Stages of work. Organization of the production of electrical work by industrial methods - how to organize electrical work

The electrical installation organization will perform the work you need in the field of electrification and equipment commissioning in Moscow. Find the best company the Yuda website will help you with the most reasonable prices. After reviewing the profiles posted on the platform, you will find many proposals for the supply of electricity to apartments, houses and cottages. Both companies and private electricians who are ready to go to your house in Moscow offer their services here.

What services do electrical installation companies provide?

On the Yuda website, you will quickly find a contractor for any type of work. Usually professional organizations provide the following types of services:

• construction of transformer substations
• construction and reconstruction of electrical substations and equipment
• laying of power lines
• laying of cables and wires in houses and apartments
• equipment grounding
• installation of automation of various types

All types of services are usually completed on a turnkey basis. Often, companies also sell equipment and materials. All types of work are aimed at ensuring uninterrupted power supply to your apartment, summer cottage or house. In turn, this will protect your electrical devices from damage.

What are the stages of electrical work?

The electrical installation company provides services not only for the electrification of buildings and structures, but also for ensuring their safety, including fire safety. All work is carried out in stages:

• the electrical installation organization prepares a project of work, whether it is a simple repair or the installation of new electrics
• the project is checked for compliance with safety requirements
• masters start work

Major repairs in the cottage cannot be made without ordering the services of an electronics master and calling him at home. A new electrician, wires, sockets and switches cannot be installed by a person without an appropriate permit to work with electricity.

What does the project include?

You should agree with the masters on the project of work. It can be done both on paper and in in electronic format using modern programs 3D modeling. Pay attention to the following nuances:

• in the layout, you must reflect all the premises of your apartment or house (hallways, bathrooms, balconies, closets)
• the wiring should be done in such a way that the least amount of materials was spent
• sockets and switches should be located as conveniently and safely as possible - for example, if there are small children in the house, these elements should be installed at a higher height

Having coordinated the project of work with the masters, you can be sure that the rest will be done by professionals at the highest level.

On the Yuda website, you can find the average prices for the work indicated in the price lists, which will allow you to ask the price and choose the most favorable conditions for concluding a contract. You can also find out how much it costs to call the master at home, what is average price for services in the Moscow region, what it depends on, and how to get a discount that the electrical installation organization is ready to provide you.

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Generalprinciples ofelectrical work

Electrical work is part of a complex of construction work and is carried out under a construction contract (contract), in accordance with which the contractor undertakes to complete the work within the period specified in the contract, and the customer undertakes to create for the contractor the necessary conditions to perform work, accept their result and pay for the work performed.

Customers are legal entities(enterprises, organizations) with financial resources (investors). Funding for electrical work is carried out through the section of capital investments provided for new construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of power facilities.

Contractors for electrical installation work are, as a rule, electrical installation organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, registered in accordance with the established procedure with the tax authorities and having a license and other documents confirming the organization's ligitivity and quality assurance for performing electrical works. With a large volume of electrical work and several applicants for their implementation, the customer organizes a competitive tender.

Licensing of the activities of electrical installation organizations is carried out in order to protect the rights and interests of consumers of construction and installation products. Warranties within the terms of the customer's claims to the contractor are determined in the work contract and for electrical work are, as a rule, 1 ... 2 years.

The work contract is the main legal document governing the relationship between the customer and the contractor. Such a contract is sometimes concluded for the execution of turnkey works. This implies the implementation of a full investment cycle, including design, construction, electrical installation, commissioning and commissioning of the facility.

To perform a complex or certain types of work, for example, commissioning works, the contractor may involve other organizations - subcontractors. In this case, the contractor acts as a general contractor.

Preparation for carrying out electrical work, in particular, acceptance of the construction part of the facility for the installation of equipment, responsibility to the customer for the performance of all types of work within the time limits stipulated by the contract of proper quality are assigned to the general contractor

Organization of electrical work

electrical work security labor

The organization of electrical work is entrusted to the contractor and consists of three main stages.

At the first engineering and technical stage, acceptance, verification and study of design and estimate documentation is carried out; v project documentation a construction organization project (PIC) should be provided, on the basis of which the electrical installation organization develops a project for the production of electrical works. (PPER).

At the second organizational stage, acceptance from builders is carried out for the installation of equipment for buildings, structures, foundations, openings and niches in the structures of buildings and structures; the installation of embedded parts is monitored, the presence of stationary cranes, assembly trolleys and hoists provided for by the project is checked.

At the third material and technical stage, the provision and completion of electrical work with equipment, materials, products, assembly blanks is carried out; at the same stage, installation work is equipped with mechanisms, tools, inventory and means of safe work.

An important point the organization of electrical work on complex objects that require a certain sequence of construction and electrical work is the preparation of a PPER. This project 1 is necessarily developed for performing electrical work, accompanied by complex rigging work using mechanisms (truck cranes, aerial platforms), climbing work, as well as for work performed in existing electrical installations, for example, during the reconstruction of existing substations.

PPER is developed by special groups for production preparation of installation organizations and approved by its technical manager (chief engineer). PPER must be agreed with the customer or the technical manager of the operating organization.

The initial data for the development of PPER are:

working drawings and estimates of project documentation of the facility:

data on the supply of equipment and materials, the availability of machines and mechanisms;

applicable regulatory documents, installation instructions, industry rules for labor protection;

terms of possible shutdown of existing electrical installations during reconstruction and technical re-equipment of facilities.

In the second section of the PPER, the most effective methods organization and technology for performing electrical work. It indicates technological methods for performing labor-intensive operations, their mechanization, proposals for combining installation and commissioning work, instructions on labor protection, and schedules for the production of work.

The third section of G1PER includes tasks directly for electrical installation personnel with an indication of the responsible engineering and technical workers by stages of work, a list of units, blocks and structures to be assembled, the necessary drawings or links to standard albums, lists of embedded parts, their sketches and installation locations, specifications for equipment and materials for the production of works.

Electrical planning

Planning is one of the main functions of managing the construction process, including electrical work. One of the planning tasks is to find options, a rational relationship between the stages of the production of electrical work. An important aspect of planning is the mutual coordination of work in time, provided that they are carried out continuously, especially when performing work in existing electrical installations.

The simplest form of work planning is drawing up a work schedule, which is a document regulating the delivery of equipment and components in time, the need for mechanisms, machines, labor and energy resources, the distribution of capital investments and the volume of electrical work.

Linear work schedules are conservative in their execution and reflect only one possible situation of work progress. In the event of deviations in time and in the interrelation of production factors, this model must be corrected or rebuilt.

When planning electrical work, network models are used, the main elements of which are network diagrams. The development of a network schedule begins with the establishment of a list of works to be performed, determination of their duration, rational technological sequence and the relationship between them.

The main components of the network schedule are events and work. Each work, reflected in the schedule, has its own duration: deterministic, established by time standards, or probabilistic, established, for example, on the basis of statistical data. The work can be fictitious, does not require time-consuming, but indicating the possibility of starting this work only after completing another (the installation of a transformer is possible only after the reinforced concrete foundation has hardened).

An event represents the completion of one or more jobs, creating an opportunity to start other jobs. On the network diagram (Fig. 1.1), events are depicted by a circle, divided into sectors. In the upper sector, the number of the event is indicated, in the left - the early of the possible dates of the event, in the right - the late of the allowable dates of the event.

On the network diagram work i-j depicted by an arrow connecting two events - the previous / and subsequent / (solid arrow - real work; dotted - fictitious work). The direction of the arrow indicates the order in which the work will be done; the operating time t is indicated by the number next to the arrow.

Rice. 1. Network schedule for the installation of a 10 / 0.4 kV substation: 1-2 - installation of substation lighting, t = 3 days; 2-3 - installation of panel boards (distribution, control, metering), 8 days; 2-4 - revision, installation and adjustment of power transformers, 6 days; 2-5 - installation of switchgear 10 kV, 8 days; 3-5 - fictitious work.

Laying control cables and power cables 0.4 kV, 10 days; 4-8 - input of 10 kV cables to transformers, 4 days; 5-7 - cable entry and stripping in 10 kV switchgear chambers, 6 days; 6-7 - cutting and connecting cables to 0.4 kV switchboards, 3 days; 6-11 - checking the circuit, adjusting the equipment, adjusting the panels of 0.4 kV switchboards, 7 days; 7-8

Fictitious work; 7-11 - adjustment of 10 kV switchgear circuits. 6 days; 8-9 - phasing of 10 kV cables in transformer chambers, 1 day; 9-10 - cutting and connecting 10 kV cables to transformers, 2 days; 9-11 - binding of external cable routes, making inscriptions on the walls and doors of the substation, 1 day; 10-11 high-voltage tests of cables and transformers, 1 day.

The chain of sequential activities connecting the originating (1) and ending (11) events is called the complete network path. The complete path that has the longest duration is called the critical path. In accordance with fig. 1 critical path is 30 days. In relation to the critical, all other paths of the network schedule have a slack.

Typically, the development and analysis of network models is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the network schedule is built and all its parameters are calculated, at the second stage, the analysis, adjustment and optimization of the network schedule are carried out.

The process of optimizing the network schedule in terms of time consists primarily in reducing the duration of the critical path. Three optimization methods can be distinguished here. The first way is to adjust the network schedule in such a way that it allows you to reduce the duration of the critical path at the expense of the resources (labor and material) allocated for the work that does not lie on the critical path. These works can be postponed for some time, since the timing of their completion does not affect the deadline.

The second way to optimize over time is to change the topology of the graph network. This is carried out by introducing a multivariate technology for performing work into the network model, establishing new paths and interrelationships of works, and ultimately shortening the critical path.

The third method of time optimization is related to the division of long-term jobs into separate, parallel jobs.

In general, the network planning system allows you to visually present and evaluate the organization of electrical work, to carry out more reasonable planning and operational management of these works.

Prepareovka to the production of electrical work

Prior to the commencement of electrical work at the facility, the following activities must be performed:

1 received by the contractor design and technical documentation, approved by the customer's stamp "for the production of work";

2 agreed between the contractor and the supplier enterprises a schedule for the supply of equipment, taking into account the technological sequence of work. The list of complex electrical equipment mounted with the involvement of the chief installation personnel of the supplier enterprises, the conditions for transporting heavy and large-sized electrical equipment to the installation site;

3 prepared premises for the accommodation of teams of workers, engineering and technical workers, the production base, as well as for the storage of materials and tools;

4, the acceptance was carried out according to the act of the construction part of the object for the installation of electrical equipment and the measures for labor protection, fire safety, and environmental protection provided for by the rules and regulations were carried out.

When the equipment is accepted for installation, it is inspected, the completeness is checked (without disassembly), the availability and validity of the manufacturer's warranties are checked. The results of the inspection are documented in the appropriate act.

Electrical equipment during installation is not subject to opening and revision, except for cases when it is provided by state and industry standards or technical conditions, as well as cases of long-term storage of equipment in violation of factory instructions. It is prohibited to disassemble the equipment received sealed from the manufacturer.

Deformed and damaged electrical equipment must be installed only after the damage and defects have been eliminated.

Electrical equipment, for which the standard storage period specified in state standards or technical conditions has expired, is accepted for installation only after a pre-installation audit, correction of defects and tests. The results of the work performed must be entered in the forms, passports and other accompanying documentation for the equipment, an act of carrying out the specified work must be drawn up. Premises of closed switchgears, foundations for electrical equipment are leased for installation with fully completed construction and finishing works. Delivery and acceptance of premises and foundations for the installation of complex and expensive electrical equipment, the installation of which will be carried out with the assistance of the chief installation personnel, is carried out jointly with representatives of the company that carries out the installation supervision.

Before the start of electrical work, for example, on open switchgears, the general contractor must complete the planning of the territory, the construction of access roads, cable channels, install bus and linear portals, build foundations for electrical equipment, fences around the switchgear.

In the structures of portals and foundations for switchgear equipment, the embedded parts and fasteners provided for by the project must be installed, which are necessary for fastening the strings of insulators and equipment. In cable ducts and tunnels, embedded parts for fastening cable structures must be installed. The construction of the water supply system and the automatic fire-extinguishing devices provided for by the project must also be completed.

Permanent openings, niches, openings in walls and ceilings required for moving electrical equipment and installing low-voltage electrical networks and control cables, provided for by architectural and construction drawings, must be made in structures and structures handed over for the installation of electrical equipment, by the general contractor or by a direct construction contractor. After completing the electrical work, the general contractor is obliged to seal temporary holes, grooves, niches and nests.

Labor protection when performing electrical work

An important point in the organization of electrical work is the preparation and provision of safe working conditions. All preparatory measures in this regard must be completed before the start of work and taken under an act on the fulfillment of labor protection requirements.

Responsibilities for ensuring safe working conditions are assigned to the contractor, who develops organizational and technological documentation for the performance of work (PPER), containing specific design solutions that determine the technical means and methods of work that ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements for labor protection.

The initial data for the development of such solutions are:

requirements of regulatory documents and labor protection standards;

standard solutions for ensuring labor protection requirements, reference manuals and catalogs of protective equipment for workers;

instructions of manufacturers of machines, mechanisms, equipment, materials and structures to ensure labor protection in the process of their application.

When developing design solutions for the organization of installation sites, it is necessary to identify hazardous production factors associated with the technology and conditions of work, determine and indicate in the organizational and technical documentation their areas of action.

Electrical work can be associated with both the construction of new facilities (new substations, power lines) and the reconstruction of existing ones. In the second case, electrical work refers to work performed in existing electrical installations. Here, zones with hazardous production factors include all work near live parts of an existing electrical installation. A work permit must be issued for the performance of such work, while performing the work, the technical and organizational safety measures indicated by the measures must also be carried out when working in compressor rooms, with air collectors, using gas cylinders during gas welding.

Electrical work in existing electrical installations, as a rule, should be carried out after removing the voltage from all live parts located in the work area, disconnecting them from the operating part of the electrical installation "ensuring visible breaks in the electrical circuit and grounding the disconnected live parts. The work area must be separated from the active part of the electrical installation with a solid or mesh fence preventing the passage of the installation personnel to this part, safety posters must be posted.

Allocation of a work area for the installation organization, taking measures to prevent erroneous supply of voltage to it, fencing from the operating part indicating the places of personnel passage and the passage of mechanisms must be formalized by an act - admission.

The admission of electricians to work in existing electrical installations must be carried out by the personnel of the operating organization and drawn up in writing indicating the composition of the brigade and the electrical safety group of each member of the brigade. The work permit is issued to the work supervisor (foreman, foreman, manager) for the period necessary to complete the specified amount of work. Before being admitted to work in existing electrical installations, the personnel of electrical organizations must be instructed on electrical safety issues at the workplace by a person allowing work, who is obliged to monitor the implementation of the measures provided for in the work permit to ensure the safety of work.

The operating personnel is responsible for the safety of temporary fences of workplaces, warning posters and the prevention of the supply of operating voltage to disconnected live parts, that members of the installer team observe safe distances to live parts that remain energized.

The work of the electrical installation team should be supervised by a competent and experienced engineering and technical worker of the contracting organization, who must correctly arrange people and mechanisms, and ensure that the requirements of the operating personnel are met.

Important elements of high quality and safety of work are the appropriate qualifications and high discipline of the electrical installation and operating personnel, in the absence of these qualities, even the most carefully developed PPERs do not guarantee against industrial injuries, rejects during the installation of expensive equipment, supply voltage to the work area.

Electrical work is accompanied by the widespread use of various construction machines and mechanisms (transport, lifting, earthmoving and others). All machines and mechanisms must meet the requirements state standards on labor safety (have a certificate for compliance with safety requirements). Engineering and technical workers responsible for the performance of work, and workers performing rigging or rafter work, must be certified by the state supervision authorities.

When placing machines on the assembly site, the work manager must determine the working area of ​​the machine and the boundaries of the danger zone it creates. In this case, the visibility of the working area from the driver's workplace must be ensured.

Vehicles and equipment used for loading and unloading operations must correspond to the nature of the cargo being processed. Sites for loading and unloading operations must be planned and have a slope of no more than 5 °, and their dimensions and coverings must comply with the PPER.

For cramped and dangerous conditions of work, the outreach and angle of rotation of the boom of the industrial vehicle must be regulated, and when working in the security zone of the power transmission line, the bodies of the machines (except for machines on caterpillar tracks) must be grounded using inventory portable grounding.

Work in the security zone of the line is allowed provided that the distance through the air from the machine (mechanism) or from its retractable or lifting part to the nearest energized wire is at least:

1.0 m - at line voltage up to 35 kV;

1.5 m - at a line voltage of 110 kV.

2.5 m - at a line voltage of 220 kV.

The technical condition of all vehicles must comply with the Traffic Regulations and the Occupational Safety Regulations for Road Transport.

The performance of certain types of work at the installation site, for example, welding, gas-flame, electrothermal, must be carried out in accordance with inter-industry rules on labor protection when performing these works. These works include, in particular, laying a soft roof on the roof of a closed switchgear using gas burners, heating power transformers before testing them after installation and other work.

In these cases, fire prevention measures must be taken, and in some cases, the contractor or customer, at the request of the electrical installation organization, must notify the local fire department to supervise fire hazardous work.

Industrialization and mechanization of electrical work

In order to reduce the terms of commissioning of facilities and improve the quality of electrical installation work, they strive for maximum industrialization and mechanization of these works, as well as for attracting highly qualified personnel of manufacturers for the installation of electrical equipment.

Industrialization is understood as the preliminary completion and assembly of electrical equipment in order to increase its assembly readiness. This is achieved by transferring the maximum possible number of assembly operations for electrical installation elements from the assembly area to assembly plants and workshops equipped with high-performance mechanisms.

The level of industrialization is determined by the ratio of the volume of electrical installation work performed outside the installation area to the total volume of electrical installation work.

To increase the level of industrialization of works. large installation organizations, as a rule, have subdivisions engaged in the manufacture of products, structures and mechanisms that are not mass-produced by the industry.

Industrial installation consists of two stages:

the first stage includes preliminary assembly of electrical equipment, assembly at factories and assembly workshops of the supplied disparate equipment into complete units and enlarged units, bringing them to full assembly readiness;

at the second stage, the installation of complete units and enlarged units of equipment is carried out, power and lighting networks and grounding networks are laid, the correct installation is checked, commissioning and acceptance tests of electrical equipment.

Most high level industrialization works on the installation of switchgears, the manufacture of which in the form of complete cells and blocks is carried out at factories of the domestic industry: KRU-6/10, KRUB-35, KRUB-110, KRUE-110 kV and above.

The development of industrial methods of electrical work is closely related to the increase in the level of their mechanization. The mechanization of electrical work has two main directions:

the use of universal mechanisms and hoisting-and-transport machines for the mechanization of labor-intensive processes; these are, in particular, crane-boring machines, telescopic derricks, hydraulic lifts;

the use of general construction tools, the development and use of various devices when performing certain assembly operations; these are, in particular, various power tools, construction and assembly guns, portable presses for terminating and connecting wires and cable cores.

Fulfillment of the terms of commissioning of facilities significantly depends on the material and technical support of electrical work. In the structure of large installation organizations, the functions of material and technical support are assigned to special subdivisions - departments (sections) of production and technical equipment (UGGGK).

These structural divisions, with their own resources and means, deliver to the assembly area. necessary equipment, materials and mechanisms. Successful work of the subdivisions requires mechanization of the warehouse, which makes it possible to mechanically pick materials and products into special containers for their subsequent delivery to the assembly area.

Installation of complex and expensive equipment (powerful transformers, new switches for kV and higher, electrical equipment from Siemens, ABB and others) is carried out, as a rule, with the involvement of the chief installation personnel from the equipment supplier. This personnel, in accordance with the equipment supply agreement, supervises the installation and testing of equipment.

Commissioning works

Commissioning works accompanying electrical installation work is a set of works, including checking, setting and testing electrical equipment in order to ensure its design parameters and modes.

Commissioning works are carried out in four stages.

N At the first (preparatory) stage, the contractor:

develops (based on the design and operational documentation of manufacturers) work program commissioning, including labor protection measures;

transfers to the customer the comments on the project identified in the process of developing the work program;

prepares a park of measuring equipment, test equipment and devices.

At this stage of work, the customer:

issues to the contractor the installation of relay protection, interlocks and automation, coordinated with the power system;

supplies voltage to the workplaces of the commissioning personnel from temporary or permanent power supply networks;

appoints representatives for the acceptance of commissioning works and agrees with the contractor the terms of work, taken into account in the general construction schedule.

At the second stage, adjustment work is carried out on stand-alone control panels, protection and automation, as well as adjustment work combined with electrical work. The start of commissioning is determined by the degree of readiness of construction and installation work: all construction work, including finishing work, must be completed in the electrical rooms, all openings, wells and cable channels must be closed, lighting, heating and ventilation completed, the installation of electrical equipment completed and its grounding completed.

At this stage, the general contractor provides temporary power supply and temporary communication in the work area.

The customer provides:

coordination with the design organization of issues on the remarks identified in the process of studying the project;

replacement of rejected and delivery of missing electrical equipment, elimination of electrical equipment and installation defects identified during the commissioning process:

verification and repair of electrical measuring instruments.

At the end of the second stage of commissioning and before the start of individual tests, the contractor makes changes to the schematic electrical diagrams of power supply facilities that are energized.

At the third stage of commissioning, individual tests of electrical equipment are performed, in particular, checking and testing of cooling systems and RIN transformers, protection devices, automation and equipment control. Especially with the new relays from Siemens and ABB.

The beginning of this stage is considered to be the introduction of an operating regime at this electrical installation, after which the commissioning work should relate to work in existing electrical installations and be carried out with the issuance of a work permit and compliance with technical and organizational safety measures.

At this stage, individual equipment tests are carried out, setting parameters, protection settings and equipment characteristics, testing control, protection and signaling circuits, as well as testing electrical equipment at idle speed.

Maintenance of electrical equipment at this stage is carried out by the customer, who ensures the placement of operating personnel, assembly and disassembly of electrical circuits, and also carries out technical supervision over the state of electrical equipment.

After the completion of individual tests, the electrical equipment is considered to be in operation. In this case, the contractor transfers the electrical equipment test reports to the customer. increased voltage, checks of grounding and grounding devices, as well as executive and circuit diagrams necessary for the operation of electrical equipment. All other protocols for setting up electrical equipment are transferred to the customer up to four months after the facility is put into operation.

The completion of commissioning at the third stage is formalized by an act of technical readiness of electrical equipment for comprehensive testing.

At the fourth stage of commissioning, a comprehensive testing of electrical equipment is carried out according to approved programs. At this stage, commissioning works are carried out to set up the interaction of electrical equipment systems in various modes.

These works include:

ensuring mutual connections, adjusting and setting the characteristics and parameters of individual devices and functional groups of an electrical installation in order to ensure the specified operating modes on it;

testing of electrical installations according to complete scheme at idle and under load in all operating modes to prepare for complex testing of technological equipment.

The commissioning works at the fourth stage are considered completed after the parameters and modes provided for by the project are received on the electrical equipment, ensuring a stable technological process. For power transformers it is 72 hours of work under load, for overhead and cable power lines - 24 hours of work under load.

Acceptance of the object for operation

During the construction period of the facility (power lines, substations), technical supervision over the production of construction, installation and commissioning works is carried out. This supervision is provided by the future operating personnel (customer), the design organization (field supervision), state supervision bodies, in particular, Gosgortekhnadzor.

The latter is federal body executive power carrying out normative regulation, licensing, control and supervisory functions in the field industrial safety, use for the protection of subsoil.

The task of the operating personnel at this stage is to assist the installation organization in the timely identification of defects, omissions and deviations from the project.

Upon completion of all work, the contractor notifies the customer about the need to accept the facility into operation.

The object submitted for commissioning must comply with the requirements of the legislation Russian Federation, project documentation, work contract (contract) construction, sanitary, environmental and other standards. The assessment of the facility's compliance with the design and the requirements of regulatory documents is carried out by an acceptance committee, which includes representatives of the customer, the contractor of designers, territorial administrations, state supervision bodies and labor protection inspectorates.

The customer submits to the acceptance committee all the necessary design and technical documentation for the facility.

To help the acceptance committee, a working committee is created, whose members carry out a detailed inspection of the object and draw up acts listing the defects and deficiencies found in individual sections of the project or for the object as a whole.

After the contractor has eliminated all the shortcomings and inconsistencies with the project indicated by the working commission, an act of acceptance of the completed construction is drawn up (form No. KS-11). In practice, this act is called "act working commission". The specified document is the basis for the final payment for all work performed by the contractor in accordance with the work contract (contract).

Based on the act of the working commission, familiarization with the technical documentation of the positive results of individual and complex tests, the acceptance commission determines the readiness of the facility for commissioning.

The final document for the acceptance and commissioning of the completed construction of the facility is the act of acceptance of the completed construction of the facility by the acceptance commission (Form N KS-14). This act is signed by all members of the acceptance committee, each of whom is responsible for the decisions made by the committee within the limits of their competence.

The acceptance committee resigns after the approval of the act of the acceptance committee by the customer. From this moment, the facility is transferred to the jurisdiction of the operating organization (customer), which accepts its balance sheet and registers, in accordance with the established procedure, the ownership of the new facility with local executive authorities.

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Electrical installation work of various complexity levels is the main focus of the INZh Service specialists. We have licenses and certificates for the implementation of this or that type of work. Years of experience and modern equipment allow you to perform high-quality electrical installation and minimum terms... Electrical work in Moscow is carried out using practical and affordable materials.

The production of electrical work includes work on the installation of sockets, switches, ventilation and heating systems, a lightning rod, replacement of electrical wiring, connection of security systems, television, telephone and Internet lines, laying power lines, installation and assembly of electrical panels and others. We will carry out electrical work for organizations and individuals. In addition, our competence includes the commissioning of an electrical installation and its further maintenance.

We undertake both large-scale performance of electrical work and minor repairs, for example, electrical wiring. Installation of electrical installations often requires an individual approach. Before starting to solve the problem, our specialists will study the features of the premises and will do their best not to spoil the appearance of the premises. For example, the organization of electrical work in a house or apartment with interior decoration, in most cases, involves the use of decorative electrical wiring. In this case, the cost of electrical work is fully justified, the result exceeds all expectations.

Electrical installation from "INZh Service"

When ordering private electrical installation services, be prepared for unpleasant consequences: unsafe power supply, failures, short circuits, damage to electrical equipment, and so on. Often, such electricians generally do not comply with the standards of GOST and SNiP, as a result of which, in best case, is a repeated appeal for electrical installation services, at worst - danger to life and health, damage to property. It should be understood that when it comes about an electrician, you should only contact a professional company that has permission to carry out the work.

INZh Service specialists perform turnkey electrical work, offering step-by-step planning with project development. As soon as the project is developed, we submit it to the supervisory authorities for approval and adjustments. Next, we prepare necessary materials and equipment for work and only after that we carry out electrical installation.

Lectures - Operation of power supply systems
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Lecture No. 5 Organization of electrical installation (2 hours) .doc

ORGANIZATION OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION PRODUCTION
1 Types of electrical work and the structure of electrical organizations
Electrical installation is distinguished by a wide variety of types of work performed. This can be judged by the volume of the current norms and prices that exist for all types of work. Unified norms and prices for settlements with workers (EIR) but electrical installation contain more than 600 items, and a single price tag for the installation of electrical equipment and electrical networks - more than 4000 consolidated prices.

Electrical work covers the following types of installations: overhead power lines (OHL); external cable networks; switchgears and substations; internal wiring; Power equipment; lighting electrical equipment; automatic and control devices. In addition, special types of work apply to storage batteries, capacitor banks, heavy tires, and large electrical machines.

Workers are divided into specialties according to the types of electrical work, namely: electricians for power equipment, lighting networks, switchgears and substations, overhead power lines (linemen), etc.

Commissioning works are usually carried out by a specialized commissioning department. The assembly trusts include independent (on their balance sheet) departments of mechanization and road transport, as well as departments of production and technological equipment (UPTK). The task of the UPTK is a centralized supply of all the necessary material and technical resources of the mounted objects, with their delivery in containers to the installation area.

As part of the installation department, there is a pre-production section (UPP) and a workshop for electrical assembly blanks (MEZ). The tasks of the UPP and MEZ are to carry out the maximum possible amount of preparatory and installation work outside the installation area, sometimes long before the end of construction work and the start of installation.
^ 2 Design and installation documentation and estimates
Design is carried out in one and two stages. For objects, the construction of which is carried out according to standard and reusable projects, as well as for technically simple objects, the design is carried out in one stage - a working project with a consolidated estimate of the cost. For the rest of the objects, the design is carried out in two stages:

1) a project with a consolidated estimate of the cost;

2) working drawings and estimates.

In addition to design documentation, installation work may require documentation of supplier factories - passports, instructions, etc.

The estimated cost of electrical work is divided into two main parts:

1. 
   direct costs: main wage workers, the cost of materials, structures, including the cost of their transportation to the on-site warehouse of the installation organization, and the costs associated with the operation of installation mechanisms and equipment;
2. 
   overhead costs: administrative and business expenses for servicing workers (additional wages, social insurance contributions, expenses for sanitary services, labor protection, deductions to trade unions for cultural work, etc.), for the maintenance of fire and security guards, improvement and maintenance assembly sites, on business trips. Overhead costs are a certain percentage of the basic wages of workers or of the amount of direct costs.

The scope of performed electrical work does not include the cost of electrical equipment. The cost of electrical structures manufactured at construction sites and at enterprises that are on the balance sheet of construction and installation organizations is allowed to be included in the volume of installation work performed (excluding the cost of apparatus and devices).

The project for the production of electrical work (PPER) is developed by the section for engineering preparation of production (UIPP) on the basis of working drawings and estimates issued by the electrical installation organization. It includes the following sections: general complex of works on the object, broken down into assembly zones and stages; labor intensity of work and payroll separately for linear assembly sites and IES; work schedule (including network), agreed with related organizations (plumbing, mechanical installation, etc.) and linked to the deadline for putting the facility into operation; the number of workers by qualifications and the schedule of movement; the need for workshops, warehouses, storerooms, sheds and their placement; a list of orders to be completed in workshops for electrical workpieces with an indication of the cost and labor intensity; transportation and rigging of enlarged assemblies and equipment; technological standards for special and complex species installation work; safety measures.

When developing a PPED, there may be a need for an economic assessment different options method and sequence of work.

The automated control system (ACS) of enterprises and construction and installation works is an advanced scientific organization for construction management, which is increasingly being introduced into production. The main element of the ACS is a network schedule that establishes the relationship and sequence of all technological operations for the creation of a new facility, including the receipt of project documentation, the supply of materials and equipment, and the delivery of the necessary mechanisms. The duration of work in the network schedule is determined by the standards of labor costs and is a laborious calculation performed using electronic computers (computers).

Network schedules can be complex (for all types of work during the construction of an object) and local (for certain types of work, including electrical installation). In fig. 1.1 is an example of a local network schedule with a total duration of 100 days.

O
the main components of the network schedule are events and work. Events are depicted as circles and represent the completion of one or more jobs, simultaneously creating an opportunity to start other jobs. The work is depicted by an arrow connecting two events - the previous and the next. The direction of the arrow indicates the order in which the work will be performed; the numbers above the arrow indicate the duration of the work (usually in days). The numbers in circles mean: in the numerator - the code number of the event, in the denominator - the duration of work from the beginning to the end of this event. Work can be valid(solid arrow), i.e. requiring a certain amount of time for its execution, and fictitious(dashed arrow), which does not require time, but indicates the possibility of starting this work only after the completion of another (for example, the laying of a cable can be started only after the completion of digging a trench).

The network graph is characterized by in a critical way, which is understood as a continuous sequence of works and events from the initial to the final event. To overcome the critical path requires longest time... In other words, this is the longest path. Events and works that lie on the critical path are called critical. The main task of network calculations is to determine the critical path, i.e. the total duration of the planned complex of works, allowing in each specific case to identify those works on which the duration of the entire construction depends. On the graph (Fig. 1.1), the critical path is marked with bold arrows.

During construction, network schedule optimization but time. This is a reduction in the duration of works on the critical path at the expense of resources (labor and material) allocated for works that are not on the critical path, which can be postponed for some time, since the timing of their completion does not affect the final construction period.
^ 3 Industrialization, mechanization and logistics of electrical work
Industrialization and mechanization. Industrialization is the main direction of technical progress, contributing to the reduction of the terms of production of work, reduction of their cost and acceleration of the commissioning of facilities. Industrializationelectrical production- this is the maximum transfer of electrical work outside the mounted facility (to factories and electrical workshops), where the labor of workers is more productive, inherent in organized industrial production.

^ Industrialization level is determined by the ratio of the volume of electrical work performed outside the installation area to the total volume of electrical work. An increase in the level of industrialization is facilitated by: the development of production by plants of the electrical industry, producing complete and large-block elements of electrical installations; organization of work of the MEZ for the assembly of materials and equipment; manufacturing and assembly of enlarged assembly units for electrical installations, as well as the expansion of production of assembly products and mechanisms by factories that reduce the labor intensity of work in the assembly area.

The highest level of industrialization is observed in the installation of switchgears and substations, the production of which in the form of complete devices has been established at the plants of the electrical industry and installation organizations.

Bus ducts are produced: trunk - alternating current up to 4kA and direct current up to 6.3 kA; distribution - up to 0.63 kL for lighting mains and trolley.

The use of busbars creates universal electrical networks that allow quick and easy minimal cost connect shop equipment to them in case of changes in the production process and the associated rearrangement and replacement of machines and machine tools, and also relieves the need to lay cumbersome and expensive cable and pipe power grids.

In fig. 1.2 shows the placement inside the workshop of a complete transformer substation with trunk and distribution bus ducts connected to it. Perforated strips, profiles and racks (Fig. 1.3), produced by the factories of installation organizations, relieve installers from labor-intensive work on the manufacture of fastening structures. Different kinds dowels allow for fastening electrical wiring and electrical structures with minimal labor. The production of assembly products made of polymeric materials is expanding.

To increase the industrialization of electrical work, it is important to properly organize and equip the central workshops for electrical work pieces. The main direction in this area is the maximum transfer of assembly and procurement operations to production lines. Currently, in the workshops for electrical workpieces, flow technological lines of machines are widely used for processing and assembling into enlarged blocks of pipes, for assembling into enlarged blocks of magnetic stations and other equipment elements, for processing heavy copper and aluminum buses, for preliminary preparation of finished units of internal electrical wiring, cable lines, for the installation of overhead crane cabins and the procurement of enlarged trolley units, etc.



Most of the special mechanisms and devices for completing the technological lines of the MEZ are manufactured at the factories of the installation organizations.

The development of industrial assembly methods is closely related to the increase in the level of mechanization. The introduction of mechanization of electrical work has two main directions:

1. 
   the use of universal mechanisms and hoisting-and-transport machines (pillar drills; aerial platforms and auto-hydraulic lifts, machines and mechanisms for processing sheet and profile rolled steel, as well as a spike made of copper and aluminum, etc.) for the mechanization of labor-intensive processes;
2. 
   the use of tools and various devices (power tools, pyrotechnic tools, lifting and loading winches, devices for connecting and terminating conductors of wires and cables, etc.) that increase labor productivity in individual assembly operations, i.e., the introduction of the so-called small mechanization.

^ Logistics support. The successful work of the installation organization, the implementation of work schedules and technical and economic indicators significantly depend on correct organization material and technical supply.

The main part of the equipment, cable products, assembly products goes to workshops for electrical assembly blanks for processing, assembly and assembly of enlarged assembly units. Part of the equipment and materials goes directly to the assembly area, which does not require preliminary processing in workshops and assembly.

In the structure of erection trusts to ensure material and technical supply, there is an UPTK in erection departments - a picking group as part of the UPP.

For successful work assembly areas, which, with their own efforts and means, deliver to the installation area all the necessary equipment, containers with materials and products of workshops for electrical workpieces, a well-established preparation of production is required, as well as mechanization of storage facilities.

The modern mechanized warehouse of the assembly department is equipped with stacks and cranes that allow mechanized picking of materials and products into containers for their delivery to the assembly area.
^ 4 Planning electrical work
In construction and assembly production, the following planning stages are distinguished: drawing up long-term plans for five, ten years; approval of annual plans with a breakdown by quarters; adoption of operational plans for short periods of time (month, week); drawing up timetables for the entire period of work on the facility, taking into account the work of all construction, installation and supply organizations involved in the construction of the facility.

The organization's activities are assessed by three indicators: 1) implementation of the plan for the commissioning of facilities; 2) fulfillment of the plan for the volume of construction and installation work at facilities to be completed in the planned year; 3) obtaining balance sheet profit.

An important economic factor of the enterprise is the observance of the outstripping growth rates of labor productivity in relation to the growth rates of the average wages of all personnel employed in production (workers, engineers and employees), including the payment of bonuses from the material incentive fund.

The planning of the installation organization is carried out in cost and physical terms. When planning electrical work, only cost indicators are used, when planning implementation new technology(switchgear chambers, complete substations, etc.) - natural indicators.

The scope of electrical work includes wages with overhead costs and the cost of materials and structures according to the established lists (the cost of equipment is not included, but it is included in the total capital investment).

Estimates for construction and installation work are made at the prices of materials and tariffs, guided by the norms and prices, taking into account the increase tariff rates workers. Budgeting is time consuming work; the main direction in this area is the creation of consolidated indicators of the estimated cost by type of work.

All installation departments with an annual volume of work in excess of a certain amount are required to develop building financial plan(stroyfinplan), which is an expanded program.

Operational planning includes the preparation and control of monthly work plans for areas, departments and trusts.

All installation organizations have constantly replenished means of production (machines, machine tools, mechanisms, production buildings, materials, structures, etc.), that is, production assets - fixed and circulating.

^ The main production assets - these are means of production that do not change their natural form (machines, mechanisms, buildings, etc.) and transfer their value to the final product gradually, as they wear out (depreciation). They are created and replenished at the expense of capital investments and special funds of enterprises.

^ Revolving production assets - these are materials (metal, cables, wires, etc.) that do not retain their natural shape and full cost transferring to the cost of completed works. They are made up of the cost of inventories of materials that are continuously in motion (consumption and replenishment), as well as Money available on the settlement and current accounts of banks and at the cash desk of the enterprise.

With a time-bonus payment, the worker receives an additional payment for the quality and timely completion of tasks in the absence of accidents and downtime of the serviced equipment, and also provided that the foreman's or foreman's section, serviced by him, has fulfilled the indicators of the monthly plan.

Everywhere in the practice of electrical work, a new advanced form of brigade cost accounting is being introduced (according to the method of N.A. Zlobin). In this case, the brigade becomes an independent production and operational-economic link, has contractual obligations and, in addition to the received lump-sum wages, is additionally rewarded: for reducing the standard time according to the piecework assignment (at the expense of the salary fund); for the commissioning of the construction object on time and ahead of schedule (at the expense of the customer); for the savings achieved by the brigade, obtained from reducing the cost of the work performed (due to the savings achieved).

Labor productivity (output) is determined by the volume of installation work performed in rubles per worker (workers, employees and engineers) for a certain period of time (year, month, day).

To understand the stages of electrical work, it is necessary to clearly understand the organizational process. After all, now it is difficult to imagine the fact that somewhere there is no electricity, this source of energy is simply necessary for humanity. During the construction of the facility, it is important to pay attention to the performance of electrical work.

Stages of work

The whole complex of actions is divided into four main stages. First of all, specialists prepare everything necessary for electrical installation work. If we consider these points in more detail, then the following activities are distinguished:

1. Drawing up technical documentation.

2. Coordination of terms of work, schedule and delivery of devices. The same section deals with material, products and manufacturing process... A list of electrical equipment is also required and possible conditions transportation of technical equipment to the place of work.

3. Provision of separate premises for employees, engineers, managers. Warehouses should be allocated for additional devices.

4. The following data are indicated in the project: estimate, technical information and engineering developments.

5. Before the electrical work, the act of the section of the building that is in the system is adopted. The document indicates the existing safety standards and rules, security conditions and much more.

The second stage of work includes two stages, which must be performed efficiently and reliably. The first stage involves work inside the facility and the installation of support elements intended for the installation of equipment. A cable is also laid, grounding is done and other network wires are created.

It is worth noting that the listed actions must be performed simultaneously with construction work. At the second stage, engineers assemble the devices. In order to correctly install electrical equipment, specialists regulate the nodes and act strictly according to the rules.

Commissioning is done at the third stage: the equipment mode is set, the system is checked, the control panel is set up, and tests are carried out. In general, workers carry out four important actions:

1. First of all, it is necessary to develop technical documents for commissioning. In the process, remarks or comments may appear, they need to be passed on to the customer. Preparation of measuring instruments and other equipment is required for carrying out electrical work.

2. Then the created circuits are tested, the functions of the electrical equipment are checked. These actions can be carried out simultaneously with electrical work. In the second stage, construction work in the technical areas, including grounding, ventilation and lighting fixtures, should have already been completed.

3. The third stage indicates that the time has come for individual checks of electrical equipment. Typically, the commissioning organization sets up the alarm system.

4. At the very last stage, check the device with software... In other words, commissioning works are carried out in different modes in order to make a final conclusion on the electric motors.

If the commissioning organization has positive recommendations, then an acceptance certificate is adopted.

After that, the complex of works will be checked again, given for testing and put into operation. Before handing over an object, a special commission is assembled, which includes experts, experienced managers and engineers. Usually this commission is headed by a highly qualified specialist with the necessary skills.

The technical team reviews the electrical work, fills out the documentation and prepares a report. If defects or malfunctions were found during the check, the system is sent for revision. Only after inspection by the acceptance committee, the system is put into operation.