Types of woodcarving. Main characteristics. What is woodcarving? wood carving origin

wood carving

modern carving

It does not have a strict classification, since different types of thread can be combined in the same product.

It is conditionally possible to distinguish the types of thread:

1. through thread (this includes saw and slotted thread)
2. blind thread (all subspecies of embossed and flat notched thread)
3. sculptural carving
4. house carving (it is a separate direction, since it can combine all three of the above types).
5. Chainsaw carving (Performing mostly sculptural carving with only a chainsaw.)

The conditional classification of thread types is as follows:

through thread

Walnut

through thread is divided into proper end-to-end And consignment note, has two subspecies:

• slotted carving - (through sections are cut with chisels and chisels)
• Propilnaya carving (actually the same, but such sections are cut with a saw or jigsaw).

A slotted or sawn thread with a relief ornament is called openwork.

Flat serrated thread

A flat carving is characterized by the fact that its basis is a flat background, and the carving elements go deep into it, that is, the lower level of the carved elements lies below the background level. There are several subspecies of such a thread:

• contour thread- the simplest, its only element is a groove. Such grooves-grooves create a pattern on a flat background. Depending on the chosen chisel, the groove can be semicircular or triangular. The semicircular one is cut with a semicircular chisel, and the triangular one is cut with a corner cutter, an angular chisel or an ordinary knife in two steps.
• bracketed (nail-like) carving- the main element is a bracket (outwardly it looks like a trace left by a fingernail when pressed on any soft material, hence the name nail-like) - a semicircular notch on a flat background. Such a notch is made with a semicircular chisel in two steps: first, the chisel is deepened into the tree perpendicular to the surface, and then at an angle at some distance from the first notch. The result is the so-called bracket. A set of such brackets of different sizes and directions creates a picture or its individual elements.
• geometric (trihedral, trihedral) carving- has two main elements: a peg and a pyramid (a three-sided pyramid buried inside). Carving is carried out in two stages: tattooing and trimming. First, they prick (mark) the sectors that need to be cut with a cutter, and then cut them. Perform all the elements with a knife-jamb. Repeated use of pyramids and a peg at different distances and at different angles gives a great variety of geometric shapes, among which there are: rhombuses, viteiki, honeycombs, chains, lights, etc.
• black-gloss carving- the background is a flat surface covered with black varnish or paint. How grooves are cut in the contour carving on the background, from which the drawing is built. different depths of the grooves and their different profiles give an interesting play of chiaroscuro and contrast between the black background and light cut grooves.

relief carving

Relief carving is characterized by the fact that the carving elements are above the background or on the same level with it. As a rule, all carved panels are made in this technique. There are several subspecies of such a thread:

• relief carving with a pillow background - can be compared with contour carving, but all the edges of the grooves oval, and sometimes with varying degrees of steepness (more sharply from the side of the picture, gradually, gently sloping from the side of the background). Due to such oval contours, the background seems to be made of pillows, hence the name. The background is on the same level as the drawing.
• relief carving with a selected background - the same carving, but only the background is selected with chisels one level lower. The contours of the picture are also oval.
• Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving (Kudrinskaya)- originated in the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, in the village of Kudrino. Vasily Vornoskov is considered the author. The carving is distinguished by a characteristic "curly" ornament - curly garlands of petals and flowers. The same characteristic images of birds and animals are often used. As well as flat-relief, it happens with a pillow and a selected background.
• carving "Tatyanka"- this type of carving appeared in the 90s of the XX century. The author (Shamil Sasykov) named this emerging style after his wife and patented it. As a rule, such a carving contains a floral ornament. A characteristic feature is the absence of a background as such - one carved element gradually passes into another or is superimposed on it, thus filling the entire space.

sculptural carving

Wood carving is a broad concept that covers any kind of work that involves turning a piece of wood into an aesthetic object with the help of a special tool. Woodcarving is almost always aesthetic, and rarely has any functional value, although in some cases it can be functional, as in the case of handmade furniture, special fixtures or cladding. Wood carving has a history of thousands of years, and traces of this art can be found in almost every corner of our planet.

Compared to other types of art, such as stone sculptures, ancient examples of woodcarving are not as widely represented, because over time, wood deteriorates and decays much faster. Some interesting specimens appeared in ancient Egypt. These are, for example, beautiful decorative wooden panels with drawings and inscriptions carved on them, or the famous mummy sarcophagi found in various tombs. A particularly interesting example of carpentry, about 6,000 years old, was found in Egypt. This is a sarcophagus that was made of plane tree wood and decorated with bronze, ebony, rock crystal and quartz.

Christianity contributed to a new round in the development of woodcarving, and samples of this time are well preserved to this day, and their bulk falls on the period of 500 - 1500 BC. Examples of carvings from this era often illustrate Christ and images of other saints. In those days, wooden decorative panels were made for churches with beautiful carvings telling about the life and death of Christ. Around the same time, in Japan, Buddhism was on the rise and wood carving developed. Specific cutting styles were developed, resulting in a wide variety of wooden Buddha sculptures.

One of the simplest forms of wood carving is planing, which consists in removing excess parts of a wooden object with a simple knife. Most often, softwoods are used for planing, because. a regular knife may not be able to cut through hardwood. As a rule, planing is a kind of hobby, passion, but it can take more serious forms and produce beautiful objects of art. Some planners produce very beautiful pieces of wood. Canes and various wooden toys and trinkets are especially good. The main difference between planing and other forms of wood carving is that it uses a regular knife, not a chisel or any other professional tool.

There are many different tools that can be used in wood carving, and craftsmen treat their chisels and chisels with great trepidation. Each type of tool has its own size and shape, allowing the woodworker to do his job with great precision. The mallet is used to increase the impact force of the cutting tool on hardwoods, and for rigid fixation of the workpiece being processed, special vise is installed on the workbench. The main set of tools includes: a chisel, which is a powerful blade with a straight edge, and is used to mark and level flat areas on a piece of wood; a semi-circular chisel, having the shape of a curved blade, and used to make rounding and cutting recesses; trihedral chisel, which is essentially a chisel for deeper cutting; V-shaped blade for contouring; and a knife for cutting wood, used in small works of a different nature.

A tree is an amazing, generous gift of nature, which has been valued by mankind throughout its history. The forest was once the first refuge of man. His home, his home. Man made the first tools from wood. From the branches and trunks of the tree he made a fire that warmed him, he plucked fruits from the tree, the branches of the tree served him as a bed. It is impossible to imagine the life of ancient people without forests, without trees and everything that they gave them. From century to century, humanity has developed, reached ever new heights of knowledge, carried out social and economic transformations, created new materials that have never been seen before, but the forest and its gifts still remained close to man. And if today, in the second half of the 20th century, in the century of the scientific and technological revolution, each of us looks around our workplace, our home, we will undoubtedly be convinced that wood plays an important, sometimes irreplaceable role in our lives. And maybe because in many areas of our life and economic activity the tree was pushed out, and sometimes completely replaced by new synthetic materials, today we have begun to appreciate its unique beauty even more, as if connecting us with the natural world.

History shows that people have always appreciated the availability of wood as a material for making household items. But even very early they learned to distinguish the plasticity, softness of wood, the ability to relatively easily carve out complex and expressive sculptural forms from it. Almost each of the peoples that lived on earth left us unique cultural monuments made of wood. What we inherited convincingly proves that wooden architecture, the artistic creativity of wood carving masters is a whole significant layer of human culture. To this day, the patterned wooden structures of the ancient Japanese city of Kyoto adorn our planet, wooden Spanish caravels and Viking ships that plied the oceans are stored in the memory of mankind, and peasant houses of rare beauty stand in the Russian North. Today, the temples of the ancient churchyard of Kizhi on Lake Onega seem to be fabulous visions; sculptures made of ebony and carved ritual masks of Africa amaze with their mystery. In the history of our country, in its economy, construction, in all the life of Russia, a tree has always played a special role. “A tree in all its various forms of everyday life - from unsteadiness and toys to a coffin and a tomb cross - accompanied the people's life. The laboring hand of the peasant has always been in connection with the tree: he chopped, sawed, planed, hewn, carved. The tree played the role of bread in everyday life, and folk applied art developed and flourished, having a tree as its permanent and main material basis.

Wood is a very durable material, and a product made from it sometimes serves for several generations. For centuries, wooden buildings, furniture, utensils can live. However, the tree, unfortunately, is afraid of fire, and many monuments created from wood both in the world and in our domestic art have not come down to us.

Used Books .

A.Ya. Suprun "Carving and painting on wood"; A.S. Khvorostov "Woodcarving"; V.G. Burikov, V.N. Vlasov "House carving".

Selection and foundation of the project.

Why I chose the project, the answer is very simple. Last year, our wonderful and beloved city celebrated its 80th anniversary. This is a significant date for all of us. In this regard, I decided to depict our Tulun landscapes. Since I live in a village, near the station, I depicted a nearby church and a street landscape.

Having completed the first project and participated in the city competition, I decided not to stop there. It so happened that just at that time I attended a lesson in the Fine Arts Studio. I saw and became interested in flat carving. I decided to try my hand at a new direction. The theme of my first project is "Tulun Landscapes". I decided to continue this topic. In the process of work, I had to look through additional literature, sketches, but in doing so, I came to the conclusion that various works can be performed with this technique.

Stages and time of work.

It took me about one week to prepare this work.

Stage 1 : cut fiberboard (pressed, glued sawdust).

Stage 2 : covered with several layers of mascara (preferably three layers, the distance between which is about 15 minutes).

Stage 3 : sketched with a pencil.

Stage 4 : several types of incisors cut out a pattern based on color and shade (we cut it off on the lightest surfaces, and leave it on the dark ones).

Stage 5 : we varnish the finished work with varnish.

Modern woodcarving.

Wood carving is one of the most popular folk decorative arts in our time. Professional artists and participants in amateur performances, masters of traditional folk crafts and newly organized industries are engaged in it. Reviews of amateur art performances and representative republican and all-Union exhibitions show how rich and diverse modern relief and through-cut carving is, what many varieties of sculptural volumetric carvings have. This includes carved decoration of a modern house, and wooden plastic art - from small figurines and sculptures to memorial ensembles made both in wood carving technique and in combination of wood with other materials.

Wood remains a favorite material in the decorative arts proper, in interior design, in the manufacture of carved vases, dishes, ladles, decorative panels, candy bowls and bread bins of various shapes. Modern decorative wood products attract not only with a variety of shapes and purposes, but also with a rich finish of products. They are very variable in color, but in most cases they convey the warm natural range of wood - from light honey to many shades of brown. Often, modern artists, preserving the texture of wood and using translucent paints, paint products in bright contrasting colors, giving them a special sharpness of decorative sound.

In modern wood products, one can clearly see the very diverse attitudes of artists and craftsmen to the texture of wood. Sometimes it is polished to a mirror finish, finished with modern mastics and varnishes, but there is also a desire to preserve the natural beauty of the wooden surface, the desire to leave the product unpainted and unvarnished, as they say “in linen”. Given the fact that unfinished products quickly lose their presentation, artists want to find a finish that would allow, while maintaining the original appearance of the product, its novelty, to leave a feeling of the living natural beauty of wood. Therefore, more and more often, in the department, masters use wax or special varnishes that do not give a shiny, brightly glaring surface, leaving it soft, velvety. This technique uses caskets and chests of different purposes and sizes, kitchen sets and other products.

But one should not think that woodcarving today is only the manufacture of chamber, small-sized decorative things. To a large extent, this is monumental art, original monuments erected by the peoples of the masters in places revered by all our people, associated with the most important historical events or with life.

wonderful people. Everyone knows today the decorative - memorial ensembles created by Lithuanian woodcarvers in Abling, on the site of a village burned by the Nazis, and in the city of Druskininkai, where the "road of Čiurlionis" is decorated with wooden sculptures - the famous Lithuanian artist and musician who was born and lived in these places.

The masters of traditional woodcarving of this republic did a lot to decorate the public interiors of Uzbek cities. The contemporaries see their refined ornaments of the composition in the decoration of public buildings, ceilings, and decorative lattices.

Masters of decorative art often use wood in combination with other materials. Dishes, lids and mugs are made of wood. The proximity of materials such as glass and wood, successfully found by artists, made it possible to emphasize the decorative merits of both.

The above examples show that wood as a material for sculpture and decorative art has very great artistic potential, allowing you to reveal a variety of creative personalities. But in modern artistic processing of wood, in carving, there lives a tradition of collective creativity, coming from the depths of history and remaining modern today.

Output.

1. In the course of work, I came to the conclusion that this direction can be performed in various ways.

2. Wood processing is very interesting and useful for general development.

3. My works can be realized, donated and just decorate your room.

4. To perform the work, you need to gain some experience.

5. In the course of my creative project, I was very interested in this direction, and I decided to continue in the same spirit and create my own individual exhibition .

The content of the creative project.

1. Selection and foundation of the project.

1. Wood burning .

1.Historical reference.

2.Product design.

3. Requirements for the product.

4.Product manufacturing technology and decoration.

5. Methods of burning out.

6. Burnout technique.

7. Sketches.

8. The design of the electric burner.

9. Literature.

2. Woodcarving.

1. From the history of woodcarving.

2.Modern woodcarving.

3. Stages of project implementation.

4. Determination of wood moisture content.

5. Drying of wood.

6.Tools and carving tool.

7.Additional accessories.

8.Basic techniques and rules of carving.

9.Contour carving.

10.Preparation for finishing.

11. Dyeing and toning.

12. Structure and basic properties of wood.

13. Sketches of works.

14. Tools (cutters).

15. Literature used.

1.Technological calculation.

Folk crafts. Wood carving: the history of origin and development The history of wood carving goes back to the time of the appearance in human society of techniques and methods of processing wood, as the simplest and most common material, as well as the appearance of wooden architecture. Our distant ancestors knew that wood has very valuable qualities: water resistance, thermal insulation, low density, a rich variety of texture patterns. In addition, wood is easy to process and harvest. In this regard, the tree was widely used in everyday life - almost everywhere from the construction of defense fortifications to kitchen utensils and agricultural implements. Since the advent of Homo sapiens, the desire for beauty has been embedded in the mind and heart of people. This desire resulted in the amazing ability of people to make a real work of art from natural material. It is unlikely that there will be such a people who would not decorate their homes and household items. However, the history of the development of carving in each country is special and is associated with the level of culture, skill and worldview in society. This is probably why, in each country, the art of wood carving has its own unique features, techniques and styles. The most ancient is considered geometric flat-relief carving. She not only decorated household utensils and buildings, but also had a semantic, ritual load. All elements of such a carving carried symbols of the elements and phenomena. By applying them to objects decorating the house, people hoped to protect themselves from the influence of evil forces and attract light forces: life, fertility and longevity. Amulets were also carved from wood - small figures of gods, who were the keepers of the hearth. The Shigir idol is considered the most ancient find carved from wood. This is a wooden sculpture made of larch, which experts attribute to the time of the Mesolithic, that is, to the VIII millennium BC. The item was found on the territory of our country, not far from Yekaterinburg, during excavations on the eastern slope of the Middle Urals. Interestingly, the body of the idol is covered on all sides with geometric ornamental carvings, and something like a face (mask) is carved on its wider parts. After studying the images, scientists identified characters that are associated with the heavenly (upper) and underground (lower) worlds, apparently embodying the world of animals and the world of plants, the feminine and masculine. Gradually, with the development of mankind, woodcarving lost its mystical and ritual meaning and became a way of decorative decoration of household items. New techniques appeared in carving, its technique was enriched by the use of new tools. Starting from the 16th century, large carving workshops and artels began to be created. Wood carving has become a widespread folk craft on a nationwide scale. Skilled folk carvers decorated royal palaces, cathedrals and temples, houses and estates of rich and noble people with original carvings. The life of people in Russia was inextricably linked with the tree. Masters used not only the wood itself, but also birch bark, thin roots of pine and spruce, bast, burl, kapo-root. These materials were used in various types of artistic woodworking. For example, kapo-root, which was an outgrowth on the trunk and roots of a birch, had an irregular structure, an intricate interweaving of fibers and a very high density. These properties make cap or kapo-root look like Karelian birch, from which elegant decorative items were made: exquisite furniture, snuff boxes, caskets. Folk carvers made excellent dishes from kapo-root, which did not yield to moisture. From time immemorial in Russia, all traditional household items made of wood had an expressive decorative form and were decorated with rich carved ornaments or artistic painting. In the carved decoration of spinning wheels, ladles, spindles, salt shakers, seamstresses, rollers, dishes and spoons, people's observations of the wildlife around them were reflected. Great importance in Russia was attached to the decoration with carvings of architectural structures made of wood. In the 19th century, a whole trend in carved folk art arose - house carving. Peasant houses, decorated with openwork carvings with a beautiful ridge on the roof, resembled fairy-tale houses. The perfection of carved ornaments and images delights even the most sophisticated connoisseur. Rhythmic floral patterns, geometric lace, graceful curls, intricate rosettes, figurines of lions, shoreline mermaids, magical birds and animals - all this put the carved decor of the Russian hut on a par with the masterpieces of world architecture. In house carving, a more complex technique was used than in the design of simple household items. The trihedral, contour and geometric carvings were replaced by blind embossed, slotted and sculptural carvings. Blind carving with a characteristic solid background was used to decorate the gables of houses, architraves, end boards, helping to keep the wood from decay. Welt or openwork carving, which is very similar to lace, was used to decorate entrances above doors, architraves, porch cornices, piers, towels, and stair railings. Openwork or sawn carving was the hallmark of the masters of the Russian North: Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma regions, as well as the Urals, the Volga region and Siberia.

The cult of nature was characteristic of the Slavic peoples. People lived in an unsafe world for them and worshiped nature, seeking protection from adversity from it. Perhaps it was on the worship of nature and on the search for means of protection from hostile natural forces that arose ... decorative art, including woodcarving.

Decorative arts and the church With the advent of Christianity in Russia, the construction of churches began and sculptural images of saints were used for their decorations. Carved icons were also used in churches. The art of decorative ornaments was demanded primarily by the church.

Official recognition of the creativity of folk craftsmen The official recognition of the creativity of folk craftsmen took place on March 21, 1722 by the Decree of the Synod. True, this did not happen normally. The Decree of the Synod read: “... in temples, many irregularities are acquired - namely: carved, hewn, gouged icons, which, due to a lack of skillful craftsmanship, are very contrary to church splendor ... but uncouth ignoramuses dare them and instead of conformable saints we contemplate the faces of ugly images, on which look disgusting and disgusting. And that is why the Synod is forced to forbid this.”

The development of the art of carving in the 18th century In the 18th century, the mass development of wooden sculpture began. In towns and villages, numerous craftsmen, wood carvers, made decorations not only for churches, royal choirs and palaces, but also for the houses of ordinary residents. The art of carving in these times was widely in demand and developed rapidly. The first craft schools appeared, where carving was taught. The court poet Simeon of Polotsk sang in his verses the works of carved sculpture "with sharp cunningly sculpted gold."

The art of decoration in everyday life The art of decoration was also in demand in everyday life. The owners decorated and equipped their homes in accordance with their tastes. Everyone contributed something. Often, on the gates or architraves, a drawing of the sun was carved. The sun in Russia was a symbol of life, joy, happiness, prosperity. The facades of houses were decorated with carved platbands and cornices.

Decoration with carvings of production tools It is difficult to imagine a peasant hut without a mandatory working tool - a spinning wheel. This item, symbolizing needlework, has always been revered in Russia and decorated with carvings with special love. The spinning wheel became a real decoration for the hut: if it is not busy, it is broadcast on the wall.

Decoration with carved kitchen utensils Somewhere in the corner on the wall, a wooden ladle must hang. How could our ancestors do without it. It was one of the most common items of utensils. And our ancestors did not miss the opportunity to decorate it. For example, they made it in the form of waterfowl (ducks, geese, swans). They did not forget to trim the ladle handle with carvings.

Carving decoration of household items Many other household items were also decorated with carvings. So, for example, everything that a girl would put on and sew on for the wedding (and the Russian girl had to cook everything herself) was put into chests and boxes. They were, of course, made of wood. They were covered with the most diverse carvings, because the surface of such a product allowed the Russian craftsman to fully express his imagination.

Rolls Skillful wood carvings also decorated appliances for washing clothes - rolls. At the same time, images of coastlines (mermaids) with curved tails were most often carved on them. Probably, this was due to the fact that they used a roller when washing in proximity to water.

The first carved toys Apparently, in the same distant times, the first carved toys began to be made: figures of animals, birds, people. For example, a toy has been preserved, which is a duck on wheels. In a word, thanks to the imagination and skill of some craftsman, the children received their first real toys. And who, even today, will not be pleased with a souvenir carved from wood.

With the development of the Russian state, the art of woodcarving also developed. If initially each person did everything for himself, then later specialization began in one kind of craft. Gradually, such an area of ​​\u200b\u200bcraft as woodcarving also became isolated. Woodcarvers were highly valued. It can be said with full confidence that carvers and painters, embroiderers and jewelers created Russian art. Without them, there would be no original, unique creations that have adorned and adorned our lives.