death of Bazarov.

The future of the Kirsanovs turned out to be quite expected. The author writes especially sympathetically about the loneliness of Pavel Petrovich, as if the loss of Bazarov, a rival, finally deprived him of the meaning of life, of the opportunity to at least apply his vitality to something.

The lines about Madame Odintsova are significant. Turgenev in one phrase: "I married not for love, but for conviction" - completely discredits the heroine. And the author's last characteristic looks already simply sarcastic and destructive: "... perhaps they will live to be happy ... perhaps to love." It is enough to understand Turgenev at least a little to guess that love and happiness do not "live on".

The most Turgenev's is the last paragraph of the novel - a description of the cemetery where Bazarov is buried. The reader has no doubts that he is the best in the novel. To prove this, the author merged the departed hero with nature into a single harmonious whole, reconciled him with life, with parents, with death, and still managed to say about "the great tranquility of indifferent nature ...".

The novel "Fathers and Sons" in Russian Criticism.

In accordance with the vectors of the struggle between social trends and literary views in the 60s, points of view on Turgenev's novel were also built.

The most positive assessments of the novel and the protagonist were given by DI Pisarev, who had already departed from Sovremennik at that time. But from the depths of Sovremennik itself, negative criticism sounded. Here was published an article by M. Antonovich "Asmodeus of Our Time", which denied the social significance and artistic value of the novel, and Bazarov, called a talker, a cynic and a glutton, was interpreted as a pitiful slander against the young generation of democrats. NA Dobrolyubov had already died by this time, and NG Chernyshevsky was arrested, and Antonovich, who quite primitively perceived the principles of "real criticism", took the original author's plan for the final artistic result.

Oddly enough, the liberal and conservative part of society took the novel more deeply and fairly. Although here it was not without extreme judgments.

M. Katkov wrote in the Russian Bulletin that Fathers and Sons is an anti-nihilistic novel, that the occupation of the “new people” in the natural sciences is a frivolous and idle affair, that nihilism is a social disease that must be treated by strengthening conservative protective principles.

The most artistically adequate and deep interpretation of the novel belongs to FM Dostoevsky and N. Strakhov - the magazine "Time". Dostoevsky interpreted Bazarov as a "theoretician" who is at odds with life, as a victim of his own dry and abstract theory, which crashed into life and brought suffering and torment (almost like Raskolnikov from his novel Crime and Punishment).

N. Strakhov noted that I.S. Turgenev "wrote the novel is not progressive and not retrograde, but, so to speak, everlasting." The critic saw that the author "stands for the eternal principles of human life," and Bazarov, who "shuns life," meanwhile, "lives deeply and strongly."

The point of view of Dostoevsky and Strakhov is fully consistent with the judgments of Turgenev himself in his article "Concerning the" Fathers and Sons ", where Bazarov is called a tragic person.