Types of human activities and their examples. Types of human activities and their forms

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in psychology on the topic: “Types of human activity”

Introduction

1. Concept of activity

2. Activity theory

4. Activity needs:

5. Structure of activity.

6. Types of human activity

7. Communication as a type of human activity.

Conclusion

Introduction

The normal state of a person is active. He constantly acts - he works, studies, plays sports, communicates with people, reads, etc. In a word, he shows activity - external (movements, operations, muscle efforts) or internal (mental activity, which is observed even in a motionless person when he thinks, reads, remembers, etc.).

Activity is a person’s activity aimed at achieving consciously set goals related to meeting his needs and interests, and fulfilling the requirements for him from society and the state. Without activity, human life is impossible. In the process of activity, a person learns about the world around him. Activity creates the material conditions of human life, without which he cannot exist - food, clothing, housing. In the process of activity, spiritual products are created: science, literature, music, painting; The world around us changes and transforms. A person’s activities shape and change himself, his will, his character.

Activity is a dynamic system of interaction between a subject and the world. Human activity is formed and develops in connection with the formation and development of his consciousness. It also serves as the basis for the formation and development of consciousness, the source of its content.

Activity is always carried out in a certain system of relationships between a person and other people. It requires the help and participation of other people. Its results have a certain impact on the world around us, on the lives and destinies of other people. In other words, activity expresses a person’s personality and at the same time activity shapes his personality.

1. Concept of activity

Activity is the internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person, regulated by a conscious goal.

IN philosophical literature activity is understood as a person’s conscious, purposeful attitude towards the world. Activity can be material and spiritual, cognitive and evaluative, reproductive and creative, constructive and destructive, etc.

In sociology, activity is considered as a conscious action of an individual, focused on the responsive behavior of people.

In psychology, activity is understood as a dynamic system of interactions between a subject and the outside world, during which a person consciously and purposefully influences an object, thereby satisfying his needs.

Of course, in different types of activity - executive, managerial, scientific - the role of consciousness is different. The more complex the activity, the higher the role of the psychological component in it. But in any case, it is activity that acts as the basis for the formation of personality. Personality does not precede activity, it is generated by this activity. Thus, personality in psychology is considered as a subject realized in activity, primarily in work and communication.

2. Activity theory

The activity theory is based on the fundamental principle - the activity approach to the psyche. The psyche is inextricably linked with human activity. And activity is the process of human interaction with the outside world, the process of solving vital problems. In the activity approach, the psyche is understood as a form of the subject’s life activity that ensures the solution of certain problems in the process of his interaction with the world. The psyche is not just a picture of the world, a system of images, but also a system of actions. Although the connection between images and actions is two-way, the leading role belongs to action. The structure of each action can be divided into three stages:

Orientations in the conditions and order of operations by which the action is performed,

Execution (realization of action) and

Control over its result, in which the desired and actual product are compared.

The most significant stage is the indicative one, since a correct assessment of the conditions makes it possible to obtain the desired result.

3. Activity approach in psychology

The activity approach asserts that the personality of each person is reflected in objective activity aimed at creative transformation and knowledge of the surrounding reality, that is, in his attitude to the world.

1. From birth, a person has no activity; it develops throughout the entire period of his upbringing and education.

2. By carrying out any activity, a person contributes to progress.

3. The activity satisfies both natural and cultural needs.

4. She has a productive personality. So, resorting to it, a person creates more and more new ways to help satisfy his needs.

In activity theory, it is generally accepted that activity is determined by consciousness. The main basic principle of this theory states that only in activity both a person’s consciousness and his psyche are born and formed, and it is in activity that they manifest themselves.

4. Activity needs

A person exists, develops and is formed as a person through interaction with the environment, carried out through his activities. An inactive person is unthinkable, because she has needs that must be satisfied.

Need is a mental phenomenon reflecting the need of an organism or personality for the necessary conditions that ensure their life and development.

IN modern science Various classifications of needs are used. In the most general form, they can be combined into three groups.

Natural needs. In another way they can be called innate, biological, physiological, organic, natural. These are the needs of people for everything that is necessary for their existence, development and reproduction. Natural ones include, for example, human needs for food, air, water, housing, clothing, sleep, rest, etc.

Social needs. They are determined by a person’s membership in society. Social needs are considered to be human needs labor activity, creation, creativity, social activity, communication with other people, recognition, achievements, i.e. in everything that is a product of social life.

Ideal needs. They are otherwise called spiritual or cultural. These are the needs of people for everything that is necessary for their spiritual development. The ideal ones include, for example, the needs for self-expression, creation and development of cultural values, the need for a person to understand the world around him and his place in it, the meaning of his existence.

The need manifests itself in a certain state of the psyche (in humans - consciousness, called experience). To satisfy needs, it is necessary to expend appropriate forces through activity.

Describing human needs, American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) described man as “a desiring being who rarely achieves a state of complete, complete satisfaction. If one need is satisfied, another one rises to the surface and directs the person's attention and efforts.

Activity is the energy used in carrying out activities in order to satisfy a need.

Consequently, activity is the active interaction of a person with the environment in which he achieves a consciously set goal that arose as a result of the emergence of a certain need in him.

Rice. 1 Maslow's Pyramid of Needs

5. Activity structure

The theory of activity in Russian science was developed by psychologist A. N. Leontyev (1903-1979). He described the structure of human activity, highlighting its goal, means and result.

The subject is the one who carries out the activity, the source of activity, the actor. Since it is, as a rule, a person who exhibits activity, most often it is he who is called the subject. The subject of the activity must be a person, a group of people, an organization, or a government body.

An object - ??? what the activity is aimed at. So, for example, the subject of cognitive activity is all kinds of information, the subject of educational activity is knowledge, skills and abilities, the subject of labor activity is the created material product. The object of activity can be a natural material or object (land in agricultural economic activity), another person (student as an object of learning) or the subject himself (in the case of self-education, sports training).

Purpose of activity

The goal of an activity is its product. It can represent a real physical object created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, a creative result (thought, idea, theory, work of art).

The goals that a person sets in his activities can be distant or close. A goal is understood as the expected result of an action by which a person intends to satisfy a particular need. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between a goal as an objective (objective result) and as a subjective mental (intended) phenomenon.

The emergence of aspiration is itself a process. First there is a need. This is a level of uncertainty when it is already clear to a person that he needs to do something, but what exactly is not sufficiently realized. With such uncertainty arise various options opportunities to satisfy needs. At this level of uncertainty there is still no clear understanding of the means and ways to achieve the goal. Each of the realized possibilities is supported or refuted by different motives.

Rice. 2 Motive and incentive

The motive of an activity is what prompts it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The motive is usually a specific need that is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity. The motives of human activity can be very different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual.

Organic motives are aimed at satisfying the natural needs of the body - production of food, housing, clothing, etc.

Functional motives are satisfied through various cultural forms of activity, such as games and sports.

Material motives encourage a person to engage in activities aimed at creating objects household items, various things and tools, directly in the form of products serving natural needs.

Social motives give rise to various types of activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect from those around them.

Spiritual motives underlie those activities that are associated with human self-improvement.

In everyday life, the words “motive” and “stimulus” are often not distinguished, but these are different concepts. A motive is any mental phenomenon that has become an incentive to action, deed or activity.

A stimulus is an objective phenomenon that acts on a person and causes a response. The most significant thing is that the motive is a reflection of the stimulus, processed by the individual. The same stimulus in different individuals can be reflected as different motives.

Although activity is the function of a person as a whole: both as an individual and as an organism, its purposefulness and motivation are determined by the individual. Therefore, in animals, in newborns and in the “insane”, mentally ill, there is no activity, but only behavior - as an objectification of their psyche. Activity is the objectification of consciousness.

Methods and means of achieving the goal

A way or method of achieving a goal is an external form of implementation of an activity. And it must be adequate to the purpose. The correspondence of the methods and methods to the obtained result is a qualitative characteristic of the process. Actions can lead to a result, then they form a useful process. Actions at the level of affects, habits, false beliefs, misconceptions regarding the goal are inappropriate and lead to unpredictable results. The means must correspond to the ends in two senses.

First, the means must be proportionate to the ends. In other words, they cannot be insufficient (otherwise the activity will be fruitless) or excessive (otherwise energy and resources will be wasted). For example, you cannot build a house if there are not enough materials for it; It also makes no sense to buy materials several times more than are needed for its construction.

Secondly, the means must be moral: immoral means cannot be justified by the nobility of the end. If goals are immoral, then all activities are immoral

Goal Achievement Process

Action is an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity consists of individual actions. For example, teaching activities consist of preparing and delivering lectures, conducting seminars, preparing assignments, etc.

Types of actions (classification by German sociologist, philosopher, historian M. Weber (1864--1920) depending on the motives of action):

1) Purposeful action - characterized by a rationally set and thoughtful goal. The individual whose behavior is focused on the goal, means and by-products of his actions acts purposefully.

2) Value-based and rational action - characterized by conscious determination its focus and consistently planned orientation towards it. But its meaning is not in achieving any goal, but in the fact that the individual follows his beliefs about duty, dignity, beauty, piety, etc.

3) Affective (from Latin af ectus - emotional excitement) action - is determined by the emotional state of the individual. He acts under the influence of passion if he seeks to immediately satisfy his need for revenge, pleasure, devotion, etc.

4) Traditional action - based on a long-term habit. Often this is an automatic reaction to habitual irritation in the direction of a once learned attitude.

The basis of activity is the actions of the first two types, since only they have a conscious goal and are creative in nature. Affects and traditional actions are only capable of exerting some influence on the course of activity as auxiliary elements.

Result of activity

The result is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills and abilities, the result of labor - goods, the result of scientific activity - ideas and inventions. The result of an activity can be the person himself, since in the course of the activity he develops and changes.

6. Types of human activity

Human modern society engaged in a variety of activities. In order to describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large.

Emergence various types activity is associated with the socio-historical development of man. The fundamental types of activities in which a person is involved in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, and work.

* communication - interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;

* game is a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is learned;

* learning is the process of systematic acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform work activities;

* labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Communication is a type of activity consisting of the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of a person’s development and the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges emotional states with the child and helps them navigate the world around them. IN early age communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child’s speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood, role-playing games develop interpersonal communication skills with peers. The younger student is busy with learning activities, and communication is accordingly included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activity. The specifics of an adult’s professional activity leave an imprint on the nature of communication, behavior and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it; new connections and relationships arise between people.

A game is a type of activity the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of the preschooler, since through her he accepts the norms of society and learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the types of games we can distinguish individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games have great importance in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication and recreation.

Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities. In progress historical development knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, teaching became a special type of activity. Teaching influences the mental development of an individual. It consists of assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the correct choice of techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).

Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not the work itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Typically, work is characterized as a conscious activity that is aimed at achieving a result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious purpose. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of the individual, since it influences the development of his abilities and character.

The attitude towards work is embedded in early childhood, knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to express oneself in activity. Work in a certain field of human activity is associated with a profession.

Thus, each of the types of activity discussed above is most characteristic of certain age stages of personality development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one, since it develops the corresponding needs, cognitive abilities and behavioral characteristics.

Depending on the characteristics of a person’s relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual.

Practical activities are aimed at changing the world around us. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society).

Spiritual activity is aimed at changing individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing collective life and orienting a person to solve problems of the meaning of life, happiness, and well-being.

Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining norms and principles of life), predictive activity (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is arbitrary. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.

By spheres of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual.

Traditionally, there are four main spheres of public life:

§ social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)

§ economic (productive forces, production relations)

§ political (state, parties, socio-political movements)

§ spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of social life are not geometric spaces where people live different people, but the relationships of the same people in connection with different aspects of their lives.

The social sphere is the relationships that arise in the production of direct human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and the relationship between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is included in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city resident, etc.

The economic sphere is a set of relationships between people that arise during the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of society.

The political sphere is the relationship between people associated with power that ensures joint security.

The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

§ political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;

§ political norms - political, legal and moral standards, customs and traditions;

§ political communications - relationships, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between political system in general and society;

§ political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relationships that arise during the production, transmission and development of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

If a person’s material life is connected with the satisfaction of specific everyday needs (food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of a person’s life is aimed at satisfying the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.

The inclusion of society is mass, collective, individual.

Due to social forms associations of people for the purpose of carrying out activities distinguish collective, mass, individual activities. Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (person, group of people, public organization and so on.). Depending on social forms associations of people for the purpose of carrying out activities establish individual (example: management of a region or country), collective (ship management systems, teamwork), mass (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).

Dependence social norms- moral, immoral, legal, illegal.

Conditions based on the activity’s compliance with existing general cultural traditions and social norms differentiate legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law or constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and production of weapons, explosives, drug distribution, all this is illegal activities. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activities, that is, to study conscientiously, be polite, value their relatives, help the old and homeless. There is a striking example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

The potential of new things in activity - innovative, inventive, creative, routine.

When human activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities are distributed. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter 1 or the progressive activity of Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin.

Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways of its implementation, monotonous, monotonous, template activity is revealed, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and new things are most often not given (Manufacture of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But creative, inventive activity, on the contrary, carries with it the character of originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by its specificity, exclusivity, and uniqueness. And elements of creativity can be used in any of the activities. Examples include dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions here, here is the embodiment of fantasy and its implementation.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

· everyday - consists of sharing experiences and the images that people carry within themselves and share with the outside world;

· scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. The main goal of scientific cognitive activity is to create an ideal system of the material world;

· artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find shades of beauty and ugliness in it;

· religious. Its subject is the person himself. His actions are assessed from the point of view of pleasing to God. This also includes moral standards and moral aspects of actions. Considering that a person’s whole life consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such types of activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing about the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth taking a closer look at the types of human creative activity. This includes artistic or Musical direction, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but to reveal them you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

In the process of work, a person’s worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. Types of work activity are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental labor. Although the work of the intellect does not appear outwardly, in fact these types of work activities are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the diversity of professions that exist today.

Types of human professional activity

In a broad sense, the concept of profession means a diverse form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity comes down to the fact that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activities.

1. Man-nature. The essence of this activity is interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.

2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and provide them with information, trade and consumer services.

3. Man-technology. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of humans and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.

4. Man - sign systems. Activities of this type involve interacting with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.

5. Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting skills, and visual activities.

Types of economic activities of people

Human economic activity has recently been fiercely contested by conservationists because it is based on natural reserves that will soon run out. Types of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals, such as oil, metals, stones and everything that can benefit humans and cause damage not only to nature, but to the entire planet.

Types of human information activities

An integral part of human interaction with the outside world is information. Types of information activities include receiving, using, distributing and storing information. Information activities often becomes a threat to life, since there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Types of human mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The simplest type of mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost invisible compared to the most complex type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. That’s why creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents that can transform this world and instill cultural skills in society.

Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two types of this activity - creation and destruction. The second, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of human transformative activity in nature have led to troubles and disasters.

Only creativity can come to the rescue here, and this means, at a minimum, the restoration of natural resources.

Activity distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types benefit the development and formation of personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the disastrous consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital “H.”

7. Communication as a type of human activity

Communication in the broadest sense can be defined as the interaction of individuals in which information is exchanged on the basis of mutual mental reflection.

Communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by needs joint activities. Communication includes the exchange of information between its participants, which can be characterized as the communicative side of communication. The second side of communication is the interaction of those communicating - the exchange in the process of speech not only of words, but also of actions and deeds. And finally, the third side of communication involves the perception of those communicating with each other.

The need for communication in higher animals and in humans is innate, programmed by nature. Communication in the broad sense of the word can be used not only as an independent activity. The ways in which they perform other types of activities (play, learning and work). To distinguish communication as an independent type of activity, it is necessary that it have its own goals and other components of the structure that are recognized by the subject. The goals in communication as an independent type of activity can be the following: 1) comprehension inner world another person or the discovery of his own inner world; 2) influencing the psyche of another person (or group of people) with the intention of instilling in him (them) certain motives or attitudes (toward oneself, to certain aspects of the surrounding reality.

8. Game as a type of human activity

Play is a necessary activity. This is a meaningful activity, that is, a set of meaningful actions united by the unity of motive.

Play is an activity; this means that the game is an expression of a certain attitude of the individual to the surrounding reality. For a person, “game is the child of labor.” The connection of the game is hardly reflected in the content of the games: they all usually reproduce one or another type of practical nonsense. play activity. Play is about practice, about impact on the world. A person’s game is a product of activity through which a person transforms reality and changes the world. The essence of human play is the ability to reflect and transform reality. Play is a product of labor, arising as if from the imitation of labor processes.

Being associated with labor, play, however, is different from it. Both the commonality of play with difficulty and their differences appear primarily in their motivation,

While working, a person does what practical necessity forces him to do, regardless of the presence of interest. A doctor treats a patient because his professional duties require it; a child, playing doctor, “heals” those around him only because it attracts him.

In the process of a child’s spiritual development, the world opens up to him more and more. He sees the diverse actions of the people around him, he experiences these actions in his own way, they are full of attractiveness for him.

The child vividly feels the attractiveness of what is associated with the role played in life by parents, a doctor, a pilot, and a warrior. From contact with the outside world, a child develops various internal impulses, which stimulate him to action by their immediate attractiveness. A game action is an action that is performed due to direct interest in it, not for the sake of its specifically utilitarian effect.

Motives for gaming activity reflect a more direct attitude of the individual to the environment; the significance of one or another of its aspects. Play is a way to realize the needs and requests of a child within the limits of his capabilities. Personality and its role in life are closely interconnected; and in play, through the roles that the child takes on, his personality, he himself, is formed and developed.

9. Teaching as a type of human activity

Teaching acts as a type of activity, the purpose of which is to acquire by a person the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary ultimately to perform work activities. The peculiarity of educational activity is that it directly serves as a means of psychological development of the individual.

Educational activity - leading activity school age, within which there is a controlled appropriation of the foundations of social experience, primarily in the form of intellectual basic operations and theoretical concepts. The student acquires not only knowledge, but also a way to think independently and acquire knowledge. Well-organized training is educational in nature. During the learning process, the student’s personality is formed: its orientation, strong-willed character traits, abilities, etc.

During school, a child goes through a long developmental path. IN primary school he masters the basics of literacy, natural science and historical knowledge available to him, as well as elementary forms of labor (processing paper, fabric). Primary School prepares the student for high school education.

Educational activities in secondary school require the student to be more responsible and conscientious about learning. The student is required not so much to memorize close to the text as to understand and rethink the material being studied. Mathematics, physics, history and other subjects form a system of concepts, knowledge, and lay the foundations of a worldview.

In senior secondary school, worldviews and beliefs are formed, with which the motives for educational and work activities are associated.

In the process of historical development, forms of labor improved and, at the same time, became increasingly more complex. Because of this, it was much more difficult to master the knowledge and skills necessary for work activity in the process itself. Therefore, in order to prepare a person for further work, it was necessary to single out teaching as its special type, educational work on mastering the generalized results of the previous work of other people. Humanity has allocated a special period for this in the life of the younger generations and created special forms existences in which learning is the main activity.

Learning, which occurs in successive changes in the main types of activity throughout the life of each person, follows play and precedes work, differs significantly from play and is similar to work.

Thus, the main goal of learning is preparation for future independent work, and the main means is mastering the generalized results of what was created by a person’s previous work.

We can talk about learning only when a person’s actions are controlled by a conscious goal - to acquire certain knowledge, skills, and abilities.

Knowledge is information about the significant properties of the world, necessary for the successful organization of certain types of theoretical or practical activities.

Skills are elements of activity that allow you to do something with high quality. Skills represent consciously controlled parts of an activity, at least in the main intermediate points and the final goal.

Skills are components of skills implemented at the level of unconscious control. If by action we understand a part of an activity that has a clearly defined conscious goal, then a skill can also be called an automated component of an action.

Thus, learning acts as a type of activity, the purpose of which is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. Teaching can be organized and carried out in special educational institutions. It can be unorganized and occur along the way, in other activities as a by-product, additional result. In adults, learning can take on the character of self-education. The peculiarities of educational activity are that it directly serves as a means of psychological development of the individual.

10. Human labor activity

Labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material or spiritual needs of people. By participating in the creation of labor products, a person enters into the existing system of production relations, his attitude towards labor activity and labor motives are formed. Thus, labor manifests itself in the social interaction of people. The subject of psychological study is not work as a whole, but the psychological components of work activity.

In work, a person’s abilities, his character, and personality as a whole are revealed and formed.

At psychological analysis The following characteristics of labor can be distinguished:

1) anticipation of a socially valuable result should be thought of as valuable for society.;

2) consciousness of the obligation to achieve a given result - the presence of public approval;

3) possession of external and internal means of activity;

4) orientation in interpersonal production relations.

Directed in its basic direction at creating a specific result, work is at the same time the main way of personality formation. In the process of labor, not only is this or that product of the subject’s labor activity born, but it itself is formed in labor. In work activity, a person’s abilities develop and his character is formed.

The uniqueness of the psychological side of labor activity is primarily due to the fact that, in its objective social essence, labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product. Since no person produces all the objects needed to satisfy his needs, the motive of a person’s activity becomes the product not of his activity, but of the activities of other people, the product of social activity.

Normally, work is an essential human need. To work means to express oneself in activity. Thus, labor occupies a special place in the system of human activity. It was thanks to labor that man built a modern society, created objects of material and spiritual culture, and transformed the conditions of his life in such a way that he discovered prospects for further development.

activity psychology activity

Conclusion

So, in conclusion, we can conclude that types of activities: communication, play, learning, work are vital and necessary elements in the development of both the individual and society as a whole. By the complexity of the nature of the activities, one can judge the way of life, rights and skills of a given society.

Each type of activity is most characteristic of certain age stages of development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one. In this regard, in psychology there is a concept of a leading type of activity. And although all three main types of activity coexist at every age, at different periods the need for them is different and filled with specific content. Leading is the type of activity that, at a given age stage, determines the main, most important changes in mental processes and mental properties of the individual.

We looked at the main types of human activity.

Being a necessary condition for the existence and development of humanity, labor is the basis on which the mental development of the individual occurs.

The teaching is a kind of preparatory stage to work. Play is the main activity of preschoolers. In play, the child learns about objects and phenomena of reality, prepares for educational and work activities. In the game, a child’s thinking, memory, imagination, attention, abilities develop, and strong-willed personality traits and character traits begin to form.

Thus, we see that all types of human activity shape him in all directions. A person becomes a unique personality with his own positive qualities and shortcomings. That is why such a section as types of human activity is relevant. This section is covered well enough in the literature to understand how important this topic is in psychology.

List of sources used

Main:

1. Krysko V.G. Psychology and pedagogy: Course of lectures / V.G. Krysko.- 4th ed. rev. - M.: Omega-L, 2006.

2. Maklakov A.G. General psychology: Textbook for universities./ A.G. Maklakov. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.

3. Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook for universities - M.: Yurayt, 2009.

4. Psychology: Textbook for universities / Ed. V.N. Druzhinina. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.

Additional:

1. Gippenteyter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology: A course of lectures. - M.: “CheRo”, with the participation of the publishing house “Urayt”, 2002.

2. Enikeev M.I. General and social psychology: Textbook. / M.I. Enikeev. - M.: Norma, 2002.

3. Kolosov D.V. Introduction to general psychology: Textbook / D.V. Kolesov. - M.: Publishing house. Moscow Psychological and Social Institute: Voronezh: MODEK, 2002.

4. Krysko V.G. General psychology. Textbook for universities./ SPb.: PETER, 2003.

5. Maslow A. Motivation and personality. - St. Petersburg, 1999.

6. Mashkov V.N. Introduction to human psychology: Textbook / V.N. Mashkov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house Mikhailova V.A., 2003.

7. Nemov R.S. General psychology: Textbook / R.S. Nemov. - M.: Vlados, 2003.

8. General psychology: Textbook / Under A.V. Karpova.- M.: Gardariki, 2002.

9. Psychology. Pedagogy. Ethics: Textbook for universities / I.I. Aminov, O.V. Afanasyeva, A.T. Vaskov, A.M. Vorontsov and others; Ed. prof. Yu.V. Naumkina. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, Law and Law, 2002.

10. Psychology of the XXI century: Textbook / Ed. V.N. Druzhinina. - M.: PER SE, 2003.

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A game

It is a rather entertaining component that certainly accompanies any development. Play as a type of human activity deserves special attention. After all, it is from here that the active process of learning about the world around us begins. Otherwise, it would hardly be possible to learn anything, to express oneself in the outside world. If you watch a child playing, you will notice one interesting feature: he models different situations that are of interest to him, solves important problems. A huge imagination forces him to come up with complex plot moves; his consciousness literally gushes with ideas.

Passion for the game process helps to free yourself from disturbing thoughts and learn to look at the surrounding reality differently. This type of activity is a way of understanding the world through playing many models and roles. The main feature is that in the game a person is not afraid to make decisions and acts intuitively, relying on his inner vision.

Communication

All types of human activity are closely interconnected. It is impossible to imagine one without the other. Interaction with others is as necessary as learning, the opportunity to conduct research activities. Communication is a human activity aimed at satisfying the deep need for recognition and understanding. Establishing warm relationships is impossible without trust.

Education

Ideally, it should be carried out throughout life for effective self-improvement. Learning is a type of human activity aimed at obtaining new information, which later becomes our knowledge. In the process of acquiring new skills, a person improves his abilities and gets the opportunity to fully work on himself. A mature person understands the need for such changes, since they are aimed at internal transformation. IN childhood learning primarily involves acquiring new knowledge. A child needs to master many subjects before he goes into adulthood.

In many cases, effective learning becomes a reason to take pride in your achievements. Here everyone will have individual merits. A distinctive feature is the fact that in order to carry out the learning process it is necessary to make efforts on your own, because knowledge will not appear by itself.

Physical work

For many, this activity is an indicator of a useful pastime. Many people are imbued with sincere respect for those individuals who are engaged in this activity. Physical labor is valued and encouraged in society. It is believed that such a person really earns money honestly and therefore can be considered noble. This type of activity is also necessary because it allows you to develop physically and remain resilient. This is extremely important in our time of rapid development of physical inactivity. People who choose such activities for themselves maintain excellent physical fitness, can cope with any unforeseen situation, as long as it requires strength and activity.

Brainwork

This activity is the lot of sophisticated and intelligent people. As a rule, mental activity is chosen by those individuals who are focused on performing an intellectual task. This type of human activity largely determines scientific and social progress. The more a person is engaged, the sooner he develops in some branch that is significant for himself. The development of thought occurs gradually, under the influence of certain components.

Mental work has always been valued, especially in certain circles. Intellectual consciousness is a seeking character that constantly strives to reach an understanding of complex things. Concentrating on the main thing, it can become an amazing guide to the world of intellectual components. To engage in mental activity, you must have a certain character and constantly work on yourself. How more people reads books, studies something, the more powerfully he develops intellectually, and the faster his capabilities expand.

The science

Tendency to research work largely determines character. Science is a type of human activity that requires a developed analytical mind. This is a must. Otherwise, the activity will not have significant success. The main feature is that all conclusions and conclusions are made based on logical components. When engaging in scientific activities, you definitely need to prove something, based on the theoretical approaches of scientists and their practical developments. Here you cannot simply draw conclusions if they are not supported by appropriate knowledge. Science requires maximum clarity and precision. It is impossible to act at random without having an idea of the subject of your research. It is noteworthy that scientists, getting used to building complex conclusions, then begin to treat life as an ongoing chain of assumptions and conclusions. It is very difficult to free yourself from such a worldview when making a decision based purely on scientific approach. The thing is that life sometimes turns out to be much more complicated than any research work.

Art

It is a type of human activity aimed at meeting the needs of members of the intelligentsia. The ability to understand works of art is an indicator of the development of aesthetic taste. Real literary works, paintings by great masters and music cannot be appreciated by everyone. To do this, you need to have a sophisticated worldview and, at a minimum, an increased interest in a certain type of art. Such people have refined taste and often have additional talents. The main feature is that individuals who are interested in art are often so immersed in a fictional world that they stop noticing the surrounding reality.

Art always requires a certain dedication from a person. After all, such an activity could never develop if it were not given enough time and attention. A person passionate about art always sacrifices something in order to do what he loves. As a rule, life always guides such people, helping them to constantly feel the enduring meaning of their actions. They necessarily have a high goal that justifies and allows everything. They act not for money, but in the name of a bright idea.

Trade

A type of human activity that has flourished since ancient times. A person who has chosen trade for himself, as a rule, highly values his own material wealth. He is able to assess the benefits and notice significant prospects in any situation. In most cases, people are significantly successful in their chosen activity if they have the inclination for it. Trade is an integral element of life. Such a person is distinguished by the fact that he is aimed at obtaining material benefits and values. It is of great importance to him what clothes he wears, what he eats, and how great his well-being is. Traders act quite calmly and purposefully in many matters. They are not influenced by emotions and therefore achieve significant results faster. Representatives of other spheres could envy them with great enthusiasm.

Marketing

This trend undoubtedly originates from trade. Marketing is a type of human activity entirely aimed at obtaining material benefits. This area assumes that a person is able to understand complex issues and act based on his own long-term planning. Such a thing as self-organization is of great importance. Only by fully concentrating on the task can you solve it. You can't do it without proper planning. Marketing assumes that a person will act clearly and in accordance with the requirements of modern society.

A simple mistake can lead to irreparable consequences, so self-control and the ability to keep feelings under control are extremely important here. Of course, not everyone succeeds in this. A successful marketer is one who is free from his own doubts and worries. Home distinctive feature Such a personality is self-confidence. After all, the ability to make decisions quickly really leads to success.

Creation

The need for creation is inherent in each of us. Another question is whether the person is working on himself, whether he is ready to devote enough time and attention to his creativity. This activity requires not only great dedication, but also enormous endurance and patience. Sometimes you need to have a strong will in order for something to happen. Creative path can never be called simple and easy. Sometimes a person needs to go through many trials in order to achieve success. A person is forced to make every effort, because only in this case does he develop, become self-sufficient and self-confident.

Self improvement

Occupies a special position in the life of an individual. If we stop working on ourselves, it will be difficult for us to cope with our own emotions. Such a personality begins to degrade over time and ceases to develop existing abilities. Self-improvement is an integral element of any activity. Whatever a person plans to do, he must pay special attention to his inner world.

Working with feelings and emotions is very important. Thanks to her, we become more aware of what is truly valuable in life.

Instead of a conclusion

Thus, the main types of human activity are work, play, science or art, and each deserves special attention. It is important that the personality develops and does not stand still. This is facilitated by complete dedication.

A person in modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. In order to describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large.

The emergence of various types of activities is associated with the socio-historical development of man. The fundamental types of activities in which a person is involved in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, and work.

* communication - interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
* game is a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is learned;
* learning is the process of systematic acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform work activities;
* labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Communication is a type of activity consisting of the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of a person’s development and the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges emotional states with the child and helps them navigate the world around them. At an early age, communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child’s speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood, role-playing games develop interpersonal communication skills with peers. The younger student is busy with learning activities, and communication is accordingly included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activity. The specifics of an adult’s professional activity leave an imprint on the nature of communication, behavior and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it; new connections and relationships arise between people.

A game is a type of activity the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of the preschooler, since through her he accepts the norms of society and learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the types of games we can distinguish individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games are of great importance in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication and relaxation.

Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities. In the process of historical development, knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, teaching became a special type of activity. Teaching influences the mental development of an individual. It consists of assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the correct choice of techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).

Attitudes towards work are established in early childhood; knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to express oneself in activity. Work in a certain field of human activity is associated with a profession.

Depending on the characteristics of a person’s relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual.

By spheres of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual.

Traditionally, there are four main spheres of public life:

§ social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)
§ economic (productive forces, production relations)
§ political (state, parties, socio-political movements)
§ spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of social life are not geometric spaces where different people live, but the relationships of the same people in connection with different aspects of their lives.

The social sphere is the relationships that arise in the production of direct human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and relationships between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is included in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city resident, etc.

The economic sphere is a set of relationships between people that arise during the creation and movement of material wealth. The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of society.

The political sphere is the relationship between people associated with power that ensures joint security.

The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

§ political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;
§ political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
§ political communications - relationships, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;
§ political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relationships that arise during the production, transmission and development of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

The inclusion of society is mass, collective, individual.

In connection with social forms of bringing people together for the purpose of carrying out activities, collective, mass, and individual activities are distinguished. Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (a person, a group of people, a public organization, etc.). Depending on the social forms of association of people for the purpose of carrying out activities, they establish individual (example: management of a region or country), collective (ship management systems, teamwork), mass (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).

Dependence on social norms - moral, immoral, legal, illegal.

Conditions based on the activity’s compliance with existing general cultural traditions and social norms differentiate legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law or constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and production of weapons, explosives, drug distribution, all of this is illegal activity. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activities, that is, to study conscientiously, be polite, value their relatives, help the old and homeless. There is a striking example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

The potential of new things in activity - innovative, inventive, creative, routine.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

· everyday - consists of sharing experiences and the images that people carry within themselves and share with the outside world;
· scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. The main goal of scientific cognitive activity is to create an ideal system of the material world;
· artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find shades of beauty and ugliness in it;
· religious. Its subject is the person himself. His actions are assessed from the point of view of pleasing to God. This also includes moral standards and moral aspects of actions. Considering that a person’s whole life consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such types of activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing about the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth taking a closer look at the types of human creative activity. These include artistic or musical direction, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but to reveal them you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

Types of human professional activity

1. Man-nature. The essence of this activity is interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and provide them with information, trade and consumer services.
3. Man-technology. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of humans and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
4. Man - sign systems. Activities of this type involve interacting with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
5. Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting, and visual arts.

Types of economic activities of people

Types of human information activities

An integral part of human interaction with the outside world is information. Types of information activities include receiving, using, distributing and storing information. Information activities often become a threat to life, since there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Types of human mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The simplest type of mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost invisible compared to the most complex type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. That’s why creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents who can transform this world and instill cultural skills in society.

Only creativity can come to the rescue here, and this means, at a minimum, the restoration of natural resources.

Activity- this is a specifically human activity, regulated by consciousness, generated by needs and aimed at understanding and transforming the external world and the person himself.

The main feature of activity is that its content is not determined entirely by the need that gave rise to it. Need as a motive (motivation) gives impetus to activity, but the very forms and content of activity determined by public goals, requirements and experience.

Distinguish three main activities: play, learning and work. Purpose games is the “activity” itself, and not its results. Human activity aimed at acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities is called teaching. is an activity whose purpose is the production of socially necessary products.

Characteristics of activity

Activity is understood as a specifically human way active attitude to the world - a process during which a person creatively transforms the world around him, turning himself into an active subject, and the phenomena he masters into an object of his activity.

Under subject Here we mean the source of activity, the actor. Since it is, as a rule, a person who exhibits activity, most often it is he who is called the subject.

Object call the passive, passive, inert side of the relationship, on which activity is carried out. The object of activity can be a natural material or object (land in agricultural activities), another person (a student as an object of learning) or the subject himself (in the case of self-education, sports training).

To understand an activity, there are several important characteristics to consider.

Man and activity are inextricably linked. There is activity an indispensable condition human life: it created man himself, preserved him in history and predetermined the progressive development of culture. Consequently, a person does not exist outside of activity. The opposite is also true: there is no activity without a person. Only man is capable of labor, spiritual and other transformative activities.

Activity is a transformation of the environment. Animals adapt to natural conditions. A person is capable of actively changing these conditions. For example, he is not limited to collecting plants for food, but grows them in the course of agricultural activities.

Activity acts as a creative, constructive activity: Man, in the process of his activity, goes beyond the boundaries of natural possibilities, creating something new that did not previously exist in nature.

Thus, in the process of activity, a person creatively transforms reality, himself and his social connections.

The essence of the activity is revealed in more detail during its structural analysis.

Basic forms of human activity

Human activity is carried out in (industrial, domestic, natural environment).

Activity- active interaction of a person with the environment, the result of which should be its usefulness, requiring from a person high mobility of nervous processes, fast and accurate movements, increased activity of perception, emotional stability.

The study of a person in the process is carried out by ergonomics, the purpose of which is to optimize work activity on the basis of rational consideration of human capabilities.

The whole variety of forms of human activity can be divided into two main groups according to the nature of the functions performed by a person - physical and mental labor.

Physical work

Physical work requires significant muscle activity, is characterized by a load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, etc.), and also requires increased energy costs from 17 to 25 mJ (4,000-6,000 kcal) and higher per day.

Brainwork

Brainwork(intellectual activity) is work that combines work related to the reception and processing of information, requiring intense attention, memory, and activation of thinking processes. Daily energy consumption during mental work is 10-11.7 mJ (2,000-2,400 kcal).

Structure of human activity

The structure of an activity is usually represented in a linear form, with each component following the other in time.

Need → Motive→ Goal→ Means→ Action→ Result

Let's consider all components of the activity one by one.

Need for action

Need- this is need, dissatisfaction, a feeling of lack of something necessary for normal existence. In order for a person to begin to act, it is necessary to understand this need and its nature.

The most developed classification belongs to the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and is known as the pyramid of needs (Fig. 2.2).

Maslow divided needs into primary, or innate, and secondary, or acquired. These in turn include the needs:

physiological - in food, water, air, clothing, warmth, sleep, cleanliness, shelter, physical rest, etc.;
existential— safety and security, inviolability of personal property, guaranteed employment, confidence in the future, etc.;
social - the desire to belong and be involved in any social group, team, etc. The values of affection, friendship, love are based on these needs;
prestigious - based on the desire for respect, recognition by others of personal achievements, on the values of self-affirmation and leadership;
spiritual - focused on self-expression, self-actualization, creative development and use of one’s skills, abilities and knowledge.
The hierarchy of needs has been changed many times and supplemented by various psychologists. Maslow himself, in the later stages of his research, added three additional groups of needs:
educational- in knowledge, skill, understanding, research. This includes the desire to discover new things, curiosity, the desire for self-knowledge;
aesthetic- desire for harmony, order, beauty;
transcending- a selfless desire to help others in spiritual self-improvement, in their desire for self-expression.

According to Maslow, in order to satisfy higher, spiritual needs, it is necessary to first satisfy those needs that occupy a place in the pyramid below them. If the needs of any level are fully satisfied, a person has a natural need to satisfy the needs of a higher level.

Motives for activity

Motive - a need-based conscious impulse that justifies and justifies an activity. A need will become a motive if it is perceived not just as a need, but as a guide to action.

In the process of motive formation, not only needs, but also other motives are involved. As a rule, needs are mediated by interests, traditions, beliefs, social attitudes, etc.

Interest is a specific reason for action that determines. Although all people have the same needs, different social groups have their own interests. For example, the interests of workers and factory owners, men and women, youth and pensioners are different. So, innovations are more important for pensioners, traditions are more important for pensioners; Entrepreneurs' interests are rather material, while artists' interests are spiritual. Each person also has his own personal interests, based on individual inclinations and likes (people listen to different music, play different sports, etc.).

Traditions represent social and cultural heritage passed down from generation to generation. We can talk about religious, professional, corporate, national (for example, French or Russian) traditions, etc. For the sake of some traditions (for example, military ones), a person can limit his primary needs (by replacing safety and security with activities in high-risk conditions).

Beliefs- strong, principled views on the world, based on a person’s ideological ideals and implying a person’s willingness to give up a number of needs (for example, comfort and money) for the sake of what he considers right (for the sake of preserving honor and dignity).

Settings- a person’s predominant orientation towards certain institutions of society, which overlap with needs. For example, a person may be focused on religious values, or material enrichment, or public opinion. Accordingly, he will act differently in each case.

In complex activities, it is usually possible to identify not one motive, but several. In this case, the main motive is identified, which is considered the driving one.

Activity goals

Target - This is a conscious idea of the result of an activity, an anticipation of the future. Any activity involves goal setting, i.e. ability to independently set goals. Animals, unlike humans, cannot set goals themselves: their program of activity is predetermined and expressed in instincts. A person is able to form his own programs, creating something that has never existed in nature. Since there is no goal-setting in the activity of animals, it is not an activity. Moreover, if an animal never imagines the results of its activity in advance, then a person, starting an activity, keeps in his mind the image of the expected object: before creating something in reality, he creates it in his mind.

However, the goal can be complex and sometimes requires a series of intermediate steps to achieve it. For example, to plant a tree, you need to purchase a seedling, find a suitable place, take a shovel, dig a hole, place the seedling in it, water it, etc. Ideas about intermediate results are called objectives. Thus, the goal is divided into specific tasks: if all these tasks are solved, then the overall goal will be achieved.

Tools used in activities

Facilities - these are techniques, methods of action, objects, etc. used in the course of activity. For example, to learn social studies, you need lectures, textbooks, and assignments. To be good specialist, you need to get professional education, have work experience, constantly practice in their activities, etc.

The means must correspond to the ends in two senses. First, the means must be proportionate to the ends. In other words, they cannot be insufficient (otherwise the activity will be fruitless) or excessive (otherwise energy and resources will be wasted). For example, you cannot build a house if there are not enough materials for it; It also makes no sense to buy materials several times more than are needed for its construction.

Secondly, the means must be moral: immoral means cannot be justified by the nobility of the end. If goals are immoral, then all activities are immoral (in this regard, the hero of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov” Ivan asked whether the kingdom of world harmony is worth one tear of a tortured child).

Action

Action - an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity consists of individual actions. For example, teaching activities consist of preparing and delivering lectures, conducting seminars, preparing assignments, etc.

The German sociologist Max Weber (1865-1920) identified the following types of social actions:

purposeful - actions aimed at achieving a reasonable goal. At the same time, a person clearly calculates all the means and possible obstacles (a general planning a battle; a businessman organizing an enterprise; a teacher preparing a lecture);
value-rational- actions based on beliefs, principles, moral and aesthetic values (for example, a prisoner’s refusal to transfer valuable information to the enemy, saving a drowning man at the risk of his own life);
affective - actions committed under the influence of strong feelings - hatred, fear (for example, flight from an enemy or spontaneous aggression);
traditional- actions based on habit, often being an automatic reaction developed on the basis of customs, beliefs, patterns, etc. (for example, following certain rituals in a wedding ceremony).

Special forms of action are: actions - actions that have a value-rational, moral significance, and deeds are actions that have high positive social significance. For example, helping a person is an act, winning an important battle is an act. Drinking a glass of water is an ordinary action that is neither an act nor an act. The word "act" is often used in jurisprudence to denote an action or omission that violates legal norms. For example, in legislation “a crime is an unlawful, socially dangerous, guilty act.”

Result of activity

Result- this is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills and abilities, the result - , the result of scientific activity - ideas and inventions. The result of the activity itself can be, since in the course of the activity it develops and changes.

Activity- specific conscious activity of a person, aimed at knowing and creatively changing the world around him and himself in accordance with current needs and goals. The main feature of activity is that it cannot be determined only by those needs and motives that give rise to it. The need itself can act as an incentive to activity, and its content will be determined by the level of knowledge, skills, goals of society, and individual experience.

Features of human activity

The activity of an individual is very different from the activity of animals, since it has a creative and transformative character. If you need to define human activity in an exam, it is important to understand its features in order to clearly formulate the concept.

She has such traits:

Main Components

In order to fully understand the complexity and specificity of human activity, you need to understand its main components:

Subject - an individual who performs actions.
An object - what the actions and activity of the subject are directed towards. The object can be any material (product manufacturing), another individual (influence with the goal of changing beliefs), or the subject himself (training in the gym with the goal of changing oneself).

There are also components that form the structure of the activity:

Human needs

The famous American psychologist A. Maslow developed the “pyramid of human needs”. He divides all human needs into primary (physiological, the need for safety and security) and secondary (social needs, respect, self-realization). Primary needs are basic for the survival of an individual; if they are not satisfied, then the transition to satisfying needs from the higher layers of the pyramid is impossible. Secondary needs are acquired in the process of human social life; their satisfaction occurs through the interaction of individuals in interpersonal communication.

Motives for activity

Based on the needs, the subject’s motives are formed, pushing him to activity. Complex activities can carry many motives. In such cases, a hierarchy of motives is formed, in which the dominant (main) and secondary motives are determined.

A motive can be formed under the influence of one or more needs that pass through the prism of interests, beliefs, traditions, and attitudes of the individual:

Interest is the main reason for action. Different social groups may have identical needs but different interests. For example, entrepreneurs and people of art: the first group has material interests, and the second - spiritual; Both groups have a common need, but the ways to achieve it are different. In addition, each person has interests that are formed under the influence of the environment, inclinations, and level of development (people can read books of different genres or engage in different types of creativity).
Traditions are a set of rituals and attitudes from previous generations, which are manifested in religion, national rituals, professional and corporate characteristics. Sometimes people, following traditions, can limit their basic needs. For example, soldiers in war may limit their need for security because professional and national traditions require them to defend their country.
Beliefs are principled and strong views on events and the world around us, which can force the subject to abandon basic needs in favor of what he considers right (refusal of money to preserve dignity).

Defining the Goal

A person’s motivation determines the formation of goals and results. An individual can create an internal plan of action, on the basis of which they will be carried out in a certain order to obtain a specific result. When a subject begins to do something, he holds in his mind the image of the desired result. That is, before creating something in reality, an individual creates it in his imagination.

Since human activity is often complex, goals are also divided into simple and complex. To achieve a complex goal, you need to plan your activity, break it down into steps, highlight tasks, identify tools for action and possible ways to overcome obstacles. If all tasks are solved during the manipulations, then the goal will be achieved.

Individuals may have common needs, goals and strive to achieve the same results, but when using different means and performing different actions, the content of the activity will be very different.

Types of actions

There are these types of social actions identified by M. Weber:

purposeful - with such actions, a person plans all tasks and means, thinks through ways to overcome obstacles (preparing a teacher for a lecture);
value-rational - this type of action is based on moral principles, values, beliefs (the decision to save the life of another person by risking your own life);
affective - spontaneous actions under the influence of strong emotional states(flight when attacked);
traditional - actions that a person performs out of habit can be developed on the basis of rituals or traditions (sequence of actions at a wedding ceremony).

The basis for active human actions are the first two types of actions, which are characterized by awareness of the goal and a creative nature.

Forms of activity

There are two main forms of activity of the subject, different in the nature of the functions performed:

Physical work- carried out by activating the musculoskeletal system, muscles and all functional systems of the body. This form of activity requires very high energy costs and fatigue of the body.
Brainwork- implies intellectual activity to perform work related to information processing. With this form of activity, the tension of all mental processes increases: attention, memory, thinking, imagination.

As a rule, human actions include both forms of activity. There are many examples of human activities that combine physical and mental labor: actions to modify the surrounding space, work to create creative objects, and others. Let's look at it in more detail: to plant a tree, you must first think through the course of action, get everything necessary materials for this, and then with the help of physical effort to perform this action.

There are many activities that a person engages in throughout his life. But which of them are called the main ones and why? These include play, learning, communication, work and creativity. They are the main ones because it is in them that the most intense and effective development individual.

This is a specific type of human activity, the goal of which is not the result, but the process. Its peculiarity is that all actions take place in an imaginary situation that can change quickly. Children use substitute objects that act as analogues for them of what adults use in real life.

The game develops mental processes, attention, social activity and acquires interpersonal communication skills. Exist different types games that arise during certain age periods, subject to the normal development of the child.

This is one of the basic types of interaction, which is characterized by the mutual exchange of emotions, thoughts, and views.. The structural components of communication are the subject (the initiator of communication), the goal (what the communication is for), content (the information that is transmitted), means (methods of transmitting information; drawings, audio, video, sensory organs can be used) and the recipient of information.

Communication is a structural component of any purposeful activity, and the activity itself acts as a condition for the emergence of communication.

The purpose of this type of activity is the acquisition by the subject of knowledge, skills and abilities. Learning can be specially organized or spontaneous (gaining knowledge and experience while performing other actions). There is also such a form of teaching as self-education.

Labor is the purposeful activity of an individual, the goal of which is to obtain a specific result.. Work is impossible without a certain level of knowledge, skills and craftsmanship. This purposeful activity helps develop the individual and transform the environment.

Creation

Creativity is the name given to human activity that generates something new that did not previously exist. It can be an independent activity or a component of another type of activity. This type of activity is typical for all children. When a person grows up, he already has certain abilities and talents that develop and manifest themselves in creativity.

Depending on what result the individual’s actions are aimed at, there are:

Based on the number of subjects and objects of activity, they distinguish individual And collective activity. According to their influence on social progress, it is customary to divide progressive(develops society) and reactionary activity. The following types of activities are also distinguished: legal And illegal, reproductive(creation from a model) and creative(creating something new) extraversion(physical actions) and introverted(thinking, fantasy, feelings).

The purposeful activity of a person is fundamentally different from the behavioral activity of animals, since it is his way of existence. Animal behavior is regulated by instincts and is a means of adaptation to changing environmental conditions.

Human behavior is a conscious activity that is aimed at transforming the world around us. An example of this is setting a goal, developing an internal action plan, and anticipating the outcome of this activity.

The very existence of man is a constant creation and development, changing himself and the external world to create better conditions life activity and satisfaction of their needs. Human activity is characterized by awareness, the presence of an internal plan of action, which is subsequently implemented when performing assigned tasks. Another important difference between human behavior and animal behavior is that the activity of an individual is not always connected with basic motives and very often can come into conflict with them.

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