Creativity of foreign writers for children. The best modern children's writers and their works: list, rating and reviews
We all read mostly children's books when we were children. domestic writers. However, there is a huge amount famous literature for children from foreign authors. However, such books differ in that they different countries Oh, your traditions and your favorite main characters, who are unusual and curious for the children of our country.
You can download foreign children's books for free and without registration on our literary website in formats suitable for any electronic devices for reading literature: pdf, rtf, epub, fb2, txt. We have huge collection books from modern writers and authors of yesteryear. With us you can also read any work online.
There were fairy tales in the lives of each of us. After a fascinating story about the adventures of different animals, children and adults, about their travels to distant countries, you sleep much more sweetly and soundly. It is from this moment that we begin to love books, study pictures, learn to read.
Foreign children's literature is intended for of different ages. Books for little ones contain bright and large illustrations. Literature for older children contains more scientific information, educational and educational.
Any book for children has a very deep meaning, which embeds in the child’s subconscious views about what good and evil are, how to choose friends, how to correctly understand the world and what life is in general. A child, coming into this world, begins to learn to live here, and books are excellent teachers in this difficult task.
Many writers from other countries create works that children in our country really like. Foreign children's literature is known by such authors as the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, Astrid Lindgren, and Charles Perrault. This eternal stories about Pippi Long Stocking, Bremen Town Musicians, The Princess and the Pea. We all love these fairy tales and read them to our children. Moreover, in each story the main characters find themselves in amazing situations, find new friends, and meet enemies. The moral is always the same - good triumphs over evil. Wherein negative characters given a chance to improve. This best way show children that the world is complicated, but at the same time you need to be a good man.
On our website you will find and be able to download free famous foreign children's books in different formats for reading on any electronic device. You can also read online. We have selected the ratings best books, which are most loved by readers from all over the world.
Harry Potter series, JK Rowling
About what
A 12-year-old orphan named Harry learns that he turns out to be a wizard and that his parents did not die in a car accident, as he thought, but were killed. Now the killer dreams of getting to Harry himself.
Why read
If you watched the movies, weren’t impressed, and didn’t read the book, you’re wrong. Movies are made about magic, dragons and special effects. These books are about love, about what it costs to protect friends from danger, about how difficult it is to constantly be a good person. These books teach how wonderful it is that people are different. Because anyone, even the weakest child, is capable of miracles. And this is also the most great book about death and that there are worse things.
"Winnie the Pooh", Alan Milne
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About what
The adventures of a boy named Christopher Robin, his teddy bear Winnie the Pooh and their friends.
Why read
If only because this book is kindness itself. Heroes are constantly solving some problems, but here, unlike all other classic children's literature, there is absolutely no negative characters. There are no enemies to defeat. There is only love. And friends. And in the end they turn out to be the most valuable thing you can acquire in life. The book teaches you to never lose friends.
Moomin series, Tove Jansson
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About what
Description of the intricate relationships of the inhabitants of Moomin.
Why read
All the characters are charming and so diverse that it is easy to recognize yourself in at least one of them. The book teaches that with two different people cannot be treated the same. You need to not be lazy and look for an approach to everyone. And also that fear can be overcome, friendship can be strengthened, love can be strengthened, and absolutely nothing is impossible if you are not alone.
Pippi Longstocking, Astrid Lindgren
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About what
The girl lives alone with her favorite animals, and adults are constantly trying to prevent her from doing this.
Why read
Firstly, the heroine is a girl. And if you are raising a girl, you are probably tired of looking for books for her in which girls are the main ones. Moreover, the girl is excellent - brave, dexterous, kind, honest and with a sense of humor. The book teaches the most important thing: never, under any circumstances, no matter what they do to you, no matter how everyone is against you, no matter how hard it is, not to give up.
"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer", Mark Twain
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About what
The adventures of a not so obedient boy.
Why read
Yes, you yourself know why. This wonderful book, the translation is excellent, the adventures are exciting, the characters are charismatic. All in all, a classic. But there is another argument. When a child is restless, does not obey and constantly gets into trouble because of this, from the abundance of nagging he begins to gradually get used to the fact that he is a bad child, bad. This book is precisely about the fact that even if you don’t listen to your elders, you are still good. And for those who raise you, it’s generally the best. And you, too, are capable of noble and even great deeds. Also, if something happens to you, adults will be very sad, because you are the most precious thing they have. You probably forgot to remind your child about this today.
The Chronicles of Narnia, Clive Lewis
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About what
A huge epic about children who find themselves in a parallel Magic world and must fight evil in order to save this world.
A book about love, suffering, overcoming, the impossibility of choice, and even a little about God. About what it costs to defeat evil in yourself every day, and about why it’s even worth doing. The book teaches how much more difficult it is to be a noble person than an ignoble one and why you still need to choose this difficult path.
"The wonderful journey of Nils with wild geese", Selma Lagerlöf
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About what
For his rudeness, the wizard reduces the boy Nils to the size of a gnome. Nils goes on a journey with his goose Martin - he needs to find a wizard to enlarge him to the size of a boy.
Why read
The book is especially good for children who don't have siblings. It is much more difficult to explain to such people why they need to share, give in, and generally sacrifice something of their own. The book teaches how easy it is to do all this if you do it with love. And in general, this book is a good example of what you have to go to for the sake of those you love.
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Roald Dahl
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About what
The boy Charlie, kind and honest, but from a very poor family, ends up in a chocolate factory run by a crazy genius who has big problems with his family.
Why read
There is a lot of magic around, and in the end the most honest and noble hero. But actually, this is a book about how childhood grievances do not heal. About the fact that the child grows up into a gloomy type who remembers everything that his parents did to him when he was nine. About the fact that only those closest to us can truly hurt us. The child does not think so, but it is useful for you to think about it. But the child believes that the most valuable thing in life is when you are loved. It doesn't matter how. The main thing is that they love.
The Adventures of Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens
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About what
About the adventures of an orphan who escaped from a workhouse.
Why read
The book tells adults: a child does not have to be an orphan to suffer and experience grief. And even your “yes-he-has-everything” own child may feel bad and may lack love. And she teaches children that you yourself choose what kind of person to be, who to be friends with, what to do and where to go, and the fact that you are just a child does not mean anything. The book teaches that you are still your own boy (or girl).
To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee
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About what
About the life of a brother and sister, whom a widowed father raises in America in the 1930s, while simultaneously trying to save a black guy falsely accused of raping a white girl from the death penalty.
Why read
One of the greatest novels in history American literature. The book is about how to keep this child inside you, who was much better than that an adult who looks at you from the mirror. That child was brave, he defended the weak, he often spoke the truth and saw through all the adults. He lived by his own very strict rules, all of them based on nobility. He was polite, smiled sincerely and knew how to forgive. He knew how to rejoice much more often than you, the current one, was happy. He was not afraid to take risks and knew how to overcome his own fear. For him, many things were more important than life. He knew how to get by with little. He loved. He was loved. And every day was special for him. He even knew how to be bored better than you.
What happened to him? Give it back. He is in you there, inside. In general, this is certainly quite adult book, albeit about children.
Since the second half of the 19th century, trends towards expanding stylistic and genre possibilities have appeared in the history of world children's literature. Any one literary movement can no longer define an era.
A children's book often becomes a creative laboratory in which forms and techniques are developed, and bold linguistic, logical and psychological experiments are carried out. National children's literature is actively being formed; the uniqueness of traditions in children's literature in England, France, German-speaking, Scandinavian and West Slavic countries is especially noticeable. Thus, the originality of English children's literature is manifested in the rich tradition of literary games based on the properties of language and folklore.
For all national literatures Characterized by the wide distribution of moralizing works, they have their own achievements (for example, the novel by the Englishwoman F. Burnet “Little Lord Fauntleroy”). However, in modern children's reading In Russia, works by foreign authors, in which a “different” view of the world is important, are more relevant.
Edward Lear(1812-1888) “made himself famous for nonsense,” as he wrote in the poem “How nice it is to know Mr. Lear...”. The future poet-humorist was born in large family, did not receive a systematic education, was in dire need all his life, but traveled endlessly: Greece, Malta, India, Albania, Italy, France, Switzerland... He was eternal wanderer- at the same time with a bunch of chronic diseases, which is why doctors prescribed him “absolute rest.”
Lear dedicated poems to the children and grandchildren of the Earl of Derby (he did not have any of his own). Lear's collections “The Book of the Absurd” (1846), “Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany and Alphabets” (1871), “Ridiculous Lyrics” (1877), “Even More Nonsense Songs” (1882) gained great popularity and went through many editions even during poet's life. After his death they were reprinted annually for many years. An excellent draftsman, Lear himself illustrated his books. Albums of his sketches made during his travels are known all over the world.
Edward Lear is one of the forerunners of the absurdist movement in modern English literature. He introduced the genre into literature "Limerick". Here are two examples of this genre:
One young lady from Chile's Mother walked a hundred and two miles in one day, Jumping indiscriminately over a hundred and three fences, To the surprise of that lady from Chile. * * *
An elderly lady from Hull bought a fan for the chickens and, so that on hot days they would not sweat, waved the fan over them.
(Translation by M. Freidkin)
Limerick - small form folk art, has long been known in England. It originally appeared in Ireland; its place of origin is the town of Limerick, where similar poems were sung during festivals. At the same time, their form was developed, which requires an obligatory indication at the beginning and end of the limerick of the area in which the action takes place, and a description of some oddity inherent in the resident of this area.
Lewis Carroll- pseudonym of the famous English storyteller. His real name was Charles Latwidge Dodgson (1832-1898). He is known as a scientist who made a number of major discoveries in mathematics.
The Fourth of July 1862 is memorable for the history of English literature because on this day Carroll and his friend went with the three daughters of the rector of Oxford University on a boat trip on the Thames. One of the girls - ten-year-old Alice - became the prototype of the main character of Carroll's fairy tales. Communication with a charming, intelligent and well-mannered girl inspired Carroll to create many fantastic inventions, which were first woven into one book - "Alice in Wonderland" (1865), and then to another - "Alice in the Wonderland" (1872).
The work of Lewis Carroll is spoken of as an “intellectual vacation” that a respectable scientist allowed himself, and his “Alice...” is called “the most inexhaustible fairy tale in the world.” The labyrinths of Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass are endless, as is the author’s consciousness, developed by intellectual work and imagination. One should not look for allegories, direct connections with folk tales, or moral and didactic subtext in his tales. The author wrote his funny books to entertain his little friend and himself. Carroll, like the “king of nonsense” Edward Lear, was independent of the rules of Victorian literature that required educational purpose, respectable heroes and logical plots.
Contrary to the general law, according to which “adult” books sometimes become “children’s”, Carroll’s fairy tales, written for children, are read with interest by adults and influence “great” literature and even science. “Alice...” is scrupulously studied not only by literary scholars, linguists and historians, but also by mathematicians, physicists, and chess players. Carroll became a “writer for writers,” and his comic works became a reference book for many writers. The combination of fantasy with honest “mathematical” logic gave rise to completely new type literature.
In children's literature, Carroll's fairy tales played the role of a powerful catalyst. Paradox, play with logical concepts and phraseological combinations have become an indispensable part of modern children's poetry and prose.
Russian writers were attracted to Carroll's tales in the 20th century. One of the first attempts to translate “Alice...” was made by the Silver Age poetess P. Solovyova-Allegro - for the magazine “Tropinka” (1909). It was she who found the now generally accepted style of translating particularly difficult passages of Carroll's tale, through parodies of Russian lyrical poems (for example, “Evening soup, evening soup, when I was small and stupid...”). The fairy tale “Anya in Wonderland”, translated by V. Nabokov, has been largely adapted and Russified. New translation English poetry was written by S. Marshak. Following him, Carroll's poems were translated by D. Orlovskaya and O. Sedakova. The classic translation of books about Alice was made by N. Demurova; its translation is intended for adults and adolescents. B. Zakhoder and L. Yakhnin addressed their translations and adaptations to small children.
In the little Russian versions of “Alice...” the emphasis is placed, in particular, on the paradoxes of the English and Russian languages. Zakhoder, following Nabokov, created a humorous stylization of textbook lines of Russian poetry. For example, the four initial lines of A.K. Tolstoy’s famous poem “My little bells, / Steppe flowers! / Why are you looking at me, / Dark blue?..” Zakhoder turned into a quatrain:
My crocodiles, river flowers! Why are you looking at me, just like your family?
From time to time, as the narrative progresses, Zakhoder gives his explanations, however, completely in the spirit of Carroll.
The situation when an ideal hero suddenly finds himself in an environment full of rules, conventions and conflicts unfamiliar to him was well developed back in the Russian classics of the 19th century (remember, for example, Dostoevsky’s novel “The Idiot”). Maybe that’s why “Alice...” easily took root in Russia.
The peculiarity of Wonderland or Through the Looking Glass is that all the rules, conventions and conflicts change there on the fly, and Alice is not able to understand this “order”. Being a sensible girl, she always tries to solve a problem logically. For example: how to get out of the sea of tears? Swimming in this mirror-like sea, Alice reflects: “It would be stupid if I drown in my own tears! In that case, she thought, we can leave by railway" The absurdity of the saving conclusion is dictated by the logic of her experience: “Alice had only been to the seaside once in her life, and therefore it seemed to her that everything was the same: in the sea - bathing cabins, on the shore - kids with wooden shovels building sand castles; then - boarding houses, and behind them - the railway station" (translation by N. Demurova). If you can get to the sea by train, then why can’t you return the same way?
Politeness (the highest virtue of English girls of the Victorian era) fails Alice every now and then, and curiosity causes incredible consequences. Almost none of her conclusions are tested by the cruelest logic of the strange heroes she has met. The Mouse, the White Rabbit, the Blue Caterpillar, the Queen, Humpty Dumpty, the Cheshire Cat, the March Hare, the Hatter, the Quasi Tortoise and other characters - each one sternly asks the girl about the slightest slip of the tongue or linguistic inaccuracy. They force the girl to understand the literal meaning of each phrase. You can, for example, “lose time”, “kill time”, or you can make friends with him, and then after nine o’clock in the morning, when you need to go to class, it’s immediately half past two - lunch. However, with such logically constructed conclusions, all the heroes of Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass are madmen and eccentrics; with their behavior and speeches they create the anti-world of nonsense and fiction in which Alice wanders. She sometimes tries to call crazy heroes to order, but her very attempts only exacerbate the absurdities in this upside-down world.
The main character of Carroll's tale is English. Playing with words is at the heart of his creative method. The characters - animated metaphors, alogisms, phraseological turns, proverbs and sayings - surround Alice, bother her, ask strange questions, answer her inappropriately - in accordance with the logic of the language itself. Carroll's madmen and eccentrics are directly related to the characters of English folklore, dating back to the folk culture of booths, carnivals, and puppet shows.
It is mainly the dialogues that give the action dynamism and action. Carroll hardly describes the characters, landscapes, or settings. This entire illogical world and the images of its heroes are created in dialogues similar to a duel. The winner is the one who knows how to trick his opponent-interlocutor around his finger. Here is Alice's dialogue with the Cheshire Cat:
Tell me, who lives around here? - she asked.
“In this direction,” the Cat waved his right paw in the air, “there lives a certain Hat.” Uniform Hat! And in this direction,” and he waved his left paw in the air, “lives the Crazy Hare. I went crazy in March. Visit whoever you want. Both are crazy.
Why would I go to the abnormal ones? - Alice stammered. - I them... I’d rather not go to them...
You see, this still cannot be avoided,” said the Cat, “after all, we are all crazy here.” I'm crazy. You're crazy.
Why do you know that I'm crazy? - asked Alice.
Because you are here,” the Cat said simply. - Otherwise you wouldn’t have gotten here.
(Translation by B. Zakhoder)
Carroll created a world of playing “nonsense” - nonsense, nonsense, nonsense. The game consists of a confrontation between two tendencies - the ordering and disordering of reality, which are equally inherent in man. Alice embodies the tendency of ordering in her behavior and reasoning, and the inhabitants of the Looking Glass - the opposite tendency. Sometimes Alice wins - and then the interlocutors immediately switch the conversation to another topic, starting a new round of the game. Most often, Alice loses. But her “gain” is that she progresses on her fantastic journey step by step, from one trap to another. At the same time, Alice does not seem to become smarter and does not gain real experience, but the reader, thanks to her victories and defeats, sharpens his intellect.
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) spent his childhood in India, where his English father served as an official, and forever fell in love with this country, its nature, its people and culture. He was born in the year when Carroll's Alice in Wonderland was published; I became acquainted with this book very early and knew it almost by heart. Like Carroll, Kipling loved to dispel false ideas and concepts that were ingrained in everyday consciousness.
Kipling's work is one of the most striking phenomena of the neo-romantic movement in English literature. His works show the harsh life and exoticism of the colonies. In his poetry and prose, the writer asserted the ideal of strength and wisdom. An example of such an ideal for him were people who grew up outside the corrupting influence of civilization and wild animals. He dispelled the common myth about the magical, luxurious East and created his own fairy tale - about the harsh East, cruel to the weak; he told Europeans about powerful nature, which requires every creature to exert all its physical and spiritual strength.
For eighteen years, Kipling wrote fairy tales, short stories, and ballads for his children and nephews. Two of his cycles gained worldwide fame: the two-volume “The Jungle Book” (1894-1895) and the collection “Just Like That” (1902). Kipling's works encourage little readers to think and self-educate. To this day, English boys memorize his poem “If...” - a commandment of courage.
In the name "Jungle Books" reflected the author's desire to create a genre close to the most ancient monuments of literature. The philosophical idea of the two “Jungle Books” boils down to the assertion that the life of wild nature and humans is subject to a general law - the struggle for life. The Great Law of the Jungle determines Good and Evil, Love and Hate, Faith and Unbelief. Nature itself, and not man, is the creator of moral commandments (which is why there is no hint of Christian morality in Kipling’s works). The main words in the jungle: “You and I are of the same blood...”.
The only truth that exists for the writer is living life, not constrained by the conventions and lies of civilization. In the eyes of the writer, nature already has the advantage that it is immortal, while even the most beautiful human creations sooner or later turn to dust (monkeys frolic and snakes crawl on the ruins of a once luxurious city). Only fire and weapons can make Mowgli stronger than anyone in the jungle.
The writer knew real cases, when children were raised in a pack of wolves or monkeys: these children could no longer become real people. And yet, he creates a literary myth about Mowgli - the adopted son of wolves, who lives by the laws of the jungle and remains human. Having matured and matured, Mowgli leaves the jungle, because he, a man armed with animal wisdom and fire, has no equal, and in the jungle, the ethics of hunting presuppose a fair fight for worthy opponents.
The two-volume “Jungle Book” is a cycle of short stories interspersed with poetic inserts. Not all short stories tell about Mowgli; some of them have independent plots, for example, the fairy tale short story “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi”.
Kipling settled his many heroes in the wilds of Central India. The author's fiction is based on many reliable scientific facts, the study of which the writer devoted a lot of time. The realism of the depiction of nature is consistent with its romantic idealization.
Another "children's" book of the writer that has become widely known is a collection of fairy tales called "Just" (can also be translated “Just Fairy Tales”, “Simple Stories”). Kipling was fascinated by the folk art of India, and his tales organically combine the literary skill of the “white” writer and the powerful expressiveness of Indian folklore. In these tales there is something from ancient legends - from those tales that adults believed in at the dawn of humanity. The main characters are animals, with their own characters, quirks, weaknesses and strengths; they look not like people, but like themselves - not yet tamed, not classified into classes and species.
“In the very first years, long, long ago, all the land was brand new, just made” (HereAndfurther translationTO.Chukovsky). In the primordial world, animals, like people, take their first steps, on which their future lives will always depend. Rules of conduct are just being established; good and evil, reason and stupidity are just defining their poles, but animals and people are already living in the world. Every living being is forced to find its own place in an as yet unsettled world, to look for its own way of life and its own ethics. For example, Horse, Dog, Cat, Woman and Man have different ideas about good. The wisdom of man is to “agree” with the beasts forever and ever.
During the course of the story, the author more than once turns to the child (“Once upon a time there lived, my priceless, a whale in the sea who ate fish”) so that the intricately woven thread of the plot is not lost. There is always a lot of unexpected things in action - things that are only revealed in the end. The heroes demonstrate miracles of resourcefulness and ingenuity, getting out of difficult situations. The little reader seems to be invited to think about what else could be done to avoid bad consequences. Because of his curiosity, the little elephant stayed with him forever. long nose. The Rhino's skin was wrinkled because he ate a man's pie. A small mistake or fault leads to an irreparable big consequence. However, it does not spoil life in the future, if you don’t lose heart.
Each animal and person exists in fairy tales in the singular (after all, they are not yet representatives of species), so their behavior is explained by the personality characteristics of each. And the hierarchy of animals and people is built according to their intelligence and intelligence.
The storyteller tells about ancient times with humor. No, no, and even modern details appear on its primitive land. Thus, the head of a primitive family makes a remark to his daughter: “How many times have I told you that you cannot speak in common language! “Horrifying” is a bad word...” The stories themselves are witty and instructive.
To imagine the world differently than you know it - this alone requires the reader to have a vivid imagination and freedom of thought. A camel without a hump, a Rhinoceros with a smooth skin fastened with three buttons, a baby elephant with a short nose, a leopard without spots on its skin, a turtle in a shell with laces. Unknown geography and history untold for years: “In those days, my precious one, when everyone lived happily, the Leopard lived in one place called the High Steppe. It was not the Lower Steppe, not the Bushy and not the Clay Steppe, but the bare, sultry, sunny High Steppe...” In the system of these uncertain coordinates, against the backdrop of the bare landscape, peculiar heroes stand out especially prominently and in contrast. In this world, everything can still be remade, amendments can be made to what was created by the Creator. Kipling's fairy land is like a child's play in its lively mobility.
Kipling was a talented draftsman, and he himself drew the best illustrations for his own fairy tales.
The works of Rudyard Kipling were especially popular in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. He was appreciated by I. Bunin, M. Gorky, A. Lunacharsky and others. A. Kuprin wrote about him: “The magical fascination of the plot, the extraordinary verisimilitude of the story, amazing observation, wit, brilliance of dialogue, scenes of proud and simple heroism, subtle style or, or rather, dozens of precise styles, exotic themes, an abyss of knowledge and experience, and much more make up Kipling’s artistic talents, with which he dominates the mind and imagination of the reader with unheard-of power.”
In the early 20s, fairy tales and poems by R. Kipling were translated by K. Chukovsky and S. Marshak. These translations make up the majority of his works published here for children.
Alan Alexander Milne (1882-1956) was a mathematician by training and a writer by vocation. His works for adults are now forgotten, but fairy tales and poems for children continue to live.
One day Milne gave his wife a poem, which was then reprinted more than once: this was his first step towards children’s literature (he dedicated his famous “Winnie the Pooh” to his wife). Their son Christopher Robin, born in 1920, will become the main character and the first reader of the stories about himself and his toy friends.
In 1924, a collection of children's poems “When We Were Very Little” appeared in print, and three years later another collection entitled “Now We Are Already 6” (1927) was published. Milne dedicated many poems to the bear cub, named after the bear Winnie from the London Zoo (there is even a monument erected to her) and a swan named Pooh.
"Winnie the Pooh" consists of two independent books: "Winnie the Pooh" (1926) and "House in Bear's Corner" (1929; another translation of the title is “House on Poohovaya Edge”).
A teddy bear appeared in the Milnes' house in the first year of the boy's life. Then a donkey and a pig settled there. To expand the company, dad came up with Owl, Rabbit and bought Tigger and Kanga with baby Roo. The habitat of the heroes of future books was Cochford Farm, acquired by the family in 1925, and the surrounding forest.
Russian readers are well aware of B. Zakhoder’s translation entitled “Winnie the Pooh and all-all-all.” This translation was specially made for children: the infantilism of the characters was enhanced, some details were added (for example, sawdust in the head of a bear cub), cuts and changes were made (for example, Owl appeared instead of Owl), and also their own versions of songs were written. Thanks to Zakhoder’s translation, as well as F. Khitruk’s cartoon, Winnie the Pooh firmly entered the verbal consciousness of children and adults and became part of the Russian childhood culture. A new translation of “Winnie the Pooh”, made by T. Mikhailova and V. Rudnev, was published in 1994. However, further we will talk about Zakhoder’s translation, “legalized” in children’s literature.
A. A. Milne structured his work as fairy tales told by a father to his son, a technique also used by R. Kipling. At first, fairy tales are interrupted by “real” digressions. So, in “reality”, Christopher Robin goes down the stairs and drags a teddy bear by the leg, and it “bangs” its head down the steps: this boom prevents the bear from concentrating properly. In his father's fairy tale, a boy hits Winnie the Pooh hanging under a balloon with a pump-action shotgun, and after the second shot, Pooh finally falls, counting tree branches as his head and trying to think as he goes. Dad's subtle remark remains incomprehensible to his son: the kind and loving boy is worried about whether the (fictional!) shot hurt Winnie the Pooh, but a minute later dad again hears the bear bobbing its head as it climbs the stairs after Christopher Robin .
The writer settled the boy and his bear along with other toy characters in a fairy-tale Forest. It has its own topography: Downy Edge, Deep Forest, Six Pines, Sad Place, Enchanted Place, where either 63 or 64 trees grow. The forest crosses the river and flows into External world; she is a symbol of time hidden from the understanding of the little reader, life path, the core of the Universe. The bridge from which the characters throw sticks into the water symbolizes childhood.
The forest is a psychological space for children's play and fantasy. Everything that happens there is a myth, born of the imagination of Milne Sr., children's consciousness and... the logic of the toy heroes: the fact is that as the story progresses, the heroes leave the author's subordination and begin to live their own lives.
Time in this Forest is also psychological and mythological: it moves only within individual stories, without changing anything as a whole. “A long time ago - it seems like last Friday...” - this is how one of the stories begins. The heroes know the days of the week and determine the hours by the sun. This is a cyclical, closed time of early childhood.
The heroes do not grow up, although the age of each is determined - according to the chronology of their appearance next to the boy. Christopher Robin is six years old, his oldest friend the bear cub is five, Piglet seems to be “an awfully old: maybe three years old, maybe even four!”, and Rabbit’s tiniest Relative and Acquaintance is so small that only I once saw Christopher Robin's leg and I doubt it. At the same time, in the last chapters, some evolution of the heroes is outlined, associated with the beginning of Christopher Robin's studies: Winnie the Pooh begins to think sensibly, Piglet performs a Great Feat and a Noble Deed, and Eeyore decides to be in society more often.
The system of heroes is built on the principle of psychological reflections of the “I” of a boy listening to fairy tales about his own world. The hero of fairy tales, Christopher Robin, is the smartest and bravest (although he does not know everything); he is an object of universal respect and reverent admiration. His best friends are a bear and a pig.
The pig embodies the boy's yesterday, almost infantile self - his past fears and doubts (the main fear is being eaten, and the main doubt is whether his loved ones love him?). Winnie the Pooh is the embodiment of the current “I”, onto which the boy can transfer his inability to think with concentration (“Oh, you stupid bear!” - Christopher Robin says affectionately every now and then). In general, problems of intelligence and education are the most significant for all heroes.
Owl, Rabbit, Eeyore - these are versions of the child’s adult “I”; they also reflect some real adults. These heroes are funny because of their toy-like “solidity.” And for them, Christopher Robin is an idol, but in his absence they are trying in every possible way to strengthen their intellectual authority. So, the Owl speaks long words and pretends that he knows how to write. The rabbit emphasizes his intelligence and good manners, but he is not smart, but simply cunning (Pooh, jealous of his “real Brains,” eventually correctly remarks: “That’s probably why he never understands anything!”). Eeyore is smarter than others, but his mind is occupied only with the “heartbreaking” spectacle of the world’s imperfections; his adult wisdom lacks his childish faith in happiness.
From time to time, strangers appear in the Forest: real (Kanga with baby Roo, Tigger) or invented by the heroes themselves (Buka, Heffalump, etc.). At first, strangers are perceived painfully, with fear: this is the psychology of early childhood. Their appearance is shrouded in a mystery incomprehensible to toy heroes, known only to Christopher Robin. The phantoms of children's consciousness are exposed and disappear. The real aliens settle in the Forest forever, forming a separate family (the rest of the characters live alone): mother Kanga with baby Ru and adopted Tigra.
Kanga is the only real adult among them all because she is... Mother. Little Roo differs from little Piglet in that he has nothing to fear and nothing to doubt, since his mother and her pocket are always nearby.
Tigger is the embodiment of absolute ignorance: he has never even seen his reflection in the mirror before... Tigger learns as he goes, most often from mistakes, causing a lot of trouble for others. This hero is needed in the book for the final confirmation of the benefits of Knowledge (it is natural that Tigger appears in the Forest when Christopher Robin begins his systematic education). Unlike Winnie the Pooh, who remembers that he has sawdust in his head and therefore modestly assesses his capabilities, Tigger does not doubt himself for a moment. Winnie the Pooh does something only after serious thought; The tiger does not think at all, preferring to act immediately.
Thus, Tigger and Roo, who have become friends, are a pair of heroes, the opposite of the pair of Winnie the Pooh and Piglet.
Kanga, with her economic and maternal practicality, is a kind of antithesis to the image of a father-storyteller.
All the characters have no sense of humor; on the contrary, they approach any issue with extreme seriousness (this makes them even funnier and more childish). They are kind; It is important for them to feel loved; they expect sympathy and praise. The logic of the heroes (except for Kanga) is childishly self-centered, the actions performed on its basis are ridiculous. Here Winnie the Pooh makes a series of conclusions: the tree itself cannot buzz, but the bees that make honey buzz, and the honey exists for him to eat... Next, the bear, pretending to be a cloud and flying up to the bee’s nest, is literally waiting a series of crushing blows.
Evil exists only in the imagination, it is vague and indefinite: Heffalump, Buki and Byaka... It is important that it, too, eventually dissipates and turns into another funny misunderstanding. The traditional fairytale conflict of good and evil is absent; it is replaced by contradictions between knowledge and ignorance, good manners and bad manners. The forest and its inhabitants are fabulous because they exist in conditions big secrets and little riddles.
The mastery of the world by a playing child - this is the main motive of all stories, all “Very Smart Conversations”, various “Iskpeditions”, etc. It is interesting that fairy-tale heroes They never play, and yet their life is a big boy’s game.
The element of children's play is impossible without children's poetry. Winnie the Pooh composes Noisemakers, Shouters, Grumblers, Puffers, Sniffles, Songs of Praise and even theorizes: “Noisemakers are not things that you find when you want, they are things that find you.” His songs are truly children's poetry, unlike the last poem in the book, composed by Eeyore; Pooh sincerely believes that it is better than his poems, and yet this is an inept donkey imitation of adult poets.
"Winnie the Pooh" is recognized throughout the world as one of the best examples of books for family reading. The book has everything that attracts children, but there is also something that makes adult readers worry and think. It is not for nothing that the author dedicated the tale to his wife and mother of Christopher Robin. He once explained his decision to marry her: “She laughed at my jokes.”
Astrid Lindgren (1907 - 2002) is a generally recognized classic of children's literature. The Swedish writer was twice awarded the International H. C. Andersen Prize. The very first book - "Pippi Longstocking" published in 1945, brought her worldwide fame. Written, like Pippi..., in 1944, Britt-Marie pours out her soul was evidence that the young writer had a unique gift for seeing the lives of children and adults in her own way.
The girl nicknamed Pippi Longstocking is known to children all over the world. She, like Carlson, is a child without adults and therefore free from guardianship, criticism, and prohibitions. This gives her the opportunity to perform extraordinary miracles, from restoring justice to heroic feats. Lindgren contrasts the energy, sanity, and relaxedness of her heroine with the boring everyday life of a patriarchal Swedish town. By depicting a spiritually strong child, and even a girl, in a bourgeois setting, the writer established a new ideal of a child capable of independently solving any problems.
The ordinary life of an ordinary family is the background for the development of events in most of Lindgren's books. Transforming the ordinary world into an unusual, cheerful, unpredictable one - this is the dream of any child, realized by the storyteller.
"Three stories about Carlson, who lives on the roof" (1965 - 1968) - the pinnacle of Astrid Lindgren's creativity.
The writer made an important discovery in the field of childhood: it turns out that a child does not have enough of the joys that even the most loving adults can give him; he not only masters the adult world, but recreates it, “improves” it, supplements it with what is necessary for him, the child. Adults almost never fully understand children and do not delve into the peculiar subtleties of the child’s value system. From their point of view, Carlson is a negative character: after all, he continually violates the rules of good manners and the ethics of camaraderie. The kid has to answer for what his friend has done, and even regrets the spoiled toys, eaten jam, etc. However, he willingly forgives Carlson because he violates prohibitions instilled by adults, but incomprehensible to a child. You can’t break toys, you can’t fight, you can’t eat only sweets... These and other adult truths are complete nonsense for Carlson and the Kid. “A man in the prime of his life” radiates health, self-confidence, and energy precisely because he recognizes only his own laws, and besides, he easily cancels them. The kid, of course, is forced to reckon with many conventions and prohibitions invented by adults, and only by playing with Carlson does he become himself, i.e. free. From time to time he remembers his parents’ prohibitions, but nevertheless he is delighted with Carlson’s antics.
Carlson's portrait emphasizes plumpness and a propeller with a button; both are a source of pride for the hero. A child associates fatness with kindness (Baby’s mother - full hand), and the ability to fly with the help of a simple and trouble-free device is the embodiment of a childhood dream of complete freedom.
Carlson has a healthy egoism, while parents who preach caring for others are, in essence, hidden egoists.
They prefer to give the Kid a toy puppy rather than a real one: it’s more convenient for them. They are only concerned with the external aspects of the Baby’s life; their love is not enough for the Kid to be truly happy. He needs a true friend who will relieve him of loneliness and misunderstanding. The Kid’s internal value system is much closer to Carlson’s life structure than to the values of adults.
Lindgren's books are also read with pleasure by adults, because the writer destroys many stereotypes about ideal children. It shows a real child who is much more complex, contradictory and mysterious than is commonly thought.
In the fairy tale "Pippi Longstocking" the heroine - a "super strong", "super girl" - lifts a live horse. The writer spied this fantastic image from a playing child. By lifting his toy horse and carrying it from the terrace to the garden, the child imagines that he is carrying a real live horse, which means he is so strong!
Peru Lindgren also owns other books for children, including primary and secondary school age: “The Famous Detective Kalle Blumkvist” (1946), “Mio, My Mio” (1954), “Rasmus the Tramp” (1956), “Emil from Lennebergs" (1963), "We are on the island of Saltrock" (1964), "The Lionheart Brothers" (1973), "Roni, the Robber's Daughter" (1981). In 1981, Lindgren also published a new great fairy tale - her variation on the plot of Romeo and Juliet.
Marcel Aimé(1902-1967) - youngest child in a large family of a blacksmith from Joigny, a distant French province. When he was two years old, his mother died, and his maternal grandfather, a tile master, began raising the child. However, it fell to the child’s lot to soon become an orphan for the second time. For some time he had to live in a boarding school. He wanted to become an engineer, but due to illness he was forced to stop studying. Then there was service in the army, in the part of defeated Germany occupied by the French. At first, life in Paris, where Aime rushed with the intention of becoming a professional writer, did not work out either. I had to be a bricklayer, a salesman, an extra in a movie, and a small-time newspaper reporter. In 1925, his first novel was published, which was noticed by critics.
And in 1933 - his first success: Aime became the laureate of one of the country's largest literary awards - the Goncourt Prize for the novel "The Green Mare", a work that brought the author not only national but also world fame. From then on, he began to earn a living only with his pen. In addition to short stories and novellas, he writes plays and film scripts, as well as children's fairy tales. He first put them together in one book in 1939 and called it "Tales of a cat in the village" (in Russian translation - “Tales of the Purring Cat”).
The adventures of the heroines of these fairy tales - Dolphins and Marinette - are as incredible and unexpected as they are incredibly funny. Moreover, often the humorous coloring is enhanced in them thanks to the elements of the wonderful, magical. To do this, the writer uses folklore motives, in particular legends heard in childhood from my grandmother. Thanks to entertaining plots and humor, as well as a wonderful transparent style, Aimé's fairy tales, moralistic in nature, are perceived primarily as magnificent works of high artistic quality. Built on irony and humor, they are devoid of the heroic or lyrical motifs of traditional fairy tales. The only thing that is fabulous about them is the atmosphere in which the action takes place, the heroes - children and animals - live. And then there is a completely ordinary world of adults, without magical incidents. At the same time, both worlds live separately, even as if opposed to each other. This helps the writer choose happy endings for his tales; after all, the fairy-tale is clearly separated from reality, where a happy outcome of some situation is often simply unrealistic.
Researchers invariably note the absence in Aimé’s tales of any misanthropy, sometimes characteristic of his “adult” works. Perhaps, only in relation to the parents of his girl heroines does the writer allow himself some condemnation. But he portrays them as stupid rather than evil, and softens his “judgment” with gentle humor.
The success of Aimé's fairy tales among children, first in France, then throughout the world, was greatly facilitated by the fact that their kind and naive heroines, with all their features of living, real characters, surprisingly organically fit into the fairy-tale atmosphere of the wonderful, unusual, and enter into simple and "life" relationships. Either these girls console the wolf, who is suffering from the fact that no one loves him, or they listen with interest to the reasoning of the “black shepherd”, persuading them to do what they themselves really want - to skip classes. The characters in these works - children and animals - form a kind of community, a union based on relationships that the author considered ideal.
Antoine Marie Roger de Saint-Exupéry(1900-1944) is known today throughout the world. And the first thing they remember when this name is heard is: he wrote "The Little Prince" (1943), was a pilot in love with his profession, spoke poetically about it in his works and died in the fight against the fascist invaders. He was also an inventor and designer who received several patents.
The writer Saint-Exupery understood the work of a pilot as a high service aimed at uniting people who should be helped in this by the beauty of the world of the Universe revealed to them by the pilot. “Breath of the Planet” - who can better tell about this than a person who was himself amazed by the greatness of what nature created from the height of his flight! And he wrote about this in his first published story, “The Pilot,” and in his first book, “Southern Postal” (1929).
The writer came from an aristocratic but impoverished family. There was a count's title, even a small estate near Lyon, where they lived, but my father had to serve as an insurance inspector. In his works, Saint-Exupery more than once refers to childhood. His own early impressions permeate the fabric of the book "Military Pilot", written like " A little prince" and "Letters to a Hostage", during the Second World War in exile in the USA. There he ended up after the occupation of France by the Nazis and the order to disband the regiment in which he fought against the Nazis.
Deeply experiencing the absurdity and cruelty of war, Saint-Exupery reflected on the meaning of the experience of childhood in human life: “Childhood, this huge land from which everyone comes! Where am I from? I come from my childhood, as if from some country.” (translation by N. Gal). And it was as if the Little Prince came to him from this country when he, a military pilot, was sitting alone with his plane during an accident in the North African desert.
We must not forget our own childhood, we must constantly hear it in ourselves, then the actions of an adult will make more sense. This is the idea of The Little Prince, a fairy tale told to children, but also for the edification of adults. It is to them that the parable beginning of the work is addressed. All the symbolism of the story serves the author’s desire to show how wrongly people live, who do not understand that their existence on Earth must be consistent with the life of the Universe, recognized as part of it. And then much will turn out to be simply “vanity of vanities,” unnecessary, unnecessary, insulting the dignity of man and nullifying his high calling - to protect and decorate the planet, and not to destroy it senselessly and cruelly. This idea seems relevant today, and let us remember that it was expressed during the most brutal war in the history of mankind.
The hero of Saint-Exupéry, the Little Prince, who lives on a tiny planet - an asteroid, speaks about the need to love your land. His life is simple and wise: admire the sunset, grow flowers, raise a lamb and take care of everything that nature has given you. The writer thus hopes to teach children a necessary moral lesson. They are destined for an entertaining plot, sincerity of intonations, tenderness of words, and elegant drawings of the author himself. He also shows them how incorrectly overly practical adults build their lives: they really love numbers. "When you tell them: 'I saw beautiful house made of pink brick, there are geraniums in the windows, and doves on the roof" - they just cannot imagine this house. They need to say: "I saw a house for a hundred thousand francs" - and then they exclaim: " What a beauty!"".
Traveling from asteroid to asteroid, the little prince (and with him the little reader) learns more and more about what to avoid. Lust for power - it is personified in the king, who demands unquestioning obedience. Vanity and immoderate ambition - a lonely inhabitant of another planet, as if in response to applause, takes off his hat and bows. A drunkard, a business man, a geographer secluded in his science - all these characters lead the Little Prince to the conclusion: “Really, adults are very strange people" And the lamplighter is closest to him - when he lights his lantern, it’s as if another star or flower is being born, “it’s really useful, because it’s beautiful.” The departure of the fairy tale hero from Earth is also significant: he returns to his planet because he is responsible for everything that he left there.
On July 31, 1944, military pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry did not return to base and went missing three weeks before the liberation of his native France, for which he fought. He said: “I love life” - and he left this feeling with us forever in his works.
Otfried Preusler(born in 1923) - German writer, grew up in Bohemia. The main universities of his life were the years spent in a Soviet prisoner of war camp, where he ended up at the age of 21. “My education is based on subjects such as elementary philosophy, practical humanities and the Russian language in the context of Slavic philology,” he said in an interview. It is not surprising that Preusler is fluent in Russian as well as Czech.
The writer’s work reflects his views on modern pedagogy. In the same interview, he emphasized: “What distinguishes today’s guys is the consequences of the influences of the surrounding world: highly technical everyday life, the values of a consumer society striving for success at any cost, i.e. factors unfavorable for childhood." In his opinion, it is they who collectively rob children of their childhood and shorten it. As a result, children do not stay in childhood, “they interact too early with the heartless world of adults, they are immersed in human relationships for which they are not yet mature... therefore, the goal of modern pedagogy is to return children to childhood...”
Nazi ideology, which permeated all pores of German society during the Hitler regime, could not help but subjugate German children's book publishing. Young readers were plentifully fed with cruel medieval legends that reinforced the idea of a superman, and with sugary pseudo-fairy tales that expressed petty-bourgeois morality.
Preusler followed the path of de-heroization of German children's literature. Fairy tales for kids "Little Baba Yaga", "Little Merman", "Little Ghost" form a trilogy that was published between 1956 and 1966. This was followed by tales about the gnome - “Herbe the Big Hat” and “Herbe the Dwarf and the Goblin.” There is nothing majestic about positive heroes, and arrogance and a sense of superiority in negative heroes are simply ridiculed. The main characters, as a rule, are very small (Little Baba Yaga, Little Merman, Little Ghost). Although they know how to conjure, they are far from omnipotent and are even sometimes oppressed and dependent. The purpose of their existence is commensurate with their growth. The gnomes are stocking up on provisions for the winter, Little Baba Yaga dreams of finally attending the Walpurgis Night festival, Little Waterman is exploring his native pond, and Little Ghost would like to turn from black to white again. The example of each of the heroes proves that it is not at all necessary to be like everyone else, and the “white crows” are right. So, Little Baba Yaga, contrary to the witch's rules, does good.
The narrative in fairy tales follows a succession of days, each of which is marked by some event that goes slightly beyond the boundaries of the usual smooth existence. So, on a weekday, the gnome Herbe puts aside work and goes for a walk. If the behavior of magical heroes violates generally accepted canons, it is only for the sake of the fullness and joy of life. In all other respects, they observe etiquette, the rules of friendship and good neighborliness.
Preusler is more interested in the fantastic creatures that inhabit that part of the world that is interesting only to children. All the heroes are generated by popular imagination: they are literary brothers and sisters of characters from German mythology. The storyteller sees them in a familiar environment, understands the uniqueness of their characters and habits associated with the way of life of a gnome or a goblin, a witch or a merman. In this case, the fantastic beginning itself does not play a big role. The gnome Herba needs witchcraft to build a gnome hat. Little Baba Yaga wants to know all the magic tricks by heart so she can use them for good deeds. But there is nothing mysterious in Preusler’s fiction: Little Baba Yaga buys a new broom in a village small shop.
The gnome Herbe is distinguished by his thriftiness. He prepares even for a walk carefully, not forgetting a single detail. His friend the goblin Zwottel, on the contrary, is careless and does not know the comfort of home at all. Little Baba Yaga, as befits schoolgirls, is restless and at the same time diligent. She does what she thinks is right, incurring the resentment of her aunt and the elder witch. Little Vodyanoy, like any boy, is curious and gets into various troubles. Little Ghost is always a little sad and lonely.
The works are replete with descriptions that can interest a young reader no less than the plot actions. An object is depicted through color, shape, smell, it even changes before our eyes, like a gnome’s hat, which in the spring is “delicate green, like the tips of spruce paws, in the summer - dark, like lingonberry leaves, in the fall - motley-gold, like fallen leaves, and in winter it becomes as white as the first snow.”
Preusler's fairy-tale world is childishly cozy and full of natural freshness. Evil is easily defeated, and it exists somewhere in big world. Main value fairy-tale babies - friendship that cannot be overshadowed by misunderstandings.
The fairy tale-novel has a more serious tone of narration and the severity of the conflict. "Krabat"(1971), written based on the medieval legend of the Lusatian Serbs. This is a tale about a terrible mill, where the Miller teaches witchcraft to his apprentices, about the victory of his fourteen-year-old student Krabat over him, about the main force opposing evil - love.
Results
Russian and European children's literature was formed and developed in a similar way - under the influence of folklore, philosophical, pedagogical, artistic ideas of different eras.
World children's literature is richly represented in Russia thanks to a unique school of translators, as well as established traditions of adaptations for children.
Reading foreign children's literature introduces the child reader into the space of world culture.
For many centuries, literature has played a leading role in shaping both public opinion as a whole and the personalities of individual individuals. This influence has always been taken into account in domestic policy totalitarian and authoritarian states. And even under a democratic form of government, this powerful lever of influence is by no means consigned to oblivion.
If what a person reads can be reflected in the worldview and actions of an already formed adult personality, then how much influence does children’s literature have on the receptive and plastic psyche of a child?! Therefore, the choice of reading for your child should be approached with all responsibility.
The first steps on the path to the world of literature
Since time immemorial, people began their acquaintance with the vast world of literature with fairy tales. Moms and dads read them to their babies long before they themselves began to speak. Then, in addition to books, records appeared with wonderful audio recordings of fairy tales and stories. Today, the world of wonders is almost monopolized by television.
However, it is difficult to overestimate the role played in a person’s life by a child’s book, which a child managed to read by adolescence; it can tell a lot about a person, his aspirations and life priorities. This is so because, on the one hand, everyone chooses to read what they like, and on the other hand, what they read invariably influences the worldview of any individual.
For the youngest readers
In every nation, pearls of oral folk art are passed on from generation to generation. True, for our convenience, they have long been collected in printed collections, which does not deprive folklore of its special, inherent charm.
Children's fairy tales occupy an honorable position in folk tales. Their heroes teach kids what is right and what is wrong. Often fairy tales talk about how important it is to help the weak, that you need to be true to your word and loyal to your friends. Children's literature is designed to instill in children the concept of honor, duty and responsibility.
From passive listening to active dialogue
The very fact that you take the time to read to your child means a lot for his development. But you can significantly increase the positive effect. Try discussing children's fairy tales with your child. Perhaps, out of habit, this will seem difficult to you. However, after a while you will definitely get the hang of it and begin to enjoy this unique game.
How and what to discuss? To understand this, just try to think about what you could apply in real life from the text you read. In this way, the child will not only receive practical lessons, but also, what is much more important, from a very tender age will learn to analyze information and draw conclusions. He will not only learn to see the obvious, but will be able to look much deeper - into the very essence of things. Subsequently, this skill will be very useful to him.
The first steps towards the famous deduction
If we talk about the development of thinking abilities, then various children's riddles are perfect as excellent simulators. Children enjoy solving various puzzles and trying to solve puzzles. Don't neglect this need of theirs.
Timeless riddles can be found in literary heritage Korney Chukovsky. Popular author Boris Zakhoder also composes good children's riddle poems for children preschool age. Many folk developments will always remain relevant.
Memory training
Practice short nursery rhymes with your child. This not only has a beneficial effect directly on memory, but also helps the baby learn to concentrate. You can choose both the poems themselves and different songs. It is better to choose those that the child especially liked. Then the learning process will be pleasant for both you and him.
Fiction in kindergarten
When your child reaches kindergarten age (regardless of whether you send him to some preschool institution or prefer to leave him at home), you should start introducing him into his “intellectual diet.” short stories and stories.
During this period, we can recommend such authors as Gianni Rodari, Astrid Lindgren, Alan Milne and Of course, this is far from full list, but already a fairly confident start. Moreover, today it is not difficult to find the works of these writers.
Versatility and diversity
Genres of children's literature organically occupy almost all the same niches as literature for adult readers. Here you will find fantasy, detective, adventure, modern realism, etc. Moreover, there are often cases when writers work on a “serious” work, but in the end it is classified as a work for children. This happened, for example, with the author of “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” Mark Twain. He was even offended when he received an award for his story in the category of the best work of children's literature.
The same fate befell R. L. Stevenson with his Treasure Island. But Daniel Defoe's work "Robinson Crusoe", on the contrary, was adapted for youth, because initially its language was too heavy. The same applies to Gulliver's Travels, created by Jonathan Swift.
How to determine what exactly refers to this genre? First of all, children's literature is what children themselves like to read. It happens that some stories filled with serious philosophical meaning may fall into this category. The guys may not grasp this meaning at this stage, but the plot itself completely satisfies them.
What can domestic writers please you with?
Russian children's literature is rich and diverse. As a rule, it is characterized by clearly defined moral values. Good always defeats evil, and vice is either corrected or punished. Let's take a closer look at some works that are worth including in a young reader's library.
Even in the preschool period, it is worth turning to the stories and stories of the wonderful writer Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov. His works are written about children and for children. Typically, Nikolai Nosov did everything to protect his stories from political ideology. And this was not at all easy at the time when the writer lived and worked. Children's literature of the 20th century (at least the beginning) had to meet clearly defined criteria and standards.
That is why talented writer was forced to create fairy world, in which he settled his most recognizable characters - the mischievous Dunno and his friends. But his stories about ordinary schoolchildren have not lost their relevance to this day.
Also, do not deprive the younger generation of the exciting journey of Ellie and her friends to the Emerald City. Let your child follow these heroes along the yellow brick road and experience many adventures with them. And their guide will be Alexander Volkov, who retold Lyman Frank Baum’s fairy tale in his own way and provided it with a whole series of sequels. The first and most famous book Alexandra Volkova is called “The Wizard of the Emerald City”.
And if your child prefers fairy-tale countries space travel, please him with the stories of Kir Bulychev. It is especially worth paying attention to the series about the adventures of Alisa Selezneva. and the ease with which her space travels are described will not leave anyone indifferent.
In addition, Alice is a diligent student and a modest girl who hates lying. Agree that this is a good example to follow. Throughout all the stories about her adventures, a red thread runs through the idea of the importance of friendship and mutual assistance.
A series of works by Eduard Uspensky about a boy named Uncle Fyodor, the story by Andrei Nekrasov “The Adventures of Captain Vrungel” and the book by Evgeny Veltistov “Electronicist - a boy from a suitcase” continue to enjoy constant success among readers.
Foreign language literary artisans
But it was not only in our country that children’s literature was created. The foreign creative workshop also worked at full capacity, thanks to which everyone’s favorite characters appeared, recognizable in different parts of the world.
“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” has long been included in the classics of world literature. This story is even studied in high school. The same can be said about the hero of The Jungle Book, Mowgli, whom he introduced into literature English writer Rudyard Kipling.
Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren gave the world a whole constellation of diverse original characters. Among them are Carlson, Pippi Longstocking, Emil from Lönneberga and Kalle Blomkvist.
Lewis Carroll's fairy tales "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "Alice Through the Looking Glass" deserve special mention. And not only because these works were made in a rather rare genre of absurdity and, in general, in themselves had a huge influence on the development of the fantasy style. The fact is that these tales are replete with humor, built on linguistic play on words. And if you translate them strictly according to the text, the Russian-speaking reader will get some kind of unintelligible nonsense. A rare exception and a real diamond among the translations of these fairy tales into Russian is the work of Boris Zakhoder. Instead of strictly following the text, turning it into ponderous philosophizing, he was able to convey the meaning and atmosphere of the narrative of these light and cheerful tales.
Famous literary characters who moved to the big screen
Children's literature offers many exciting stories to enterprising screenwriters. The foreign film industry is happy to film fairy tales and stories popular among children. A striking example The Harry Potter series of books written by J. K. Rowling can serve as an example.
But this coin has two sides. Just as a successful book motivates a director to create a film, so does interesting film It can be used to develop a child’s interest in books. Modern children's literature is perfect for this.
It's no secret that children these days don't particularly like books. And they don’t see any point in reading any work on their own in the presence of a film adaptation. How to get them interested?
Firstly, it is worth noting that not everything that is described in the book ends up on the screen. And often very entertaining episodes, and sometimes even full-fledged storylines, remain behind the scenes.
Secondly, you can play on the desire to find out how it all ends. Of course, this won't work with Harry Potter. But, for example, from the seven parts of the Chronicles of Narnia series by Clive Lewis this moment Only three have been filmed.
And thirdly, help your child see for himself that no multi-million dollar budget can create special effects that can compete with our own imagination.
Unobtrusive training
Children's fiction can serve as a powerful teaching tool. Some authors have managed to create stories from which the reader takes away more accurate knowledge of specific sciences than from everything else. school course. And this is done unnoticed and with pleasure.
Such statements seem quite natural if we recall the stories of Ernest Seton-Thompson, which describe the life and habits of various animals. But, for example, Vladimir Korchagin wrote the book “The Secret of the River of Evil Spirits.” Despite the mystical title, it tells about the very mundane adventures of a small group of teenagers and several adults in the vastness of Siberia.
The author of this book is clearly completely in love with geology. But the facts about various minerals and rocks are so organically woven into the fabric of the story that they absolutely do not look alien or insipidly instructive. So don't be surprised if after reading this book your child takes up collecting rocks.
Alexander Kazantsev’s novel “Sharper than a Sword” may help instill a love for mathematics. The action takes place during the time of the musketeers and is not without various intrigues and duels, but at the same time, the main character manages to cleverly get out of some troubles with the help of mathematical formulas.
But the cycle about the adventures of the Polish boy Tomek, created by Alfred Shklyarsky, will give the young reader extensive knowledge of the geography of all continents. Perhaps in this regard, the first person to come to mind is Jules Verne, but his novels are too satiated with dry facts, which, to be honest, when reading, you just want to skip. we managed to avoid this unpleasant aftertaste.
Why you should instill in your child a love of reading
It may seem that it is much easier to turn on your child’s favorite cartoon than to carve out time for reading together in a busy daily schedule. And it will take much less nerves to let your teenager play electronic games than to try to convince him that a book is exciting. However, the long-term benefits of reading will outweigh any temporary inconveniences a hundredfold.
Firstly, even children's literature significantly replenishes lexicon reader. This, in turn, helps in communicating with different people and as a result increases confidence in yourself and your abilities.
Secondly, it is well known that reading improves memory and develops thinking. In addition, those who read a lot write correctly even without memorizing numerous rules.
Thirdly, the need to follow the plot helps in the ability to better concentrate on the tasks assigned to oneself.
Now think for a moment how this bouquet positive factors will help your child in the process of learning at school. Practice shows that those who love to read receive higher grades during their studies. They are much less likely to need the help of tutors. And the process of preparing homework in most cases takes place without any intervention from parents.
Therefore, try to see in your reading sessions with your child not just a momentary effect, but a very long-term and multi-paying investment in his future.
Preview:
For parents
A little about reading foreign children's literature
(excerpts from the book “Children’s Literature” edited by E.O. Putilova were used)
Foreign children's literature is extraordinary interesting reading. It introduces the little reader to another world, a way of life, national characteristics character, nature. For the Russian-speaking reader, it exists in magnificent translations and retellings, and we would lose a lot if these foreign works would not have reached us. Children's books by writers from different countries open up a wide panorama of world culture to a child and make him a citizen of the world.
Children's literature, like literature in general, belongs to the field of the art of words. This determines its aesthetic function. It is associated with a special kind of emotion that arises when reading literary works. Children are able to experience aesthetic pleasure from what they read in to a lesser extent than an adult. The child happily immerses himself in the fantasy world of fairy tales and adventures, empathizes with the characters, feels the poetic rhythm, and enjoys sound and verbal play. Children understand humor and jokes well.
English children's literature is one of the richest and most interesting in the world. It may seem strange that in a country that we traditionally perceive as the homeland of reserved, polite and reasonable people who adhere to strict rules, mischievous and illogical literature was born. But perhaps it was precisely this English stiffness that gave birth, out of a sense of protest, to a literature that is cheerful and mischievous, in which the world is often turned inside out... literature of nonsense. The word “nonsense” in translation means “nonsense”, “lack of meaning”, but in the very meaninglessness of this nonsense there is a certain meaning. After all, nonsense reveals all the inconsistencies of things around us and within us, thereby opening the path to true harmony.
There are books that are best read in time, when the seeds from what you read can fall on the fertile soil of childhood and play an important role in the development and formation of the child as an individual and as a person. For you, dear parents, we will list some English works to remind you of their existence, and ask you not to deprive yourself and your children of the pleasure of reading or re-reading them.
Alan Milne, "Winnie the Pooh and Everything"
Rudyard Kipling, “The Jungle Book” (The Story of Mowgli), “Just So Fairy Tales” (Interesting stories-myths about animals)
Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows (The Exciting Adventures of Three Friends: Mole, Rat and Toad)
James Barrie, Peter Pan (A book about a boy who didn't want to grow up)
Lewis Carroll, "Alice in Wonderland" (A funny fairy tale, full of funny and witty jokes, word games, phraseological units)
A. Milne “Winnie the Pooh and all-all-all”
Alan Milne graduated from Cambridge University with the firm intention of becoming a writer. But we would hardly remember this writer now if not for his son Christopher Robin. It was for him that Milne began to write poetry, he told him funny stories, the heroes of which were little Christopher himself and his favorite toys - Winnie the Pooh bear, Eeyore and others. Milne's books reflected surprisingly truthfully inner world a child, his view of things, his problems, discoveries, games, sorrows and joys. Books appeared one after another over a short period of time that coincided with Christopher Robin's childhood: a collection of poems, When We Were Little, 1924; "Winnie the Pooh", 1926; collection of poems “Now we are already six”, 1927; “The House on Pooh Edge” (continuation of the story about Winnie the Pooh), 1928.
Milne's poems looked unusual compared to English children's poetry. At that time, books abounded mainly with fairies, and the attitude towards the child was condescending, as towards an unformed person mentally, and accordingly the poems were primitive. In Milne's poems, the world is seen through the eyes of a child (most of his poems are written in the first person), who is not at all a primitive creature or an “underdeveloped adult.”
For example, in the poem “Loneliness” the hero dreams of a home - an “enchanted place”, free from countless adult prohibitions. This house is his inner world, closed from others, the world of his dreams and secrets. In the poem “In the Dark,” the author shows how precious this world is for a child who is ready to fulfill all the demands of adults, just to get rid of them and finally “think about what you want to think about” and “laugh at what you want to laugh at.” " Jane in the poem "Good Little Girl" is annoyed by her parents' constant care and annoying question. She is offended that she is suspected of bad behavior everywhere, even at the zoo. It seems to the girl that her parents cannot wait for her to quickly ask if she behaved well. In the poem “Come with Me,” the hero tries to involve adults in his life, to show them all the wonderful things he has seen, but the adults brush him off because they are too busy (the poem was written 80 years ago!).
In fairy tales about Winnie the Pooh main character– not a fictional one, but a real child with a special logic, a special world, special language. All this is interpreted by the author not in the form of a dry treatise, but in a fun literary game. Christopher Robin has already performed here ideal hero, since he is the only child, and all the other inhabitants of the forest are animated by his imagination and embody some of his traits. Having thus been freed from some of his character traits, Christopher Robin in this tale is the smartest, strongest and bravest inhabitant of his fictional world. And Winnie the Pooh embodies the creative energy of a child and has a different way of understanding things, different from the logical one. Both his poems (“noisemakers”, “grumblers”, etc.) and his behavior are based mainly on intuition.
In Milne's books, the child, playing roles and doing nothing, acquires his own “I”. Some of Pooh's songs are permeated with the feeling of how great it is to be Pooh. Feeling one and only is a child’s natural state, giving him comfort. That is why it is so difficult for him to understand another person who is not like him. Just as it is difficult for a child to understand how someone can be unhappy when he is happy, it is difficult for him to understand and predict the behavior of another person. So, the characters in the fairy tale about Winnie the Pooh show different types children's characters and different traits. For example, children's fears are embodied in the book in such mythical creatures, like Heffalump, Yagular, Byaka and Buka. None of these characters actually exist, and no one like them appears in the forest. However, in Piglet's mind they are real, and when Piglet is next to Christopher Robin, he is not afraid of anything, like a child next to his parents.
In his fairy tale, Milne presents an interesting speech portrait of a preschooler, showing how a child handles language, how he masters it, and how he masters the world around him. The world that opens to a child is full of miracles, but what makes him even more wonderful is the opportunity to talk about these miracles. As Piglet said, what is the use of such amazing things as floods and floods if you have no one to even talk about them with.
Milne's Tale - Homemade literary game, fascinating for both adults and children. There is no negative pole in his books. The heroes have their shortcomings, but none can be called “negative” and evil does not invade the life of the forest. Meet in the world of Winnie the Pooh natural disasters, mythical fears appear, but all dangers are easily overcome thanks to friendship, optimism, ingenuity, and kindness of the heroes. Milne leaves his heroes within the framework (so necessary for children) of a toy, home peace, giving children a sense of security.
And speaking of Milne’s book, one cannot fail to mention the one who taught the English teddy bear Winnie the Pooh to speak Russian. This is a wonderful writer, storyteller and translator, Boris Vladimirovich Zakhoder. It was he who introduced Russian children to the heroes of famous English fairy tales(“Alice in Wonderland”, “Mary Poppins”, “Peter Pan” and others) and wrote many funny poems, wonderful children’s plays, one of which was based on an opera (“Lopushok at Lukomorye”), and fairy tales. More than a dozen films have been shot based on his scripts, including cartoons, the main one, of course, being the cartoon about Winnie the Pooh.
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