Chkalovskaya secondary school No. 1

North Kazakhstan region

Yaroshinskaya Svetlana Edmundovna

History and Social Studies Teacher

“The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth”

Content:

2. Features of youth subcultures, conflict of youth subcultures.

3. The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth.

6. Interview with representatives of youth subcultures, a youth affairs specialist.

List of usedliterature.

1. What is a youth subculture? Main features.

The increased role of youth subcultures in modern society can be explained by understanding the role played by subculture.

youth subculture - this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes. Youth subcultures can be defined as a system of meanings, means of expression, and lifestyles. Created by groups of youth, subcultures reflect attempts to resolve contradictions associated with a broader social context. Subcultures are not some kind of foreign formation; on the contrary, they are deeply accelerated in the general socio-cultural context. Entering adolescence, the individual withdraws from the family and looks for a new company that allows him to undergo socialization. Official youth organizations group teenagers of the same age, but often claim only a “social (public) life”, without affecting personal life. That is why young people prefer not the official structure, but the youth subculture, where they have the opportunity to realize themselves at the level of social communications in their social environment. Participation in a subculture is“a game of adulthood”, where young people construct some semblance of life situations and learn how to behave in them.

Subculture is a system of values, behavior patterns, and lifestyle of a social group, which is an independent integral formation within the framework of the dominant culture.

Subcultures change so quickly and are so diverse in one single period of time within one large space that sometimes it is not even possible to name them.

In fact, the main thing in the concept of subculture is the prefix sub-, which denotes a naked structural confrontation directed against the phenomena of the larger culture

Representatives of a subculture have their own culture, their own so much so that, having a common spoken language with the larger culture, they put into the same words other sensations, other concepts, behind all this there is a fundamentally different symbolism.

Under subculture should be understood the main characteristics of social values, norms and preferences of adolescents, reflected in the social position and other forms of self-realization of the individual. Thus, any subculture is a way of expressing the individuality of young people.

According to modern point of view subculture is a special area of ​​culture . Let's just say this education within culture, which is distinguished by its own values ​​and customs. This is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common lifestyle, behavior, and group norms. If a young man develops an unusual style of clothing, behavior, or statements - all of these may be signs of belonging to a certain subculture. Of course, each subculture keeps its own “secret”, hidden, intended exclusively for initiates. In many of its features, the youth subculture simply repeats the television subculture, which molds a convenient viewer for itself.

2. Features of youth subcultures, conflict between them.

There are features that characterize the youth subculture as a whole. Scientists characterize one of these features as alienation from the older generation, his cultural values, ideals. It did not arise today and looks like a lack of meaning in life. Against this background, it is increasingly obvious that the youth subculture is turning into a counterculture with its own ideals, fashion, language and art.

Leisure increasingly becoming the main sphere of life activity of young people. True life for her begins beyond the threshold of school. Young people go into leisure as if into a protective shell, where they are truly free. The main elements of leisure are: rest, active physical activity, entertainment, self-education, creativity, reflection, celebration. The communicative, aesthetic, emotional, cognitive, and entertainment functions of culture and leisure are most fully realized.

One of specific features youth subculture is " Westernization" (Americanization) of cultural needs and interests. Values national culture are being replaced by examples of Western mass culture. Accordingly, the value palette of teenage consciousness changes, where the main roles are played by pragmatism, cruelty, and an immoderate desire for material success. Accordingly, highly revered values, such as politeness and respect for others, are squeezed out of the value set of young people. In choosing cultural idols, modern youth often follows the requirements of a group environment (party) and fashion trends, rather than their own choice or the advice of their parents. Those who disagree with the group risk joining the ranks of “outcasts,” “not interesting,” and “not prestigious” people.
Thus, youth subculture- this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common lifestyle, behavior, group norms, values ​​and stereotypes.

The subculture, to which mostly young people belong, is a certain choice about what clothes to wear, what music to listen to, what values ​​to believe in, and, above all, what group to belong to. In a big city, young people can choose from many such groups. They arise even within national communities.
The huge variety of youth associations entails certain conflicts, which are mainly personal in nature and result in confrontation between young people who consider themselves to be different subcultural associations.
Any youth subculture has certain rules, sometimes “unwritten” traditions, values, even views on the same situations or incidents of several subcultures can differ radically, and each subculture considers its opinion the most correct, accurate and relevant. The main difference between conflicts in youth subcultures and conflicts occurring among adults is that the older generation is able to be more tolerant and correct in their attitude towards outside opinions, or at least only respond verbally to the identification of any obvious contradictions or differences in views ( debate and seek compromise). Young people react more temperamentally to such manifestations of “otherness” of someone directly from their social group and try with all their might to change this, but, encountering opposition and the reluctance of the opposite side to submit, they try, again thanks to youthful egocentrism, to solve a similar problem physical strength. It is from such situations that youth conflicts, intergroup showdowns, determination of right, wrong, guilty and victims arise.
Conflict within a culture always has a subordinate place, since it destroys the traditional mechanisms of its self-preservation and sustainable development. There is also a possible conflict here between the cultural and civilizational foundations of society, represented by different social groups. In particular, between different subcultures.
3. The influence of subcultures on the spiritual and moral development of youth.

Adolescence, especially from 13-15 years old, is the age of formation of moral beliefs, principles that a teenager begins to guide his behavior. At this age, interest in ideological issues appears, such as the emergence of life on Earth, the origin of man, and the meaning of life. Forming in a teenager a correct attitude to reality and stable beliefs must be given paramount importance, because It is at this age that the foundations of conscious, principled behavior in society are laid, which make themselves felt in the future.

A teenager’s moral beliefs are formed under the influence of the surrounding reality. They may be erroneous, incorrect, distorted. This occurs in cases where they develop under the influence of random circumstances, the bad influence of the street, and unseemly actions.

In close connection with the formation of moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals. This makes them significantly different from younger schoolchildren. Research has shown that adolescents' ideals come in two main forms. In a teenager younger age The ideal is the image of a specific person, in whom he sees the embodiment of qualities that he highly values. With age, a young person experiences a noticeable “movement” from images of close people to images of people with whom he does not directly communicate. Older teenagers begin to make higher demands on their ideal. In this regard, they begin to realize that those around them, even those they love and respect very much, are for the most part ordinary people, good and worthy of respect, but are not the ideal embodiment of the human personality.

In the development of young people’s knowledge of the surrounding reality, a moment comes when the object of knowledge becomes a person, his inner world. It is in adolescence that a focus on learning and assessing the moral and psychological qualities of others arises.

Along with the growth of such interest in other people, adolescents begin to form and develop self-awareness, the need to understand and evaluate their personal qualities.

By analyzing, we can generalize and identify the following age-related features characteristic of adolescence:

The need for energy discharge;

The need for self-education; active search for an ideal;

Lack of emotional adaptation;

Exposure emotional contagion;

Criticality;

Uncompromising;

Need for autonomy;

Aversion to care;

The importance of independence as such;

Sharp fluctuations in character and level of self-esteem;

Interest in personality traits;

The need to be;

The need to mean something;

The need for popularity.

Teenagers have a desire to study their “I”, to understand what they are capable of. During this period, they strive to assert themselves, especially in the eyes of their peers, and to get away from everything childish. They are less and less family oriented and turn to them. Teenagers who have lost their bearings and have no support from adults try to find an ideal or role model. Thus, teenagers adhere to one or another informal organization. A feature of informal associations is the voluntariness of joining them and a stable interest in a specific goal or idea. The second feature of these groups is rivalry, which is based on the need for self-affirmation. A young man strives to do something better than others, to get ahead of even the people closest to him in something. This leads to the fact that within youth groups they are heterogeneous and consist of a large number of microgroups united on the basis of likes and dislikes. It is in the space of informal communication that a teenager’s primary, independent choice of his social environment and partner is possible. It is generally accepted that the main thing for teenagers in informal groups is the opportunity to relax and spend free time. WITH sociological point In our opinion, this is wrong: “bullshit” is one of the last places on the list of what attracts young people to informal associations - only a little more than 7% say this. About 5% find an opportunity to communicate with like-minded people in an informal environment. For 11%, the most important thing is the conditions for developing their abilities that arise in informal groups.

4.Acquaintance with types of subcultures.

The study of youth subcultures has long been an important area of ​​sociology of youth. Youth movements can be divided into the following groups:
- Music-related, music fans, followers of the culture of musical styles: rockers, metalheads, punks, goths, rappers, trance culture.
- Distinguished by a certain worldview and way of life: goths, hippies, Indianists, punks, Rastafarians.
- Related to sports: sports fans, roller skaters, skaters, street bikers, bikers.
- Associated with games, escape into another reality: role-players, Tolkienists, gamers.
- Related to computer technology: hackers, users, gamers.
- Hostile or antisocial groups: punks, skinheads, RNE, Gopniks, Lubers, Nazis, periodically: football fans and metalheads.
- Religious associations: Satanists, sects, Hare Krishnas, Indianists.
- Contemporary art groups: graffiti artists, break dancers, contemporary artists, sculptors, musical groups.
- Elite: majors, ravers.
- Antique subcultures: beatniks, rockabilly.
- Subculture of the masses or counterculture: gopniks, rednecks.
- Socially active: societies for the protection of history and the environment, pacifists.

1
.Emo.V Lately The emo trend is becoming very popular among young people. But not everyone knows what it is! If we talk about emo as a concept, then we can say that emo is not just a trend, but a special way of life and thinking of people. The word emo comes from the word emotion. Emo people live only by emotions, regardless of whether they are positive or negative. For people in this category, expressing feelings through emotions is not a sign of weakness, but a completely natural state. Emo kids in a crowd are as easy to spot as goths. To fully express their emotions and feelings, emo kids write poetry and songs, and enjoy photography and drawing. Who is this emo kid? If we literally translate each word, it turns out that emo is emotions, and kid is a child. Together we get an emotional child. But in the Emovian direction this is
teaches that each of us remains a child at heart. Emo kids, how children perceive the world. They find joy in some little things, and even the most insignificant loss or failure can greatly upset them. But there is another type of emo kid. E then those who do not hide their emotions and perceive the world in a special way only because they simply want to join the company of emo people. Such a peculiar shell is just an image, or just an empty picture with nothing behind it. Basically, the emo craze among emo kids goes away very quickly. They are not afraid of the opinions of others and easily demonstrate their feelings. Emo kids often rush from one emotional extreme to another: from grief to happiness, from sadness to joy, etc. These are the features that make emo stand out from other subcultures. There is a stereotypical idea of ​​emo as whiny boys and girls. First of all, for representatives of this subculture, the main values ​​are: reason, feelings, emotions. The ability to combine these 3 components is the main essence of emo. The emo kid is a vulnerable, depressed person who really dreams of pure and happy love. Representatives of this trend, as a rule, wear black or pink hair, side bangs that cover half of the face (a symbol of the fact that the emo kid is only half open to the world), and short hair sticking out in different directions at the back. Girls can have childish, funny hairstyles - two small ponytails, bright hairpins on the sides, bows and hearts. Black and pink clothes mean mixed feelings (i.e. black means depression, and pink means joy and other positive emotions.) Also, emo kids heavily line their eyes with black pencil and paint their nails with black polish, regardless of gender. Another distinctive feature of an emo is piercing, which means there is no fear of pain. It is mainly done on the face. Also the presence of bright badges and multi-colored bracelets and beads. Typical emo shoes are sneakers. Emo music appeared in the 80s of the twentieth century in the USA - as one of the branches of hard rock. Love and death is the favorite scenario of emo musicians, who are also characterized by romanticism, sophistication and feelings and a pure, childish perception of the world.

2. Goths.

Also, there is such a movement as goths. They replaced the punks in 1979 in the UK. This subculture has outlived many of its peers and continues to develop. Her figurative system and cultural preferences clearly demonstrate a connection with the ideals of Gothic literature dating back to the nineteenth century.

G It is common for fathers to wear black clothes, as well as hair color and makeup. Clothing styles can range from punk to medieval. In addition, here you can find outfits victorian era. Girls wear corsets, leather skirts or Long Dresses, and Gothic men prefer black cloaks or camisoles with a black raised collar. The general trend lies in sad, sometimes even mournful, mystical motives and appearance. The Goths have a strange attraction to everything dark and mysterious. Their style is distinguished by dark colors, mourning, sometimes combined with eroticism. The typical Goth look includes black hair, black nails, and bright black eyeliner. Hairstyle plays a huge role. Basically it is long straight hair, or a large bun, lifted up with gel. The Goths prefer jewelry made of silver, in the form of various symbols of death. Decorations with skulls, coffins, crosses, etc. The Goths also have a love for cemeteries, tombstones and crypts. Purely Gothic symbols include bats, vampires and similar images.

3. Rockers.

E Other representatives of the black color are rockers. The word rockers originally served to define British youth in Britain in the sixties of the last century. They allowed themselves to cross the roads on motorcycles in a very disrespectful manner. Their movement appeared in the fifties, during the era of rock and roll. However, the first rockers were united by only one principle - the manner of riding a motorcycle, and only then the concept of style appeared. These guys could drive at 160 kilometers per hour on London's ring roads.

The rocker style was born out of necessity and practicality. Rockers wear leather motorcycle jackets, abundantly decorated with buttons, patches, stripes and pins. The rocker's hairstyle can, in principle, depend on personal preference, but it is often described as a smoothed or, on the contrary, enhanced pompadour hairstyle that characterizes the representatives of rock and roll of the fifties.

The main segment of the rocker subculture in the USSR was music. But besides the positive attitude towards music, there is another side to rocker culture. This is the abuse of drugs, alcohol, cigarettes. Unlike other subcultures, this particular subculture tends to promote things that destroy health. Ideally, a rocker is a well-read person who understands the social situation, knows how to think independently and draw conclusions, which he sets out in appropriate lyrics set to music. We associate Viktor Tsoi, Vyacheslav Butusov, Andrey Makarevich and others with such rock legends. Russian rock is a separate concept that has no analogues, but is very respected in the rest of the world.

4. Skinheads.

I would also like to tell you about the skinhead subculture, which has spread to last decade throughout Europe, North America and other continents. Skinheads got their name from their appearance: namely, their spherical and shaved heads. These are representatives of the working class, whose subculture was founded in Great Britain in the sixties of the last century.

The main external sign of skinheads is their hairstyle. The hair is cut very short, or some areas of the head are shaved. Skinheads are dressed in thick leather jackets in black or green. The feet are wearing heavy military-style shoes, often with titanium plates. Representatives of this trend hold tattoos in high esteem. Just like all subcultures, skinheads have their own music, for example ska, reggae.

5. Gopniks. Gopnik is a representative of a subculture that was formed as a result of the infiltration of criminal aesthetics into the working environment. Close to the hooligans. Gopnikov is distinguished by the use of thieves' jargon, very low level intellectual and spiritual development, a tendency towards violence, a disdainful attitude towards law and order in general, as well as towards the police and law-abiding citizens. Unlike most informal groups and youth associations, Gopniks did not assign any names to the rest of the population and did not distinguish themselves as separate group relative to the entire population. Thus, Gopniks do not recognize themselves as a subculture. Gopniks themselves do not call themselves gopniks, they call each other “boys.” They spend most of their time outside, with favorite places including parks, squares, bus stops, garages and courtyards at kindergartens. Gopniks, as a rule, are children from disadvantaged families. Also, our state, the media and mass culture in general contribute to the cultivation of gopniks. For example, watching television series about bandits, films with violence and cruelty, and much, much more. They are usually dressed in tracksuits, a cap or baseball cap, and cheap sneakers.

The following main features of subcultures are identified:

1) Informal groups do not have official status.

2) Weakly defined internal structure.

3) Most associations have weakly expressed interests.

4) Weak internal connections.

5) It is very difficult to identify a leader.

6) They do not have a program of activities.

7) They act on the initiative of a small group from the outside.

8) They represent an alternative to government structures.

9) Very difficult to classify in an orderly manner.

Young people name the following reasons for “going underground”:

1) Challenge to society, protest.

2) Challenge to the family, misunderstanding in the family.

3) Reluctance to be like everyone else.

4) The desire will establish itself in the new environment.

5) Attract attention to yourself.

6) The area of ​​organizing leisure time for young people in the country is underdeveloped.

7) Copying Western structures, trends, culture.

8) Religious ideological beliefs.

9) Tribute to fashion.

10) Lack of purpose in life.

11) Influence of criminal structures, hooliganism.

12) Age hobbies.

While working on the project, we found material that provides the necessary conditions for the success of social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of unofficial youth subcultures: the nature of the interaction between the teacher and the high school student; constructive dialogue presupposes:

- the presence of an agreement as a cultural mechanism regulating the relationship between a teacher and a high school student,

- communication is based on the unconditional acceptance of the student, no matter what ideas he shares or promotes,

- consulting the pupil about the possibilities of the social environment and institutions in resolving socialization problems;

- emotional support for both the act itself and the principle of freedom of choice.

- equipping pupils with the missing means of self-understanding.

An important condition for the effectiveness of social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of youth subcultures is the creation of a club community based on youth subcultural practices, which promotes:

- emancipation, self-acceptance by the pupil,

- student's mastery various options self-presentation in socially acceptable forms,

- the student’s mastery of ways to solve communicative problems (including constructive dialogue with adults and representatives of other subcultures).

The organization of experimentation and self-expression in the sphere of youth subculture is carried out through the construction of unique “carnival” platforms, where, during various kinds of fun, games, competitions, processions, participants can experiment with their appearance, try on the attributes of representatives of a particular subculture. At carnival sites, an important role is played by the socio-psychological atmosphere of looseness, which is ensured by the protection of schoolchildren from sanctions from subjects of social education and agents of subcultures. For full experimentation and self-expression of students in the field of youth subculture, the teacher must accept the style of the subculture as a model of students’ self-realization.

The methodology for providing social and pedagogical assistance to high school students - representatives of youth subcultures requires a combination of group and individual forms of work.

The appearance of the teacher should correspond to the main fashion trends in order to attract and win over students, however, elements of clothing should not express a preferential attitude towards any of the subcultures. The ability to attune a person to oneself through words and actions is an important component of the image.

Activities of the teacher in providing social and pedagogical assistance in group work can be revealed through a list of pedagogical tasks aimed at:

- creating a positive emotional climate in the group;

- the teenager gaining experience of constructive interaction with others;

- expanding knowledge about ways and options for expressing and presenting oneself to others;

- gaining experience of self-expression in this group;

- mastering ways of discussing, comprehending and understanding the meanings of symbols and meanings inherent in various subcultures, awareness of one’s individual characteristics.

Creating a positive emotional climate in the group is important so that schoolchildren feel comfortable, treat each other tolerantly, are not afraid to talk about themselves, and do not hesitate to experiment.

To a young man he needs to determine the boundaries of his real capabilities, find out what he is capable of, and establish himself in society. This can be confirmed by the following quote from Erikson: “The young man must, like an acrobat on a trapeze, in one powerful movement, lower the bar of childhood, jump over and grab the next bar of maturity. He must do this in a very short period of time, relying on the reliability of those he must let go and those who will receive him on the other side."

6. Interview with representatives of youth subcultures, a youth policy specialist.

Interview with representatives of the “emo” youth subculture.

Samigatova Galia:
“My name is Samigatova Galia. I study in 9th "A" grade. When I became interested in the Emo subculture, I was 14 years old.

What I liked most about this subculture was the brightness and style of clothing. They are very emotional, but secretive, somewhere alone. I was just tired of this monotony and wanted to change something. And suddenly my friend became emo. This is what pushed me to become emo.

Of course, every subculture influences the moral values ​​of every person.

At first I didn’t even look like an emo, then I started getting into it. In the summer, when I went to Astana, I went to gatherings and was not even different.

Then I became sadder, my thoughts darker. I felt lonely. I was constantly haunted by the feeling that life would soon end. I started swearing obscenely, I wanted to die. Even now there are such moments in life, but it’s still not like that.

I'm most attracted to this moment Anime subculture. I watch animated series such as “Vampik”, “Death Note” and others.”

Mordas Alina:

“My name is Alina Mordas. I study in Chkalovskaya's 9th "A" class high school No. 1. I became emo at the age of 13.

What attracted me to this subculture was the clothing style, isolation, pink and black colors.

I joined Emo because of life circumstances. In all areas of my life I was surrounded by problems. Constant quarrels with friends, with parents. Studying at that time didn’t make me happy either. I wanted to close myself off from everyone, withdraw into myself, but not hold back my emotions. I wanted to create my own little universe where no one would bother me. I just wanted to hide from everyone in my inner, spiritual corner and not leave it, as my crystal, pink dreams were shattered against the cast-iron forehead of reality.

The Emo subculture has long attracted my attention. I couldn’t plunge into it headlong: “Emo is not only bright clothes, tears and disheveled hair. Emo is a state of mind."

After I became a representative of this subculture, my friend followed me. This outraged me. I still hold a grudge against her. It hurt me. It was as if, without my consent, she had invaded my little world, which I had invented only for myself.

Emo definitely influenced me. I became withdrawn. I was haunted by strange thoughts that I don’t want to remember. I'm spoiled. Do I regret being an emo... Maybe to some extent, “yes.” But the subculture has not only negative, but also positive influence per person. As they say: “I learn from mistakes!” I learned to appreciate everything I have, everyone who is near me. I learned who my true friend is and learned to appreciate life.

Now I am a representative of the “Ulzzang” subculture. This Japanese subculture welcomes positive emotions, bows and rosy cheeks.

Here, my little story about how I was Emo."

Interview with a goth (who did not want to give his name):

-When did you decide to become a goth? At what age and why?

It started for me in 7th grade, now I’m in 11th. I really love the color black, I love something extraordinary, and the movie “Daddy’s Daughters”! In this film, my idol was Nastya Sivaeva, who played the role of Daria. I saw myself in her, we have a little similar characters. And I decided to become like her. I started reading a lot about goths and changed my wardrobe.

-What kind of music do you prefer to listen to?

- Gothic, gothic metal, classic. Specifically: “Lacrimosa”, “To Die For”, “Death Stars”, “The 69 Eyes”Andmuchother.

-What are your ideals of spiritual morality?

Many people believe that Goths are “non-humans”. That we love death and so on. The essence of our ideology is savoring pain and suffering, so death must still be suffered. The Goth enjoys reveling in his misfortune, real or imagined. I consider myself to be ordinary goths who look at life simply (we are all mortal), do not look into the past, love dark colors in clothes. I also love my family and wish them happiness. I just want them to accept me for who I am.

- Do Goths often get together?

In everyday life - no, more often in chats. In general, Goths are loners.

- Why would they even meet in real life then?

Goths are the same ordinary people, and they, like everyone else, need communication (at least occasionally). And they are looking for “their kind.”

Interview with youth policy specialist Satymgaliyeva Almagul Islambekovna:

The nature of our research determined the method of studying the problem; we interviewed a specialist in the youth policy department

-How do you assess the general cultural development of our youth?

- In my opinion, our level of cultural development is very low. I would like to quote some statistics right away: the majority of older teenagers school age They consider all types of bad habits acceptable, and in combination with sports. Nowadays, it has become popular to take as an example the main characters of the series: “Brigade”, “Boomer”, set them as ideals and try to imitate them. Also, many young people are susceptible to this opinion: “Everything will be decided for us and they will do without our opinion.” I would like to clarify. This means that a modern teenager is passive and adheres to this opinion because he believes that his view of any problem or task is not interesting to anyone and is absolutely invaluable. This is what everyone thinks, and as a result, our youth practically do not participate in the life of the city at all.

-What are the main goals of youth policy in the village of Chkalovo?

First of all this:

Improving the regulatory framework in the field of youth policy;

Creating conditions for the effective involvement of youth in the socio-economic and socio-political development of the city, region and country as a whole;

Instilling in young people the ideals of citizenship and patriotism;

Prevention of socially negative phenomena and creation of conditions for successful social adaptation of young people.

Formation among youth of a respectful attitude towards traditional family values, support for a young family.

Thus, in this work I examined the concept of youth subculture, the history of the term and concept itself, as well as the origins of the emergence of youth subcultures, and the significance for the modern functioning of society. In general, the phenomenon of subcultures has now become firmly established in everyday life. Due to the peculiarities of telecommunications, it is currently creating a stratification of our society according to interests.

The majority of students in the village of Chkalovo view modern youth as kind, sympathetic and positive people. These young people believe that charity, spirituality, and love for family and friends occupy a central place in their souls. Main reasons for joining groups– this is loneliness and misunderstanding of parents, as well as indirect ones: isolation, imitation, grouping, freedom, emotional richness of communication, the desire to compensate for shortcomings in the family and school. Character Traits They Like in Gang Teens – this is the ability to stand up for oneself, courage and independence.

Today we need to help people who are striving, albeit in an unusual way, to express their civil position, state your own opinion. In order to judge whether a group or association is acting for the benefit or harm of its members and society as a whole, you need to study their activities and make contact with them.

List of used literature

1. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A. "Life Strategy". M., 1996.

2. Gatskova E.I. Youth and modernity. M. "Infra". 2001.

3. Levikova, S. I. Youth subculture: textbook. allowance / S. I. Levikova. – Moscow: Grand: Fair Press, 2004

4. Olshansky D.V. “Informals: group portrait in the interior” - M: Pedagogy, 1990.

5. Rakovskaya O.A. Social guidelines for youth: trends, problems, prospects / M.: “Nauka”. – 1993.

6. Nikolsky D. Sociology of youth (Youth extremism and youth subculture)/http://www.romic.ru/referats/0703.htm
7. Yaroshevsky M.G. “Social education”. M. 1997.

Electronic resource

Electronic resource

ANNEX 1.

Questionnaire for surveying youth and students.

Topic: “Attitude of young people and students to youth subcultures, including informal ones”

Dear friends!

This sociological questionnaire is devoted to studying the attitudes and awareness of young people about various youth subcultures. Your answers will help identify possible risks when joining various youth organizations, and determine the reasons that encourage young people to join the ranks of adherents of informal movements.

Floor:  M

 F

2. In your opinion, the youth subculture is ( 1 answer option):

 form of leisure;

 temporary hobby;

 lifestyle of modern youth.

3. What do you think is an informal youth association? ( 1 answer option)

 a group of people who violate public order, living contrary to the rules of behavior and morality accepted in society;

 a group of young people united by common non-standard hobbies and interests;

 a group of young people protesting society with their unusual behavior, appearance and specific views on life;

4. Have you had experience communicating with representatives of informal subcultures?

 Yes

 No

5. How do you feel about different youth subcultures?

 negative;

 I don’t care, I’ve never thought about it;

 positive.

6. Do you agree that the existence of youth subcultures poses a threat to the public?

 yes;

 I believe that NOT all youth subcultures pose a danger to society;

 no.

7. Are any areas of youth subcultures interesting to you?

 No;

 I don’t care;

 Yes;

 I don’t know anything about them.

8. Are there any youth movements whose views, ideas and hobbies you like?

 No;

 Yes.

9. What do you think motivates young people to join various youth organizations? ( 1 answer option)

 the desire to stand out from the crowd and express your protest against the established foundations and orders;

 common non-standard interests and views;

 desire for self-realization.

10. Do you think that joining youth organizations is fraught with negative consequences?

 of course (drugs, physical injuries, psychological problems);

 I don’t think that all youth associations are so dangerous;

 no, I’m sure it’s completely harmless.

11. How would you feel if one of your loved ones (relatives, friends) joined representatives of the youth subculture?

 sharply negative;

 I have nothing against youth associations, but I would not like my loved ones to join them;

 I think it all depends on which youth movement they decide to join;

 I don’t care, it’s their business;

 positive.

12. Should the state exercise any control over youth organizations and movements?

Appendix 3.

Social sciences understand a subculture as a part of a culture that differs from the generally accepted one: a system of values, the appearance of representatives, language. A subculture, as a rule, seeks to oppose itself to society and isolate itself from its influence.

The concept itself was formulated in the 1950s in America. The article will examine the youth subculture, its types, and ideology.

History and modernity

In the middle of the 20th century, the first informal youth associations appeared, based on musical preferences. The development of rock and roll, its new directions led to the emergence of such types of subcultures as beatniks, hippies, rockers, punks, goths and others. In one form or another, these movements have retained their relevance.

In the 21st century, the basis of informal movements is not only musical tastes, but also various types of art, sports hobbies, and Internet culture.

If several decades ago belonging to one single movement was unambiguous, now fragmentary entry into one or another informal society does not cause rejection and conflicts among young people.

Among modern species Subcultures are distinguished by the following areas:

• musical;
• sports;
• industrial;
• Internet cultural.

Art subculture

Art subculture refers to informal movements associated with creative self-expression and hobbies. This includes graffiti, underground art, role-playing games, and anime.

Graffiti is the most recognizable type of art subculture. It refers to inscriptions and drawings on the walls of buildings, entrances, and metro stations. The modern graffiti movement originated in New York.

Many street artists in their works reflect sensitive social or political issues, some create real masterpieces on the walls of houses, and popular last years 3D paintings on city streets amaze with their realism.

Graffiti as a type of subculture is quite popular among Russian youth. In the mid-2000s, an international festival of this direction was held in St. Petersburg.

Roleplayers are inhabitants of two worlds

Role-players or historical reenactors are another direction of the art subculture.

The role-playing movement is based on a passion for fantasy or history. Each participant in the role-playing game transforms into a specific character and acts according to the script. Games can be based on: historical events, as well as the plots of works in the fantasy style.

Participants try to repeat as accurately as possible living conditions, costumes, crafts, battles of a particular era. Vikings, Ancient Rus' or medieval knightly battles are popular among roleplayers.

A separate direction of the role-playing movement are Tolkienists - fans of J.R. Tolkien. Participants in this subculture transform into characters from his books: elves, orcs, gnomes, hobbits, acting out scenes from the universe invented by the writer.

In ordinary life, participants in the role-playing movement may not stand out from the crowd, but many prefer unusual jewelry and clothes that are stylistically close to the character’s costumes; many create accounts on social networks on behalf of their hero.

Role-playing games are a form of escapism, a way to escape reality. For some it is a break from the daily routine, for others it is an alternative and more preferable reality. Among role players you can find both teenagers and older people.

Anime fans and cosplayers

Another type of youth subculture is otaku. It is based on a love of Japanese animation and manga (Japanese comics). Participants in this movement not only passively watch cartoons, but also create their own, organize festivals and cosplay competitions.

Cosplay - transformation into a specific character from an anime, manga, film or computer game. This is not only an authentic costume and hairstyle; many people use art makeup to achieve a complete resemblance to the chosen hero.

Representatives of this type of subculture can be recognized by their bright hair and paraphernalia with their favorite characters. But again, not everyone copies the appearance of their favorite heroes in everyday life.

The otaku movement in Russia is characterized by specific slang based on the use of Japanese words. These can be both common phrases - “arigato” - “thank you”, “sayonara” - “goodbye”, and specific ones: “kawaii” - “cute”, “lovely”, or “nya” - expressing a huge range of emotions.

The age composition of anime fans is diverse - these include 15-year-old teenagers and people 20-30 years old.

Musical subcultures

In the concept of subculture, types are inextricably linked with the development of musical genres. The first musical movement is considered to be rock and roll fans of the 50s of the 20th century - rockabilly. Bright and daring, they challenged social norms, winning their right to self-expression.

With the development of rock music in the 60s, hippies appeared, advocating a world without wars, for love of nature and harmony with it. “Flower children” preferred to live in communes and wore long hair, indulged in soft drugs and studied Eastern philosophy. Self-knowledge and the discovery of one's mental abilities, love of nature and non-violence form the basis of the hippie subculture.

In the 70s, a variety of rock music genres gave the world punks and metalheads. In the 80s, the goths appeared. In the 90s of the XX century, the development electronic music led to the emergence of ravers.

What is common to various musical subcultures is a love for a certain genre, appearance, copying popular musicians, philosophy and values ​​inherent in a particular genre of music.

Punks are anarchists who challenge social norms

In the mid-70s of the 20th century, the punk movement was born. Its participants opposed themselves to society and expressed dissatisfaction with the political system.

The flagships of punk rock are the Sex Pistols, The Stooges (Iggy Pop), Ramones. The music is characterized by dirty guitar sound, provocative lyrics and outrageous behavior of the musicians on stage, bordering on and even beyond the bounds of decency.

Iggy Pop, one of the brightest representatives of the punk scene, largely laid down the behavior of the musicians of this genre.

Punk as a subculture declares complete personal freedom, rejection of generally accepted rules, the desire to rely on one’s own strengths and not be influenced.

Nihilism, nonconformism and outrageousness are the features that define representatives of the punk movement.

You can recognize a punk by torn jeans, an abundance of metal jewelry, pins, rivets, chains, brightly colored hair, a mohawk or shaved temples, and a leather biker jacket.

Despite the fact that the punk movement originated in the distant 70s, it remains relevant in modern realities. Protest against social injustice, a call for personal freedom - this is what makes punk popular among young people.

Gothic - aestheticization of death

In the 80s of the 20th century, on the wave of post-punk, a new Musical direction- gothic rock. It gives rise to a new type of subculture.

Goths do not protest so vehemently against social injustice; they move away from an imperfect world, plunging into mystical romance and the aestheticization of death. They can be compared with adherents of the decadence of the literary and artistic movement at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Melancholic, dressed, as a rule, in all black, Goths see beauty where ordinary people do not notice it. Cemeteries and ancient cathedrals, grotesque, filled mystical meaning graphics, poetry glorifying decline, thrillers and horror films are an incomplete list of hobbies of representatives of this type of subculture.

Goths are distinguished by their refined taste and high level of aesthetic needs. They can be called rock music snobs.

Black clothing of the Victorian era or more modern looks made of latex and leather, makeup, the basis of which is a bleached face, on which black-painted eyes and lips stand out, are the hallmarks of a goth.

Gothic rock underwent changes, branching into several directions, and the entire subculture changed and expanded along with the musical genre. From the classic The Sisters Of Mercy, Bauhaus, The Cure to London After Midnight, Dead Can Dance, Clan of Xymox, Lacrimosa.

In countries such as Great Britain, Germany, the USA, and Latin America, gothic has remained popular for several decades; in Russia, the peak of popularity of this subculture occurred in 2007-2012.

Industrial subcultures

Industrial subculture, its types and their characteristics are discussed below.

Industrial subcultures include:

• diggers;
• stalkers.

Diggers are explorers of underground military or civil structures, abandoned or active. These can be either bomb shelters or abandoned bunkers inaccessible to metro station passengers.

This subculture is characterized by its own slang, which will be difficult for the uninitiated to understand.

Stalkers prefer to explore all sorts of abandoned objects, both civilian and military, and ghost towns. The object of their interest may also be existing industrial zones that are closed to citizens.

Stalkers are attracted to industrial landscapes, special atmosphere abandoned buildings. Many people combine their passion for stalking with photography or graphic art.

Representatives of this subculture are particularly secretive; most do not advertise the exact coordinates of the objects they visit, and try not to post personal photos of objects on the Internet.

Internet subculture

The spread of the Internet has led to the emergence of such subcultures as “bastards” and the blogosphere.

The emergence of such an Internet phenomenon as “bastards” is associated with the site “Udaff.ru”. It was its founder who first began to promote communication on the Internet using specially distorted, misspelled words. Expressions such as “aptar zhot” quickly spread throughout the Runet.

“Bastards” are characterized not only by violating the norms of the Russian language, but also by a particularly cynical attitude towards everything that happens, ridiculing and devaluing even significant events.

The blogosphere as a direction of Internet subculture brings together people running various blogs. These can be YouTube channels, LiveJournal diaries, and partly public pages and communities on social networks. Bloggers cover a variety of topics: some cover the latest in cinema, music, literature, some write about politics, some write a beauty blog.

A short list of subcultures

List of types of subcultures most common in Russia:

Musical subcultures:

• punks;
• metalheads;
• Goths;
• rappers;
• folkers;
• skinheads.

Art subcultures:

• graffiti;
• role players;
• otaku;
• underground.

Industrial subcultures:

• diggers;
• stalkers;
• cyber goths;
• rivetheads.

Internet subcultures:

• "bastards";
• blogosphere;
• demoscene.

Subcultures allow a teenager to find like-minded people and better understand their inner world, but at the same time it is a kind of escape from reality.

Instructions

One of the oldest, but still popular subcultures is hippies. They preach freedom in all forms (from inner freedom to free love), pacifism, and strive for independence and creative realization. They look bright in appearance, wear jeans, loose T-shirts, and vests. Both women and men wear long hair and bright baubles on their arms. They can leave home and travel with almost no means of support; in the summer they live in tent cities.

Similar to hippies and close to them in philosophy are Rastafarians or Rastafarians. Modern Rastafarians, especially in Russia, do not live according to the principles that the Rastafarians originally promoted. They just listen to reggae music, love Bob Marley, have dreadlocks, wear a red, yellow and green hat and have a negative attitude towards the materialistic Western culture.

Emo culture is popular among younger people. The name of the culture is derived from the word “emotional” and reflects the emotionality of the adherents of this movement. Adherents of the subculture are called emokids. They have a bright appearance: long side bangs, heavily lined eyes, piercings, black and pink clothes, black nail polish, a lot of bracelets and badges. They strive for self-expression, but are often perceived as vulnerable, depressed, whiny teenagers. It is also believed that these guys are prone to suicidal behavior.

Young people who love life and at the same time constantly risk it because of the pleasure they receive are called extreme people. This includes various areas of extreme sports: roller skaters, parkour or tracers, skateboarders, etc. Even graffiti artists who risk being caught can also be classified in this group. Their clothing style is usually sporty, free, and may resemble that of a rapper.

The philosophy is close to one rather old subculture - punks. Their slogan that there is no future determined their position: nothing can be corrected, and therefore life can be given up. It won’t be difficult to recognize a punk in a crowd - a mohawk on a cropped head, torn and dirty clothes. They often gather for parties with huge amounts of alcohol, drugs and fights. Initially, the movement was born out of a love for punk music.

The Goths have quite a lot in common with punks. At first this one developed due to a passion for gothic music, but then its own appeared. They perceive themselves as opponents of bad taste, diversity and mass consciousness, and therefore choose black in clothing, the symbolism of death as a reminder of life, and going to the cemetery with friends. Outwardly, Satanists are often confused with them, who are dangerous to society because they support violence against people and sacrifices.

Another subculture is considered dangerous to society - skinheads. Already from their name you can understand that the feature is a shaved head. Preaching a cult strong personality, ideas of National Socialism and anti-Semitism. They hate adherents of other “vibrant” subcultures: emo, hippies, majors, as well as people of non-European type, and beat them. Most often, the head of such a youth group is a mature person with pro-fascist views.

Another similar group, but without an ideology as such, is. Usually these are guys from the outskirts of the city, engaged in petty robberies, thefts, hooliganism, etc. These are disadvantaged representatives who use slang words and vocabulary in their speech, and imitate persons who served sentences in. The appearance is usually unkempt: tracksuit, black leather, cap. They are aggressive towards people oriented towards Western principles of life.

Today, there are many different subcultures in world society. Representatives of a particular subculture are called informals- they are distinguished by their originality, unusualness, and brightness. An informal person tries to demonstrate his individuality. We present a list of the main subcultures, and then we will talk about some of them in more detail.

• Alternatives
• Anime people
• Bikers
• Vanillas
• Glamor
• Gopniks
• Grangers
• Graffitiers
• Cyber ​​Goths
• Metalheads
• New Age
• Punks
• Fedots
• Rastafarians
• Ravers
• Rockers
• Rappers
• Skinheads
• Hipsters
• Straight-age
• Tolkienists
• Trash Models
• Freaks
• Football fans
• Hackers
• Hippie
• Hipsters

Alternatives

In the early 90s, an alternative subculture emerged, which included rappers, metalheads and punks. Representatives of this subculture are distinguished by their friendliness towards representatives of other directions. It is believed that the subculture was formed thanks to the group Rage Against The Machine.

The appearance of alternative artists is catchy; they are quite easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. As a rule, they wear piercings and loose clothes. Representatives of this subculture do not have any special ideology.

Bikers

The biker subculture originated around the 60s and 70s. Representatives of the movement - bearded, long-haired men - cannot imagine their life without a motorcycle, beer and rock music. These attributes are the hallmarks of bikers.

As a rule, they ride in groups and each of the bikers belongs to a club. The stripes on his clothes determine which club he is a member of. This is a distinctive sign that makes bikers different from each other.

The biker subculture adheres to its own value system, which is strikingly different from the generally accepted norms of a “civilized society.”

Gopniks

The Gopnik subculture began to exist in the last years before the collapse of the USSR. The ideology and behavior of representatives of this trend are similar to the behavior of hooligans. A distinctive feature of Gopniks is a penchant for violence, a low level of intelligence and prison slang, which in terms of difficulty of understanding can sometimes be compared with complex languages ​​of the world.

Gopniks, as a rule, like to listen to music in the style of prison chanson. They are often aggressive towards other subcultures. In particular, movements such as emo, goths, rappers, and gopniks are not recognized and conflict with their representatives.

Gopniks have short hair and wear tracksuits. These are the main distinguishing features of adherents of this subculture.

Goths

The formation of the Goth subculture originates from music. The distinctive features of the Goths are the predominance of black clothing; the girls wear dark makeup. Representatives of the subculture wear accessories that symbolize death - teeth, crosses, pentagrams, etc. The Goths do not have their own ideology.

The mood of adherents of this movement is dominated by decadence and a gloomy look. The Gothic movement gave rise to a separate subculture - Satanists.

Metalheads

The metal subculture originated in the 1960s and spread almost throughout the world. The impetus for the emergence of the subculture was music in the style of Heavy Metal. Metalheads, as a rule, are fans of heavy rock music and all types of metal.

The image of a representative of the subculture includes leather clothing, images of skulls, a lot of metal jewelry on the body (chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), heavy boots, ear piercings, and bandanas. They have no ideology or philosophy as such; all beliefs and views are focused entirely on music.

Punks

The punk subculture began to form back in 1930 in England. The first punks were people from poor areas of Wales. They were engaged in robberies, fights, debauchery. The ideology and worldview of punks boils down to anarchy.

The distinctive features of punks are the “Mohawk” - a symbol of the punk movement, as well as leather jackets worn on a naked body, torn T-shirts, and a large number of facial piercings.

Hipsters

The subculture of dudes was formed in the second half of the 40s - 50s. At this time, young people dressed in provocative clothes appeared on the streets of cities. Representatives of the movement were distinguished by cynicism in their judgments and indifference to Soviet norms of behavior.

The hipsters of those times protested against standard stereotypes of behavior and monotony in clothing. The subculture undoubtedly left a bright imprint on the Soviet era.

Men-dandies wore tight trousers (“pipes”), long double-breasted jackets, bright shirts combined with colorful ties, pointed boots and dark glasses.

The girls decorated their clothes with sewn bows and a lot of jewelry. Hipsters, as a rule, were the children of high-ranking officials or professors.

Freaks

The freak subculture formed in the 20th century in the territory North America. Representatives of the movement adhere to the main idea - to stand out among the crowd of surrounding people. For these purposes, not only clothing is used, but also behavior and philosophy. The term "freak" comes from English word Freak, which means - a strange man. Each follower of the subculture strives to create his own unique image.

Freaks are ardent supporters of piercing - they pierce themselves en masse in all sorts of places, and also cover their bodies with tattoos with images, inscriptions and patterns.

Hippie

The hippie subculture emerged in America in the 1960s. In a short period of time, it quickly spread throughout the world, but as a separate movement, it ceased to exist closer to the 1980s. Representatives of the subculture were distinguished by their peacekeeping position (pacifists); they opposed nuclear weapons and any violence.

Hippies were involved in the distribution of drugs among young people, supposedly to expand consciousness.

Representatives of hippies wore loose clothes, a large number of baubles on their arms and long hair.

youth subculture

In a broad sense, under subculture is understood as a partial cultural subsystem of the “official” culture, which determines the lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality of its bearers. That is, a subculture is a subculture or a culture within a culture.

In a narrower sense subculture- a system of values, attitudes, modes of behavior and life styles of a certain social group, different from the dominant culture in society, although associated with it.

Frolov S.S. proposed the following typology of subcultures:

1. Romantic-escapist subcultures - focused on escaping real life and building their own philosophical systems (hippies, Tolkienists, Indianists, bikers).

2. Anarcho-nihilistic groups - rejection of generally accepted standards, a critical attitude towards many phenomena of life (anarchists, punks).

3. Entertainment-hedonistic - focused on providing leisure time (“golden youth”, ravers, snowboarders, rappers).

4. Criminal subculture - focused on opposition to law and order (goths, skinheads, gangs, gopniks, lubbers).

Characteristics of individual subcultures

Hippie. Social composition hippies are heterogeneous, but first of all they are creative youth: aspiring poets, artists, musicians.

Appearance, dress code: regardless of gender - long hair combed in the middle, a special ribbon around the head ("hair" from the English word "hair"), on the arms - "baubles", i.e. homemade bracelets or beads, most often made of beads, wood or leather, often a disproportionately large knitted sweater, decorated with beads or embroidery, a denim pouch around the neck for storing money and documents (“xivnik”: from ksiv - document, thieves’ jargon), color of clothing mostly light (experienced hippies never wear black), but not flashy. The latest generation of hippies is distinguished by such attributes as a backpack and three or four rings in the ears, less often in the nose (piercing). Musical style: When it comes to Western music, hippies prefer psychedelic rock and love the Doors band. Among Russian performers, Boris Grebenshchekov is highly imitated. Language, jargon: a large number of English borrowings, such as “bolt” - bottle, “vine” - wine, “flat” - apartment, “hair” - hair, “people” - people (common addresses: “man”, “people”), “ "ringushnik" - a notebook (from the English. Ring - call). In addition, the frequent use of diminutive suffixes and words that have no analogues in literary language to denote specific concepts characteristic only of hippies (for example, the already mentioned “bauble”, “xivnik”, etc.). Entertainment: Among alcoholic drinks, hippies prefer wines and ports. Frequent use of drugs (usually mild) has been noted. Part of the hippie ideology is “free love” - with all the ensuing consequences. Hippies are not warlike, they are usually pacifists. One of the first was the slogan “Make love, not war.” (Make love, not war). Ideology: The hippies themselves often express it with the words “Peace, friendship, bubblegum.” Disregard for material values ​​such as money and expensive things is typical; There was genuine indignation among hippies when someone tried to buy expensive things instead of cheap ones. Popular Eastern religions and teachings, among which we can highlight Rastoman movement, admirers of the cult of Jah. Meeting places: in the first half of the 90s, the favorite hangout for hippies in Moscow was Gogolevsky Boulevard (“Gogol”). Now either there is no single place, or the author does not know it.

In youth culture of the 90s. The Tolkien movement and the Tolkien subculture associated with it and generated by it appeared. Tolkienists and generally speaking role players ( role-playing gamers) were originally part of the hippie subculture, but recently their movement has grown so large that they have begun to include many non-hippies in their ranks. Tolkienists are fans of the famous English philologist and writer John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, (in Tolkienist slang - Professor), he was born in 1892 and died in 1973. Books by J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings", "Silmarion" and others belong to the genre of fantasy - fairy-tale fiction. Tolkien created in his works the magical world of Middle-earth, inhabited by wonderful creatures, one of which he borrowed from folklore various peoples world (elves, trolls, gnomes, etc.), others are invented by the writer (for example, hobbits, a hybrid of a man and a rabbit), each with its own history, geography and even the beginnings of its own language (say, Elvish). Tolkienists get used to this world, imagining themselves as its inhabitants. Hence the unusual patterns of behavior in everyday life. Thus, a Tolktenist who considers himself an elf tries to behave in the same way as, in his opinion, a real elf would act. During games (“hichek” in Tolkien jargon), a group of young people goes into the forest, where, having assigned roles, they act out scenes from Tolkien’s works. Within itself, the movement is divided into two tensions: representatives of the first prefer to act out scenes from the book without changing anything in the plot, supporters of the other take only establishing data (names and characters of the characters, time, place and goals of the action) and bring a real competition, reminiscent of the pioneer game " Zarnitsa”, where you need to run, jump, swim, fight with swords, and navigate the terrain well.

It can be stated that the subculture of Tolkienists and role-players has been developing most actively and dynamically in recent years.

Punks (from the English Punk - garbage, rottenness, something unnecessary) to some extent are antagonists of hippies, despite the fact that they have many similarities with them. Social composition: unlike elitist hippies, most Punks are children of working-class areas, although, of course, there are exceptions. Appearance, dress code: The standard punk hairstyle was considered to be a “mohawk” - a strip of long vertical hair on a cropped head, but shaved half of the head with long hair and even just shaved temples with long hair were also common. Punks prefer torn, dirty clothes. You can often see a punk in jeans, where strips of fabric alternate with holes secured with pins and chains (in general, Punks’ love for safety pins is extremely great; they are inserted everywhere - in jackets, T-shirts, jeans and even in their ears). For footwear, punks mostly wear high combat boots. Musical style: The English group “Sex pistols” is considered the founder of punk culture. Besides her, there are “Ramones” and “Dead Kenedies” in the mail. In the mid-80s, the group “Exployted” appeared, which played hard punk, which was called “hardrock” and became an independent musical style. In Russia, the brightest representatives of punk are Siberian groups (the most famous is “ civil defense", whose fans formed an independent movement - summer punks, named after the founder of the team Egor Letov).

Language, jargon: Characteristic is the use of words from thieves' jargon (“maza”, “havat”, “labat”) and the marginal use of “smart” words (“parallel” in the meaning of “all the same”, “purely” in the meaning of “indifferent”). Entertainment: Unlike hippies, punks prefer vodka among alcoholic drinks and willingly use drugs. Another interesting entertainment is “walking around the goodies”, i.e. eat leftover food left uneaten by someone, pick up and finish smoking cigarette butts. Ideology Pankow is quite close to the hippie in everything related to neglect of material values, however, if the hippie idea is expressed as “why have money, the world is already infinitely beautiful”, then Pankow’s is more likely to be “the world is still g...o and nothing will help him” . Unlike hippies, punks are quite aggressive in their political leanings and are considered anarchists (with the light hand of “Sex pistols”, who wrote the cult pension for punks “Anarchy in the UK”). Meeting places: in the early and mid-90s, the main places in Moscow were Pushkinskaya Square and the rock store “Give-Come On”.

The musical style “oh” is extremely close to hard rock (hard punk), a favorite music that recently appeared in Moscow skinheads, or skins (from the English Skin head - shaven-headed, lit. Skin-head). Appearance: True to their self-name, skins are distinguished primarily by their clean-shaven heads. The skin's standard attire is high combat boots, camouflage pants or high-rolled jeans with suspenders and another jacket ("bomber"). Ideology: Almost all Russian skins profess extremely aggressive nationalism and racism. The ideal regime is German National Socialism. In the West, there are “sharps”, “sharp-skins” (from the English Sharp - sharp, sharp), acting under the slogan “skins against racial prejudice” and being an extreme left-wing, pro-communist ex-peremist organization, also “gay skins” (from the English . Gay - homosexual), although ordinary skins hate sexual minorities even more than racial ones. Entertainment: The skins' frequent entertainment is fights with blacks in the vicinity of the Patrice Lumumba People's Friendship University, as well as beating up representatives of other national and racial minorities wherever they meet. In addition, most skins, especially young ones (“pioneers”), are fans of some football (hockey) club. They are united in groups and often play matches of their favorite team, where they start fights with fans of other clubs. The most famous fan groups in Moscow are: “Flint’s crew” and “Gladiators” (Spartak), “Red Blue Warrions” (CSKA) “Blue White Dinamite” (Dynamo), and in St. Petersburg - “Nevsky Front”.

One of the most “severe” subcultures, both here and in the West, has always been considered bikers (from the English colloquial Bike - bicycle, motorcycle), which with a light hand Soviet propaganda often called rockers. However, almost all rock fans consider themselves rockers - punks, metalheads and many others. Therefore this definition cannot be considered correct. Appearance: was widely circulated by Soviet films depicting the corrupted West. In this form, he came to Russia, where he underwent significant changes: long hair, combed back, and, as a rule, tied in a ponytail, a scarf on the head (“bandan”, “bandana” or even “bandanna”), a beard, a leather jacket with slanting zippers (“biker jacket”), leather pants, cowboy boots (“Cossacks”). Musical style: hard Rock. In general, bikers are distinguished by a fairly wide variety of musical tastes, which is noticeable at least from the bike show held annually in the Moscow region, where performers who are completely different from each other perform: Garik Sukachev and the group “Malchishnik”, Time Out and “IFK”. Language, jargon: Apart from words denoting specific concepts related to a motorcycle or “outfit,” the language of bikers has no other specificity, except, perhaps, significant inclusions of obscene language. Ideology: The main concept in biker ideology is a motorcycle. The whole world is divided into those who move on it, and those who prefer any other method, and the latter do not arouse any interest in themselves among bikers. Meeting places: Bikers are divided into members of a motorcycle club and individuals. Of all the motorcycle clubs, the most famous is undoubtedly the “Night Wolves” (the leader is nicknamed “The Surgeon”). Every year in the summer a bike show is held for several days, which is open to all bikers demonstrating the art of “horse riding”.

By external signs close to bikers metalheads , or metalworkers , probably the most famous of the current youth subcultures (the metalheads themselves protest against this term, considering it, like the name of the musical style, “metal”). In their opinion, there are at least three main directions of “metal” (in fact, much more): thrash, doom and death(from the English thrash - to beat, doom rock, fate and dead - dead man, respectively) and, therefore, thrashers, doomers and death metallers. Appearance: actually the same as that of bikers. Of all the colors, black is preferred. Metallists of the late 80s - early 90s were characterized by the presence of large quantity metal rivets and a chain, but now it’s mostly the “pioneers” who dress this way. Ideology: Of all the movements, metalheads are the least ideological. In some ways they are close to punks, but without contempt for material values. Meeting places: The main place in Moscow is the “pipe”, an underground passage from the Arabskaya metro station to the Prague restaurant, where until mid-1996 heavy music concerts were held every weekend.

Almost completely disappeared as a large-scale phenomenon, such subcultural movements as Alisomaniacs and film buffs (numerous groups of “Alice” and “Cinema” fans in the early 90s). The boom of Viktor Tsoi. Immediately after this, one of the Arbat alleys was secretly renamed by fans into Viktor Tsoi Alley, and the wall near it became a favorite hangout spot. The appearance is dominated by black clothes, and on it is a badge with the image of Tsoi. Alisomaniacs (self-named “Alice’s army”) consisted of teenagers who were “disillusioned with life” and found solace only in the fiery songs of their favorite artists. The main thesis of the existence of Alisomaniacs can be expressed as follows: “we are the best, but no one understands us.” Suicide was quite actively cultivated as a way out of a spiritual impasse.

youth subculture Indianists . They study the cultures of the Indians, mainly North American, striving to accurately reproduce their customs and rituals. According to the observation of T. Shchepanskaya, the Indianists are something between a club American Indians and the religious-mystical movement 19 Sergeev “Youth subcultures in the republic.” Sociological research 1998 No. 11. p. 99.. With all the “ethnographic” attributes of the Indianist subculture, its values: collectivism (community), environmentalism, cosmism, echo traditional Russian values. In the 70s - early 80s. Kazan was one of the centers of the emerging Indianist movement and Indianist subculture. Later, the initiative passed to more numerous and energetic groups of Indianists in Leningrad and Moscow. The peak of the Indianist movement occurred in 1985-90. By now it has been passed, and in Kazan Indianists are represented by a little more than a dozen people. They are not closed, but they are of little interest in contacts with representatives of other youth subcultures of Indianists.

Hackers (computer fans) is a youth subculture in the process of formation. The number of characters is still insignificant - they are mainly students of technical universities, high school students of schools with a physics and mathematics focus. It is also difficult to determine the exact number of characters because they communicate mainly through computer networks. In addition, not all computer fans recognize themselves as a community with their own values, norms, and specific style. This is probably a matter of the future.

Criminal youth subculture. Youth groups, having turned into structures of organized crime, have divided spheres of influence and prefer to sort things out without resorting to mass fights. Scores were settled in most cases through contract killings.

In the mid-90s. a new generation is emerging "Gopniks" ", uncontrolled by organized crime or controlled by to a lesser extent. They quickly proved themselves to be the “cultural enemies” of most youth subcultures: bikers, ravers, roller skaters, etc. Any teenager, not only those belonging to a different subculture, can be beaten, sexually assaulted, or robbed. The confrontation between youth gangs also has not become a thing of history, but has moved to the periphery.

Football fans. A group close to criminal subcultures are fans of football teams. Football fans are a complex community to organize. Among the fans of the Moscow “Spartak”, in particular, such groups as “Red White Hooligans”, “Gladiators”, “Eastern Front”, “Northern Front”, etc. stand out. The group that maintains control over the entire community is “ rights". It consists mainly of young people who have served in the army. The “rightists” go to all the team’s matches, their main function is to run the stadium, organize the fans’ reaction (“wave”, etc.), but also to command “military actions” - battles with fans of hostile teams and the police. Travel to other cities is very often associated with fights - often on the station square. In general, the hooligan mass of young people is well controlled by the leaders (leaders) from the “Right” V.A. Lukov “Features of youth subcultures in Russia.” 2002 No. 6. p.82..

Satanist subculture . Back in the 80s. A group of “black metalheads” separated from the heavy metal subculture and became close to adherents of the Church of Satan. By the mid-90s. We can already talk about the formation of a Satanist subculture in Russia. Interviews with Satanist leaders appear from time to time; the latter, of course, try to deny or obscure the antisocial and antihuman nature of the rituals and values ​​of Satanism.

Rave subculture (from the English Rave - nonsense, incoherent speech) occurs in the USA and Great Britain. Distributed in Russia since 1990-91. Musically, the rave style is a successor to the techno and acid house styles. An integral part of raver lifestyle - night discos with powerful sound, computer graphics, laser beams. Ravers' clothing is characterized by bright colors and the use of artificial materials (vinyl, plastic). Core values, underlying this subculture: an easy, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live for today, to be dressed in the latest fashion... The development of the rave subculture went in parallel with the spread of drugs, in particular “ecstasy”. Taking hallucinogens for the purpose of “expanding consciousness” has, unfortunately, become an almost integral part of the raver subculture. At the same time, many youth culture figures, including DJs - key figures in the rave subculture - have expressed and continue to express extremely negative attitude to taking drugs Sergeev “Youth subcultures in the republic.” Sociological Research 1998 No. 11. p. 99..

Among the relatively recently emerging subcultures in Russia, the following four should be noted: roller skaters, rappers and skateboarders.

Rollerballs called roller skate lovers. They prefer sportswear in bright colors: they can also be identified by multi-colored patches on their knees. The ideology of roller skaters is similar to that of bikers, with the difference that the motorcycle is replaced by roller blades. Mostly roller skaters are high school students (13-16 years old), but there are also students and junior schoolchildren. Interestingly, roller skating companies are led by girls. Roller skaters, as a rule, are children from wealthy families, which is probably due not least to the price of the roller skates - from 50 to 150 dollars and more Sergeev “Youth subcultures in the republic.” Sociological Research 1998 No. 11. p. 100.

Skateboarding subculture , lovers of riding a skateboard (board on wheels). The ideology and appearance are similar to those of roller skaters.

Rap subculture. Rap is the music of black Americans. Russian rappers dress like black American rappers (mostly sporty style with a predominance of bright colors), borrow many words from them and sometimes even give themselves hairstyles characteristic only of African Americans. The rap subculture largely overlaps with the subcultures of roller skaters and skateboarders, since many roller skaters and skateboarders listen to rap music, and rappers roller skate and skateboard.

3. Youth counterculture

Counterculture is a form of expression by limited social groups, layers of their cultural specificity and lifestyle, different from those generally accepted in a given society.

Counterculture is a certain attitude and worldview, a scheme of lifestyle, principles of behavior of young people.

There are three areas of youth counterculture:

1. Left-eccentric orientation (criticism of lifestyle).

2. A mixture of existentialism, Freudianism, anarchism, Marxism (criticism of mass culture)

3. Liberation of the unconscious, including with the help of drugs; violation of public decency.

The following reasons for the emergence of counterculture are identified:

1. Contradictions within the capitalist system

2. Unemployment

3. Imperfection of the education system

4. Spiritual gap between generations

5. Bourgeois-philistine lifestyle

6. Utilitarianism, conformism of mass culture

7. Oppression of individual freedom

8. Lack of communication with nature

9. Bourgeois society is a society of organized violence

10. Suppression of creative impulses and vital energy.

Youth counterculture values:

Emphasis on the unconscious, emotional sphere;

Sexual desires;

Revaluation of skin and auditory sensations with the help of music, drugs;

Denial of discipline and science;

Affirmation of unlimited freedom and loving and friendly relationships;

Communication with nature;

Opposition against violence, for unlimited creative impulses, for revolution with the help of consciousness Sociology of culture. Theoretical course. M. 1993.