Development of Kazakh literature in the 18th century: characteristics and features. Kazakh literature of the 18th and early 19th centuries

In the XVIII century, the tsarist government of Russia began to actively explore the history, ethnography and geography of Kazakhstan. Activation of these studies begins after the adoption Russian citizenship. IN XVIII For centuries, the Kazakhs continued to preserve a unique culture, where the work of poets, zhyrau and biys occupied a prominent place.

Studying and Kazakhstan was studied by both scientific institutions and individuals. Many Russian researchers created their fundamental works based on materials from Kazakh folklore, genealogy and ethnography.

The first attempts at a comprehensive study of Kazakhstan, undertaken by Russia in XVIII century, associated with the name M. V. Lomonosova, who was the initiator of organizing scientific expeditions to the territory of the region and creating it geographical maps. IN 1768-1774 years, one of the first expeditions to Kazakhstan was led by an academician and natural scientist P. S. Pallas. Famous scientists and travelers took part in the work of this scientific expedition. I. P. Falk And I. G. Georgi. The expedition route passed through the lands of North-Western, Northern and North-Eastern Kazakhstan. The result of this work was the work of P. S. Pallas "Traveling through different provinces Russian Empire» in three parts, which contains valuable materials about the history and ethnography of the Kazakh people.

Researcher I. G. Georgi organized an independent expedition across the territory of Kazakhstan. In 1796 he published his work "Description of everyone in Russian state living peoples, as well as their everyday rituals, dwellings, clothes and other monuments.” The book contains valuable information about the life, culture, customs and rituals of the Kazakhs, as well as the peculiarities of the economic life of the nomads.

Initiator of the Kyrgyz-Kaisak expedition I. K. Kirilov left behind work “Explanation on the Kyrgyz-Kaisak and Karakalpak hordes”, in which described in detail the Kazakh and Karakalpak lands: natural conditions, minerals and trade routes.He proved the possibility and profitability of establishing trade and economic ties between Russia and the peoples of Central Asia and the Kazakhs. V. N. Tatishchev was the founder historical science Russia, a famous geographer. He continued the research work begun by his predecessors in the Orenburg region. In their scientific works the scientist describes the history, life and culture of the non-Russian peoples of the region, including the Kazakhs.

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences also left interesting research on the study of the natural resources of the Junior Zhuz P. I. Rychkov. With his numerous and fundamental works, he rightfully earned the fame of “Columbus of the Orenburg Region,” where the lands of the Younger Zhuz then belonged. He prepared such works as "History of Orenburg" And "Topography or description of the Orenburg province." These works contain detailed information about the early appearance of the Kazakhs in the Volga-Yaik region during the reign of Khan Khaknazar, about the process of the Junior Zhuz joining the Russian Empire. The author describes in detail the founding of the city of Orenburg, the fortifications of the Ural and Orenburg border lines, and the establishment of trade contacts with Central Asia and the Kazakh steppe. He gave orders to merchants traveling from Orenburg to Bukhara to purchase literature about the history of local peoples, even at Arabic. The researcher described in detail the events associated with the Pugachev uprising. He was a recognized expert on the language and culture of the Kazakh people, and collected many examples of Kazakh folklore.

In 1759, the work of the famous historian and explorer of Siberia was published G. F. Miller"History of the Siberian Kingdom." In it he gives a description of the history and ethnography of the peoples of Siberia and Kazakhstan.

At the end of the XVIII century, the work of a Russian officer was published I. G. Andreeva“Description of the Middle Horde of Kirghiz-Kaisaks”(1795). The author served for a long time on the Siberian border lines and was well acquainted with the life and way of life of the Kazakh population. In this book he left detailed information about the history and borders of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz. They were given detailed descriptions of the customs and rituals of the steppe people, as well as about the transitions of the Kazakhs with livestock in winter to the right bank of the Irtysh of the Novoishimskaya line. Russian officer, major general from the Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress HELL. Skalon The first unique Russian-Kazakh dictionary was compiled. This was one of the first steps in introducing the local population to Russian literacy and learning the Kazakh language by Russians.

In the XVIII century, a number of foreign researchers and travelers visited Kazakhstan. They pursued trade and political goals. These were English and German researchers. During this period, the British naval captain visited the region John Elton(1735), artist John Castle(1736), merchant clerk Reonald Gok(1741-42). They left behind notes about the economy, culture and life of the local population.

In Kazakh literature XVIII century, a special place is occupied by oral folk art, storytelling and song art. The struggle of the Kazakhs against the Dzungar conquerors, the national liberation movement of the inhabitants of the steppe against the tsarist colonization of the region became the main themes of the work of storytellers and zhyrau of that time. A special place in the development of Kazakh literature belongs to such outstanding akynam And zhyrau, How Aktamberdy Saryuly, Bukhar Kalkamanuly, Tattikara, Umbetai Tuleuly and others.

One of the outstanding Kazakh zhyrau (storytellers) was Aktamberdy-zhyrau Saryuly(1675-1768). Zhyrau actively participated in many campaigns against the Dzungars and was known as a hero. In the 50s XVIII century, he was at the head of those who led the return of the Kazakhs to the lands conquered from the Dzungars. The entire work of Aktamberdy-zhyrau was dedicated to a call to heroism, military courage and valor. His mausoleum still stands on the Zhurek Zhota hill in the East Kazakhstan region.

Particularly popular among the Kazakhs was zhyrau, biy, an excellent expert in Kazakh customary law and shezhire, an experienced diplomat and statesman Bukhar Kalkamanuly(1693-1787). Bukhar-zhyrau created many edifying songs and reflections that expressed the idea of ​​preserving and strengthening the independence of the Kazakh Khanate. The People's Tribune was one of the influential biys under Khan Abylai. He was his closest and faithful adviser and comrade-in-arms. In his poems he praised Khan Abylai as a progressive statesman:

Oh, Abylai, your people are getting rich,

You gave him cattle to graze in rich places,

You received guests under the shade of a tent.

They were treated to a mountain of meat,

And your mercy was generous to everyone.

Bukhar-zhyrau differed from other contemporaries in that he always told the truth to his face. He also had the gift of a seer. In particular, in his works he foresaw the far-reaching colonial aspirations of the tsarist government. The main theme of Bukhar-zhyrau’s works is love for native land, patriotism and glorification of the heroism of the Kazakh batyrs. In the face of an external threat, he called on the people for unity and cohesion. Zhyrau also glorified the heroes of this struggle - the batyrs Bogenbay, Kabanbay, Zhanybek and others.

One of the contemporaries and close in spirit to Bukhar-zhyrau was Umbetai-zhyrau Tuleuli(1706-1778) from the Kanzhygaly family. He participated in all anti-Dzungar campaigns and sang the exploits of the Kazakh warriors in the war against the aggression of the invaders. In particular, he created Zhoktau(crying) and estyrtu(notice) about the death of the outstanding hero of the Kazakh people, batyr Kanzhygaly Bogenbai.

By the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX centuries include the creativity of such popular akyns as Tattikara, Kotesh And Tleuke Kulekeuli(Shal-akyn). Tattikara-zhyrau with his personal example and courage he inspired Kazakh soldiers to perform feats in the name of the Motherland. In his works, he called on soldiers to courage, loyalty to the fatherland, and glorified the exploits of Khan Abylay and his famous warriors. Akyns-improvisers Kotesh(1745-1818) and Shal (Tleuke Kulekeuli) (1748-1819) created songs about the moral and ethical aspects of the lives of their contemporaries, and also raised issues religious life nomads. Their songs were memorized throughout Kazakhstan. Tleuke Kulekeuli, popularly known Shal-akyn , became famous To ak akyn at the age of 15 years. Akyn despised flattery. For him, honor and dignity were above all else. He sang friendship, unity and harmony among his fellow tribesmen, constantly urging them to be united, kind-hearted and fair.

Most of the works of Kazakh akyns, zhyrau XVIII centuries passed down from generation to generation orally and only in XIX - XX centuries began to be recorded and published by Kazakh and Russian researchers.

The Kazakhs have become widespread historical stories. The storytellers were usually wise people– bii and Shesheni(word masters). They were deeply revered in traditional Kazakh society. Historical stories, like poetic works, were passed down from generation to generation orally. Each clan had its own experienced storytellers. At every major event (toi, aces) steppe speakers introduced listeners to historical legends. Historical stories accompanied by wise sayings, aphoristic statements. They had a huge educational influence on young people, who tried to remember and memorize these stories. In particular, they have survived to this day famous stories and sayings Kazybek, Tole and Aiteke biev. Main theme of historical stories XVIII century was associated with the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian invasion, the war with the Volga Kalmyks. Many historical stories have been collected by the famous folklorist and poet Mashkhur-Zhusup Kopeyuly.

Every Kazakh family had “ shezhire", "tsezhere", "sedzhere"- "memory". In nomadic societies, knowledge of genealogy and pedigree was in demand. If the Khojas and Sultans had a written tradition of conducting shezhire, then the steppe nomads had an oral form of transmitting this information. Shezhire performed a number of specific functions among the Kazakhs: Firstly, it helped rulers manage nomadic communities. Secondly, shezhire performed the function of historical memory. Each nomad understood the historical past of his people as the expanded history of his family, clan and tribe. All events seemed to revolve around the life and activities of his ancestors. Information about certain ancestors was accompanied by detailed information. Drawing from shezhire information about their legendary ancestors, the Kazakhs raised the growing youth based on their positive examples and passed on to them historical knowledge. Third, Shezhire served as a social regulator. For example, it regulated family and marriage relations, performed the functions of distribution of pasture lands, seating of guests during meals, kurultai, order of formation of the people's militia, etc. Gradually shezhire began to be written down. First of all, this was done by Russian diplomats, scientists, military and civil administrators of the region, as well as the literate part of Kazakh society. Subsequently, the collectors of shezhire among the Kazakhs were A. Bukeikhanov, M. Zh. Kopeyuly, Sh. Kudaiberdyuly.

Music in the spiritual life of Kazakhs XVIII centuries occupied a significant place. Main forms musical works were songs And kui. They were performed both in the form of solo singing and playing, and choral performance. IN XVIII century, more than 20 were known among the Kazakhs musical instruments. This dombra, kobyz sherter, zhetygen, sazsyrnay, Shankobyz, Dangyra, asa-tayak, sybyzgy, dauylpaz and others. One of the famous kobyzshy was Tlep Aspantayuly (1757-1820). At the age of 13 he began playing the kobyz. His kuis “Tolgau”, “Allam Zhar”, “Baksy”, etc. have reached us. Tlep's musical gift was passed on to his son Baytoles. Talented dombra player and poet Bayzhigit from the Kerey family such kuis were created as “Aktaban shubyryndy "("The Years of the Great Tribulation"), " Kayin saugan "("Birch Gift"), " Anshy Zary "("The Hunter's Sorrow") and others. The famous Kazakh Khan was also the author of many kyuis Abylai.

Songs and cues were performed at all important festive events. To identify talented improvisational poets, we conducted aitys. Akyns are open on aitys expressed their assessment various phenomena public life, ridiculed and criticized people’s unworthy behavior and their shortcomings. Therefore, the steppe people were most concerned about preserving their reputation. They tried to show the best human qualities: hospitality, generosity, fear of God, respect for elders and ancestors, etc. Kazakhs grew up in an environment where public condemnation and reproach were always present. The winners of the song tournaments were awarded valuable prizes and gifts in the form of gold bars, herds of horses, flocks of sheep, and slaves. The people called the most talented of themcepi, sal.They were considered the people's favorites.

Music accompanied everything important events in people's lives. Wedding celebrations started with a song "Toibastar." Songs were sung at weddings and youth celebrations "Heat-heat." When saying goodbye to their family and friends, young daughters-in-law sang touching and sad farewell songs. In the groom’s village, the bride was greeted with an edifying song and an introduction to the groom’s parents and relatives – “Betashar”. During the funeral, special songs were sung - Zhoktau(lamentations).

Thanks to the activities of Kazakh singers, akyns, musicians XVIII centuries, such poems have reached us as « Қ oz TO ө rpesh-Bayan withUlu» « Қ iz ANDі bek",as well as cuis, for example, "A ksak құ lan", "Zhoshykhan", " Kobylandybatyr" and others.

Secular educational institutions on the territory of Kazakhstan began to appear during the reign Russian empress Ekaterina P. They were cooking officials for the colonial apparatus, translators, teachers and doctors. These schools began to open mainly in border fortresses. So, in 1765, the head of the Siberian lines, General Springer Garrison schools were opened in Omsk, Petropavlovsk and Yamyshev. In the first year, 240 children of military personnel and officials studied here. The Kazakhs, fearing Russification and Christianization, were not particularly keen to send their children to these schools.

IN In 1786, an Asian school opened in Omsk. In 1789, a government school appeared at the Menovy Yard of Orenburg. In these schools, in addition to ordinary literacy and arithmetic, Tatar, Turkish, Arabic and Persian languages ​​were taught. Later, surveying and topographical disciplines began to be taught. Kazakh children began to study in these schools in small numbers.

Thus, we can conclude that the Kazakhs maintained their national culture, rituals, customs, traditions and adopted from the Russian people what they lacked. IN XVIII century, written Kazakh literature developed, research and study of Kazakhstan began, Muslim and Russian schools were opened, and the level of literacy and education among the Kazakhs increased.

Akyn- poet-improviser.

Zhyrau–poets-storytellers who reflected in poetic form on the fate of the people and countries too.

Cui– instrumental pieces on musical instruments (dombra, kobyz, etc.).

Personalities

Georgi Johann Gottlieb (1729-1802) - famous German ethnographer, geographer, naturalist and traveler. As part of the Orenburg detachment of the academic expedition of 1768-1774. visited the southeast of Russia, the Volga region, the Urals, Northern Kazakhstan, Altai, Baikal and Transbaikalia.

Kirilov Ivan Kirillovich (1689-1737) – head of the Orenburg expedition (since 1734).

Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich (1711-1765) - the largest Russian natural scientist, poet, artist, philologist and historian.

Miller Gerard Friedrich (1705-1783) - a famous historian and researcher of Siberia, author of numerous works on the geography, history and ethnography of the peoples of Siberia and Kazakhstan, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. G. Miller’s main work is “History of Siberia” in two volumes.

Rychkov Petr Ivanovich (1712-1777) – first corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, famous economist, geographer and historian of the Orenburg region.

Skalon Anton Danilovich (1720-1777) – general, served on the Siberian border lines. While serving in the Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress, together with captain I.G. Andreev, he compiled the first Russian-Kazakh dictionary.

Andreev I. G. Description of the Middle Horde of Kirghiz-Kaisaks (fragment)

“When Ablai Sultan set the intention to increase himself in glory and accept the dignity of khan, then many volost saltans and elders and many common people agreed from him. Who, having gathered, all sat down on laid carpets and felts in a circle in rows of three and four according to the seniority of dignity and nobility of the clans, and he, Ablai-Saltan, was seated in the middle on the thinnest felt. After which they pronounced the sentence, praised all his courage, agility and defense, and attributed praise to the victories he won... Having pronounced this sentence that he, Ablai, is worthy of being a khan, four noble elders stood up and, raising him on this felt, They put them on their heads, and then they lowered them, following which example they set this and the whole assembly. Finally, they took off his outer and rich dress and tore it into shreds so that everyone was satisfied, although only one thread went to others, with an exclamation of his dignity to the Khanate... Then they served on great tin dishes the small burchon meat that he had to give each person a handful in his mouth, and finally they brought a bowl of kumys, which is how this celebration ended.”

FROM THE ROYAL DECREE ON THE BUILDING OF THE CITY OF ORENBURG

AND ITS PRIVILEGES

We announce to the whole people... And so we are talking about these new peoples of ours, who live in close proximity with our old subjects, the Bashkirs and Kalmyk hordes, and have always previously attacked each other, and thus ruined themselves; especially those departing for useful commerce to the Great Tartary, to Khiva, to Bukharia, to Tashkent, to Balkh and other places, many caused ruin along the way; For the need, they decided to re-build a city at the mouth of the Or River, which flows into the Yaik; so that through this, in peace, both these hordes should be kept under citizenship, and commerce would be safe in favor of our interests and our subjects, and for the construction of that city, a special special expedition would be sent in a considerable number of civilian and military officials....

Revolutionary and labor chronicle of the South Ural region.

Reader. - Chelyabinsk, 1980. - P. 14.

ABOUT THE FOUNDATION OF THE G. UST-KAMENOGORSK

The extent to which this enterprise was then considered dangerous, based on the many robber parties expelled by the Kalmyk and Kyrgyz-Kaisak hordes, is already shown by one experience of climbing up the Irtysh to Zaisan and the announcement of Prince Gagarin in Tobolsk that those criminals who consent to participate in the expedition , freedom will be given and perfect pardon will be sought. Cossack Ivan Kalmykov with a small detachment of 100 cavalry men successfully walked along the eastern bank of the Irtysh from the Yamyshevsky fortification to Zaisan (Kazyl-tu by its native name) in 1717, built a boat at the source of the river and sailed on the lake for the first time. This discovery of the hitherto unknown Lake Zaisan in 1719 was followed by the first voyage of the expedition on the lake: a flotilla consisting of 20 ships was sent under the command of Captain Urusov and Lieutenant Somov. They even dared to penetrate into the East, for ten days they climbed up the Irtysh between the mountain valleys of Altai and were the first to survey these places.

Urban settlements in the Russian Empire. - St. Petersburg, 1865. - T. IV. - P. 474.

ABOUT BUCHHOLZ'S EXPEDITION

Buchholz set out on a campaign with 2,117 dragoons and soldiers and 70 artisans.

500 dragoons were intended to be left as garrisons in the passing spurs.

The artillery consisted of:

copper cannons – 5

new 6-pounder guns – 2

new 3-pounder guns – 6

mortars, pound - 14

mortars, 6-pounders -

cast iron guns – 25

In order to ensure that Buchholz’s advance into the steppe does not cause fears among the Kalmyks, Tara centurion Vasily Borisovich Cheredov was sent as a messenger to the contaisha Erdeli Shurukht (aka Tsevan Araptan, i.e. Tsevan Rabdan), with the preliminary information about the governor’s readiness to support him if he assist Buchholz in the search for gold, silver and copper ores and prohibit his people from attacking Buchholz during the construction ofcities along the river Irtysh.

Buchholz's expedition failed because it did not support the Kalmyks in the conviction that Gagarin tried to instill in them, i.e., that the detachment would not act hostilely and was even ready to help the contaisha if he did not interfere with the construction of cities along the Irtysh. When several Kalmyks were killed on our side, a rumor spread among them that after the construction of the Yamyshev fortress, Buchholz would begin to fight with the Kontaishi people.

Andrievich V.K.History of Siberia. - St. Petersburg, 1889. - Part 2. - P. 293.

References

1. Asylbekov M. Kh., Aldazhumanov K. S. History of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the present day: in five volumes. – Almaty: Atamura, 2010, vol. 3

2. Bekmakhanova N. E. Reader on the history of Kazakhstan: for grades 8-9 - Alma-Ata: Rauan, 1992. - 368 p.

3. Kabuldinov Z. E., Kayypbaeva A. T. History of Kazakhstan (XVIII century - 1914): Textbook for 8th grade of secondary school. – Almaty: Atamura, 2008. – 304 p.

4. Kusainova M.A. Educational and methodological manual on the history of Kazakhstan and a collection of tests for applicants to university. – Almaty: “Shyn-Ki tap", 2006.

5. Kuzembayuly A., Abil A. History of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Tutorial–, Astana: Foliot, 2002.

6. Kasymbaev Zh.K. History of Kazakhstan: textbook for 8 grades of secondary schools. - Almaty: “Mektep”, 2004.

KAZAKH LITERATURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY

According to the theory of literature and the history of Russian literature, students are well aware of the meaning and content of the word “literature”, its main features, the fact that “literature is the art of plastic representation through the word” (M. Gorky).

The success of further work will depend on how the teacher presents the history of the origin and main features of Kazakh literature. Therefore, the introduction to the story about Kazakh written literature is especially responsible and difficult.

The introduction, which makes up the first section of the textbook, is important for the entire course on the history of Kazakh literature. It sets the task of characterizing in general form those historical prerequisites that prepared the emergence, movement of Kazakh literature and those conditions that determined its originality and national importance. In this part of the lesson, the teacher introduces his students to artistic history life of the Kazakh people, shows the vivid embodiment of their aspirations and aspirations, love for the Motherland, huge contribution into national culture. Kazakh pre-revolutionary literature is remarkable for its democratic, humanistic, educational ideas. She is inextricably linked with the destinies of her native people, filled with faith in their bright future. She is characterized by a tireless search social truth, justice, craving for deep realism,

Kazakh literature developed on the basis of folk literature over a number of centuries. In ancient times, the territory of Kazakhstan was inhabited by various nationalities, tribes, which had a unique original culture. For example, in the Syrdarya valley, the Jewish singer, musician, storyteller Korkyt, whose works and legends are preserved by the folklore of the Kazakh and many Turkic peoples. He is considered the creator bowed instrument kobyz, similar to a violin. A unique monument was built in the homeland of the legendary Korkyt. Resembling the outline of a kobyz, when there is a gust of wind it produces melodic sounds characteristic of this instrument.

On the territory of Kazakhstan there were the cities of Otrar, Taraz, Saray, Balasagun. The famous scientist Muhammad Abu Nasr al-Farabi (840-950), who wrote his works in Arabic, lived and worked in Otrar. In the 10th-13th centuries, the culture of the peoples inhabiting the territory of Kazakhstan developed. The works of Yusuf Balasagunsky and Mahmud of Kashgar are the common heritage of the Turkic-speaking peoples. It has been established that in the creation of the monuments “Oguzname” (XIII century), “Mukhabat-name” (XIV century), along with other eastern peoples, Kazakh tribes also participated, as evidenced by the presence in them not only of Kazakh words and catchphrases, but the proximity of a number of narratives to the tradition of oral national poetry.

The formation of the Kazakh nation was facilitated by the emergence of the first Kazakh khanates in the 15th century. During the same period, along with folklore, written poetry began to take shape.

When starting to study one of the first representatives of Kazakh written literature of the 18th century, Bukhara-zhyrau Kalkamanov (1693-1787), the teacher should draw students’ attention to the complexity of the historical socio-political situation in the Kazakh steppe. This complexity was expressed in the fragmentation of the Kazakh land into separate khanates, in the lack of unity between numerous clans and tribes, in the enmity between them, in the constant threat of land seizure by the Dzungar conquerors - all this brought to the fore the idea of ​​​​the need for unity of the Kazakh clans and tribes, gave rise to the idea of ​​harmony, the problem of the relationship between the khan's power and the people. The main expression of these ideas were the passionate, appealing poems-appeals, poems-reflections of Bukhara-zhyrau Kalkamanov.

From the biographical material of the textbook, students learned that Bukhar-zhyrau at the headquarters of Khan Ablai was an influential person who boldly interfered in his internal and foreign policy. His name is already familiar to students from Kazakhstan history lessons. Therefore, they will be interested to know how the complex, contradictory time of the reign of Khan Ablai was reflected in the works of Bukhara-zhyrau Kalkamanov.

The poems of Bukhara-zhyrau Kalkamanov, given in the anthology of Kazakh literature, conventionally called “Song of Ablai,” are among the complex, difficult-to-digest poetic works. Content, meaning, ideas, artistic expression cannot be grasped by students only by reading. Therefore, the teacher’s commentary on the text of the poem is necessary. At the center of the poem is a description of the struggle of Ablai and his heroes with strong neighbors and internal enemies. The news reached Ablai that the Semiz-Naiman and Kungrat tribes had been defeated and their herds had been stolen by their neighbors - the Kyrgyz heroes led by the daring Sadyr. The calm of the steppe is again disturbed, and Khan Ablai is preparing for a campaign.

Let the Sumbule star rise, sparkling,

Let the horses fatten up.

Then I will ask Sadyr,

As it happened before...

Bukhar-zhyrau, in the style of an epic, describes the gathering for a campaign, when “Sumbule rose, sparkling, the horses grew fat,” “Savras, bought for a hundred rams, became round like a heart,” when Khan Ablai, the sovereign, gathered a countless army and moved, “ soared like a falcon, flapped like a hawk, stood like a falcon near To-kalterek,” that is, close to the territory of the Kyrgyz. When reading the description of the scene when the khan, “without getting off his horse, held a council there,” the teacher needs to draw students’ attention to how Bukhar-zhyrau departs from the traditional folklore depiction of the difficulties facing the heroes.

Analyzing the poems of Bukhara-zhyrau Kalkamanov, it is necessary to reveal the complex, contradictory nature of his work, to show what details bring the author closer to written poetry.

Although the program and textbook do not talk about other representatives of Kazakh poetry of the late 18th century, the teacher must be told that in addition to Bukhara-zhyrau Kalkamanov, other akyns-improvisers of this period are known - Shal, Tatikara, Umbetey, Zhankisi.

Summarizing the study of Kazakh literature of the 18th century represented by its most major representative Bukhara-zhyrau Kalkamanova, it is necessary to pay attention to its main tendency - a clear demarcation of the boundaries of folklore and literature, the manifestation of the ability of new Kazakh written poetry to intervene in the social and political life of Kazakh society. Free from religious, mystical layers, the healthy, popular beginning of folklore largely influenced the fact that at the very dawn, at the very beginning of Kazakh written poetry, civic motives began to be clearly heard, and problems of public, social, and even political order began to be posed.

In the 18th century, the tsarist government began to actively explore the history, ethnography and geography of Kazakhstan. The intensification of these studies begins after the 30-40s, when some of the Kazakhs of the Younger and Middle Zhuzes accepted Russian citizenship. IN XVIII century Kazakhs continued to preserve a unique culture, where the creativity of poets, zhyrau and biys occupied a prominent place. IN late XVIII centuries in border Russian fortresses the first schools appeared.

With the adoption of Russian citizenship by the Kazakhs, the process of scientific study of the region began actively. Research was carried out by both scientific institutions and individuals. Many Russian researchers created their fundamental works based on materials from Kazakh folklore, genealogy and ethnography.

The first attempts at a comprehensive study of Kazakhstan, undertaken by Russia in the 18th century, are associated with the name M.V. Lomonosov. He was the initiator of organizing scientific expeditions to the territory of the region and creating its geographical maps. IN 1768-1774 years, one of the first expeditions to Kazakhstan was led by an academician and natural scientist P. S. Pallas. Famous scientists and travelers took part in the work of this scientific expedition. I.P. Falk And I.T. Georgi. The expedition route passed through the lands of North-Western, Northern and North-Eastern Kazakhstan. The result of this work was the work of P.S. Pallas "Journey through different provinces of the Russian Empire" in three parts (St. Petersburg, 1773). It contains valuable materials about the history and ethnography of the Kazakh people.

Researcher I.G. Georgi organized an independent expedition across the territory of Kazakhstan. In 1796 he prepared and published a detailed work “A description of all the peoples living in the Russian state, as well as their everyday rituals, dwellings, clothes and other monuments.” This book contains the most valuable information about the life, culture, customs and rituals of the Kazakhs, as well as the peculiarities of the economic life of the nomads.

Russian researchers worked in Kazakhstan based on the interests of colonial development of the region. Initiator of the Kyrgyz-Kaisak expedition I.K. Kirillov left behind work “Explanation about the Kyrgyz-Kaisak and Karakalpak hordes.” In it, the author described in detail the Kazakh and Karakalpak lands: natural conditions, minerals and trade routes. He proved the possibility and profitability of establishing trade and economic ties between Russia and the peoples of Central Asia and the Kazakhs. V.N. Tatishchev was the founder of the historical science of Russia, a famous geographer. He continued the research work begun by his predecessors in the Orenburg region. In his scientific works he describes the history, life and culture of the non-Russian peoples of the region, including the Kazakhs.

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences also left interesting research on the study of the natural resources of the Junior Zhuz P.I. Rychkov. With his numerous and fundamental works, he rightfully earned the fame of “Columbus of the Orenburg Region,” where the lands of the Younger Zhuz then belonged. He prepared such works as "History of Orenburg" And "Topography or description of the Orenburg province." These works contain detailed information about the early appearance of the Kazakhs in the Volga-Yait region during the reign of Khan Khaknazar, the process of the Junior Zhuz joining the Russian Empire. The author describes in detail the founding of the city of Orenburg, the fortifications of the Ural and Orenburg border lines, and the establishment of trade contacts with Central Asia and the Kazakh steppe. He gave orders to merchants traveling from Orenburg to Bukhara to purchase literature about the history of local peoples, even in Arabic. The researcher described in detail the events associated with the Pugachev uprising. He was a recognized expert on the language and culture of the Kazakh people, and collected many examples of Kazakh folklore.

In 1759, the work of the famous historian and explorer of Siberia was published G.F. Miller"History of the Siberian Kingdom." Here he gives a description of the history and ethnography of the peoples of Siberia and Kazakhstan.

At the end of the 18th century, the work of a Russian officer was published I.T. Andreev “Description of the Middle Horde of Kirghiz-Kaisaks”(1795). In this book he left detailed information about the history and borders of the Kazakhs of the Middle Zhuz. They were given detailed descriptions customs and rituals of the steppe people, as well as about the transitions of Kazakhs with cattle in winter on the right bank of the Irtysh of the Novoishimskaya line.

Russian officer, major general from the Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress A.D. Skalon The first unique Russian-Kazakh dictionary was compiled. This was one of the first steps in introducing the local population to Russian literacy and learning the Kazakh language by Russians.

In the 18th century, a number of foreign explorers and travelers visited Kazakhstan. They pursued trade and political goals. These were English and German researchers.

During this period, the British naval captain visited the region John Elton(1735), artist John Castle(1736), merchant clerk Ronald Gok(174 3 --42). They left behind notes about the economy, culture and life of the local population.

Kazakh literature. The 18th century occupies a special place in the cultural history of the Kazakh people. In conditions of nomadic life, oral folk art, storytelling and song art were especially developed.

The struggle of the Kazakhs against the Dzungar conquerors, the national liberation movement of the inhabitants of the Steppe against the tsarist colonization of the region became the main themes of the work of storytellers and zhyrau of that time. A special place in the development of Kazakh literature belongs to so outstandingakynam Andzhyrau, How Aktamberdy Saryuly, Bukhar Kalkamanuly, Tattikara, Umbetai Tuleuly and others.

One of the outstanding Kazakh zhyrau (storyteller) was Aktamberdy-zhyrau Saryuly(1675-1768). Zhyrau actively participated in many campaigns against the Dzungars and was known as a hero. In the 50s of the 18th century, he was at the head of those who led the return of the Kazakhs to the lands conquered from the Dzungars. The entire work of Aktamberdy-zhyrau was dedicated to a call to heroism, military courage and valor. His mausoleum still stands on the Zhurek Zhota hill in the East Kazakhstan region.

In the 18th century, zhyrau, bi, an excellent expert in Kazakh customary law and shezhire, an experienced diplomat and statesman, was especially popular among the Kazakhs. Bukhar Kalkamanuly(1693-1787). He was born and raised on the territory of modern Bayanaul district of Pavlodar region, at the foot of Mount Dalba. His father Kalkaman Batyr became popular among the people due to his personal courage and bravery. He was popularly known as a saint - “komekey aulie.” Bukhar-zhyrau created many edifying songs and reflections that expressed the idea of ​​preserving and strengthening the independence of the Kazakh Khanate. The People's Tribune was one of the influential biys under Khan Abylai. He was his closest and faithful adviser and comrade-in-arms. In his poems, he praised Khan Abylay as a progressive statesman: “O Abylay, your people grew rich, You gave them cattle to graze in rich places, You received guests under the shade of a tent, They were treated to a mountain of meat, And your mercy was generous to everyone. »

Bukhar-zhyrau differed from other contemporaries in that he always told the truth to his face. He also had the gift of a seer. In particular, in his works he foresaw the far-reaching colonial aspirations of the tsarist government. The main theme of Bukhar-zhyrau’s works is love for his native land, patriotism and glorification of the heroism of the Kazakh batyrs. In the face of an external threat, he called on the people for unity and cohesion. Zhyrau also glorified the heroes of this struggle - the batyrs Bogenbay, Kabanbay, Zhanybek and others. He dreamed of the day when Kazakhstan would become strong, centralized and independent state.

One of the contemporaries and close in spirit to Bukhar-zhyrau was Umbetai-zhyrau Tuleuli(1706-1778) from the Kanzhygaly family. He participated in all anti-Dzungar campaigns and sang the exploits of the Kazakh warriors in the war against the aggression of the invaders. In particular, he created Zhoktau(crying) and estyrtu(notice) about the death of the outstanding hero of the Kazakh people, batyr Kanzhygaly Bogenbai.

The work of such popular akyns as Tattikara, Kotesh And Tleuke Kulekeuli(Shal-akyn).

Tattikara-zhyrau born in the area of ​​Sarykol on the territory of modern Kostanay region. Participated in the war with the Qing Empire. He was part of the inner circle of Khan Abylai, participating in many of his military campaigns. In his works he called upon soldiers to courage, loyalty to the fatherland, and glorified the exploits of Khan Abylay and his famous warriors.

Akyns-improvisers Kotesh(1745-1818) and Shal(Tleuke Kulekeuli) (1748-1819) created songs about the moral and ethical aspects of the life of their contemporaries, and also addressed issues of the religious life of nomads. Their songs were memorized throughout Kazakhstan. Tleuke Kulekeuli, popularly known Shal-akyn, born on the territory of modern Akmola region. Born and raised in the family of the eminent warrior Kuleke on the banks of the Yesil River. How akyn became famous at the age of 15. Akyn despised flattery. For him, honor and dignity were above all else. He sang friendship, unity and harmony among his fellow tribesmen, constantly urging them to be united, kind-hearted and fair.

Most of the works of Kazakh akyns and zhyrau of the 18th century were passed down from generation to generation in oral form. And only in XIX-XX centuries began to be recorded and published by Kazakh and Russian researchers.

Historical stories. Due to the lack of widespread written literature among the Kazakhs, this type of genre of oral folk art, How historical stories. The storytellers, as a rule, were wise people - biys and Shesheni(word masters). They were deeply revered in traditional Kazakh

society. Historical stories, like works of poetry, were passed down from generation to generation orally. Each clan had its own experienced storytellers. At every major event (that one, aces) steppe speakers introduced listeners to historical legends. Historical stories accompanied by wise sayings, aphoristic statements. In particular, the famous stories and sayings of Kazybek, Tole and Aiteke biys have survived to this day. The main theme of historical stories XVIII century was associated with the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian invasion, the war with the Volga Kalmyks. Many historical stories were collected by the famous folklorist and poet Mashkhur-Zhusup Kopeiuly.

Shezhire. In the 18th century, every Kazakh family had shezhire. This word is of Turkic-Mongolian origin. The Mongols have a word "tsezhere" means "memory". The same translation has a similar Turkic word "sejere". In nomadic societies, knowledge of genealogy and pedigree was in demand. If the Khojas and Sultans had a written tradition of conducting shezhire, then the steppe nomads had an oral form of transmitting this information. Shezhire performed a number of specific functions among the Kazakhs: Firstly, it helped rulers manage nomadic communities. Secondly, shezhire performed the function historical memory. Each nomad understood the historical past of his people as the expanded history of his family, clan and tribe. Third, Shezhire served as a social regulator. For example, it regulated family and marriage relations, performed the functions of distribution of pasture lands, seating of guests during meals, kurultai, order of formation of the people's militia, etc. Gradually shezhire began to be written down. First of all, this was done by Russian diplomats, scientists, military and civil administrators of the region, as well as the literate part of Kazakh society. Subsequently, the collectors of shezhire among the Kazakhs were A. Bukeikhanov, M.-Zh. Kopeiuly, Sh. Kudaiberdyuly and others.

Musical art and aitys. Music occupied a significant place in the spiritual life of the Kazakhs of the 18th century. The main forms of musical works were songs and kui. They were performed both in the form of solo singing and playing, and choral performance. At the time under study, more than 20 musical instruments were known among the Kazakhs. This dombra, kobyz sherter, zhetigen, sazsyrnai, shankobyz, dangyra, asatayak, sybyzgy, dauylpaz and others.

One of the famous kobyzshy was Tlep Aspantayuly(1757-- 1820). He was born and lived in the vicinity of Torgay, present-day Kostanay region. At the age of 13 he began playing the kobyz. His kuis “Tolgau”, “Allam Zhar”, “Baksy”, etc. have reached us. Tlep's musical gift was passed on to his son Baytoles.

So, a talented dombra player and poet Bayzhigit from the Kerei family such kuis were created as “Aktaban sh^byryndy” (“Years of the Great Disaster”), “Kaiyn Saugan” (“Birch Gift”), “Atshy Zary” (“Sadness of the Hunter”) and others. The famous Kazakh Khan was also the author of many kyuis Abylai.

Songs and kuis were performed at all important festive events. To identify talented improvisational poets, we conducted aitys. At aitys, akyns openly expressed their assessment of various phenomena of social life. They ridiculed and criticized people's unworthy behavior and their shortcomings. Therefore, the steppe people were most concerned about preserving their reputation. Kazakhs grew up in an environment where public condemnation and censure were always present.

The winners of the song tournaments were awarded valuable prizes and gifts in the form of gold bars, herds of horses, flocks of sheep, and slaves. The people called the most talented of them cepi, sal. They were considered the people's favorites.

The wedding celebrations began with a song "Toibastar." Songs were sung at weddings and youth celebrations "Heat-heat." When saying goodbye to their family and friends, young daughters-in-law sang touching and sad farewell songs. In the groom's village she was greeted with an edifying song and an introduction to the groom's parents and relatives - "Betashar". During the funeral, special songs were sung - Zhoktau(lamentations).

Thanks to the activities of Kazakh singers, akyns, and musicians of the 18th century, poems such as “Kozy Korpesh-Bayan Sulu” “Kyz Zhibek”, as well as cuis, for example, “Aksak Kulan”, “Zhoshykhan”, “Kobylandy Batyr” and others.

In the 18th century feudal relations The Kazakhs were intertwined with numerous patriarchal and clan ties.

The Genghisids, khans and sultans ruled over tribal unions, over part of one of the three hordes or zhuzes (Abdulkhair Khan - over part of the tribes of the Lesser Horde, Barak Sultan - in the Greater Horde, etc.), while the bai, the ancestors and the elders formed a council under the khan.

Together with the khans and sultans, they held court, established kun (payment for blood), allowed barymta (cattle theft), determined migration routes and the location of camps, and sorted out inter-tribal feuds. In the aul community, patriarchal-tribal life and patriarchal traditions. They were also preserved in culture. That is why the role of folklore is so important in it.

Officials and travelers who visited the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century testify that, in parallel with folklore, there is an oral-poetic tradition of singer-improvisers, a kind of “oral literature”, largely professional. She is represented by zhyrau and akyns.

Traditions and legends about zhyrau Bukhara, Umbetey, Tati-Kara say that they were singers of the khan's headquarters, advisers and soothsayers under the Genghisids. In their type, these singers resemble the “prophetic Boyan”, whose image was glorified by the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”.

The impromptu songs of the zhyrau were composed of events that were generally significant for the Kazakh khanates - sending an embassy, ​​announcing military campaigns, settling litigation and discord between tribes, clans and khans, concluding peace, and diplomatic relations with neighbors.

Zhyrau had their own genres, different from folklore - tolgau (poetic reasoning), in which reflections are combined with edifications; songs, blasphemous, accusatory; glorification and glorification of heroes; instructions to individuals and nations. Moral teaching and didactics prevailed in the work of the zhyrau.

By the 18th century, the appearance of zhyrau had changed its features. If in ancient times zhyrau was both a poet and a musician, then in the 18th century. zhyrau is primarily an improvisational poet; he composes his songs without musical accompaniment. The poet has become isolated from the musician, individual self-characterization in zhyrau chants becomes more noticeable, accusatory motives are heard more often, for example, in Bukhara.

Zhyrau of the 18th century, as a rule, were “relatives” of the batyrs, the closest advisors of the khans. The generally accepted respect for the personality of the zhyrau, the view of these singers as the chosen ones of fate endowed with the rare gift of divination, placed them in a privileged position. Without zhyrau songs, important government decisions were not made. Their creativity was closely related to the practice of government.

Oral tradition usually enshrines their songs as part of legends and tales telling about the relations of clans, tribes and zhuzes with the ruling elite, and about various international events of the era. Rarely do zhyrau songs pass from mouth to mouth without a framing narrative.

IN people's memory Many zhyrau songs have been preserved, and many of them are attributed to Tati-Kara, Umbetey, Bukhar, who lived in the 18th century. All three zhyrau, according to legend, were members of Khan Ablai.

Most of the legends connect their work with the unifying tendencies that lived in Kazakh society after the “Great Disaster” - the invasion of the Kazakh nomads by the troops of the Dzhungar huntaij in 1723. Before setting out on a campaign, they inspired the batyrs and the militia to meet the enemy with dignity, while on the campaign they rode ahead of the troops , calling for perseverance and peace.

It is known that Bukhar condemned Ablai’s intention to go on a campaign against neighboring peoples. He was always for peace and harmony among the Kazakh tribes and zhuzes, for their recognition of the strong power of the khan. When the Kerey clan (according to variants - Sadyr) decided to migrate from Ablai, the zhyrau advocated for an end to the feud and indignation against the khan (“Kerei, where are you migrating to!”).

In another song - “Next to Khan Ablai” - he instructs the people and nobility: “Create a unified council! Be unanimous!” And again: “The common people, fighting with the khan, will die. If the Khan falls, everyone will die.” Zhyrau instructs the batyrs and the people, going on a campaign “under the colorful banner of Ablai,” to unite, as “children of Muslims” should. The ideas are typical for the Khan's headquarters.

The morality of Bukhara is the morality of military valor. The Khan and his warriors must be ideal army leaders and rulers. The path to improvement is military feat. Combat courage is the norm for all Kazakhs, but those in power and military leaders are especially obliged to follow it.

Thus, the instructive poetry of zhyrau is colored in socio-political tones, associated with trends towards unification and with the politics of the Kazakh khanates of the 18th century created on this basis. It is significant that zhyrau songs, while preserved in the oral-poetic tradition, were not assimilated into folklore either in content or form.

These songs combine didactic and journalistic elements: edifications, advice, teachings and pathos of appeals; rhetoric, aphorisms, lofty pathetic comparisons, symbolism (sometimes of Arab-Persian origin - Rustam, Navshiran, etc.) and biographical and everyday details in addresses (“You ran barefoot, weaved mats”).

The basis of zhyrau songs is the size of the zhyr, genre form- tolgau (poetic improvised reflection), imagery gleaned from the steppe expanses and nomadic life - from Kazakh folklore, from which the improvised zhyrau song sprang.

Akyns of the 18th century — Shal, Kotesh, Koblan, Zhankisi and others are improvisers and storytellers, folklore performers. They are closely related to everyday life people and represent their own “tribe”. They are experts in genealogy and traditions, the wisdom of the fathers contained in proverbs and teachings.

Elders and bais involved akyns in the resolution of intraclan conflicts and entrusted them with representation in the analysis of litigation with other clans. During campaigns, akyns were in the forefront of the clan militia.

The personal principle of the akyns is less clearly expressed than that of the zhyrau, since the strengthening of the professional principle in the creativity of the akyns largely occurs in line with the folk poetic tradition.

Being “singers by trade”, performing at toi (holidays) and funerals, at family and inter-clan gatherings, they sing about “times long gone,” create epics and address contemporaries present at their performances with arnau (impromptu dedications) . In aitys (poetic disputes), akyns, representing their clans, evaluate their past and present.

Akynam of the 18th century belong to extensive speves. The famous Kazakh ethnographer Ch. Ch. Valikhanov (1835-1865) testifies that Shal-akyn compiled a poetic genealogy of the Atygai clan.

In it, he glorified his ancestors and contemporaries, including his father, Kuleke, who passed away early, and his closest relatives, the elders of Atygay. Another akyn, Kusen, composed an epic about his contemporary and fellow tribesman Utegen, the elder and warrior of the Zhanys clan. The motives of local legends are intertwined in the epic of the akyns with themes that are significant for the entire people.

The heritage of the past and the present, genres of folklore and genres of professional songwriting (aytys, for example) determine the originality of the art of akyns. The repertoire of akyns echoes the songs of zhyrau: both have tolgau - edifying and accusatory songs.

Singer in the 18th century. combined with a moralist, mentor and accuser in both akyn and zhyrau, but to varying degrees and with different positions and public role. Legends connect akyns with the people; they are often depicted as poor people, and sometimes as leaders of fellow tribesmen who rose up against the khan. So, Kotesh-akyn, on behalf of the clan, demands kun (payment for blood) from Khan Ablai, and threatens him with retribution from Olzhabai and other warriors of the Argyn tribe.

The poetics of akyns is closer to folklore than the poetics of zhyrau, and in aitys, and in tolgau, and in the edifications of akyns, the narrative principle, interest in everyday life, and descriptions of it are more noticeable. If the poetic moral teachings of the zhyrau are abstract or content with one or two details, the akyn needs a chain of them, he prefers specific descriptions.

Here are the zhyrau's instructions on choosing a wife. The image of a careless woman is created by one detail: “If this woman tailors your clothes, the collar will turn out and the hem will sag.” (“Black Argamak” Bukhara-zhyrau). The akyn describes her lack of skill more fully; she is lazy, dirty and grumpy: “Without hesitation, she quarrels with her husband. Having hit the dog with a ladle, without washing it, he lowers it into the cauldron” (“About a Woman” by Shal-akyn).

Zhyrau and akyns created their works orally through direct improvisation, although some of them read Arabic and had a good knowledge of Muslim book culture.

As they say biographical information and legends that tell about the life and songs of zhyrau and akyns; they knew the teachings of Islam, the dogmas of the Koran and the rules of Sharia, as well as various hagiographical, historical, chronicle and artistic writings Muslim authors, both published and manuscript. True, most zhyrau and akyns knew them through oral transmission from mullahs and khojas.

As travelers who visited Kazakhstan in the 18th century write, ancient handwritten stories about Genghis and Timur circulated among the Kazakh population. Such works as “On the Wisdom of the Great and Merciful Allah”, “Flowers of Wisdom”, “The Color of Truth”, “Tales of the Great Khan Temujin”, “The Life of Genghis Khan and Aksak Temir” were also known.

All of them were used by the Kazakh nobility to maintain their authority. A Kazakh people, according to the unanimous opinion of all eyewitnesses, perceived it orally. Therefore, the impact of popular books in the 18th century was still small.

History of world literature: in 9 volumes / Edited by I.S. Braginsky and others - M., 1983-1984.

At the end of the 18th century, the first schools appeared in Russian border fortresses.

The first attempts at a comprehensive study of the Treasury in the 18th century. associated with the name M.V. Lomonosov.

1768-1774 - the first expedition of P.S. Pallas (north-west, north-north-east Kaz-na). The work “Travel through different provinces of the Russian Empire” (1773, 3 parts), valuable information about the history and ethnography of the Kazakhs.

I.G. Georgi – self. expedition, in 1796 - “Description of all ... monuments living in the Russian state” - valuable information about the life of the Kazakhs, culture, customs, traditions, rituals, as well as the peculiarities of the economic life of the nomads.

I.K. Kirillov “Explanation about the Kyrgyz-Kaisaks and K/Kalpakos” - natural conditions, minerals, trade routes.

V.N. Tatishchev is the chairman of Orenb. Border Commission - describes the history, life, culture of non-Russian peoples.

P.I. Rychkov (corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Russia) - he was called “Columbus of the Orenburg Region”, his works “History of Orenburg”, “Topography or description of the Orenburg province (the reign of Khaknazar, the annexation of the Young Zhuz)”, he described in detail the Pugachev uprising, he knew Kaz. Yazyk, a student of Lomonosov, was the first to write a work about Kazakhstan, for which he received the title of corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of Russia.

G.F. Miller (1759) – “History of the Siberian Kingdom” (father of Siberia)

I.G. Andreev “Description Wed. hordes of Kyrgyz-Kaisaks" (1795) - about the history and borders of Wed. Zhuz, detailed descriptions of the customs and rituals of the steppe people, about the transition of the Kazakhs to the right bank of the Irtysh in winter.

HELL. Skalon (Major General of the U-Kamenogorsk Fortress) is the first unique Russian-Kaz. dictionary

John Elton (1735) - captain of the naval service, John Castle (1736) - artist, Reonald Gok - merchant - notes on the life of the Kazakhs.

Kazakh literature of the 18th century

Aktamberdy Saryuly (1675-1768) – zhyrau, batyr.

50s of the 18th century - fighter for the Kazakh. lands captured by Dzungaria. Mausoleum on the Zhurek Zhonta hill (EKR)

Bukhar zhyrau Kalkaman uly (1693 -1787) zhyrau. biy, diplomat. state activist born near Mount Dalba, Bayanaul. district, Pavlodar region. The seer spoke the truth to his face. The main theme of the essays is love for his native land, he dreamed of when Kazan would become a strong, centralized, independent state. Kalkaman batyr – father of Bukhar zhyrau, popularly known as the saint “komekey aulie”

Umbetai Tuleuly zhyrau (1706-1778) (kanzhygaly, argyn) - especially known - zhoktau (cry) and eskertu (notice) about the death of Bogenbai. (kanzhygaly), participant in all antij. hikes.

Tattikara zhyrau - born in the Sarykol area of ​​the Kustanai region, participant in the war with the Qing Empire, hero, was part of Ablai’s entourage, glorified him in his works.

Kotesh (1745-1818) - songs about the moral and ethical standards of the Kazakh people. Society, about the religious life of nomads.

Tleuke Kulekeuli (Shal akyn) b. in Akmola region on the bank of the river Yesil. How the akyn became famous at the age of 15... Tleuke's father is the batyr Kuleke. Shal akyn despised flattery; honor and dignity were above all else for him.

In the 19th-20th centuries. - works of Kaz. akyns began to be recorded and published.

Due to the lack of written literature among the Kazakhs, historical stories were widely developed.

Mashkhur Zhusup Kopeyuly collected many historical stories.

Shezhire

18th century - in every family there was a shezhire (Turkic (sedzhere)-Mongolian (tsezhire) word, meaning memory)

Shezhire functions:

1.helps the ruler manage communities

2.historical memory function

3. social isolation

Shezhire collectors - A. Bukeikhanov, M. Zh. Kopeyuly, Sh. Kudaiberdiev