The role of cultural communication in modern society. Intercultural communication in tourism

Cultural communications

Cultural communications

means of communication, transfer of information from one culture to another. They are carried out in all spheres of culture on the basis of respect for the cultural identity of each culture, taking into account the cultural influence of some countries on others.

Big Dictionary in cultural studies.. Kononenko B.I. . 2003.

See what “Cultural communications” is in other dictionaries:

CULTURAL STUDIES- (Cultural Studies) interdisciplinary field of cultural studies. The appearance of K.I. is closely connected with the British intellectual tradition, and more specifically with the creation of the Birmingham K.I. Center, the first director of which was R. Hogarth (at ... ... Sociology: Encyclopedia

Cultural Norms: Communication Styles Across Cultures- Cultural studies reveal the specifics of food in different cultures. In particular, this applies to styles of verbal interaction. First of all, styles can be divided based on the direction of speech. So, when speech is directed at the speaker, and... ...

COMMUNICATION BARRIERS- interference that prevents contact between the communicator and the recipient and adequate reception; understanding and assimilation of messages in the communication process. According to the nature of the interference, B.k. can be divided into technical, psychophysical, mental, semantic, social. And… … Russian Sociological Encyclopedia

MASS COMMUNICATIONS- (mass media of communication) methods and institutions through which centralized providers transmit or distribute information and other forms of symbolic communication to large, heterogeneous and geographically dispersed audiences. First… … Large explanatory sociological dictionary

In an effort to understand the complexity of people. interactions, scientists have developed a number of theories devoted to communication processes. There are several disciplines involved in the study of communication, and each of them focuses on different... ... Psychological Encyclopedia

Ideational constructs associated with cultural sites(denotations) as with signs, i.e. being their informational, emotional, expressive content (meaning). S.k. are formed by individuals and groups in the process of development... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

Communication barriers- interference that interferes with normal communication between the communicator and the recipient, which can lead to misunderstanding and conflict interaction. According to the nature of the interference, B.K. are divided into a) psychological, related to negative attitudes… … Sociological Dictionary Socium

Communication barriers- interference that interferes with normal communication between the communicator and the recipient, which can lead to misunderstanding and conflict interactions between them. Exist Various types such barriers. Psychological barriers are associated with... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Cultural contacts- this is the interaction of people and organizations both within one and several. cultures in the system are symbolic symbolic meanings and spatio-temporal perspectives. CCs perform the functions of maintaining information flow and coordinating activities,... ... Psychology of communication. encyclopedic Dictionary

China National Petroleum Corporation- (CNPC) China National Petroleum Corporation is one of the largest oil and gas companies in the world. China National Petroleum Corporation is engaged in oil and gas production, petrochemical production, sales of petroleum products,... ... Investor Encyclopedia

Books

• , Bragina L.M.. The interdisciplinary collection is based on the materials of the international conference of the same name, organized by the Commission on Renaissance Culture in October 2006. In the articles of the collection...
• Cultural connections in Renaissance Europe. The interdisciplinary collection is based on the materials of the international conference of the same name, organized by the Renaissance Culture Commission in October 2006. The articles in the collection…

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The role of cultural communication in modern society

Introduction

Mass cultural communication is one of those important phenomena of modern society that significantly affects the development of social relations within each country and between countries and peoples.

The modern world is complex, diverse, dynamic, permeated with opposing trends. It is contradictory, but interdependent, and in many ways integral. The development of social relations is accompanied by the deepening of communication relations and the ramification of connections between person and person, people with people, society with society, that is, the development of social communication processes. The ongoing revolutionary transformation of the media: has an increasing impact on both the material and production, as well as the socio-political, cultural and ideological areas of life of all humanity and each individual person. In this environment, processes take place leading to an expansion of the framework of cultural development; a process of cultural interaction and interpenetration is observed. Since in the modern world the cultural space of a person is mainly formed by various means mass media. Television and the Internet have replaced visiting theaters, libraries, and museums from the cultural needs of modern people. Mass communication is woven into the fabric of modern society, into its economy, politics and culture, and covers international, intergroup and interpersonal relations. That is why relevant is the topic of cultural communication in modern mass culture.

The problem of cultural communication in modern conditions

In modern conditions, the rapid development of cultural communication occurs in the most different areas human life: tourism, sports, military cooperation, personal contacts, etc.

The importance of mass communication in the spiritual culture of society is due to:

1. its role in the life and culture of modern society, constantly increasing due to the sharp intensification of the ideological struggle between social and bourgeois ideology;

2. real growth in the world, the amount of social information being created, which is characterized by the situation of the so-called “information explosion”, causes in society a social need to create a more powerful, technically equipped and operational system of mass communication capable of delivering this information to society;

3. the culture of society itself begins to be viewed as a dynamic system of social information, the dissemination of which is possible only through the system of mass media.

Communication is a specific form of human communication. Communication, acting as a moment of content in the sphere of spiritual life, is at the same time an expression of the systemic quality of the latter. Culture itself, at the same time, is considered as a dynamic system of information functioning, on the basis of which the conclusion is given: communication is a specific cultural form of spiritual communication between people. Significant cultural values ​​play the role of certain information signals disseminated in society in a sign, symbolic, and also figurative form. In the course of communication, cultural values ​​contribute to the transfer of life experiences within and between generations. Thus, the exchange of spiritual values ​​turns out to be the main content in the developing culture of society.

The means of communication act as a tangible, tangible component of the communication process and always express a way of transmitting, preserving, producing and distributing cultural values ​​in society. There are two types of means of communication: naturally occurring (language, facial expressions, gestures) and artificially created (technical) - a) traditional (press, printing, writing) b) typically modern (radio, television, cinema).

The means of communication not only lead to a state of total perception and momentary awareness of reality, but also contribute to the expansion of human organs and senses in space and time. The study of the media is all the more important because in recent decades, and especially in recent years, there has been a certain revaluation of these media, coinciding with the flourishing of the scientific and technological revolution.

Now the Internet is the most popular means of transmitting information, and in the near future this popularity will not subside, but will grow. But new technologies will not automatically replace old ones. None of this is to deny the future of newspapers and television. Both of these broadcasting industries will likely adapt to the new economic climate. However, they will face serious competition from the new global system, and to survive this competition, all traditional media will have to significantly adapt.

The mass media system is a theoretical means of mass communications: their functioning is unthinkable without appropriate technical support, in contrast, for example, to the means of oral propaganda, which are primarily associated with live, natural, direct communication between people. The scientific and technological revolution creates optimal conditions For technical development media, at the same time giving rise to certain illusions about their omnipotence and the weakness of living, natural means of mass communication. Mass communication systems are interconnected through the medium, through the field of communication, that is, they are interconnected by the word, which in the beginning was oral. The development of communications also includes processes during which information is not only transmitted, but also distorted and can spontaneously increase or decrease. Mass communication, by its very nature, is innovative and greedy, making its effects dynamic and unpredictable. In conditions of freedom of speech, openness, and the right of everyone to receive and disseminate information, society must learn to use the possibilities of mass communication with maximum effect.

The media (cinema, print, radio and television) are actively involved in the formation of public opinion today. The role of the indicator of the overall effectiveness of the activities of mass media plays on the state of mass consciousness, but giving it desirable qualities is only part of the goals of information activity; no less important goals are rightfully considered: improving the existing system in society social institutions, development in a socially necessary direction of the entire complex social relations, improvement of links and elements of social organization.

Thus, the development of means of processing and transmitting information, increasing the speed of information processes, and in the second half of the 20th century. their unprecedented intensification led to the formation of a new type of organization of society, its functioning and management. The system of mass communications provided a new and effective connectedness of society, unified its life activity and psychology, thereby forming the basis for the establishment of a specific phenomenon of mass culture.

The role of cultural communication in modern Russian society

Culture is a system of values ​​and social codes, preserved and transmitted from generation to generation, designed to serve as the basis for preserving the identity of society. Culture in its modern understanding is also a social model of reality created by people in the processes of communication. This understanding of culture is especially important for understanding the role that mass communications play in modern society.

Traditionally, Russian society consists of heterogeneous groups. This heterogeneity is based on the multinational structure of society, the remoteness of territories, significant differences in living conditions in urban and rural areas. During the formation of a market economy, the social stratification of society increased. The transition period led to a disruption of established cultural relations and traditions, replacement of social guidelines and values.

In modern conditions of social change, the role of culture is being rethought and its forms and functions are being renewed. On the one hand, culture still reproduces traditional attitudes and patterns of behavior, which largely predetermine the behavior and thinking of people. On the other hand, modern media forms (television, cinema, print) and advertising are widely distributed, which enhances the formation of ideological and moral stereotypes of mass culture and a “fashionable” lifestyle. Through the media, different meanings and new identities are offered, people's thinking is transformed. Therefore, the interaction of culture and mass communications as a process that forms “human capital” and the moral resource of the socio-economic development of the state is of particular importance.

The unified cultural and information space of Russia, in this context, is understood as semantic, communicatively connected common system spiritual values ​​and state interests, a programmatically organized space of cultural and information events that contribute to the formation civil society and the unification of the people.

New understanding of the constructive role of culture in development Russia XXI century is also required in the context of globalization processes. The social changes associated with them are complex and ambiguous. These changes often create tension and instability in society. The search and self-determination of a person, the building by people of new value systems in a world covered by global flows of information, become the foundation for new socio-cultural priorities.

For modern Russia, this search is especially relevant. Experiencing complex processes of socio-economic transformations and structural reforms, Russia faces a real threat of destruction of its national identity. Preserving its integrity and unity based on cultural diversity is the most important prerequisite successful development Russia in the era of globalization, in the era of the formation of societies based on knowledge and the ability to effectively use this knowledge.

In this context, the determining role of culture in general process modernization of Russia consists in the formation of the individual as an active subject of economic life and social self-organization. All socio-economic development projects must include a humanitarian component, contribute to the development of spiritual strength and human health, and their awareness of the high meaning of their existence.

The current state of Russian society makes it possible to build state cultural policy on new democratic principles. This involves developing connections between the center and the regions, expanding interregional interaction, dialogue with society on cultural policy issues, stimulating cultural diversity in Russian regions, accessibility and participation of citizens in cultural life.

Economy and culture are relatively autonomous, self-organizing, coupled and mutually influencing components of a complex system formed in the common information and communication space of the state. For Russia, which is implementing economic and social reforms, the state, which is the main institution of its social development, is called upon to create conditions for the interaction of culture, economy and society, to develop and maintain their mutually reinforcing communication.

Rethinking the role of culture in the life of society inevitably entails the need to reform management in the field of culture and mass communications.

In mass television broadcasting, there is an urgent need to organize a national public television. Such television will make it possible to realize the long-overdue need of society and the state to change the content of information flows. Changing their content should significantly strengthen the cultural and educational component of the information field with an increase in the share of children's and youth programs. Such television is a necessary condition for the formation of civil society.

Creation of independent from bodies state power and private interests of television and radio broadcasters, financed from public sources and controlled by civil society institutions, creates better opportunities to meet citizens' demand for objective coverage of socio-political events, for the development of educational and children's television, cultural programs, as well as programs that meet the interests of various social , age, national, religious, and other groups of Russian society.

Conclusion

Thus, communication between people has existed in all eras, and in our time, technical means of its implementation have simply appeared. The evolution of mass communications, viewed through the prism of the development of human culture, shows how the speed of information exchange gradually increased in order to maintain the path to human mastery of the knowledge acquired by previous generations of people.

Mass communication is integral part modern society, its economy, politics, culture and covers international, intergroup and interpersonal relations.

Modern mass culture acts as a complex form of organization and structuring of the cultural life of society, producing both a cultural product and its consumer, which is carried out largely thanks to the efforts of the media. In their totality, the media create certain ideas about the world, about the most human significant values and concepts, while contributing to the destruction of traditionally valued but now unnecessary qualities.

The social essence of mass communication boils down to the fact that it is a powerful means of influencing society in order to optimize its activities, socialize the individual and integrate society. However, this influence is not always positive character.

Mass communications today have become a powerful tool that not only shapes public opinion, but also often influences the adoption of certain political decisions, promotes the interpenetration of cultures and the spread of cultural patterns and standards beyond the boundaries of one culture, creating a global cultural space.

Literature

1. Bell D. Mass culture and modern society - America. - 1963. - No. 103

2. Erasov B.S. Social cultural studies. In 2 parts. Part II. - M.: JSC Aspect Press, 1994

3. Sokolov A. Updating the sphere of culture and mass communications as the most important element of the strategy of socio-economic development // Civil service. – 2005. - No. 4. – P. 3-6

4. Mass culture: Textbook / K.Z. Akopyan, M31 A.V., Zakharov, S.Ya. Kagarlitskaya and others - M.: Alfa-M; INFRA-M, 2004. - 304 p.

5. Nazarov Mass communication in the modern world: methodology of analysis and research practice. – M.: Editorial – URSS, 2002. – 240 p.

6. Pocheptsov G.G. Communication theory. – M.: “Relf-book”. – 2001., 656 p.

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Basic elements of the ICC. Verbal communication. Language as an element of culture. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The role of language in intercultural communication. Contextuality of communication. Communication style and its varieties (direct, indirect, skillful, precise, formal, personal, instrumental, situational and affective). Nonverbal communication and its specificity. Basics nonverbal communication. Elements of nonverbal communication (kinesics, tactile behavior, proxemics, chronemics). Paraverbal communication

Every person had to communicate with people who are usually called sociable. They can easily establish contacts with other people, simply make friends, and feel comfortable in any company. According to the observations of psychologists, such people consciously or unconsciously use certain methods of attraction - the art of winning over their interlocutor.

Scientists have found that a person’s perception is programmed for a long time by how successfully he spends the first minutes, and sometimes even seconds, of communication. There are many very simple techniques that can make those first minutes of communication easier in almost any situation and set the tone for the entire process. Among them are a smile, the name of the interlocutor and a compliment to him, etc. For example, a smile is a universal facial signal, interpreted in almost all cultures in the same way and positively attuning any interlocutor to the communication process. All these simple but effective techniques are necessary for every person, since the ability to use them allows you to win over your interlocutor and open the way for long-term communication. In other words, mastery of communication, means of verbal and non-verbal communication is necessary for every person. Not only the effectiveness of interaction with other people depends on this skill, but also the constructiveness of decisions made that have important practical significance for the life of an individual.

4.1 Verbal communication

4.1.1 Language as an element of culture

Each culture has its own language system, with the help of which its speakers are able to communicate with each other. In science various shapes linguistic communication are called verbal means of communication. The most famous verbal means of communication include, first of all, human speech, since thanks to speech people transmit and receive the bulk of vital information. However, human speech is only one of the elements of language, and therefore its functionality is much less than that of the entire language system as a whole.

The importance of language in the culture of any nation cannot be overestimated. Each science usually emphasizes its own aspect in this assessment. In cultural literature, the meaning of language most often comes down to the following figurative statements:

A mirror of culture, which reflects not only the real world around a person, but also the mentality of the people, their national character, traditions, customs, morality, system of norms and values, picture of the world;

A pantry, a treasury of culture, since all knowledge, skills, material and spiritual values ​​accumulated by a particular people are stored in the language system: in folklore, books, oral and written speech;

A bearer of culture, since it is through language that it is passed on from generation to generation. In the process of inculturation, children, mastering their native language, along with it assimilate the generalized experience of previous generations;

An instrument of culture that shapes the personality of a person who, through language, perceives the mentality, traditions and customs of his people, as well as a specific cultural image of the world.

In different scientific publications You can find many definitions of language, but they all agree on the main thing: language is a means of expressing thoughts, a means of communication. Of course, it has other functions, but these are the main ones. Among the many functions of language, there is a communicative function, which suggests that without language any form of human communication becomes impossible. Language serves communication and can be called a communicative process in its pure form. And since culture, as a specifically human sign of adaptation to the environment, can also be called communication, it becomes clear that the connection between language, culture and communication is natural and inextricable.

Language does not exist outside of culture. This is one of the most important components of culture, a form of thinking, a manifestation of specifically human life activity, which itself in turn is the real existence of language. Therefore, language and culture are inseparable. If language is culture, then culture, first of all, is language.

Numerous definitions of the term “culture” that exist in science allow us to note the main thing. Culture is an essential characteristic of a person associated with the purely human ability to purposefully transform the environment

world, during which an artificial world of things, symbols, as well as connections and relationships between people is created. Everything made by or related to man is part of culture. Communication and communication are the most important part of human life, and therefore part of culture. Emphasizing their importance, many researchers equate culture with communication. The leading American expert on intercultural communication, E. Hall, argues that culture is communication, and communication is culture. Based on this interpretation, many Western scientists figuratively depict culture in the form of an iceberg, the basis of which is cultural values ​​and norms, and its peak is individual human behavior, based on them and manifested primarily in communication with other people.

As we have already noted, only in communication with adults and peers does a small child become a person. Only through communication does he undergo inculturation and socialization, becoming a representative of his people and culture. Only through communication can a person correlate his behavior with the actions of other people, forming together with them a single social organism - society. In processes social interaction norms, values ​​and institutions of a particular culture acquire their stable form. It is communication in all its forms (verbal and non-verbal), types (formal and informal), types (interpersonal, intergroup, intercultural) that most fully reveals the specifics of human society.

Each specific act of communication is determined by the cultural differences of the interlocutors. Depending on the specifics of cultural differences in intercultural communication, it is customary to distinguish between collectivist and individualist types of culture. The collectivist type of culture is widespread mainly among eastern peoples, in whose cultures main value is to identify oneself with the collective. This type of culture is dominant among the peoples of Japan, China, Russia and most African countries. Often, representatives of these cultures may use the pronoun “we” when expressing their personal opinions. A person belonging to an individualistic culture may perceive this statement as the general opinion of the group, but not as the personal opinion of the speaker. Representatives of collectivist cultures often forget their personal interests in order to achieve successful interpersonal interactions. A person in such cultures is judged by his ability to connect with other people, and by this ability others judge his character and competence. In traditional Chinese society, there is not even an exact word that would adequately convey the meaning of the concept of “personality,” which is widespread in Western cultures. For the Japanese, there is the concept of an individual, first of all, as part of a whole group. When members of a Japanese family talk to each other, they call each other not by their names, but by terms indicating the position of a particular person in the group (for example, daughter-in-law). When a son takes the place of a deceased father in the family, everyone calls him father, even his own mother calls her son that.

In Japan, the prevailing belief is that the collective, the group, is the most stable and permanent of all phenomena of social life. Each individual in a group is a transitory part of it, and therefore cannot exist outside the group. In this case, a person subordinates himself to the group of his own free will. Individual development of a person occurs due to the fact that he finds his place in the group. Any group success extends to each group member. Therefore, the Japanese are unable to understand Americans, who are extremely dynamic in their group relations: they constantly form different groups, move from one to another and change their beliefs. For a Japanese, leaving a group means losing one's identity. There, as soon as a person becomes an employee of an enterprise, he becomes an integral part of the group and remains so for the rest of his life. New employee is subordinate to those who came earlier and, accordingly, those people who came to the group later obey him. In Japan, a person’s whole life is connected with the enterprise; it is for him the center of cultural and social life. All employees spend their free time together, vacations are spent in the same holiday home, personal life events, such as a wedding or divorce, are also a matter of concern for the entire team.

In contrast, individualistic cultures place an emphasis on the individual and value individualism as a core value. This orientation is more common in Western culture. Every person there has his own principles and beliefs. In these cultures, all human actions are directed towards oneself. Individualism is the most characteristic feature of American behavior. Unlike representatives Japanese culture who always try to be invisible and not stand out from the crowd, Americans believe that their behavior should be assertive and distinguished by the confidence of actions that lead to life success and recognition in society.

It is natural that one or another type of culture gives rise to its own type of communication. Thus, representatives of collectivist cultures try to avoid direct interactions and focus on non-verbal means of communication, which, in their opinion, allow them to better find out and understand the intentions of the interlocutor, determine his attitude towards them. For their part, representatives of individualistic cultures prefer direct forms of communication and open ways of resolving conflicts. Therefore, in the communication process they use mainly verbal methods.

Communication occurs at three levels: communicative, interactive and perceptual. Communication level represents communication through language and cultural traditions characteristic of a particular community of people. The result of this level of interaction is mutual understanding between people. Interactive level - This is communication that takes into account the personal characteristics of people. It leads to certain relationships between people. Perceptual level provides the opportunity for mutual knowledge and bringing people closer together on this rational basis. It represents the process of partners’ perception of each other, determining the context of the meeting. Perceptual skills are manifested in the ability to manage one’s perception, “read” the mood of partners based on verbal and nonverbal characteristics, understand the psychological effects of perception and take them into account to reduce its distortion.

literature

1. Bodalev A.A. Perception and understanding of man by man. - M., 1982.

2. Grimmak L.P. Communicating with oneself: the beginning of psychological activity. - M., 1991.

3. Erastov N.P. Psychology of communication. - Yaroslavl, 1979.

4. Kagan M.S. World of communication. - M., 1988.

5. Cognition and communication. - M., 1988.

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Fundamentals of Intercultural Communication

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Any communication is a process of information exchange between people, each of whom has his own life experience and a picture of the world. The transmission and reception of information precedes the moment

Main aspects of uncertainty (uncertainty)
At the first contact with a foreign culture, each person has a very small amount of information about the new cultural environment and does not have clear ideas about the norms of behavior accepted in this culture.

Strategy for reducing uncertainty
A scientific solution to the problem of communicative uncertainty was undertaken using the theory of uncertainty reduction. The founder of this theory was K. Berger, who believed

Theories of intercultural communication
The theory of uncertainty reduction discussed above shows how a particular person’s expectations from meeting a new culture can be changed, his cognitive uncertainty and anxiety can be reduced.

Axioms of intercultural communication
The considered issues of intercultural communication allow us to state that the process of intercultural communication begins with a simple awareness of the fact of really existing cultural differences between

Elements of nonverbal communication (kinesics, tactile behavior, proxemics, chronemics). Paraverbal communication
Every person had to communicate with people who are usually called sociable. They can easily establish contacts with other people, simply acquire acquaintances, feel comfortable

Language as an element of culture
Each culture has its own language system, with the help of which its speakers are able to communicate with each other. In science, various forms of linguistic communication are called verbal means.

Contextuality of communication
This concept was introduced by E. Hall in 1976 to draw attention to the peculiarity of communication, according to which different cultures “program” their members to emphasize predominantly internal

Communication style
Each person has his own communication style, which leaves a completely recognizable, characteristic imprint on his behavior and communication in any situation. The style of communication reflects the characteristics of the general

Nonverbal communication
Communication experts estimate that a modern person speaks about 30 thousand words per day, or about 3 thousand words per hour. Speech communication is usually accompanied by non-verbal actions.

Specifics of nonverbal communication
There is no doubt that with the help of words we receive a wide variety of information, including that which indicates the culture of the interlocutor. At the same time, information about what it is

Physiological and culture-specific foundations of nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication is the oldest form of human communication. Historically, nonverbal means of communication developed earlier than language. They have proven to be resilient and effective in their

Nonverbal elements of communication
Consideration of the elements of nonverbal communication helps to better understand the ways in which the intercultural meaning of communication is expressed. In this regard, the most important feature of nonverbal communication

Paraverbal communication
The meaning of a statement may change depending on what intonation, rhythm, and timbre were used to convey it. Speech tones influence the meaning of a statement, signal emotions, and

Practical tasks
1. Is it possible to achieve maximum mutual understanding between people? 2. On any specific example show the perceptual level of communication. 3. List the most important ones in your opinion

The essence and determining factors of perception
Psychologists have found that the primary perception of a person is often the decisive factor for subsequent interaction with him. Communication with stranger requires specific use

The influence of culture on perception
It has been experimentally proven that the mechanism of perception of each person is unique and original, but this does not mean at all that the ability to perceive the world in a certain way is given to a person

The concept and essence of attribution
In the process of intercultural interaction, a person perceives another along with his actions and through his actions. The construction of relationships largely depends on the adequacy of the understanding of actions and their causes.

On the process of intercultural communication
Much research into the attribution process suggests that, in experimental settings, people often judge the behavior of others as if they were attributing reasons for their behavior.

The emergence of intercultural conflicts
A normal person, no matter how conflict-free he may be, is not able to live without disagreements with others. How many people - so many opinions and interests different people inevitably come into conflict

Practical tasks
1. Remember when you last time I had to see a man with unusual appearance or unusual behavior. What did you experience and how did you explain your appearance and behavior to strangers?

The concept and essence of a stereotype
As you know, people perceive each other through the prism of existing stereotypes. When meeting representatives of other peoples and cultures, people usually have a natural tendency to

The importance of stereotypes for the ICC
In the process of intercultural communication, a person perceives another along with his actions and through his actions. The construction of mutual relationships largely depends on the adequacy of the understanding of actions and their causes.

The concept and essence of prejudice
Ideas about typical features other peoples depend both on their characteristic features, and on the forms and variety of contacts with them. Moreover, the result of contacts is not only stereotypes, but also

The mechanism of prejudice formation
Numerous domestic and foreign studies of human psychology show that there is a special mechanism in it with the help of which it becomes possible to direct one’s emotional

Types of Prejudice
The use of prejudice in everyday life has various consequences for a person. Firstly, the presence of one or another prejudice seriously distorts the process of perceiving people for its bearer.

Problems of adjusting and changing prejudices
In the process of life, every person is constantly exposed to the influence of relatives, friends, acquaintances, who unconsciously or consciously try to change prejudices, adjusting them for the “better.”

Practical tasks
1. When communicating with your parents, acquaintances and friends, pay attention to stereotypical statements. Why did you realize that these were stereotypes? Analyze these statements. 2. Remember

Space as a category of culture
Each culture has its own logic and its own idea of ​​the world. What is significant in one culture may not be significant in another. Therefore, it is important to always look at your partner with respect.

Life rhythm of culture
Initially, time was considered nothing more than an integral property of the natural rhythms of the development of nature, the cycles of changing seasons caused by the interaction of the Sun, Moon and Earth. "At first it was

Monochronic and polychronic cultures
Time is an indicator of the pace of life and rhythm of activity adopted in a particular culture. Therefore, according to the way they use time, cultures are usually divided into two opposite types: in

Context
The nature and results of the communication process are determined, among other things, by the level of awareness of its participants. There are cultures in which additional support is required for full communication.

Space
As discussed in the chapter on nonverbal means of communication, each person, for his normal existence, needs a certain amount of space around him, which he considers his own.

Information flows
For the communication process, a very important cultural category is information flows, which, together with all the factors discussed above, form a single set of reasons that define

Individualism - collectivism
The division of cultures into individualistic or collectivist is one of the important indicators in intercultural communication, since it helps explain differences in the behavior of representatives.

Masculinity - femininity
Every society consists of men and women based on gender. The biological differences between men and women are the same all over the world, but their social roles in society are only to a small extent

Uncertainty avoidance
The state and feeling of uncertainty is an integral part of human existence, since it is impossible to absolutely accurately predict events either in the near or distant future.

Practical tasks
1. Try to compare the life rhythm of your culture with other cultures with whose representatives you have interacted. Pay attention to others cultural differences. 2. Attempts

The concept and essence of acculturation
Cultural contacts are an essential component of communication between peoples. Therefore, when cultures interact, they not only complement each other, but also enter into complex relationships with each other,

Basic forms (strategies) of acculturation
In the process of acculturation, each person simultaneously solves two major problems: he strives to preserve his cultural identity and integrates into a foreign culture. Combination of possible options

Acculturation results
The most important result and goal of the acculturation process is long-term adaptation to life in a foreign culture. It is characterized by relatively stable changes in and

Acculturation as communication
It is very important to note that the basis of acculturation is the communication process. Just like local residents acquire their cultural characteristics, that is, they undergo inculturation through mutual

Determining factors of culture shock
The problems of acculturation and adaptation are devoted to a large number of scientific research both in our country and abroad. The most important place among them is occupied by research on psychological problems.

The concept of culture shock and its symptoms
Stress impact new culture per person, experts call culture shock. Sometimes similar concepts are used - transition shock, cultural fatigue. To one degree or another

The mechanism of development of culture shock
It was first described in detail by K. Oberg, who argued that people go through certain stages of experience culture shock and gradually reach a satisfactory level of adaptation

Factors influencing culture shock
The severity of culture shock and the duration of intercultural adaptation depend on many factors. They can be combined into two groups: internal (individual) and external (group

M. Bennett's model of mastering a foreign culture
M. Bennett's model of mastering a foreign culture. Ethnocentric stages (denial, defense, belittlement). Ethnorelativistic stages (recognition, adaptation, integration)

Negation
One form of ethnocentrism is the denial of any cultural differences between peoples. An ethnocentric personality simply does not perceive the existence of cultural differences. Denial can

Disparagement
The minimization stage represents the last attempt to maintain an ethnocentric position. At this stage, cultural differences are openly acknowledged and not judged negatively, as they were previously.

Ethnorelativistic stages
The transition from ethnocentrism to ethnorelativism occurs through a paradigm shift, from absolutism to relativism. The foundation of ethnorelativism is the assumption that human behavior can only be understood

Confession
According to M. Bennett, the next stage in the development of intercultural sensitivity and at the same time the first stage of ethnorelativism is the stage of recognition (approval). On it the existence of cultural

Adaptation
The next stage in the development of the process of intercultural sensitivity is adaptation. At this stage, ethnorelativism deepens. At this time it is very important to realize that

Integration
It is an extreme case of complete adaptation to a foreign culture, which begins to feel like one’s own. At this stage we can already talk about the formation of a multicultural personality, whose identity

The concept of intercultural competence
If the need and possibility of forming a multicultural personality raises doubts and disputes among scientists, then the education of intercultural competence, undoubtedly, should become one of the goals with

Intercultural competence training
Recently, an increasing number of researchers consider moving to another culture as a situation in which a person’s previous social interaction skills are useless

Formation of Russian culture
Determining factors of Russian culture (geographical, historical, religious) The process of formation of Russian culture has its roots in the distant past and is inextricably

Factors in the formation of Russian
cultures: geographical, historical, religious The importance of geographical factors in the formation of Russian culture was drawn attention to by the famous Russian historian V.O.

The concept of Russian national character
The concept of “national character” is actively used today by politicians, scientists, writers, and journalists. It appears on the pages of scientific monographs, in newspapers and magazines, and is heard in public speeches.

The role of ethnostereotypes in the study of national character
A measurable form of manifestation of national character are ethnic stereotypes, which perform an important function, determining a person’s behavior in various situations and influencing his sympathies (ant.

Russian character in Russian social thought
Although the fate of Russia, its place in world history has also been occupied by Russian thinkers, at least since the period of Muscovite Rus'. a full-fledged theoretical analysis of these issues began only in the 19th century. Pract

Auto- and heterostereotypes of Russians
Ideas about the most typical features of the national character of both one’s own people and other peoples are generalized into autostereotypes and heterostereotypes. Autostereotypes represent me

Values ​​of Russian culture (community, justice, patience)
Special studies of the nature of auto- and heterostereotypes have allowed scientists to come to the conclusion that they are based on the values ​​of a particular culture. Historians have also proven that the most important role

Russian values ​​and the Russian type of economy
The fundamental values ​​of Russian culture, which underlie the Russian national character, have existed steadily for centuries, passed on from generation to generation. This mechanism is associated

Traditional values ​​of the Russian community in modern conditions
Today it has become clear to everyone that traditional Russian values ​​cannot be preserved and act unchanged. They begin to change in accordance with the changes that gradually

History of origin
Every country has stereotypical ideas about not only themselves, but also about other peoples. Among the latter, there are often stereotypical ideas about Russians, who are very essentially

The most common stereotypes of Russians in modern Germany
Due to the almost half-century existence of the two Germanys, which ended on October 3, 1990, the perception of Russians by West and East Germans differs significantly. This is explained in the main

Features of German-Russian communication
5.2.1. Do we communicate with foreigners in the same way as with representatives of our own nationality? Probably, the entire range of possible answers can be divided into two groups

Verbal communication
The process of intercultural communication involves taking into account the cultural conditioning of one’s native language and the language of the communication partner. That is, the partner’s language should be constantly perceived

Nonverbal communication
Whenever we communicate with people of a different culture, in addition to the problem of language, other difficulties suddenly appear that arise due to the mismatch of interpretations of facial expressions, gestures, language, etc.

Features of personal and work relationships in Russian and German cultures
There is no doubt that Germans and Russians structure their relationships in the personal and work spheres differently. Unlike Germans, Russians are more inclined to combine personal and work interests. L

Practical tasks
1. Ask representatives of other cultures you know what stereotypes of Russians they know. Select a few of the most common ones and compare them with your ideas. Analysis

Culture (Latin cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) is an ambiguous concept. Let us leave aside the expression “culture of microbes”, “culture of agriculture (agriculture)” and turn to the social sphere.

1. In ethnography, archeology, history, “culture” is understood as a general characteristic of the development of a given society, people, tribe, for example, “ancient culture”, “Mayan culture”, “Neolithic culture”, “culture of tropical forest hunters”, etc. Social communication in this case characterizes the communication side of culture: language, symbols, transmission of traditions, customs, knowledge, skills, etc., thus being part of culture.
2. In everyday language, “culture” has an evaluative meaning (the contrast between “cultural” and “uncultured”), for example, the culture of everyday life, the culture of communication, the culture of speech. It is appropriate to talk about “communication culture” in the sense of correctness, compliance with accepted norms. The term "culture" is more appropriate in these cases. Culture in this case is an assessment of the external form of communication, i.e., a property of communication.

3. Departmental-sectoral interpretation, when culture is understood as the activities of socio-cultural institutions under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture (libraries, palaces and houses of culture, parks, museums, theaters, zoos, music schools and so on.). Culture is distinguished from education, mass information, science, art, which belong to other departments. From the point of view of this interpretation, the expressions “culture and art”, “culture and education” do not look logically disproportionate like “plant and stem”, “cart and wheel”. It is clear that the concept of social communication as the movement of meanings in social space and time absorbs the “departmental-branch” concept of culture. All activities of socio-cultural institutions turn out to be social and communication, and all cultural institutions become centers (services) of social communication. The conventionality of the “departmental-branch” understanding of culture is confirmed by constant changes in the scale of the industry from the comprehensive People’s Commissariat for Education to the modern Ministry of Culture, but the practical usefulness of this understanding is proven by its prevalence.

4. The functional (activity, technological) concept of culture has received recognition in modern cultural studies. It is essentially a theoretical interpretation of the understanding of culture as “a second nature created by humanity” or as “a set of artificial material and spiritual values, i.e., material and spiritual culture. The detailed definition of culture is as follows: culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human life activity and, represented in the products of the material and spiritual pile, in the system social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the totality of people’s relationships to nature, among themselves and to themselves. The concept of culture captures both the general difference between human life activity and biological forms of life, and the uniqueness of the historically specific forms of this life activity studied by archaeologists, ethnographers, and historians."

Culture, in the words of one of the ideologists of the functional concept, “fills and saturates the entire social space formed by cooperative human activity, turns out to be, as it were, blurred throughout the entire body of the social organism and penetrating into all its pores”; it is the content of historical progress, the accumulator of the historical experience of mankind.

The “body of the social organism,” as is known, is formed by: the sphere of economics (material production), the family sphere (the system of reproduction of the human race), the sphere of spiritual life (the system of spiritual production that ensures production and reproduction public consciousness), political sphere (system of organization and management). Social communication, of course, permeates all of these areas, but is not as comprehensive as culture. We can say that from the position of the functional concept, social communication is part of culture.

5. Another popular one among cultural scientists is the so-called “humanistic” concept of culture, which considers culture as a method and measure of “human production,” i.e. formation of personality, the importance of labor and socio-political activities for the realization of the essential powers of a person is especially emphasized. Unlike the functional concept, in this case the content of culture is seen not in machines, structures, tools, but in knowledge, skills, ethical standards, aesthetic values, worldviews and beliefs that “make a person a person.” It is clear that the role of social communication in this “doing” is enormous. Understanding this, humanistic theorists argue that cultural activity, by its very nature, is nothing more than a communicative (!) activity, as an exchange of essential forces between people." If this is so, then culture turns into a part of social communication, because the latter can serve not only humanization, but also dehumanization of people (propaganda in totalitarian states).

6. Information-semiotic concepts of culture, initially put forward abroad (structural anthropology - E. Sapir, K. LeviStrauss), consider culture as a “set of non-genetic information” presented by means of sign systems, as a universal channel of social communication. In the light of information semiotic concepts, language is considered the defining basis of culture, which contributed to the enrichment of cultural studies with the methods of semiotics, structural linguistics, and mathematics. In informational semiotic concepts, culture and social communication are identified, which is another option for resolving the issue of their relationship.
7. Culture is spiritual production; the cultural system coincides with the system of spiritual production; the concepts of “culture” and “spiritual production” are equivalent in scope (perhaps also in content). The reasoning is as follows. Although all systems of society - material production, family life, social, political, of course, perform the function of personality formation, but only for spiritual production this function is the main, determining, unconditional one. It is the system of spiritual production in any historically specific society that provides the corresponding intellectual, emotional, moral formation people and meeting their spiritual needs. Thus, the concept of “culture” is reduced to the concept of “spiritual culture”. In this case, the structure of culture, which is also the structure of spiritual production, looks like this:

A. subsystem of spiritual production (creation, generation) of spiritual values, including science, art, morality, philosophy, religion - in general, the production of all forms of social consciousness;
B. subsystem for storing spiritual values, i.e. social memory;
B. subsystem of distribution, exchange, consumption and development of spiritual values, which includes all socio-cultural institutions.

The “spiritual production” concept interprets culture narrower than the functional one, which embraces both spiritual and material culture, but broader than the “humanistic” concept, concerned with the education and enlightenment of humanity. Social communication is part of spiritual production, since it, covering subsystems B and C, does not include subsystem A, and therefore is part of culture from the point of view of this concept.

CONCLUSIONS
1. Broad concepts of culture (functional and spiritual production) entirely include social communication as a “communication aspect” or “communication function” of culture, and narrow concepts (information-semiotic and humanistic) consider culture as a whole as a communication process. The question remains open.
2. The most important area of ​​overlap between culture and social communication is the area of ​​cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is nothing more than social memory with its current and embodied parts.
3. Another area of ​​coincidence between culture and social communication is the area of ​​distribution, exchange, consumption and assimilation of cultural values ​​(subsystem B of spiritual production).
The main contradiction that has to be resolved both in the field of culture and in the field of social communication is the desire to select the most relevant from the values ​​of the past and include them in social life, but this desire runs into the inevitability of the destruction of monuments in the process of their use and, therefore, arises the desire for their protection, conservation, protection from contemporaries.