Russian uniform. Military uniforms in the Russian empire

What miracles clothes do! For example, the military uniform of even the most unsportsmanlike and never military, puny little peasant will "pull up" so that it would not even occur to him to call him Petka, because this is Peter (Alexander, Vasily, etc.) This is no longer a peasant , and a man! NnstayashchiPalkovnik =))

Oh! It's expensive to watch! What a gorgeous shape!

Photo selection: museum exhibits, restored copies, precious antiques - military uniforms, insignia, details of uniforms and military uniforms of Tsarist Russia

Caftan of the Colonel of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, which belonged to Peter I

The uniform of the headquarters officer of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, which belonged to Peter III

The uniform of an officer of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, which belonged to Emperor Paul I. The uniform of a Private Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.

Palace Grenadier Company Private Tunic

The uniform of an officer of the Life Guards hussar regiment, which belonged to Alexander I. Tunic of the officer of the Yekaterinoslav cuirassier regiment

Colonel's uniform of the Life Guards hussar regiment

Lyadanka officer of the Lancers' Life Guards regiment in 1837

The uniform of the general of the Izmailovsky Life Guards regiment, which belonged to Emperor Alexander II

Uniform of the staff captain of the 1st infantry king of the Neapolitan regiment

Tunic of the Tambour Major of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment

Palace uniform of a private cavalry regiment

Summer Hungarian Field Marshal General in the form of the Life Guards of the Grodno Hussar Regiment, belonged to Emperor Alexander II

The uniform of the General of the Exemplary Officer Cavalry School, which belonged to the general of the cavalry A.A. Brusilov

The uniform of the captain of the 38th Tobolsk Infantry Regiment. Jacket of the Staff Captain of the 3rd Dragoon Sumy Crown Prince of the Danish Regiment

Uniform of ALEXANDER I (Age of Paul I) Set of the uniform of the Emperor of the period 1801-1803.

The dress uniform of an officer of the Cavalry Regiment. A set of uniforms for an officer's dress uniform of the period of Paul I

The uniform of an officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment. A complete set of uniforms for the officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment of the period of Paul I

Vice-Uniform of the Cavalier Guard. Set of full uniforms of the vice-uniform of the cavalry guard, the period of Paul I

Tunic of Emperor Paul I Full set of uniforms

General Kutuzov's uniform. Full set of general uniforms

Admiral Nelson's tunic. Complete outfit set

Sign of the completion of the Pavlovsk military school

And these are fragments of the decoration of uniforms with gold embroidery and braids. Look what a beauty!

Galloon (from French galon), thick tape or braid different colors, produced from cotton yarn, silk, often with gold, silver thread or tinsel. Used for the manufacture of insignia for uniforms.

Harness for ponies, Alexander Palace, Tsarskoe Selo

Antiques, vintage uniforms tsarist Russia, very beautiful and expensive things

TITLES AND JOINTS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

Uniforms

The first law on noble uniforms known to us was issued on October 23, 1782. A uniform style of uniform was adopted for noblemen and civil servants. It differed only in color in relation to different provinces.

The northern provinces (including St. Petersburg) were given a light blue color. Provinces of the middle lane (including Moscow) - red. Southern (including Kiev) - dark cherry.

The uniform dress looked like this: a cloth caftan with a turn-down collar and long lapels or without them, a camisole (long vest), white knee-length pants, stockings, boots and a black triangular hat. The dress was complemented by a sword. Differences by rank and position were not envisaged. The seniority of an official could only be judged by orders and by the quality of material and tailor's work.

Over time, the style and colors of the uniforms changed. The difference in color between the uniforms of different provinces was eliminated in 1831. From now on, collars and cuffs were all made of red cloth. The only difference was in the buttons on which the coat of arms and the name of the province were minted. The formal dress was complemented by the everyday one - a dark green uniform dress coat and a single-breasted frock coat.

In 1855, the style of both the civilian uniform and the noble's uniform changed. The dress uniform acquired a full "skirt" 13 cm long above the knees and began to be called a half-caftan. The tailcoat and frock coat were preserved. White short pants were replaced by trousers. In this form, the noble uniform was preserved until February revolution 1917 of the year.

Noble uniforms did not reflect the nobility of noble families in any way.

Historical mosaic

We know that our famous Russian commander had the rank generalissimo. But after all, according to the Military Regulations of 1716, approved by Peter I himself, about the rank of Generalissimo it is said: "This rank is for the crowned heads and ... princes only befits." What does the ordinary Russian nobleman Suvorov have to do with it?

However, Alexander Vasilyevich rightfully wore his rank. It turns out that the Sardinian king at one time made him "grandees and princes of royal blood."

MILITARY RANKS

Military ranks appeared in Russia even before the introduction of the "Table of Ranks". Foreigners brought them to us. And only then they began to be given to the Russian commanders. In 1672, the ranks are already known: colonel, lieutenant colonel, captain, lieutenant, warrant officer and warrant officer.

The rank of the Duma general was first assigned to a Russian officer in 1678. It was received by the commander of the Moscow elective regiment A. A. Shepelev.

Title page of the first military regulations

The first attempt to introduce the system in Russian military ranks was made in 1698 by General A.A. Weide. He studied the Austrian military regulations and presented to Peter I the draft "Military regulations". All servicemen were divided by ranks into "higher" and "lower".

The first Russian generalissimo

The structure of the "higher" consisted of generals, as well as regimental and company officers' ranks. Moreover, the charter of Weide did not clarify who could be the generalissimo. This rank in Russia was first granted to the voivode A.S. Shein in 1696 for successful actions near Azov.

Field Marshal F.A.Golovin

Already in 1699, instead of the rank of Generalissimo, the rank of field marshal general... The first in Russia to receive this rank was F.A.Golovin in 1700. Subsequently, another 63 persons were erected in it. The last Russian general-field marshal was D.A.Milyutin in 1898.

The rank of the Generalissimo remained exceptional and was given in special cases... Only a prince could get it, as well as the commander of the united army of several states.

The charter of the Russian army in 1716 divided military ranks into four groups: generals, staff officers, chief officers, and non-commissioned officers.

A person could choose a military career in three areas: in the army infantry and cavalry; in army artillery and engineering troops; in guards.

Children of the nobility were enrolled in the guard from an early age. Remaining at home, they already had both seniority and non-commissioned officer ranks. When the production date for the first chief officer's rank came, the young nobleman went to work. Remember how it was with Petrusha Grinev from “ Captain's daughter"A. Pushkin.

It is known that His Serene Highness Prince P.V. Lopukhin (later chairman of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers) began his career at the age of six. Remaining at home, in 1759 he was enrolled in the Preobrazhensky regiment. For nine years being listed in the regiment's lists, he received the rank of corporal (1760), furrier (1763), captenarmus (1764), sergeant (1765), Only in 1769 at the age of 16, becoming an ensign, Lopukhin went to active service.

According to the "Table of Ranks," the officers of the Guard received an advantage of two ranks over the army officers, that is, they were listed two classes higher than the army officers.

Artillery officers received one class advantage over other army forces.

With the advent of new types of troops, new ranks arose, which led to their diversity and diversity. The system of rank production has been streamlined more than once. In 1884, a general reform of military ranks took place. The officers of the army units were equated in advantages with the officers of the special units. The difference between the guards and officers of other branches of the military was only one class. From rank to rank, officers now had to serve for at least four years.

Historical mosaic

Portrait of Peter Kirillovich Essen. workshop. . Military gallery Winter Palace, State Hermitage (St. Petersburg)

The track record of General of Infantry, Count P. K Essen, looked brilliant. So brilliant that descendants should consider him one of the most wonderful people XIX century. An amazingly fast career, important appointments, the most generous awards indicated extraordinary talents and valor, almost the genius of the count. In the 1830s, P. I. Essen was appointed Governor-General of St. Petersburg and a member of the State Council. Meanwhile, the count was a man without knowledge, without energy, stupid and stubborn. He, like a puppet, was managed by the head of his office, a certain Ovodov. This Ovodov, an intelligent and educated swindler, was famous for his clever combinations throughout Petersburg. And deftly promoted his dim-witted boss.

MILITARY UNITS

Military uniforms appeared in Russia earlier than others. And the attitude towards them in Russia has always been almost loving. The uniform reminded of military valor, honor and a high sense of military comradeship. It was believed that the military uniform is the most elegant and attractive men's clothing.

Imperial military uniform of Alexander III

Our emperors were especially passionate about uniforms, since in the 19th - early 20th centuries they were dressed only in them. For the boys of the imperial family, uniforms were sewn that exactly corresponded to the real ones.

Any changes in military uniforms were carried out only with the permission of the emperors. Sometimes even according to their own drawings.

The addiction to military uniform was so great that the right to wear it was considered a reward. As a reward, a person was appointed an honorary commander of a military unit, especially for members of the imperial family. Even special military uniforms were made for empresses who became chiefs of regiments. In some cases, the uniform was awarded in memory of the previous service in this military unit.

Often, members of the imperial families of friendly countries became chiefs of military units. We have already mentioned the receipt by Kaiser Wilhelm II of the Russian admiral's uniform. Nicholas II also received a German admiral's uniform.

But for all its attractiveness, the ceremonial military uniform was uncomfortable. It hampered movement, it was difficult or even impossible to sit in it. It got dirty easily. The trousers were especially inconvenient. In the cavalry regiment, for example, white leggings made of moose leather were worn wet so that they fit the figure perfectly. Because of his uniform, Nicholas I often suffered, who loved to dress smartly. Painful abrasions on the body from uniforms forced him for several days to remain hopelessly in the inner premises of the palace.

Uniforms of cuirassier regiments: 1. Life Guards Cavalry Regiment; 2. Cavalry regiment; 3. His Majesty's Life Cuirassier Regiment (b. - 1812, and. - from April 1813); 4. Her Majesty's Life Cuirassier Regiment; 5. Astrakhan regiment; 6. Military Order Regiment; 7. Ekaterinoslavsky regiment; 8. Little Russian regiment; 9. Glukhovsky regiment; 10. Novgorod regiment; 11. Pskov regiment (from December 17, 1812); 12. Starodubsky regiment (from December 17, 1812) ..

Portrait of Life-Hussar Colonel Evgraf Vladimirovich Davydov in Doloman. O. Kiprensky

Officer's Circassian coat of the Life-Guards Cossack Hundreds (1829-1855) (Museum of the Guard, St. Petersburg)

Chekmen

Military uniforms were distinguished by a wide variety of styles, colors and designs. This is especially true for the cavalry. Cuirassiers wore tunic uniforms; hussars - dolman; lancers - jackets; Cossacks - chekmeni or Circassian... The cut of the pants was different, special form had headdresses. The color of the uniform indicated either the type of troops or the military unit. The design of the uniform was called instrument(from the word clean up, decorate). The device was divided into cloth (collars, cuffs, edging, lapels, etc.) and metal (gold or silver embroidery, braids, buttons, epaulettes, aiguillettes, etc.). The device told about the officer's belonging to the branch of the army and the military unit and indicated the rank.

Historical mosaic

Field Marshal Prince A. And Baryatinsky.

Some military personnel (especially from royal family), there were several uniforms worn by different cases... A spoiler of fate and a favorite of the court was the field marshal, Prince A. And Baryatinsky. Here is what a contemporary recalled about him: “In the state, he is zero. In the palace - something like a visiting friend. " Baryatinsky told jokes at court, joked and ... constantly changed uniforms. I dined with their imperial majesties in cuirassier in honor of the empress. In honor of the sovereign, the next day he dined in a hussar's uniform. On the occasion of the birthday of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich, he wore an adjutant general. On the occasion of the regimental holiday, he sported in Kabardian. Etc.

FOR GENTLEMAN CHILDREN

Shoulder straps of the Imperial Cadet Corps Russian empire.

Back in 1732, by personal decree Russian empress Anna Ioannovna was established in Russia cadet corps... This is a privileged educational institution closed type prepared for military and civil service exclusively noble children. It was located in the building of the former Menshikov Palace. Field Marshal B.K.Minich was appointed Chief Director. Being at the same time the president of the State Military Collegium, he showed real concern for the cadet corps. The discipline in the corps was maintained the strictest, and the guilty were faced with severe punishment. But the most worthy pupils on Sundays and holidays were released on leave.

The training program in the corps was very extensive, since graduates could be not only in military service, but also in civilian, including diplomatic. The pupils also studied horse riding and fencing.

For solemn marches, each company had its own multi-colored banner with the empress's golden monogram.

In 1752 the Naval Cadet Corps.

The cadet corps were under the special care of the government. Catherine II devoted to the buildings serious attention... During her reign, along with various rewards for academic success, an award medal with a corresponding inscription was instituted for the pupils of the corps. "For diligence and good behavior".

In addition to the award medal for wearing in cadet corps, awards were also introduced commemorative medals for storage. They were classified into three grades: "Successful", "Achieving", "Achieving".

IN last years autocracy cadet corps already existed in almost every provincial town. In our time, these schools are reborn.

Historical mosaic

Paizza (baisa) of Abdul Khan

At the beginning of the second millennium, the Mongol rulers, khans, supplied their people with special gold or silver plaques. The instructions of the khans were carved on these tablets, and such a metal object was called baisa¹ ... Baysa was hung from the belt, and the inscription on it was placed vertically. Thus, the baisa served as the ambassador's credentials.

The type of baisa depended on the rank of the official to whom it was awarded by the khan. The higher the rank, the more honors the official deserved, the better the baisa looked. The leader of the khan's hundreds of soldiers received a silver baisa. Thousand-meter - gold or silver gilded. The ten-thousander received a golden baisa with the image of a lion's head. The chiefs over one hundred thousand soldiers also received golden plaques, but of greater weight and with the image of a lion below, and above the sun and moon. The princes of the khan's court were given a baisa with the image of a gyrfalcon. The inscription on the baise could be of this kind: "By the power of the eternal sky, whoever does not obey the khan's command, let him be killed."

On the basis of such baisa, the khan's envoys received horses on the way, took food and fulfilled any of their wishes. Those who did not want to obey Bayse were in for a short reprisal.

¹ Baysa- from the Chinese "peizets" - a tablet, a tablet.

Military uniforms in Russia (as well as in other countries) arose earlier than all others. The main requirements that they had to satisfy were functional convenience, uniformity in the arms and types of troops, a clear difference from the armies of other countries.

The attitude towards the military uniform in Russia has always been very interested and even loving. The uniform served as a reminder of military valor, honor and a high sense of military comradeship. It was believed that military uniform was the most elegant and attractive men's clothing. All that has been said refers primarily to the ceremonial uniform, which was worn on solemn occasions and was intended for this very purpose.

Military uniforms were a special object of attention and even addictions of the emperors, in particular because in the XIX - early XX centuries. only they were wearing them. Also in childhood boys from the royal family in the form of toys received colorful figurines of tin soldiers and pictures depicting the uniforms of different regiments. For them, uniforms were sewn that exactly corresponded to the real ones.

Any changes in military uniforms were carried out only with the approval of the emperors, often on their initiative, and sometimes according to their own drawings. All this caused attention to the military uniform of the entire "high society". In his diary, PA Valuev on January 6, 1874 notes, for example: "Field Marshal Count Berg died today. It is difficult to replace him ... The military [the same] talk about another event: the sovereign at the exit [in Winter Palace] was wearing a scarf "(this general's dress belt - silver with black and orange stitching and tassels - was canceled back in 1855).

There was strict supervision over the observance of the rules for wearing military uniforms both in the ranks and outside of it, and the guilty party for violating these rules could pay with the guardhouse.

The addiction to military uniform was so great that the right to wear it began to be seen as a reward, and the direct award of uniforms became widespread. In some cases, such an award was associated with an appointment as chief - honorary commander of military units. This was especially true for members of the imperial family. Even special military uniforms were made for the empresses - the chiefs of the regiments. In other cases, the uniform was awarded in memory of the previous service in this military unit. Finally, the uniforms of the military units subordinate to them could complain to the highest military ranks.

The custom of appointing representatives of the ruling dynasties of friendly countries (on a reciprocal basis) as chiefs of military units was widespread in Europe in the 19th century. as a gesture of peacefulness. The award of the uniform of the corresponding branch of the army as one of the external manifestations of patronage was commonplace. We have already mentioned that William II received the Russian admiral's uniform. Nicholas II also received the same German uniform. Back in the middle of the century, many members of the royal family had Prussian military uniforms, which were worn, in particular, during the visits of representatives of the Prussian royal house to Russia. In January 1869 P. A. Valuev wrote in his diary: "A big dinner in the palace in Concert hall in honor of the Crown Prince of Prussia. The sovereign and all the great dukes in Prussian uniforms. "

In 1886, the former head of the III Division and the chief of the gendarme corps, and then the ambassador to England, Adjutant General Count P.A. Shuvalov was granted a dandy "white uniform" - the uniform of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment - because he started his service. In November of the same year, Shuvalov "in full ceremonial horse guards uniform" attended the regimental festival of the Semenovsky regiment.

Some military men (especially from the royal family) had several uniforms, which they put on on different occasions. Here is what P.A.Valuev tells about diary entry dated January 2, 1876 about Field Marshal Prince A.I.Baryatinsky, in 1856-1862. the governor of the emperor in the Caucasus: "After a brilliant and happy military career, Prince Baryatinsky turned ... into a darling of fortune and palace caresses. In the state he is zero. In the palace he is something like a visiting friend ... He tells anecdotes, jokes and is kind to the worn The other day he dined with their imperial majesties in the cuirassier in honor of the empress, yesterday he again dined, probably in the hussar in honor of the sovereign, today he is in the adjutant general on the occasion of the birthday of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich, on the 6th he will be in Kabardian on the occasion of the regimental holiday ... ".

For all its external attractiveness, the front military uniform when worn, it caused great inconvenience: it hampered movements, it was difficult or even impossible to sit in it, it was a brand. Pants caused a lot of inconvenience. In the cavalry regiment, for example, white leggings made of moose leather were worn wet so that they fit the figure perfectly. Nicholas I, who loved to dress smartly, had to stay in the inner rooms of the palace for several days due to painful abrasions on his body from his uniform.

Therefore, out of order, even among the highest military ranks, two tendencies manifested themselves: on the one hand, comically petty passions around uniform etiquette, and on the other, a desire to shorten the time in a ceremonial uniform as much as possible. Here are two episodes noted by A.A. Polovtsov (1884). As indicative, "distinguished by an extremely small amount," the memoirist wrote down the following story to him by Field Marshal General and Field Marshal General, Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich (Uncle Alexander III), who had just returned from Germany: And he asks me why I am doing this. I answer: "Because in your telegram allowing me to come, you did not say anything about the form." At the same time ... Grand Duke He smiled subtly and said: "Lesson: let him not forget another time." Of course, not a word about business ... "Another conversation between Polovtsev and the same Mikhail Nikolaevich:" As usual, he is concerned and interested in "higher and important" questions, for example: "I was at the Metropolitan's yesterday to congratulate him on the occasion of his anniversary. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was also there with Alexandra Iosifovna, and both reprimanded Vladimir (Vladimir Alexandrovich is the brother of Alexander III, commander-in-chief of the Guards and the St. What do you think? Vladimir went home from the Metropolitan, took off his dress uniform and went to see his uncle in a frock coat! .. The same thing, and Sergei Alexandrovich came to congratulate me on November 8, also in a frock coat ... ".

Military uniforms were distinguished by a wide variety of styles, colors and designs. Styles not only changed over time (which was characteristic of all uniforms), but also adapted to the needs of each branch and type of troops. The uniforms in the cavalry were especially diverse: instead of the usual caftans, the cuirassiers had a special kind of short tunic uniforms; hussars - dolman; lancers - jackets; Cossacks - Chekmeni or Circassians; The cut of their trousers was different, and their hats had a special shape. The color of the uniform indicated either the type of troops (infantry, artillery, etc.), or the military unit (regiment). The decoration of the uniform was usually called a device (from tidying up, decorating). The device differed in cloth (colored collars, cuffs, valves, edging, lapels, folds, cap bands, etc.) and metal - gold or silver embroidery on the uniform, braids, buttons , shoulder straps, epaulettes, aiguillettes etc. The device carried basic information about the belonging of the officer (and the general) to the branch of the army and the military unit, and most importantly, it indicated his rank. Usually a metal device was a sign of the uniforms of the guards and officers in the army.

Let us note only the main moments in the history of the army officer (and general) uniform, as the most common and more clearly reflecting the main features of military uniforms in general.

The first information about military uniforms in Russia dates back to 1661, when each of the rifle regiments received caftans, hats and boots special color. With the advent of foreign regiments, the military uniform was modernized and brought closer to Western European (mainly German) models. In 1720, for the first time, wide caftans of the same color were introduced for different types of troops: in the infantry they were dark green with red turn-down collars and cuffs, with red camisoles and knee-length pants; among dragoons (cavalry, fighting both on horseback and on foot) - blue (from 1775 - green) with white collars and cuffs (from 1732 - red), with white moose camisoles and trousers (from 1764 . - in red); the artillerymen and engineers had all red uniforms with blue collars and cuffs (in 1740 g. collars and cuffs became black velvet, and camisoles and trousers from 1764 - white). The caftans had pockets on the sides. For the convenience of movement, the floors of caftans were first wrapped only on the march, and from 1732 - constantly. The uniforms were complemented by colored epanches (raincoats) and triangular hats.

These colors, according to the types of troops, existed for almost the entire 18th century. However, deviations from them were quite frequent, which was due either to the lack of cloth of the desired color, or to the desire to single out individual military units, especially the guards.

In 1763, the form of military uniforms underwent some changes: caftans became narrower, turn-down collars and the cuffs are replaced by overhead cuffs, the sides on the chest are turned away and form colored lapels. In 1786, at the initiative of G.A.Potemkin, a new reform of army uniforms was carried out, which made them simpler and more comfortable: the hem of the caftans was shortened (why the uniform is called a half-caftan), the collar again becomes turn-down (while keeping the lapels), the pockets are moved back (vertical , internal), the floors are turned away only at the front. In 1797, Paul I again returned the uniforms of the 1763 model. Subsequently, three changes were made to their style: the collar was raised, a fake flap was added to the cuffs, the uniforms of guards officers and officers of the suite received gold or silver embroidery on the chest, collar, cuffs and pocket flaps. However, already in 1802, military uniforms were replaced by new ones, in accordance with the fashion of the time, significantly different in style from all the previous ones.

And in the 18th century, and later, officer (and general) uniforms differed from soldiers only in the quality of cloth and tailor's work. Insignia of officers until the 1760s. and under Paul I, protazans and espantons served - a special kind of pike, as well as some accessories that complemented the uniforms: shields, scarves, shoulder straps(epaulettes), aiguillettes and special sewing (or galloons). Lapel shields(hung around the neck) had the shape of a thickened crescent: silver - for chief officers and gilded - for headquarters officers (in 1808-1827 they differed in ranks). Woven scarves, which consisted of red, blue and silver stripes, were originally worn over the right shoulder and tied at the left hip. For junior officers, they ended with tassels of silver thread, and for senior officers, of gold. Since 1742, scarves began to be worn like sashes at the waist, and since the 1760s. got black and orange colors. Shoulder straps(from driving, directing) or epaulettes (shoulder pads) appeared as early as 1732 in the form of plaits woven from metal threads, sometimes with a brush at the end. They were worn in the 18th century. only on the left shoulder. At one time, by their field, it was possible to determine the rank of an officer. The direct purpose of epaulettes (epaulettes) was to hold the sling of cartridge bags on the shoulder. In the middle of the century appear aiguillettes- cords of silver or gold threads, which in the form of two large loops and ends with tips hung from the right shoulder. Originally aiguillette was, as it were, a continuation of the wicker epaulette. Later, the loops of the aiguillette began to cover the sleeve and, together with the ends, were pulled up to the buttons on the chest of the uniform. At the end of the century aiguillettes became a mandatory accessory for the uniforms of adjutants and officers of the General Staff. There are several versions of the origin and purpose of aiguillettes. According to one of them, aiguillette is the measuring cord and the tips are pencils. According to another, aiguillettes appeared during the struggle of the Netherlands against Spain for independence and meant the willingness of the rebels to perish - to be hanged on the ropes worn by them as a sign of contempt for the enslavers. A special sign of the field marshal in the 18th century. became a marshal's baton, resembling a telescope or a card case.

There is evidence that already in the first quarter XVIII in. officers 'and generals' uniforms (at least in the guards) were trimmed with gold lace. Since 1764, this difference has been established in general order and is differentiated by rank. The uniforms of the chief officers began to be trimmed along the sides, collars, cuffs and pocket valves with narrow gold or silver braid, the uniforms of majors and lieutenant colonels - wide, and the uniforms of colonels - wide and narrow braid. Caftans and camisoles of generals similarly began to be decorated with embroidery in the form of garlands of laurel leaves: for brigadiers - half the width of a garland, for major generals - with a full garland, for lieutenant generals - with two garlands, and for general-in-chiefs and general-field marshals - two with half garlands, the latter having additionally narrow sewing along the seams of the sleeves and the back. Galloons and sewing also relied on hats. The same uniforms without galloons and sewing were everyday uniform... In 1796, galloons and sewing were abolished, as a result of which the uniforms of officers and generals lost a noticeable difference. The badge of the general's rank was a twisted epaulette on the right shoulder, turning into aiguillette made of golden threads.

With the accession of Alexander I, military uniforms were modernized: in 1802 they received a high standing collar that did not converge in front (in 1812 it was made lower and began to be fastened with hooks), skirt the uniform was cut out at the front, the coattails had a lining of colored cloth and were placed on top of each other at the back, the horizontal pockets were moved back. Until 1826, the uniforms were double-breasted, then they became single-breasted and received colored edging along the side and at the waist. Camisoles are shortened and turned into vests. The uniforms were complemented by white pantaloons (then they changed color several times) worn in boots. Frock coats (1809) and greatcoats with caps are introduced. The front corner of the triangular hats was raised (the hats remained triangular, but vertical). In 1807-1844. are spreading the shako.

As the main insignia of an officer's distinction, colored cloth was introduced in 1802. shoulder straps trimmed along the edges with galloon. In 1807, they were replaced by epaulettes, which were a cloth, galloon or metal oblong plate, ending at the edge of the shoulder with a round thickened field. For generals, this field was framed with gold or silver fringe, for headquarters officers, the fringe was thin, and for chief officers it was absent.

When the Corps of Railway Engineers was formed in 1809, the General and officers it received stars on the epaulettes, accurately indicating the rank. The engineer-general was entitled to three stars, the lieutenant-general - two and the major-general - one; the colonel - three stars, the lieutenant colonel - two and the major - one; the captain - three stars, the lieutenant - two, the second lieutenant - one; the ensign was not supposed to have stars. In 1827, stars on epaulets were installed in the army in the general order, but the system of designating ranks was different: for the ensign - one, for the second lieutenant - two, for the lieutenant - three, for the captain - four, the captain was not supposed to have stars; the major had two, the lieutenant colonel had three, the colonel had epaulettes without stars; the major general had two stars, the lieutenant general had three, the full general had no stars. On the epaulettes of the field marshals, two crossed marshal's batons were depicted. The presence of two asterisks on the epaulettes of major generals was explained by the existence of the earlier brigadier rank. Two asterisks on the Major's epaulettes were set for analogy with the Major General's, or perhaps "reminded" of the existence in the 18th century. rank of Major Seconds. In 1854, generals and officers received, in addition to epaulettes, galloon shoulder straps on a colored cloth backing for wearing on overcoats (and then on frock coats), on which ranks were indicated by longitudinal gaps in the braid and asterisks. The chief officers had one gap, the headquarters officers had two gaps, the generals had no gaps in the shoulder straps (and the braid had a zigzag pattern). The star system was the same as on the epaulettes. The colors of the gaps and edging along the edges indicated the type of service and the military unit.

Others important sign differences between officers and generals from the beginning of the 19th century. there was gold or silver embroidery on collars, cuffs and pocket flaps of uniforms (since that time there was no chest sewing in the military department). The actual sewing could be replaced with galloon or buttonholes (imitation of buttonholes; sometimes such buttonholes called coils). The volume of sewing for generals, headquarters and chief officers was the same, and its color and pattern differed according to the types of troops and military units. In 1808, special embroidery was established for the generals in the form of gold or silver oak leaves; in the early 1880s. this sewing was replaced by galloon, but restored in 1908.

In 1855, the style of military uniforms was changed again: they received a full skirt, became double-breasted, their pockets remained at the back, but turned into vertical ones (on the sides of the back section of the skirt). Back in 1848, the same style was introduced in the units of the Caucasian army. In the 1860s. collars became the same color as the uniforms; at the same time, wide flaps appeared on them (to the rear edge of the shoulder straps), by the color of which it was possible to judge the officer's belonging to one of the four regiments of the division. Since the 1840s. the main military headdress becomes a helmet. In 1862 it is replaced by caps French model with a forward beveled crown and a colored or galloon band with a cockade, which existed until the early 1880s. In 1872, all uniforms, which were not supposed to have lapels, were replaced with single-breasted ones. In 1881-1882. uniforms have lost buttons and began to fasten with hooks. The left side of the uniforms had been widened shortly before; pockets were moved to the sides (welt with flaps); edging were destroyed, except for the collar (and in the guard and airborne). Instead of caps came into use caps with colored crowns and bands, and for winter time - merlushka hats (both with cockades). In 1907, the uniforms of the 1855 model were restored (in a shortened form). At the same time, tunics with pockets on the chest and sides appeared as part of the uniform. In 1913, a combined marching parade uniform was introduced for the army (except for cavalry): tunic fastened with embroidered gold or silver ( engineering troops) collar, shoulder straps were replaced by epaulettes, and a colored lapel with two rows of buttons was fastened on the chest. The first that began soon after World War forced the generals and officers to completely abandon the dress uniform and switch to tunics and tunics with field shoulder straps, khaki caps and soldier's greatcoats.

Text p. 93-102 from the book:
L.E. Shepelev. Titles, uniforms, orders in the Russian Empire. Leningrad, "Science", Leningrad Branch, 1991.

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