Arguments for the essay. Language and culture. Unified State Examination Russian language. Bank of arguments. Literary arguments

THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. example sacrificial love serves as Jane Eyre, heroine novel of the same name Charlotte Bronte. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin" Captain's daughter"for Petr Grinev the most important life principle it was an honor. Even in the face of danger death penalty Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost self-respect, when he joined the camp of the impostor.

2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is honest and brave man. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.

THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love- one of the themes of the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is shown long haul to the repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness during adult life.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. Further fate soldier's life turned out differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE

1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goal.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.

2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE

1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel "The Cathedral" Notre Dame of Paris"Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The protagonist's appearance is completely unattractive, but behind it hides a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experienced during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok signed up for art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens in the human soul best qualities, helps to unleash creative potential.

2. Love to native land- the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. Life ordinary people, the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced life path Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim" Black ear"told tragic fate Scottish Setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family are forced to give up their collie to other people because financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART

1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this has become main theme his creativity. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON

1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin" Garnet bracelet"Vera Sheina is experiencing spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has endured. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that it has been a long time since Oblomov felt “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE

1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song " Holy war". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. Thus, the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the extreme dishonorable acts to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin " Stationmaster» Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. In A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “ Matrenin Dvor"depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive features character. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested real life, she makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.

THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old money-lender. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.

2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels integral part the world around him, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don“Songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, their love for the Don and the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on popular culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. Tragic death the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls that part “stupid rabble” Russian society, who did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, main goal The poet's goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that one should abandon personal creative freedom for the sake of common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" classroom teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry “ A little prince“The old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and loyalty. He opened it to the prince main secret of the universe: “You can’t see the main thing with your eyes – only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS

1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create for them special institutions to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on an equal basis with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded in foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. Lyrical hero thinking about how to find the right path in life and type of activity. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.

It is not necessary to read all the works from school curriculum in order to write a good essay within the framework of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. In the texts proposed by the developers, they raise " eternal problems", issues related to human behavior in war, as well as impoverishment native language. There are books that, if read carefully, will free you from the need to study dozens of creations. Life has compiled a list of “saving” literature.

If you really seriously read all 10 books that we will talk about, then you will pass the exam - you will select arguments for any problem, but you can also read just a few works from the list, if you have associative thinking, and you can “twist” any fact from the work in your favor. For example, you should choose who is closer to you: Sholokhov or Tolstoy? It is not necessary to read both epic novels (that is, "Quiet Don" and "War and Peace"), since the problems in them overlap. It's enough to really know well storylines one of the books.

At the same time, do not forget that there must be two arguments, which means that examples from one work cannot be used.

1. "War and Peace" by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Using stories as an example three families Against the backdrop of the war with Napoleon, many eternal problems are shown - this is the manifestation of the best (or worst) qualities of a person at critical moments (Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky), the inexperience of a young soul (Natasha Rostova) and the influence of the environment on the development of personality (Anatole and Helen Kuragin, Andrei and Marya Bolkonsky, Natasha, Nikolai, Peter and Vera Rostov), ​​choosing a path or searching for the meaning of life (Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky). Tolstoy also speaks of mercy in the person of, for example, Natasha Rostova, of duty in the person of the Bolkonskys, of frivolity and cowardice - Anatol Kuragin, Natasha Rostova. The author does not forget about the problem of social stratification, the thirst for power - these are the two opposite worlds of the Kuragin and Rostov families.

In almost every chapter of the novel, in every episode, you can find an argument for a particular problem in the exam text.

2. “Quiet Don” by Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov

In the epic novel dedicated to the life of the Cossacks during the period Civil War, one of the central themes is woman's love and its depth (Natalia and Aksinya). Also, the most important problem raised by Sholokhov is the choice of path by a person. This is the torment of Grigory Melekhov (both in war and in his personal life). The classic talks about the endless pursuit of happiness in spite of any obstacles (the love story of the main characters), as well as about human lust, the influence of instincts on a person’s life (the wife of his older brother Gregory). The theme of fate, inevitability, and atonement for sins can be traced through the entire work. Sholokhov, talking about the Melekhov family, also talks about duty to parents, confrontation different generations and betrayal.

3. Any book from the series "A Song of Ice and Fire" by George R.R. Martin

Regardless of whether you are a fan of the series or a series of science fiction works created by American writer reality is so global that it embodies all joys and vices human life, or, as Balzac would say, " human comedy". The history of the confrontation between houses (influential families) for the throne reveals the most terrible sides of the human soul - Martin talks about the rules of fair and dishonest war, about the problem of injustice, hatred and self-interest in society, about incest, greed and mercy, about the problem of duty to family and state, about dishonor regardless of social income, about arrogance, about the presence of a competitive spirit between family members. There is no point in listing everything and pointing out specific heroes - there are many of them, and there are vices and virtues in each of the characters in the cycle. An argument for almost any issue you will find in the history of Westeros.Even the resistance to progress and rejection of the new can be told through the example of the story of the experiments on the Mountain.

4. “Crime and Punishment” by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

One of most important works school curriculum is a story about “little people”, “trembling creatures”. The novel also raises a wide range of issues - the duality of the soul, the presence in every person of two poles - good and evil, atonement for sins, the choice of path (again the main characters, Marmeladov), life priorities and the formation of personality, the role of religion in a person’s life, greed and cynicism (the old money-lender, Svidrigailov), changes in the perception of the world depending on the internal experiences of a person (St. Petersburg), guilt, the inevitability of punishment, extremism, etc. Most of the novel's problems are shown through the personalities of the main characters - Rodion Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova.

5. "Thunderstorm" by Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky

A play dedicated to social and everyday problems (like "Dowry"), shows dark world, in which there is no room for bright emotions. They simply die under the onslaught of human “simplicity”, hatred, conservatism and ignorance. In the work you can find arguments on the themes of betrayal (Katerina’s betrayal of her husband), unrest human soul, constant search for the new (also Katerina), social stratification, following traditions and rejection of youth by the old generation (Kabanikha and Katerina, Tikhon), fate (the Countess and the omen of death), feelings of guilt, suppression of the word of reason by the heart, lies in the circle of loved ones, teenage maximalism , theft among the rich class (Wild), power, the vicissitudes of love, relationships between fathers and children, and so on.

6. “Abroad” by Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin

Give arguments from satirical work classics can be on the themes of patriotism (love for the Motherland, rejection of someone else's, even if it is better), confrontation between the West and the East, Russia and Europe, poor and rich (conversation between a Russian and a German boy), feelings of the crowd, consumer society, forgetting traditions, the human factor in relationships, professional duty, mentality characteristics different nations and so on.

7. "The Captain's Daughter" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

It is also important to read the short work of our luminary, because this story (by the way, this argument can also be taken from the novel “War and Peace”) raises the problem of the role of the individual in history (Emelyan Pugachev and Catherine II). It is also impossible not to say about mercy (the Empress again), human behavior in critical situation, duty to the state, parental strictness (in the person of Father Pyotr Grinev), betrayal (Shvabrin and Grinev), a sense of possessiveness (Shvabrin), social inequality and, of course, about love - the captain’s daughter and Grinev.

8. “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown” by Maxim Anisimovich Krongauz

As in the case of “Game of Thrones” (the first part), you don’t have to read it - you can watch the movie. Not everyone loves “The Great Gatsby” - for some it is boring, but the film turned out to be very dynamic (especially since some moments from the novel were not realized on screen - for example, the life of Gatsby in his youth, the episode with his family). The classic of the jazz era raises the problems of intolerance of the rich towards the problems of people of low “class”, the difference between love and infatuation, the thirst for power and money, " little man"The author also talks about true friendship, dreams and hopes. The latter, according to Fitzgerald, are often empty.

10. “All Quiet on the Western Front” by Erich Maria Remarque

About humility, military duty, despair of those who have lost loved ones, the inevitability of death, equality before war and the death of all people (regardless of wealth, pedigree and type of activity), friendship and indifference in war to things that are important in life. Peaceful time, says Remarque. In a short work you can find arguments on almost any military issue.

We have collected for you the best literary arguments from many sources in one place. All arguments are divided by topic, which allows you to quickly select the ones you need for your essay. Most of the arguments are written specifically for the site, so you can be sure that you will write a unique essay.

You can read how to write an essay using arguments from our database in our article

Select a topic to get ready-made arguments for your essay:

What are arguments for?

In the third part of the Unified State Exam you need to write a short essay based on the proposed text. For a correctly completed task you receive 23 points, which is a significant part of the total number of points. These points may not be enough for you to enter your desired university. For the task of part “C”, in contrast to the tasks of block “A” and “B”, you can prepare in advance, armed with everything necessary to write an essay on the topic given to you. Previous experience completing the Unified State Exam shows that the greatest difficulty for schoolchildren when completing the task of part “C” is the argumentation of their position on a given problem. Your success in writing an essay depends on what arguments you choose. The maximum number of points is awarded for reader arguments, i.e. taken from fiction. As a rule, the texts presented in the tasks of part “C” contain problems of a moral and ethical nature. Knowing all this, we can arm ourselves with ready-made literary arguments, making the process of writing an essay as easy as possible. Having the arguments we have proposed in your arsenal, you will not have to frantically retrieve from your memory all the works you have read during the exam, looking for something suitable on the topic and issue. Please note that, as a rule, the allotted time for schoolchildren to complete all the work is not enough. Thus, we will make every effort to get 23 points for the essay in the exam.

Writers talk about kindness and its absence very often, in almost every work. The texts selected for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are no exception. Therefore, we have selected the most actual problems from this sphere and revealed each of them with the help of arguments.

1. Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", always helped the poor and sick, raised her nephew Nikolenka, looked after her dying father, fulfilling all his whims. The girl was ready to lay down her life and forget about herself for the sake of the happiness of others. Marya's beautiful soul is expressed in her radiant eyes, which make her beautiful. The princess's kindness was rewarded: she found family happiness, her husband Nikolai fell in love with her kind soul.
2. Fairy tale collector Egle, hero A. Green's story “Scarlet Sails”, told little Assol a tale about a ship with scarlet sails, who will take her away from the terrible society of the inhabitants of Kaperna, who constantly offend the girl and her father. This fairy tale and good relations Egle was inspired by Assol, and she was able to survive all life's collisions. When the heroine grew up, the fairy tale came true, and Captain Gray took her from Kaperna, sailing on a ship from her dreams.

The clash of good and evil

1. In the book M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” the clash of good and evil is especially clearly manifested in the Master’s novel about Yeshua. He, as absolute good, faces evil that wants to destroy him. However, Yeshua does not rebel, does not get angry, he humbly awaits his fate, believing in the kindness of people. The hero is sure: “ Evil people no, there are only unhappy people.” Even though Yeshua was executed, he won this battle. Pilate admitted his mistake and repented of it; in his soul, good prevailed over evil. That's why he was forgiven.
2. Philosophy of goodness in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" presented in the image of Platon Karataev. This hero loves the whole world and treats every living creature kindly. He doesn't know the word "pacifist", but, in essence, he is one. In the man’s worldview there are echoes of Christian commandments. He believes that one must endure all suffering without complaint. Faced with evil in the form of war and captivity, Plato submits to fate and again endures without complaining about it. In a clash with evil on the side of the hero, he inner strength, which helps not to give up and appreciate every moment you live.

The Need for Kindness

1. Andrey Sokolov, hero M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of Man”, life was not spoiling me: war, concentration camp, captivity, loss of loved ones. Sokolov had no reason to live; he gave up on himself. However, the man met an orphan boy, Vanyushka, who had lost his parents. Andrey introduced himself as the father of the child, adopted him and gave them both a chance to escape from melancholy (and even Vanyushka from starvation on the street). The hero’s kind deed helped not only the boy, but also himself, to survive together in a cruel and complex world much easier.
2. The kindness of Peter Grinev from stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" saved his life. By giving his sheepskin coat to an unknown tramp who helped him find his way in a snowstorm, the hero rendered a service to Emelyan Pugachev, who rebelled against the authorities. The rebel later terrorized the fortresses and fortifications and executed all the officers in them. But Pugachev remembered Grinev’s kindness, let him go, and later even helped to rescue his beloved woman.

Shows of True Kindness

1. Sonya Marmeladova, heroine novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", - truly a kind person. In order to feed her stepmother’s children, she began to sell her body, “went yellow ticket" The father's wife pushed Sonya into this field, but the girl did not harbor a grudge because she was thinking about the hungry children. Marmeladova remained a bright, religious person, despite her studies. When Sonya followed Raskolnikov to hard labor, the prisoners immediately fell in love with her for her kindness. And with her warmth she led the protagonist to repentance and purification.
2. Elena, heroine novel by I.S. Turgenev "On the Eve", from childhood she wished for “active good”: she always helped the poor and sick, for example, at the age of ten she bowed down to the beggar girl Katya. Kindness remained with Elena for the rest of her life. For the sake of her beloved Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, she left everything in Russia and went to Bulgaria. When her newly-made husband fell ill, she remained with him until the very end, and after his death she decided to continue the work of her beloved.

Nurturing kindness from childhood

1. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov from the novel of the same name by I.A. Goncharova grew up in an atmosphere of love and affection. He was not particularly developed or trained, however, according to modern psychologists, he was given the most important thing - parental love. Thanks to her, the hero saw Oblomovka as an ideal, and he himself did not wish harm to anyone. Yes, Ilya Ilyich is an inert and lack of initiative, but completely good-natured man. Unfortunately, without breakthrough qualities, kindness does not really help in life, so upbringing should be harmonious.
2. Katerina, heroine dramas A.N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm" got married early. And immediately from her warm home she found herself in the totalitarian atmosphere of her husband’s house. It’s hard for a woman to live in lies and hypocrisy under the leadership of Kabanikha’s mother-in-law, who puts pressure on all household members, imposing the old order on them. At home, Katerina was doted on; she walked with her parents, prayed, and was creative. But all this was without pressure, not under pressure, so it was easy. The heroine grew up kind, with a sense of inner freedom. It was all the more difficult for her in her mother-in-law’s house. But it was the kindness learned from childhood that helped Katerina not turn the house into a testing ground and treat her tormentor with respect and respect until the very end. So, she spared Varvara and Tikhon, who treated her well.

Source: Irina Dobrotina. Russian language. Getting ready for the Unified State Exam with the best teachers Russia. Newspaper project TVNZ". (Sold at Soyuzpechat kiosks).

The topic is “Language reflects the state of society.”

Possible formulations of the problem:

1. Is it true that language ensures and maintains the cohesion of people? There is an opinion that language, being a powerful unifying force, is also capable of dividing people. Group using given language, considers everyone who speaks it as his own, and people who speak other languages ​​or dialects as strangers. Is it possible to agree with this opinion?

2. D.S. Likhachev said that “language... testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude to the world around him, to himself.” Do you agree that slang words, obscene language, and an excess of neologisms in our speech confirm the correctness of the thoughts of the famous Russian scientist?

3. K.I. Chukovsky argued that people who spoke a vulgar language for only a week developed vulgar habits and thoughts. Isn't growing in Lately is the bitterness of people towards each other the result of our ignorant disregard for our native language?

ARGUMENTS

Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich. "Dog's heart". If the eyes are the mirror of the soul, then the tongue is the mirror of society.

The author emphasizes this idea in the difference between the speech of Professor Preobrazhensky and the representative of the proletariat. M. Bulgakov explains these differences by changes in society that came along with revolutionary transformations. The book is still relevant today, since now, in times of great transformation, serious changes in speech are taking place.

Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich. "Alive as life." Stories about the Russian language. K. Chukovsky is convinced that at any time and in any society, language reflects the state of spirituality, shows the educational and cultural level of a person, and these qualities are in demand always and everywhere.

Speech culture is inseparable from general culture. To improve the quality of your language, you need to improve the quality of your intellect. It's not enough to stop people from talking choice A or me n d like. Some people write and speak without mistakes, but what a poor vocabulary he has, what tired phrases! How skinny mental life is reflected in those moldy patterns that make up his speech!

Krongauz Maxim Anisimovich. "The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown." Journalism. The Russian language is changing so quickly that anxious and sometimes panicky moods arise in society. More and more often they talk not only about damage, but also about the death of the Russian language. Particularly painful are such topics as the language of the Internet, the spread of abuse, the abuse of borrowings, jargon and colloquial words.