Abstract Reform of the Streltsy Army. Recruitment kits. Military training. Army officers. The organizational structure of the army. Army management. Change of tactics. Armament and uniforms of the army. Logistics support. American brigade

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation formed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 1992. They are a state military organization that constitutes the country's defense.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense", the Armed Forces are designed to repel aggression and inflict defeat on the aggressor, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation.

The Armed Forces can also be involved in solving tasks not related to their main mission, but affecting the national interests of Russia. Such tasks can be:

§ participation, together with the internal troops and law enforcement agencies, in the fight against organized crime, in the protection of the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens;

§ ensuring the collective security of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States;

§ implementation of peacekeeping missions, both in the near and far abroad, etc.

These and other complex tasks Russian troops solve in a certain composition and organizational structure (Fig. 2).

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of central military command and control bodies, formations, formations, units, subunits and organizations that are included in the types and branches of the Armed Forces, in the rear of the Armed Forces and in troops that are not included in the types and branches of the armed forces.

TO central government includes the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff, as well as a number of departments in charge of certain functions and subordinate to certain deputy defense ministers or directly to the minister of defense. In addition, the main command and control bodies of the Armed Forces are part of the central command and control bodies.

Armed Forces service- this is their component, characterized by special weapons and designed to perform assigned tasks, as a rule, in any environment (on land, in water, in the air). This is the Ground Forces. Air Force, Navy.

Each branch of the Armed Forces consists of branches of the armed forces (forces), special forces and the rear.

Kind of troops

Under kind of troops is understood as a part of the service of the Armed Forces, which is distinguished by the main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training and the ability to perform specific combat missions. In addition, there are independent branches of the armed forces. In the Russian Armed Forces, these are the Strategic Missile Forces, the Space Forces and the Airborne Forces.

Rice. 1. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Associations- these are military formations that include several formations or formations of a smaller scale, as well as units and institutions. The associations include the army, flotilla, as well as a military district - a territorial combined-arms association and a fleet - a naval association.

Military district is a territorial combined-arms formation of military units, formations, educational institutions, military institutions of various types and branches of the Armed Forces. The military district covers the territory of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Fleet is the highest operational formation of the Navy. The commanders of the districts and fleets direct their troops (forces) through their subordinate headquarters.

Connections are military formations consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually of various types of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as units (subunits) of support and maintenance. The formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other military formations equated to them. The word "connection" means - to connect the parts. The division headquarters has the status of a unit. Other parts (regiments) are subordinate to this unit (headquarters). All together this is the division. However, in some cases, a brigade may also have the status of a compound. This happens if the brigade includes separate battalions and companies, each of which itself has the status of a unit. The brigade headquarters in this case, like the division headquarters, has the status of a unit, and battalions and companies as independent units are subordinate to the brigade headquarters.

Part- It is an organizationally independent combat and administrative-economic unit in all types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The term "unit" most often refers to a regiment and a brigade. In addition to the regiment and brigade, divisional headquarters, corps headquarters, army headquarters, district headquarters, as well as other military organizations (military organization, army hospital, garrison clinic, district food warehouse, song and dance ensemble of the district, garrison officers' house, garrison household complex) services, central school for junior specialists, military institute, military school, etc.). The units can be ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, separate battalions (divisions, squadrons), as well as separate companies that are not part of battalions and regiments. Regiments, separate battalions, divisions and squadrons are awarded the Battle Banner, and the Navy ships are awarded the Naval Flag.

Subdivision- all military formations that are part of the unit. Squad, platoon, company, battalion - they are all united by one word "subdivision". The word comes from the concept of "division", "divide" - the part is divided into subdivisions.

TO organizations include such structures for supporting the life of the Armed Forces as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest homes, camp sites, etc.

Rear Services of the Armed Forces is designed to provide the Armed Forces with all types of materiel and the maintenance of their stocks, the preparation and operation of communication lines, the provision of military transport, the repair of weapons and military equipment, the provision of medical care to the wounded and sick, the conduct of sanitary and hygienic and veterinary measures and the performance of a number of other logistical tasks. provision. The rear of the Armed Forces includes arsenals, bases, warehouses with supplies of materiel. It has special troops (automobile, railroad, road, pipeline, engineering and aerodrome and others), as well as repair, medical, rear guard and other units and subdivisions.

Quartering and equipping troops- the activities of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the creation and engineering support of military infrastructure facilities, the quartering of troops, the creation of conditions for the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces and the conduct of hostilities.

4
FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY
State educational institution
higher professional education
Siberian State Aerospace University
named after academician M.F. Reshetnev "
Institute of Management and Social Technologies
Department of Public Relations
ABSTRACT on history
Military reforms of Peteri

Completed: student gr. FKZ-61

Kvashnin S.A.

Checked by: Petrova O.A.

Ph.D. assistant professor

Krasnoyarsk 2006

Introduction 3

1. Reform of the Streltsy army 4

2. Recruitment kits 5

3. Military training 6

4. Army officers 8

5. Organizational structure of the army 8

6. Army Management 11

7. Changing tactics 12

8. Armament and uniforms of the army 13

9. Logistics 14

Conclusion 17

References 18

Introduction

One of the main controversial points on this topic is the question of what were the prerequisites for the military reforms of Peter I. There are many points of view on this issue, but the most reasoned are five:

1. The adherents of the first point of view in military historiography are characterized by the belief that military affairs in pre-Petrine Russia were hopelessly backward, outdated and by the time of the accession of Peter I it was in a state of complete collapse and desolation, the army was disorganized and incapable of combat. And, allegedly, therefore, Peter considered it necessary to completely do away with the past and, after studying the European experience, introduce a regular army in Russia.

2. Such views were opposed by the "Russian military school". Its adherents believe that Russian military art followed an independent path, developed under special conditions - on an exclusively independent basis. In their opinion, it cannot be assumed that Peter introduced something fundamentally new, and his army reforms were only a continuation of those reforms that had begun in the 17th century. Peter's military reforms were only a logical conclusion to the national development trends of that era.

3. These two extreme views gave rise to a "golden mean", an intermediate point of view, the adherents of which find the truth in the statements of both extreme positions. They argue that the regiments of the new order of Alexei Mikhailovich can rightfully be considered as a prototype of the regular army of Peter, but these regiments were created according to Western models and staffed by foreign officers.

4. According to another point of view, Peter I in his military reforms was inspired not by the traditions of the past and not by foreign models, but primarily by the practical experience that the Russian army received during the Northern War. And the transformations are a long chain of changes and improvements carried out on the basis of an analysis of individual specific military operations, until they eventually culminated in the publication of the Military Regulations of 1716, in which the collected experience was systematized and rationalized.

5. Also, the military genius and originality of Peter I's thinking are put forward as the basis for the reforms. Supporters of this view emphasize that the personality of Peter I, one of the greatest strategists and military organizers in history, left a deep imprint on the army's transformations. To prove this position, it is customary to rely on the personal archives of the tsar-reformer - his own calculations, drawings of military-technical structures, numerous projects and drafts of military regulations. If Peter used foreign samples when creating the Charter of 1716, it was no more than for their selective, creative and critical revision.

1 . ReformaStreltsy troops

Before the capture of Azov, Peter's innovations in the army were not universal, did not apply to the entire army as a whole. And only from 1698-1699 a comprehensive full-scale military reform began directly.

The archers took part in both Peter's campaigns against Azov. In the first campaign - 12 rifle regiments, in the second - 13 regiments. The archers took part in the campaigns before, but then the matter was limited to the summer months, and in the winter they returned to Moscow to their usual occupations: trade and crafts. After the capture of Azov, 6 soldiers and 4 rifle regiments were left in the fortress. The total number of archers: 2659 non-commissioned officers and privates, 8 colonels and lieutenant colonels and 30 captains. They were entrusted with the duties not only to reflect the possible attempts of the Ottomans to return the fortress, but also to restore its bastions and build new ones.

In the summer of 1697, the archers, who had wintered in Azov, were ordered to go to Moscow. But already on the way, a new order happened: the regiments were to go to the Polish border in Velikiye Luki. Instead of meeting with families, new challenges lay ahead - living in a sparsely populated area, enduring hunger and want.

There are rumors among the archers that they were taken out of Moscow forever and that the archers' army is in danger of death. The archers consider the boyars and foreigners to be the culprits of their troubles (Peter I at that time was a member of the “Great Embassy” in Europe). Sagittarius go to Moscow without permission. But on the way they were met and defeated by regular troops under the command of Shein, Gordon, Koltsov-Mosalsky. Shein then investigates and executes 722 rioters. Then Peter returned to Moscow, more than 1000 archers were executed. Life was saved only by archers aged 14 to 20 - they were beaten with a whip.

This last rifle revolt further increased Peter's real hatred and fear of the riflemen. Therefore, the king decides to destroy the traitors and rebels once and for all. In total, more than 1,700 archers were executed for participating in the riot, the rest were sent to different cities and enrolled in other regiments.

Thus, the once famous name of the archers lived for about three more years. And later, the rifle regiments loyal to the tsar received new names. The rifle army ceased to exist.

Instead, at the end of 1699, first 2 divisions were formed - Avtomon Golovin and Veide (consisting of 18 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments). Later, one more division was created under the command of Nikita Repnin. Officers and soldiers of the disbanded companies of the regiments of the new order (mainly of the 1st and 2nd Moscow elective regiments) were sent to staff these divisions. They formed the backbone of the divisions being created. The rest of the soldiers were replenished by recruiting.

The very way of life of the archers, who were more inclined to succeed in the care of the master than in the military, contributed to the fulfillment of police functions in the capital. But even as a police force, the archers proved to be unreliable because they turned into an instrument of palace intrigue.

A.V. Chernov, who studied the armed forces of Russia in the 17th century, believed that the disbandment of the streltsy army was unlikely to weaken the country's defenses.

2. Recruitment kits

In 1699-1700, Peter I conducted a centralized recruitment of infantry recruits. The new system of manning the army was a natural result of the development of the national characteristics of Russian military art.

Legally, the beginning of the regular army of Peter I was laid by decrees of the tsar of November 8 and 17, 1699, where the sources for the formation of new regiments were determined:

the first source - "eager people"

the second source is “tributary people,” that is, the recruits themselves.

As a result, 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments were created from hunters and dacha people, with a total number of 32,000 people. They were brought together in 3 divisions (commanders - Avtomon Golovin, Nikita Repnin, Adam Veide). On June 25, 1700, in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, a solemn transfer of the first 14 regiments to division commanders took place, this day was adopted by Russian military-historical science as the date of the establishment of the regular army of Russia.

Note that the reform at this stage did not affect the cavalry - it, as before, consisted of the noble militia.

Recruitment was carried out as needed, which was announced in special decrees. The number of recruits recruited was determined anew each time.

From 1705 to 1713 (the height of the Northern War on land), 10 recruits were carried out, which gave the army 337,196 people, which fully satisfied the needs of the army in the rank and file. Until 1709, recruiting was carried out annually - there was an exhausting Northern War. The extension of conscription to the most numerous stratum of the population - the peasantry - has enormously expanded the recruiting base of the army. At the same time, the service becomes lifelong and permanent.

The new manning system gave the Russian army a great advantage over the Western European ones, based on the mercenary-recruiting system. It made it possible to create an army with a homogeneous national composition.

Recruitment kits took the best personnel from the national economy, because only healthy men aged 15 to 32 were recruited, not discredited by any crimes.

The new manning system made it possible during the Northern War to create not only a large regular army, but also to prepare a trained manpower reserve for waging a long bloody war. So, before the Battle of Poltava, when Charles XII experienced strong blows from the Russian army, 40,000 recruits were trained in large cities of Russia to replenish regular regiments.

For the leadership of the state and the army, the recruitment system was more convenient than the hired-recruiting system. However, recruitment kits annually took away up to 40,000 able-bodied young men irrevocably.

The fate of the recruits was difficult. There was resistance among the people to recruitment. Therefore, the recruits were shackled in stocks like criminals, stations were built for them (places of concentration of troops, not much different from the convoy prisons), branded with special tattoos, which the Old Believers called the "seal of the antichrist."

3. Military training

Peter I entrusted military training to Avtomon Golovin and Adam Veide. The training of officers and soldiers was no longer carried out according to the military tradition, as in the 17th century, but according to the "article", according to the uniform drill regulations. Such a charter was the "Combat Regulations of 1699" drawn up by Avtomon Golovin. Later it was supplemented by the "Teaching for Grenadiers", which was already called "Brief Ordinary Teaching, etc." served as the official drill regulations until 1716. This is how the first attempt was made to create uniform drill rules:

firstly, two categories of training were introduced - for old-timers and new recruits;

secondly, the number of rebuildings and rifle techniques was significantly reduced;

thirdly, simple, clear commands and an intelligible command language were developed.

In 1699-1700, Avtonom Golovin and Veide, on behalf of Peter, drew up two more statutory documents: "Company infantry ranks" and "Military articles, how a soldier should behave in life, how to manage in formation and teaching."

"Company ranks" reflected an idea that was not typical of many Western European recruiting armies, namely: the officer should "have a lot of care about the soldiers." . At the same time, they demanded that the officer be an example for the soldiers in everything, they also demanded strict discipline and unquestioning obedience from officers of all ranks, regardless of their nobility.

"Military Articles" shortly and clearly formulated the basic requirements for a soldier. The main requirement is "to serve diligently." The disciplinary sanctions established by the articles provided for not only physical, but also moral measures of influence on the soldiers.

Accordingly, with the change in strategy and tactics, the concept of preparing troops for combat operations was also changed. The recruits immediately began to train in military affairs, seeking to transform the armed crowds into military units, easily controlled and disciplined. The previous reviews once a year and rare practice fires are being replaced by constant training focused on active combat operations.

Great importance was attached to the education of military comradeship in the army and the maintenance of firm discipline. Soldiers must obey the orders of the officers without question. The discipline was very severely maintained.

In the regular army of Peter I, service became lifelong. Resignation was given only to the sick and crippled. Military service was a heavy burden on the population and evasion was common. It can be assumed that a tenth of the recruits were constantly on the run. There was a case when from 23,000 dragoons after a few months only 8,000 remained, the rest fled.

Initial training for recruits took place at special "stations". At the "stations" there were constantly from 500 to 1000 recruits. Young soldiers came under the command of corporals, corporals, or old-timers. Many of the wounded officers were sent by the authorities to recruit "stations" where they passed on their combat experience to young soldiers. Classes under the Charter made it possible to achieve uniform training of soldiers.

Over time, the "stations" became a kind of centers for the preparation of a reserve for the army in the field. Recruits who had undergone preliminary training were sent to replenish existing regiments and form new ones.

Peter's system of training soldiers established the principle of consistency and clarity in training.

High demands were made on the officers. According to the Charter, the officer was a bearer of military honor. Personal courage was to be a must for an officer. Combat experience had to be supplemented by regular study of military affairs. An infantry officer must know not only the Field Service, but also artillery and fortification.

Peter understood the importance of knowledge of military sciences and always gave preference to those who had a military education. Therefore, together with the army, the first military schools for the training of officers are being created.

In 1700, the first military school was established at the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky regiment. Future artillery officers were trained in basic mathematics, artillery, shooting rules, and fortification. In January 1701, a school of "mathematical and navigational sciences" was founded in Moscow. In 1712 the first Russian military engineering school was opened, and in 1715 the naval academy in St. Petersburg.

In 1716, the experience of the Russian regular army was summarized in the "Military Regulations". The results of the important historical era of reforming the army were summed up, the organization of the regular army, the operational-tactical and strategic principles of warfare used by it, were consolidated.

To encourage those who distinguished themselves in battle, in 1700-1705, Peter I introduced orders and medals. They were received not only by generals and officers, but also by soldiers.

4. Army officers

Preparing to form a regular army, Peter paid great attention to the creation of officer cadres. The main base for organizing the officer corps was the command cadres of the guards and soldiers' regiments. In 1697-1698, the staff of the officers of the Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky, 1st and 2nd Moscow elective regiments expanded significantly.

By 1699, the non-commissioned officer and officer corps far exceeded the standard norms: so in the Preobrazhensky regiment there were 120 officers, in the Semenovsky - 90, while the norm was 40 officers.

At the beginning of 1696, a large-scale training of officers for the infantry began from among the Russian nobles. After 2 months of training, about 300 officers were distributed among the divisions of Repnin, Weide and Golovin. Following this, nobles from other cities were summoned and given to the teachings.

Schools for the training of non-commissioned officers were created under the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, and a training artillery team was organized under the bombardment company.

It should be noted that mercenary activities were common in all European armies at that time. Therefore, in Russia, simultaneously with the training of officers from the Russian nobility, it was practiced to attract foreigners to the service. At the end of the 17th century, the Foreign Order recruited about 300 such officers. However, mercenarism has not yet taken root in the Russian army, as the low military training of foreigners quickly emerged.

The recruitment of nobles into the infantry regiments, the training of their infantry ranks were new phenomena in the history of the Russian army, since in the 17th century noblemen were recorded in the soldiers' regiments only for misdeeds, as a punishment.

Peter harshly suppressed the unwillingness of the nobles to serve in the army, study and obey a new unknown discipline. The noblemen hid from the service in their estates or in monasteries. Nobles who evaded service were deprived of money and were subjected to severe punishments. On July 9, 1699, Peter personally examined those on the lists unsuitable for combat service. Really sick people were given resignation, and simulators were beaten with a whip. and was exiled to Azov.

5. Organizational structure of the army

Peter I successfully carried out the transformation of the entire army. The regular army received a clear system of organization, which was enshrined in the Military Regulations of 1716. The Army of the Russian State consisted of three types of troops: Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery.

The infantry is the main branch of the army. She was divided into guards, grenadier and line. The organization of infantry regiments was based on the organization that existed in Russia since the end of the 17th century. Then it changed depending on the changing ways of waging war.

Initially, the infantry regiment consisted of 10 fusilier (rifle) companies, combined into 2 battalions.

In 1704, as a result of the combat experience gained, 1 grenadier company was added to the staff of the infantry regiment, and the number of ordinary fusilier companies was reduced to 8.

In 1708, the grenadier companies were withdrawn from the line infantry regiments and reduced to separate grenadier regiments.

According to the states of 1711, the infantry regiments consisted of 1 grenadier and 7 fusilier companies, combined into 2 battalions. The size of the regiment was constant in peacetime and wartime: the regiment consisted of 40 officers, 80 non-commissioned officers, 1367 privates (of which 247 were non-combatants). This was the state of both the line and the grenadier regiment.

Grenadier regiments were created on the eve of the decisive battles of Poltava. They possessed great striking power, which was determined by the fact that each grenadier was armed not only with a gun and a bayonet, but also with hand grenades, and some with hand mortars. While the usual infantry regiment was armed with 4-6 guns, the grenadier regiment had up to 12 guns. The formation of grenadier regiments was caused by the desire to increase the striking force of the army, to avoid the weakness of the linear order, which was the result of an even distribution of all forces along the front. Grenadier regiments were attached to divisions and in battle were advanced to the most important sectors. Grenadier regiments consisted of 8 companies, combined into 2 battalions.

The main fighting unit of the infantry was the regiment. It consisted of 2 battalions. Each battalion has 4 companies. Each company has 4 plutongs (platoons). The regiment was commanded by a colonel, his deputies were a lieutenant colonel, a battalion was commanded by a major, a company by a captain, and a plutong by a corporal. Captain's assistants: lieutenant captain (staff captain), lieutenant and warrant officer, he was also the standard bearer.

Cavalry. In 1699-1700, Peter I restored the regiments of regular cavalry - dragoons, which from 1702 consisted of tributary people, and from 1705 they were recruited. The entire officer and non-commissioned officer corps of the cavalry was replenished with Russian people.

The armed forces in any state are a key element in ensuring the country's defense capability. Their proper management depends on their correct organization. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ensures the fast and correct performance of the functions assigned by law to the state military organization of the country.

The structure of the RF Armed Forces

The Armed Forces are a military organization of the Russian Federation, the main function of which is to repel military aggression in order to ensure territorial integrity, as well as to fulfill tasks in accordance with Russia's international obligations. The RF Armed Forces were created on May 7, 1992. The supreme commander-in-chief is the President of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Presidential Decree of 2008, the number of the Russian Armed Forces was set at 2,019,629, of which 1.3 million are military personnel.

Organizationally, the Armed Forces consist of three branches, three separate branches of the armed forces, Rear Services, and the Quartering Service, which is not a branch of the Armed Forces. In addition, the structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was created on the territorial principle: the territory of the Russian Federation is divided into 4 military districts.

Territorial structure

Today, there are four military districts in the Russian Federation, which are assumed by the territorial structure of the Armed Forces:

1. Western Military District. The command and headquarters are located in St. Petersburg.
2. Eastern Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Khabarovsk.
3. Central Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Yekaterinburg.
4. Southern Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Rostov-on-Don.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation on the diagram:

Types of aircraft

The main element of the Armed Forces is the services of the Armed Forces. In the Russian military department, the law establishes the presence of three types of armed forces: the Air Force, the Ground Forces and the Navy.

Today, the Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Russian armed forces. Their main function is to conduct offensive operations, the purpose of which is to defeat the enemy, capture and hold his territory, separate areas and lines, repel an invasion of the enemy's territory and his large landings, deliver artillery and missile strikes to great depths. In turn, the Ground Forces are organizationally composed of combat arms. These types of troops can perform tasks independently or jointly.

Motorized rifle troops (MSV)- the most numerous branch of the Army in the Land Forces. They are also the most numerous branch of the army. Today, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles are in service with the motorized rifle troops, which should ensure the mobility of the infantry. MSV organizationally consists of motorized rifle subunits, units and formations.

Motorized rifle, tank, artillery and other subunits and units may be part of the MSV.

Tank troops (TV)- the main strike force, characterized by high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to the effects of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear ones. The main tasks, based on the technical equipment of the TV: the implementation of a breakthrough, the development of operational success. As part of the TV, artillery, motorized rifle, missile, tank units and subunits can operate.

Missile Forces and Artillery (MFA): nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy is the main task. It is armed with rocket and cannon artillery. The MFA includes subunits, units and formations of howitzer, rocket, cannon, anti-tank artillery, as well as structural elements of support, command and control, mortars and artillery reconnaissance.

Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces- this branch of the military must ensure the protection of the Ground Forces from an air strike, as well as countering the enemy's aerial reconnaissance. Towed, mobile, portable anti-aircraft gun systems and anti-aircraft missile systems are in service with the air defense of the ground.

Also, the organizational structure of the Armed Forces presupposes the presence of special troops and services in the Armed Forces that perform highly specialized tasks in order to ensure the daily and combat activities of the ground forces.

• Signal Corps,
• Electronic warfare troops,
• Engineering troops,
• Automobile troops,
• Railway troops, etc.

are special troops.

Air Force

Air Force similarly to the Ground Forces, they consist of aviation branches that ensure the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Long-range aviation is designed to strike and strike at the strategic and operational depth of the enemy's military groupings, its important areas in economic and strategic terms, including with the help of nuclear weapons.

Front-line aviation acts at operational depth. It can perform tasks both independently and during joint operations on land and at sea.

Army aviation provides support to ground forces by destroying armored and mobile enemy targets. Also, the Army Aviation forces provide the mobility of the Ground Forces.

Military transport aviation carries out the transportation of goods, troops and equipment, and is also involved in the conduct of military air operations. In peacetime, the main function is to ensure the life of the Armed Forces, and in military times - the mobility of the Armed Forces.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation assumes the presence of Air Force Special Aviation, Anti-aircraft missile forces and Radio-technical troops, which significantly expand the range of tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Navy

Navy- the main force of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to protect Russia's interests in the Exclusive Maritime (Economic) Zone, conduct search and rescue operations, as well as conduct military operations at sea.

The Navy includes:

• Submarine forces
• Surface forces,
• Coastal troops,
• Naval aviation,
• parts and connections for special purposes.

The Navy is also organizationally divided into:

• Baltic Fleet,
• Black Sea Fleet,
• Northern Fleet,
• Pacific Fleet,
• Caspian flotilla.

Independent branches of the armed forces

Some tasks require special technicians and trained personnel. The structure of the Armed Forces presupposes the presence of independent combat arms:

1. Airborne troops;
2. Strategic Missile Forces;
3. Aerospace Defense Troops.

Aerospace Defense Troops

The youngest branch of the army. Although our state began space exploration back in the 1960s, it was only in the 21st century that the Aerospace Defense Forces were made a separate branch of the Strategic Missile Forces.

The most important tasks are:

• detection of a missile strike;
• control of a constellation of spacecraft;
• missile defense of the capital of Russia.

Strategic Rocket Forces

Today they are the main land component of the Russian nuclear forces. The main function is considered to contain possible aggression. But if necessary, they can deliver a preemptive strike against important economic and military targets of the enemy, as well as the destruction of his military groupings.

Airborne troops

They were created back in the 1930s. To date, they are entrusted with the function of carrying out amphibious operations and conducting hostilities behind enemy lines.

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE KOSTROM REGION

OGBOU SPO "KOSTROMSKOYE TRADE AND ECONOMIC COLLEGE"

Abstract on the topic: "The organizational structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation"

The work was carried out by a student of gr. 2-3

Kudryavtseva Victoria

Introduction

Ground troops

Air Force

Navy

Airborne troops

Space Forces

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation is the most important area of ​​the state's activity. The military organization of the state serves the purposes of ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation. The military organization of the state includes the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, constituting its core, and other troops, military formations and bodies designed to carry out military security tasks by military methods, as well as their command and control bodies.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of central military command and control bodies, formations (military districts, fleets, armies, flotillas, corps), formations (divisions, brigades), military units and organizations that are part of the types and types of troops, in the rear of the Armed Forces.

The personnel of the Russian Armed Forces includes military personnel and civilian personnel.
The leadership of the Armed Forces is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation, who, in accordance with the Constitution, is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The President of the Russian Federation has the right to impose martial law on the territory of the country in the event of aggression or an immediate threat of aggression. The President, as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, within the limits of his powers, may issue orders and directives that are binding on the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are controlled by the Minister of Defense through the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Armed Forces.

At present, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of three types of troops: the Ground Forces, the Air Force, the Navy - and three types of troops: the Strategic Missile Forces, the Airborne Forces, and the Space Forces.

The history of the creation of the branches of the Armed Forces is associated with the methods of conducting armed struggle and the space in which it is conducted: on land, sea, in the air.

At the beginning of Russia's history, the armed struggle for the independence of the state was fought only on land, therefore the main service of the Armed Forces was ground forces. The prototype of the ground forces was the princely squad of Kievan Rus. Initially, the ground forces had two types of troops: cavalry and infantry.

In the XVI century. artillery appears in the armed forces of the Moscow state, and this is how another branch of the army is born.

The improvement of the ground forces took place as a centralized state was formed, the economic and economic way of life of the country was strengthened.

At the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. during the reign of Peter I, Russia came to the sea, it became necessary to create a new type of armed forces - the navy to protect Russia's interests in the sea. Under Peter I, the Russian military fleet began to be created.

During the winter of 1695/96, near Voronezh on the Don, near Moscow on the Oka, in other cities and villages, hundreds of rowing ships and two sailing ships "Apostle Peter" and "Apostol Paul" were built. Appearing near Azov, the Russian fleet provided Peter I with a decisive superiority in forces, and the Turkish fortress fell. Impressed by this victory, the Boyar Duma on October 30, 1696 made a decision: "There will be sea vessels." From this date, the Russian fleet has been counting down its official history.

By the end of the 30s. a large modern industry was created in the USSR, which made it possible to produce all types of weapons, including submarines and large submarines of all classes.

In 1936, the Soviet government decided to create a large sea and ocean fleet in the USSR.

At the beginning of the XX century. the first aviation enterprises appeared in Russia, where aircraft and motors of domestic and foreign designs were assembled. In 1909-1910. military aviation units are formed. Russian pilots received their first baptisms of fire during the Balkan War (1912-1913). Then the Russian aviation corps acted on the side of Bulgaria.

By the beginning of the First World War, Russia already had 39 detachments, which included 263 aircraft. In 1914, the first in the world heavy bomber "Ilya Muromets", capable of carrying up to 500 kg of bombs, entered service with the Russian army.

During the First World War, aviation from an auxiliary means of reconnaissance and communications turned into an independent branch of the military. This was the beginning of the type of the Armed Forces - the Air Force.
The use of aviation for reconnaissance and bombing in local wars of 1911-1913. in Europe led to the creation in a number of countries of special means to destroy aircraft in the air. So, in 1911, for this purpose, a machine gun was installed on the plane.

The Air Force took an active part in the First World War and the Civil War (on both sides). After the end of the Civil War, the structure of the Air Force was improved. In 1927, the formation of aviation brigades began. In 1933, bomber aviation corps were created. By mid-1941, the Air Force included 53.4% ​​of fighters, 41.4% of bombers and attack aircraft, 3.2% of reconnaissance aircraft, and 2% of auxiliary aircraft.

In World War II, the struggle for air supremacy was an integral and integral part of the entire armed struggle on the Soviet-German front. Its important stages were the active operations of Soviet aviation during the battles of Moscow and Stalingrad, in the Kuban and Kursk Bulge. By the middle of 1943, strategic air supremacy was firmly won and held until the end of the war.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Air Force flew more than 3 million combat sorties. In the air and at airfields, 48 ​​thousand enemy aircraft were destroyed.

About 200 thousand Soviet pilots were awarded orders and medals during the war years, 2,420 were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, including 29 Soviet military pilots. 65 pilots were awarded this title twice, and A.I. Pokryshkin and I.N. Kozhedub - three times.

During the First World War, air defense was created in all the belligerent states. In November 1914, the creation of an air defense system for the country's capital, Petrograd, began in Russia. To protect the city from enemy aircraft and airships, subunits were formed that were armed with fortress and field artillery guns, adapted for firing at air targets. Aviation cover of the capital was carried out by four aircraft of the Gatchina Aviation School. Observation posts were set up to detect the air enemy.

In March 1915, the first automobile battery for firing at air targets, armed with special anti-aircraft guns, was formed in Tsarskoe Selo.

The Air Defense Forces were transformed into an independent service of the Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War on November 9, 1941, by a resolution of the State Defense Committee "On strengthening and strengthening the air defense of the Union territory."

In 1949, the explosion of the first Soviet atomic charge was carried out in the Soviet Union. This is how nuclear weapons appeared, the question arose about the means of their delivery to the targets. By the end of the 50s. the first intercontinental ballistic missile systems and medium-range strategic missiles capable of carrying a nuclear charge began to enter service with the Soviet troops.

In 1960, an independent branch of the Armed Forces was created - the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces). Organizationally, the Strategic Missile Forces consisted of missile armies and divisions, training grounds, military educational institutions, enterprises and institutions. Immediately after the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces, two main tasks were determined that they were supposed to solve: how, in any conditions of the situation, to carry out an immediate successful launch of missiles and how, at the same time, to ensure the nuclear security of the country and the world.

The development of means of warfare, the creation of new types of weapons and military equipment, the use of which made it possible to conduct combat operations not only on land but also at sea, in the air and in space, contributed to the formation of special services of the armed forces and combat arms in the Armed Forces. Armed Forces of the Soviet Union since the beginning of the 60s. had five branches of the Armed Forces: Strategic Rocket Forces (Strategic Rocket Forces), Ground Forces (Land Forces), Air Defense Forces (Air Defense Forces), Air Forces (Air Forces), Navy (Navy). The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation inherited this structure, but since 1998 the Air Defense Forces became part of the Air Force and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation switched to a four-service structure (Strategic Missile Forces, Land Forces, Air Force and Navy), and in 2002 - to a three-service structure (Land, Air Force and Navy), while the Strategic Missile Forces, Space Forces and Airborne Forces were transformed into independent branches of the military.

Ground Forces (Land Forces)

armed forces composition defense

Ground Forces are a type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation designed to cover the State Border, repel the attacks of the aggressor, hold onto the occupied territory, defeat groupings of troops and capture the enemy's territory. Equipped with various types of military equipment and weapons, they include military command and control bodies, motorized rifle, tank troops, missile troops and artillery, air defense troops (air defense), which are branches of the military, as well as special troops (formations and units of intelligence, communications, electronic warfare , engineering, RCB-protection, nuclear-technical, technical support, automobile and rear protection), military units and rear services, other military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations. Military equipment and weapons of the ground forces are presented on a color insert (photo 8-16).

Motorized rifle troops are capable of operating both in conditions of using conventional weapons and nuclear weapons. Motorized rifle troops can break through the prepared enemy defenses, develop an offensive at a high rate and to a great depth, together with other types of troops, destroy the enemy, consolidate and hold the captured terrain.

Tank forces constitute the main striking force of the Ground Forces. They are highly resistant to the damaging factors of nuclear weapons, and are used primarily in the main areas of defense and offensive. Tank troops are capable of making the most of the results of fire strikes and in a short time to achieve the ultimate goals of combat and operations.

Rocket troops and artillery are the main means of nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy in frontline, army (corps) operations and combined arms combat.

The Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces are designed to cover a grouping of troops, objects and their rear from enemy air strikes. They are capable of, independently and in cooperation with the forces and means of the Air Force, destroying enemy aircraft and unmanned aerial attack vehicles, fighting enemy airborne assault forces on their flight routes and during their drop, conducting radar reconnaissance and notifying troops about the threat of an air attack.

Engineering troops - special troops intended for engineering reconnaissance of terrain and facilities, fortification equipment of the areas where troops are stationed, setting up barriers and producing destruction, making passages in engineering barriers, demining terrain and objects, preparing and maintaining routes of movement and maneuver, equipment and maintenance of crossings when overcoming water barriers, equipment of water supply points.

Air Force (Air Force)

The Air Force is a branch of the Armed Forces designed to protect bodies of higher state and military command, strategic nuclear forces, groupings of troops, important administrative and industrial centers and regions of the country from reconnaissance and air strikes, to gain air supremacy, fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy from the air, increasing mobility and supporting the actions of formations of the branches of the Armed Forces, conducting integrated reconnaissance and performing special tasks (insert, photo 17-19). The Russian Air Force consists of large formations, formations and military units and includes the types of aviation: long-range, military transport, front-line (it includes bomber, assault, fighter, reconnaissance aviation), army, as well as a kind of anti-aircraft forces: anti-aircraft missile troops, radio engineering troops.

Long-range aviation is the main striking force of the Air Force, capable of effectively striking important targets of air groupings, ships carrying sea-launched cruise missiles (SLCMs), energy facilities and facilities of the highest military and state administration, nodes of railway, automobile and sea communications.

Military transport aviation is the main means of landing troops and military equipment in the interests of operations in the continental and oceanic theaters of war, it is the most mobile means of delivering materiel, military equipment, food, units and subunits of various branches of the Armed Forces and combat arms to specified areas ...

Front-line bomber and assault aviation is designed primarily to provide air support for the Ground Forces in all types of military operations (defense, offensive, counteroffensive). Frontline reconnaissance aviation is designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance in the interests of all branches of the Armed Forces and combat arms. Front-line fighter aviation is designed to destroy enemy air attack weapons when solving the tasks of covering groupings of the Armed Forces, economic regions, administrative and political centers, military and other objects.

Army aviation is designed to provide fire support to the Ground Forces. It is also entrusted with the tasks of combat and logistics support. In the course of a battle, army aviation strikes at enemy troops, destroys his airborne assault forces, raid, forward and outflanking detachments; provides landing and air support for its assault forces, fights enemy helicopters, destroys enemy nuclear missiles, tanks and other armored equipment.

Anti-aircraft missile troops are designed to cover troops and objects from the strikes of enemy air attack.

Radio-technical troops are designed to detect enemy air attack weapons in the air, identify them, escort them, notify the command, troops and civil defense bodies about them, to exercise control over the flights of their aviation.

Navy (Navy)

The Russian Navy is a type of the Armed Forces designed to ensure the military security of the state from oceanic (sea) directions, to protect the strategic interests of the Russian Federation in oceanic, sea areas (zones) (insert, photo 20-22).

The Russian Navy consists of four fleets (Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea) and the Caspian Flotilla and includes the branches of forces: submarine forces, surface forces, naval aviation, coastal troops (motorized rifle, tank formations and units, marines and coastal missile and artillery troops ), parts and subdivisions of support and service.

The core of the Northern and Pacific fleets is made up of strategic missile submarines and multipurpose nuclear submarines, diesel submarines, aircraft carriers, missile-artillery, landing ships and boats, naval, missile-carrying and anti-submarine aircraft.

The basis of the Baltic, Black Sea fleets and the Caspian flotilla is made up of multipurpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and ground attack aircraft.

Submarine forces are designed to destroy enemy ground targets, search for and destroy their submarines, strike against surface ship groupings, including aircraft carriers, naval strike groups, airborne troops and convoys, both independently and in cooperation with other forces of the fleet. ...

Surface forces are designed to search for and destroy submarines, to combat surface ships, to land amphibious assault forces on the enemy's coast, to detect and neutralize sea mines, and to perform a number of other tasks.

Naval aviation is designed to destroy naval groupings, convoys, enemy assault forces at sea and in bases; to search for and destroy enemy submarines, disrupt its observation and control systems in naval theaters; to cover groupings of their ships, conduct reconnaissance and issue target designations in the interests of using weapons by the forces of the fleet.

Coastal troops are intended for operations in amphibious assault, defense of the country's coast and important objects of the fleet (front) on the coast and coastal communications from attacks by enemy fleet forces.
Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Rocket Forces)

The Strategic Missile Forces are an independent branch of the armed forces designed to implement nuclear deterrence measures and destroy strategic targets that form the basis of the enemy's military and military-economic potential.

Organizationally, the Strategic Missile Forces consist of missile armies and divisions, a training ground, military educational institutions, enterprises and institutions.

Modern Strategic Missile Forces have embodied the achievements of advanced design and engineering ideas. In many respects, domestic missile systems, systems of combat command and control of troops and nuclear missile weapons are unique and have no analogues in the world.
The main weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces are stationary and mobile (ground and rail) missile systems. Stationary complexes in terms of the number of launchers make up about 45% of the total number of combat missile systems, and in terms of the number of warheads - almost 75% of the existing grouping. The overwhelming majority of their missiles are liquid-propellant, equipped with multiple warheads.

Alert duty is the highest form of maintaining the combat readiness of troops and weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces (insert, photos 6, 7).

Airborne Forces (VDV)

The Airborne Forces are a highly mobile independent arm of troops designed to cover the enemy by air and perform tasks in its rear.

The Airborne Forces are capable of solving operational and tactical combat missions both in a large-scale war and in local conflicts, independently or as part of a grouping of the Ground Forces. As a highly mobile combat arm, 95% consisting of permanent readiness units, the Airborne Forces or their individual units can be used as parachute assault forces behind enemy lines.

The Airborne Forces includes: four divisions, 242 training centers, the Ryazan Institute of the Airborne Forces, the 31st separate airborne brigade (OVDB), as well as support and maintenance units.

The Airborne Forces, whose motto is "Nobody but us!", Has always been considered the army elite, and service in them is prestigious, but the most difficult.

In service with the Airborne Forces, in addition to BMD (airborne combat vehicle) of various classes, there are 120-mm self-propelled artillery guns, 122-mm howitzers, armored personnel carriers with ATGM, anti-aircraft artillery installations and MANPADS, automatic and hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers, modern small arms ... All equipment and weapons of the Airborne Forces can be parachuted by military transport aircraft IL-76 and An-22.

Space Forces (KV)

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2001, from June 1, 2001, the Space Forces were formed and began to fulfill their intended missions.

The Space Forces are a fundamentally new independent branch of the military, which is designed to uncover the beginning of a missile attack on the Russian Federation and its allies; combating enemy ballistic missiles attacking the defended area; maintaining in the established composition of orbital groupings of military and dual-use spacecraft and ensuring the use of spacecraft for their intended purpose; control of outer space; ensuring the implementation of the Federal Space Program of Russia, international cooperation programs and commercial space programs.

The Space Forces include formations and military units of missile attack warning systems, anti-missile defense (ABM) and space control (KKP), State test cosmodromes of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Baikonur, Plesetsk and Svobodny); Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities. G. S. Titova; military educational institutions.

Conclusion

The growing military instability in the immediate vicinity of the borders of the Russian Federation determines the need to build such Armed Forces that could effectively and adequately counter new military threats. In recent years, situations have increasingly begun to arise that require the urgent participation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in ensuring the military security of the individual, society and the state. So, in August 2008, the formations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation had to repel the invasion of the territory of South Ossetia by the Georgian armed forces, trained and equipped with modern weapons with the active participation of the United States and other NATO states.

The experience of the participation of military formations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict, despite the fulfillment of their assigned tasks, revealed significant gaps in the current state of the Russian army. Among them: insufficient number of rapid reaction forces, cumbersome and insufficient mobility of modern divisions, unpreparedness of the majority of military units and formations for immediate actions in a combat situation, their insufficient staffing with professionally trained and trained servicemen, low level of combat training of command personnel, inert command and control system , insufficient technical equipment of the Armed Forces with modern weapons, as well as military equipment and communications. The short war in South Ossetia showed that the bulky divisions created during the Cold War era to wage a large-scale, possibly nuclear war, turned out to be of little use in the conditions of sudden local military conflicts that the Russian Federation faced at the beginning of the 21st century. It turned out that with the total strength of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation over 1 million people, permanent combat readiness units have only 170 thousand servicemen. Thus, only one in five Russian servicemen can immediately join the battle. Undoubtedly, in the current conditions, it is necessary to increase the combat potential and improve the state of the General Purpose Forces, first of all, formations and military units of constant readiness.

Bibliography

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., 1993.

2. Actual tasks of the development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. // The Red Star. - 2003, October 11.

4. Fatherland. Honor. Duty. A textbook on social and state training. Issue No. 4. - M., 1998.

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In the US Army, the transition to a brigade structure of the armed forces began a long time ago and is not yet completed. Unlike Russian approaches, the United States prefers not to rush and act according to the principle: "measure a hundred times - cut once." That is why the professional military print and electronic publications of the United States can contain a huge amount of materials, including a critical one, in which the "brigade phenomenon" and the expediency of transferring army structures to it are studied in the most thorough way, from all sides. First of all: the term "Brigade" is rarely used in professional publications. Instead, American sources use the term "Brigade Combat Group". This, obviously, underlines the difference between the new structure and the "old" brigades. The brigades existed in the organizational structure of the ground forces throughout the post-war years. Classical divisions, regardless of their type, organizationally included combat battalions (infantry, mechanized, armored), which during the war were reduced to brigades. As a result, the division in wartime, as a rule, allocated three brigades. However, for obvious reasons, the American brigades could not be sufficiently effective combat units, if only because the "mixing" of combat battalions was accidental, there was no combat co-clique, and the interaction between the motley combat battalions and the support units attached to the brigade was insufficient. Recall that the domestic division had regular regiments with their own regular support units. The transition of the American army to a brigade base in these conditions looks quite logical. However, in the US Marine Corps, where divisions were traditionally divided into full-time marine regiments, no transition to a brigade basis is envisaged. Somehow ...

Infantry brigade battle group

The US ground forces brigades are divided into three types: light infantry, airborne and air assault BBG (BBG). All three types of infantry brigade combat groups have a unified "lightweight" staff structure and can be used for air assault operations. The high mobility of infantry BBGs is ensured by the widespread use of light multipurpose armored vehicles HMMWV.

Heavy brigade battle group

This type of brigade is sometimes called armored brigades in domestic sources of information, but this is not entirely correct. It has NO armored battalions! The brigade includes combined arms battalions armed with Abrams tanks and Bradley infantry fighting vehicles. The main purpose of the heavy BBG is to conduct decisive offensive operations against any enemy on any terrain. In addition, as determined in American sources, a heavy BBG is also capable of conducting positional defense, combat operations in the city and mobile operations to ensure security (cover, guard, protection of objects).

Brigade Combat Group on Stryker Combat Vehicles

The brigade combat group on the "Stryker" combat vehicles is designed to carry out all types of combat operations against all types of traditional and non-traditional opponents on any terrain and in any climatic conditions. BBGs of this type can conduct both independent combat operations and operate as part of a division or corps.

And now in more detail about the battalions, which in the US Army are called maneuverable battalions. They, like brigade battle groups, are also of three types: 1. Infantry battalion

2. Combined arms battalion

3. Infantry battalion on combat vehicles "Stryker"