Chuvash encyclopedia. Great ancient Turks Turkic peoples and their states table

The origin and history of the Turkic peoples and their cultural traditions is one of the least studied topics by science. Meanwhile, the Turkic-speaking peoples are among the most numerous on the globe. Most of them have been living in Asia and Europe for a long time. But they also sailed to the American and Australian continents. In modern Turkey, the Turks are 90% of the country's inhabitants, and on the territory of the former USSR there are about 50 million of them, that is, they are the second largest population group after the Slavic peoples.

In antiquity and the early Middle Ages, there were many Turkic state formations:

• sarmatian,
• Hunnic,
• Bulgarian,
• alanian,
• Khazar,
• western and eastern Turkic,
• avar
• Uyghur kaganate

But to this day, only Turkey has retained its statehood. In 1991-1992 Turkic republics emerged from the former USSR and became independent states:

• Azerbaijan,
• Kazakhstan,
• Kyrgyzstan,
• Uzbekistan,
• Turkmenistan.

The Russian Federation includes the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Sakha (Yakutia), as well as a number of autonomous districts and territories.

The Turks living outside the CIS do not have their own state formations. So, Uighurs (about 8 million), more than 1 million Kazakhs, as well as Kyrgyz and Uzbeks live in China. There were many Turks in Iran and Afghanistan.

The Türkic-speaking peoples are numerous and naturally, since ancient times, have significantly influenced the course of the history of the regions and the world as a whole. However, the true history of the Turkic peoples is as vague as the history of the Eastern Slavic peoples. Fragments of testimonies, old books, artifacts, etc. are scattered around the world. And all this is only a small part found, described, systematized.

Many of the ancient and medieval authors wrote about the Turkic peoples and tribes. However, Europeans were the first to undertake scientific research on the history of the Turkic peoples. We will not rewrite their names, as well as the ancient authors, because their conclusions are scattered, dissimilar, and the significance of their conclusions for our reality is not clear. We will only mention the name of academician EI Eichwald, who was the first to scientifically substantiate the assertion that the Turkic tribes lived in Europe long before our era.

And now they are returning there - in droves!

Most researchers show the Turks as destroyers, belittle the level of their socio-economic and cultural development, and deny their contribution to the development of civilization.

Inner Asia and Southern Siberia is the small homeland of the Turks, this is that territorial “patch” that over time has grown into a thousand-kilometer territory throughout the world. The geographical composition of the area of ​​the Turkic peoples took place, in fact, over two millennia. Proto-Turks lived in the west of the Volga as early as the III-II millennium BC, they constantly migrated. Ancient Türkic "Scythians" and Huns "were also an integral part of the Ancient Türkic kaganate. Thanks to their ritual structures, today we can get acquainted with the works of ancient early Slavic culture and art - this is precisely the Turkic heritage.

The Turks traditionally were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, in addition, they mined and processed iron. Leading a sedentary and semi-nomadic lifestyle, the Turks formed Turkestan in the Central Asian interfluve in the 6th century. Existing in Central Asia from 552 to 745, the Turkic Kaganate in 603 was divided into two independent kaganates, one of which included modern Kazakhstan and the lands of Eastern Turkestan, and the other made up the territory that included present-day Mongolia, Northern China and Southern Siberia.

The first, western, kaganate, half a century later, ceased to exist, conquered by the eastern Turks. The leader of the Turgeshes Uchelik founded a new state of the Turks - the Turgesh Kaganate.

Subsequently, the Bulgars, the Kiev princes Svyatoslav and Yaroslav were engaged in the combat "formatting" of the Turkic ethnos. The Pechenegs, who devastated the southern Russian steppes with fire and sword, were replaced by the Polovtsians, they were defeated by the Mongol-Tatars ... In part, the Golden Horde (Mongol Empire) was a Turkic state, which later disintegrated into autonomous khanates.

There were numerous other significant events in the history of the Turks, among which the most significant is the formation of the Ottoman Empire, which was facilitated by the conquests of the Ottoman Turks, who seized the lands of Europe, Asia and Africa in the 13th-16th centuries. After the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the 17th century, Petrine Russia absorbed most of the former Golden Horde lands with the Turkic states. Already in the 19th century, the Eastern Transcaucasian Khanates joined Russia. After Central Asia, the Kazakh and Kokand Khanates, together with the Bukhara Emirate, became part of Russia, the Mikin and Khiva Khanates, together with the Ottoman Empire, constituted the only conglomerate of Turkic states.

The Huns, led by Attila, invade Italy.5th century A.D.

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The question is not simple. It seems that the Turks consider themselves a people who have lost their roots. Ataturk (father of the Turks), the first president of Turkey, assembled a representative scientific commission and set before it the task of finding the origin of the Turks. The commission worked long and hard, discovered a huge amount of facts from the history of the Turks, but the issue was not clear.

Our compatriot L.N. Gumilev made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Turks. A number of his serious works (“Ancient Turks”, “Millennium around the Caspian Sea”) are dedicated specifically to the Turkic-speaking peoples. It can even be argued that his works laid the foundation for scientific ethnology.

However, the respected scientist makes one completely tragic mistake. He demonstratively refuses to analyze ethnonyms and, in general, claims that language has no influence on the formation of an ethnos. This more than strange statement makes the scientist completely helpless in the simplest situations. Let's show this with an example.

Talking about the Kimaks, an ancient Turkic people that formed a strong state somewhere in the region of modern Kazakhstan on the verge of the first and second millennia, which existed for about three hundred years, he cannot but express his surprise at its sudden and complete disappearance. In search of the disappeared ethnos, the scientist searched all the surroundings with documents. There were no traces of it in the sheger of the Kazakh tribes.

Perhaps, the scientist suggests, the Kimaks assimilated with the peoples who conquered them or scattered across the steppe. No, we will not explore the ethnonym. It will still give nothing, - says Lev Nikolaevich. And in vain.

Kimaki- this is a slightly distorted Russian word hamsters... If you read this word backwards, you get Arabic قماح kamma: x"Wheaten". The connection is clear and self-explanatory. Now let's compare the common expression “Tashkent is a city of bread”. And we didn’t come up with the jerboas. As for the name of the city of Tashkent, it consists of the part Kent"city" and the Arabic root, which we can observe in the word عطشجي atashji"stoker". You won't light the oven, you won't bake bread. Some translate the name of the city as "stone city". But if it is a grain city, it is necessary to translate its name as a city of stokers, bakers.

In the outlines of the borders of modern Uzbekistan, we can easily see a wheat lover.

Here is his picture and drawing in life

Only simia can provide simple answers to complex questions. Let's continue. Let's read the ethnonym uzbeks in Arabic, i.e. backwards: خبز X BZ means "bake bread" and hence خباز NS abba: s“Stove-maker, bread-maker”, “bread seller or the one who bakes it”.

If we now take a quick look at the culture of Uzbekistan, we will find that it is all overflowing with ceramics. Why? Because the technology of its production coincides with the technology of baking bread. By the way, Russian baker and arabic فخار F NS a: p“Ceramics” is the same word. It is for this reason that Tashkent is the "city of bread" and for the same reason Uzbekistan is a country that can be proud of its ceramics for centuries. Samarkand, the capital of Tamerlane's empire, Bukhara, Tashkent are monuments of ceramic architecture.

Registan, the main square of Samarkand

Registan:

The name of the area is explained as derived from the Persian. regi - sand. They say that a river once flowed at this place and caused a lot of sand.

No, this is from ar. re: gi - "please" (راجي). And for Russian. please. sharaf "honor". At this place, roads converged from different parts of the world. And Timur invited merchants, artisans, scientists to his capital so that they would make the capital of the world out of the city.

When the Russians invite, they say PLEASE, and the Arabs say شرف sharraf "do me the honor."

Persian word from ar. راجعre: giy"returning". If you build a city among the sands and do not follow it, the sand will return. So it was with Samarkand before Timur.

Here we have traced the path of the supposedly disappeared Turkic tribe of Kimaks. It turns out that it manifested itself through another name that has the same meaning.

But the Turkic tribes are numerous. It is known that their homeland is Altai, but they have come a long way from Altai along the Great Steppe to the center of Europe, several times experiencing the so-called "passionary explosion" (Gumilyov). The latest explosion took shape in the Ottoman Empire, which came to an end with the end of the First World War, when the empire shrank to a small state called Turkey.

Ataturk's task remains unresolved. At the same time, another awakening of the Turks is outlined, which makes them look for their roots.

In the heat of passionate excitement, what theories are not put forward. Sometimes it comes to the point that Russians are Turks in the past, and the same applies, of course, to the Slavs. And there can be no talk of Ukrainians. Khokhol is in Türkic "the son of the sky".

The leading position in the new movement of Pan-Turkism is occupied by the journalist Aji Murad, who literally tries to show in a few words that all, for example, Russian words are from Turkic languages. According to the method of juggling words, it is clear that the journalist is very far from linguistics.

And in the subject he declared, such knowledge would be useful to him. After all, linguistics has long since learned to distinguish in languages ​​its own from someone else's. Even a common man in the street can see this in most cases. For example, in the Russian language, no one tries to declare such words, for example, as expedition, modernization, saxaul, horde, balyk, as primordially Russian. The criterion is simple: the word belongs to the language in which it is motivated.

There are other additional signs. Borrowed words, as a rule, have a meager set of derived words, a strange syllabic structure, in their morphology they carry grammatical signs of a foreign language, for example, rails, marketing... In the first, the English plural remains, in the second there are traces of the English gerund.

So the word crest is motivated in the Slavic languages. It also has another meaning "unruly lock of hair", "protruding tuft of hair or feathers." And it was in reality. Ukrainians wore Ukrainians and were and remain stubborn in character. Who knows this?

There is a correspondence to this in the Arabic language: لحوح laho: x stubborn, persistent, derived from the verb ألح "alahha"insist". Poles are almost also called, their age-old rivals Poles, the most stubborn of which is Lech Kaczynski.

But what is most surprising in the works of Aji Murad is that he does not even try to raise the question of the meaning of the numerous names of the Turkic tribes. Well, okay, at least I thought about the meaning of the word TURKI, which means a Turkic superethnos. Since I really want to put them at the head of all the peoples of the world.

Let's help the Turks. For simia, this is not such a difficult task.

Let us turn to the ancient Egyptian fresco "The Creation of the World", which is a program file for the deployment of ethnic groups.

There are 6 characters on the fresco, which corresponds to the biblical text about the creation of the world, called the Six Days in the Christian tradition, for God created the world for six days, and rested on the seventh day. And the hedgehog understands that nothing serious can be done in six (seven) days. Just someone read the Russian word days (levels) as days (weeks). We are talking about the "seven-toned world", about seven levels of being, and not about the days of the week.

The silhouettes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet are easily recognizable behind the figures on the Egyptian fresco. You can read about them in my book "System languages ​​of the brain" or "World periodic law". We will only be interested in the central pair "Heaven and Earth" here.

The sky is depicted by the heavenly goddess Nut. And under it is the Celestial Yeb, the god of the earth. Between them, exactly what happens is what is written in their names, if you read them in Russian: Eb and Nut. Again the Russian language cut through. Did the priests write in Russian in Ancient Egypt? Let's leave the question unanswered for now. Let's go further.

If you put the goddess of heaven on "priest", you get the ancient Aramaic letter gimel ( ג ), in Arabic "gim". And if Eba, the god of the earth, is put on the sinful earth with your feet, you get the Arabic letter Vav ( و ).

و and ג

It is clear that the Heavenly Eb is China, the inhabitants of which will not get tired of pronouncing the name of the producing organ in Russian. Russian again? And the Goddess of the sky Nut, this is India, in which the mountains of the Himalayas. In fact

Arabic and Aramaic letters have numerical meanings. The letter Gim is in third place and has a numerical value of 3. The letter Vav is in sixth place and has a numerical value of 6. And so it is clear that the Arabic Vav is just an Arabic six.

The Heavenly Goddess was often depicted as a cow.

The image of a cow also belonged to the goddess of Wisdom Isis, since the latter is the daughter of Nut. There is a disc of the sun RA between the horns of the cow. And the fact that under her, under Heaven, was always depicted as something in the form of a man, sometimes with a snake's head

This is because the Arabic name for the snake, the root of dick, is similar to what is written on our fence. Therefore, the Celestial Empire built itself the longest fence. Despite the fact that ZUBUR is a plural form. numbers of the Arabic word ZUBR.

In Russian, ZUBR is "BYK", in Arabic, bull is طور TOUR.

For some time, the bison was found in China, it was a necessary accessory for it. But for some time I realized my own significance. After all, you must admit, it is he who should be with the cow to cover it, and not some kind of person. In short, the moment has come for the bison (bull, round) to tell a person: Shoot, scratch, they say, from here. Since then, a person in Turkic is kishi, kizhi.

Let us formulate this more precisely. The Türkic word kishi "man" comes from the Russian kysh. One could say that from the Arabic كش ka: shsh"to drive away", but the Russian interjection more emotionally and more accurately conveys the indignation of the tour. As for the word tour comes from arabic With auras bull, derived from the verb ثار With a: p"be angry".

From that moment, when the Russian word kysh sounded, an independent history of TURKS, bulls, begins. They leave the heavenly god of the earth, depriving him of the organ of copulation, which makes Geb feminine, i.e. Celestial. Like this China tourist map:

Photo of the modern TURM map of Tibet.

Easy to say !!! In reality, gaining independence, one had to leave the god of the earth. Where? To the north, to where the sky was not blue, Chinese, but blue, like a Turkic one. To Altai. We saw the blue sacred color of the Turks in Uzbek palaces and mosques. But these are rather late times. At first, a new color of the sky appeared on the Turkic yurts.

What palaces are there!

Has the prince covered his palaces with carvings?
What are they in front of the blue yurt!

Archaeological research shows that the yurt has existed since the 12th century BC.

Although the Turks separated from China, the idea of ​​a Chinese "celestial kingdom" still remained. Simia found out that when a bull is sacralized, it always reflects No. 2. Compare American bison, Belarusian bison. And if sacralization occurs with a cow, then she becomes the bearer of number three. There is no clearer example of the Indian sacred cow that walks the roads of India, located on a triangular peninsula.

The Chinese number is 6, we saw it both in the Arabic letter, and in the pose of the Celestial Empire, and at the same time, its own, anti-Chinese, number for the Turks is 5.

Union of a bull and a cow: 2 + 3 = 5. But if the sign of addition is made rotating, then the five will alternate with the six, in this case: 2 x 3 = 6. This is the cybernetic meaning of the Turkic number.

So that no one doubts that the Turks are bulls, tours, the Turks use the word beck... "This word means in general a lord and is always placed after his own name, for example, Abbas-bek." (Brockhaus). It never occurs to anyone that this appeal comes from the Russian word bull... Meanwhile, there is nothing strange in the fact that the bulls, the tours call the especially respected individuals among themselves bulls.

What is a bull without a cow? The sacredness of the cow is reflected in the sacredness of milk for the Turkic tribes. And hence, for example, Caucasian Albania, which is in the north of Azerbaijan. This is an Arabic word ألبان alba: n"milk products". What is the name of the capital of Azerbaijan? In Azeri Baki. It is clear that this is a Russian word BULLS.

Someone might think that we are talking about a coincidence. Yes, a strange coincidence. But there is another Balkan Albania. Its capital Tirana... Nobody understands the name. Why is it incomprehensible? Every Arab will say that these are "bulls" ( ثيران tyrant).

Moreover, the Arab can be checked. Easy. I looked into the dictionary and made sure that the Arab did not lie. Such parallelism cannot be imagined on purpose. Look: One Albania is associated with "Russian bulls", that is, with the Russian word Baki, the other with "Arab", that is. with arabic word tyrant.

As if the Turks had conspired to show the meaning and meaning of RA. And what does the name of the country Azerbaijan mean? Nobody knows. Simia alone gives a direct and clear answer. First part from Arabic جازر ja: zer, ya: zer"reznik", the second part - Russian. BULK... Those. An Azeri, this is the one who butcher the carcass of the bull.

So, the topic of "butchering the carcass of a bull" appears. I read in one historical book about the Turks that Bashkirs, Pechenegs and Oguzes are linked by a common historical destiny. Not being a historian, I cannot verify this. But as a linguist, it amazes me that these names refer precisely to butchering carcasses of beef.

Bashkirs from the head, i.e. refers to the front of the carcass. Pechenegs from Russian liver... In Arabic, this concept ( cabid) is wider. This refers not only to a well-known organ, but also to the central part of something. Oguzes, of course, from Russian. Otail, i.e. rear part. The carcass of a bull is ritually dissected into three parts according to the number of the cow. Digits of the number are repeated again (2 and З). Let us note this matter in our mind.

So, a Turk is a bull. The creator also tried genetically. The neck, as a rule, of the Turks is short, massive, this gives them the opportunity to win prizes in classical wrestling (now Greco-Roman, in the time of Poddubny-French).

Indeed, in this type of wrestling, the main thing is a strong neck, so that there is a strong "bridge". And this is so that the strength is enough to withstand the pose of the Six. I know, because in my youth I was engaged in, then still "classics". You come to workout and stand in the Eba pose. This is called "swing the bridge".

The bridge in the Azerbaijani struggle.

To withstand the pressure of the opponent from above in this position, a strong bull neck is very useful.

For greater persuasiveness, the clothing and armor of the Turks make the appearance of the absence of a neck even more believable. The following fragment of the Turkic ornament is taken from the main page of the website of one of the leaders of the Turkic passionaries Aji Murad.

The Turks were very lucky. And it was lucky that the old Russian name for the bull was GOVYADO. Since then, the word has survived to this day beef... And in Arabic, the same word does not mean a bull, but a "good horse": جواد gava: d... Both words are from the Russian ENGINE (DVG). In the south they plow on bulls, in the north - on horses. In fact, this is a programmatic connection through which the Turks mounted a horse.

The connection turned out to be very useful. Managing herds of bulls this way, on horseback, is much easier. Horses are racers. In Russian, this concept is expressed by the root KZ. However, in Arabic, this root means "to jump, jump". From him in Russian and Grasshopper, and goat and dragonfly and Cossack... What is a Cossack without a horse? From this root and in Latin equus "horse". And among the Turks - kaz ahi and kir giz s. Kyrgyz from Arabic خير يقز NS er ykizz"the best horses", literally the best (that) rides.

Left Kyrgyz warriors (old drawing), right pacer

The best horses for a reason. The fact is that the Kyrgyz horse breed has such hard hooves that it does not need shoeing, even hiking. Therefore, the Kyrgyz made full use of their horses far before the beginning of the Iron Age. Among this breed, amblers are often found by nature, who put their legs forward not diagonally, as in normal running, but on each side at the same time. In this case, the horse sways, which leads to breaking the hooves, but not in the case of the Kyrgyz horse.

reference

Amblers are very much appreciated when riding on horseback, since the amble is quite fast and pleasant for the rider: the horse waddles from foot to foot and does not shake at all. It is especially convenient to ride a pacer over long distances with flat surfaces - in the steppe or prairie. Under the saddle, pacers walk 10 km per hour, up to 120 km per day.

As soon as we have entered the horse theme, then the meaning of the most important concepts should be clarified.

Russian word horse scholars consider it to be of Turkic origin. But this is not the case. It is from Arabic الأشد al-ashadd(in dialects horses) "strongest". Until now, engine power is measured in horsepower. However, the ancient Türks rarely used the horse as a traction, so for its name they took the word from the Arabic proverb " The road will be mastered by the walking", where the concept of" walking "is expressed by the word AT, OT(آت ).

Word horse comes from Russian forged... Therefore, a horse is a shod horse that can be fully used in the household and in war. In ancient times, the word was also used clod... This is the result of the alternation of labial sounds (w / m) due to the fact that the Arabic vav sound is weak, and it often either falls out (horse) or is replaced by another labial (lump).

Sayes in some Turkic languages ​​"groom, horse breeder", from Arabic ساس sa: sa"take care of horses", from سوس su: s, su: sun"mare", in the Semitic languages ​​generally a horse. The root goes back to the Russian horse breeding term sucker"a foal that grazes with its mother."

The Turkic peoples have always revered the horse and called it murod - "the goal achieved, the satisfaction of desires." This is an Arabic word ( مراد ) literally means "desired". According to legend, the Creator satisfies forty desires of the horse every day, and in thirty-nine cases the horse asks for its owner and only once for itself.

Therefore, for example, in Uzbekistan there is a belief that a house where there is a horse is always accompanied by good luck and prosperity.

Totem of the Turks... The wolf seems to be a common Turkic totem. "Chinese authors consider the concepts" Turkic khan "and" wolf "as synonyms, apparently relying on the views of the Turkic khans themselves ... In two legends about the origin of the Turks, the first place belongs to the she-wolf." (Gumilyov).

Map. Central Asia on the eve of the creation of the Turkut state - the end of the 5th century

In Turkic, a wolf means storms or kaskyr, cf. Ichkeria. But the most curious name for a wolf is kurt... Reverse reading of the superethnonym Turk... At first glance, strange. After all, bulls and wolves are antagonists. Usually this strange choice of totem is explained by the fact that the wolf does not beat the wolf to death. They say, so are the Turks. Nevertheless, the entire history of the first Turkic Kaganate is full of wars and civil strife.

However, there is a common feature. Both Turks and wolves feed on bulls. Azer-Baydjan "beef carver". But look at the map above, which shows an open roaring mouth. It seems that this is not the choice of the Turks, but this is the way it should be according to the program.

Azerbaijan from the Caspian Sea.

Azerbaijan, as it was said above, "the butcher of the bull", has formed its borders quite eloquently.

The wolf is associated with blacksmithing. So it was in Rome, where blacksmithing was cult and where it was in charge of the god of blacksmithing Vulcan, the hypostasis of the Greek Hephaestus. And this Roman cult relied on the Russian word WOLF... After all, its Latin name sounds completely different - lupus.

Vesuvius, by the way, from the Russian "toothless (wolf)". But this wolf wakes up from time to time and shows its teeth. In the Turkic tribes, blacksmithing, and where in horse breeding without a blacksmith, is associated with the name of the wolf "kurt", for the Arab TRK ( طرق ) means "forge".

CURIOUS

Our wolves are gray, and vulcanization is the treatment of raw rubber with sulfur.

The Türks have blue wolves.

In fact, it is almost the same color, and a smooth transition from one to another is invisible to the eye.

Vesuvius after the eruption, after the release of sulfur.

The Romans adopted the art of iron processing from the Etruscans. Historians would very much like to unravel this ethnonym. But it doesn't work. Simia does it in no time. It comes from the Arabic word التروس et-tour: from"plate, shields, armor". Where did the Arabic word come from? Arabic word from Russian to coward.

He who is afraid dreams of armor. Ethnonym latinas also comes from the Russian word armor, which, like all Russian unmotivated words, comes from Arabic: لط latt"to beat to knock", whence in Russian, according to the standard Arabic model of the instrument, and hammer, and hammer... We still call a craftsman in some business hammer, well done(of course, not from the young one).

blacksmithing; taken from the site "Kuznets.ru".

One blacksmith has a hammer, another has a hammer.

Of course, the Türks have already adopted the hypothesis of the Türkic origin of the Etruscan language. On what grounds, it is not known, because the Etruscan language still remains undeciphered. I must say that there is nothing to catch in that direction with the Turkic languages. All the blacksmith's words are Russian, with some addition of Arabic.

No matter what language they call blacksmithing, and no matter how the Turks call a wolf, they cannot do without this art. Because a horse has no horseshoes, like a fisherman without a fishing rod. How is a horseshoe in Turkic? For example, among the Tatars, it is called daga. I don't know if this word is motivated in the Tatar language or not.

But the Russian name for the horseshoe is motivated in Russian. Because it is in Russian its own. AND forge- your own and forge- your own, and anvil- yours. Because this is our business. And even Tatar dag motivated in Russian: from Russian arc... And Russian cities ending in the typical -sk are from the Arbsky إسق claim"pour water, heat up", مس masks"tempered". Wed Damascus and Moscow.

In general, it turns out like this. Russians, through the name of the wolf, easily go to blacksmithing. Moreover, the blacksmith's terminology turns out to be their own, but from the Türks it was borrowed from somewhere. Partly from Russian. And for words like forge and anvil there was not even a match in Tatar.

Even Turkic temer, temer"iron" is not known where they got it. Could buy. Gold in Siberia is above the roof. Compare Altai - altyn. And for armor there is no correspondence in Tatar, and for armor... Korichplita. It is clear what they took from us. The plate is a crust, in the sense of armor.

The Ossetians, the passionate Turks now also crumple under themselves: They say, they came from us. And what an ethnonym means, they do not know. What is Alanya? For them, the secret is sealed with seven seals, for us - an open book. Alanya comes from Arabic نعلة nal"horseshoe". Here is the city of Nalchik, for example.

There is a horseshoe on its coat of arms. And he stands as if in a mountain horseshoe. The relief is suitable. Georgian name for Ossetians avas... Nobody knows what it means, neither Ossetians, nor Georgians, nobody. Not a question for simia. From Russian oats... Have you read Chekhov's "Horse surname"? That's the same. For the Turks wandering along the "Great Steppe", oats, perhaps, are not needed. And the Russians took him with them, at random. Suddenly there will be no feed.

Oats have our own word, the Tatars call it differently: salt. And the name of the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhenval, is a stumbling block for everyone. And for the Turks too. Simia knows no problems here either: from the Russian word conned... By language Alans are Iranians, not Turks. And by their profession, too, not the Turks. The Turks loved to ride, and the sleds, it seems, were entrusted to others.

In general, there are all the signs that the Turks bought iron. There was enough gold. Well, and then there was no particular need to forge horses. For example, in the Kyrgyz breed, as mentioned above, the legs are shod with such strong hooves that they do not need forging even during hikes. See about it: Brockhaus and Efron, article "Horse". By the way, one of the scholarly etymologists launched an absurd invention around the world that the word horse is of Turkic origin. Above this question has been analyzed.

By the way, the zealous pan-Turkologists agreed that, they say, they brought the cult of the wolf to the Russians. Have mercy, guys, we do not have a cult of the wolf, and there never was. The wolf is a villain. And it was always like that. Therefore, we always destroy and annihilate wolves.

Money was paid even to those who brought the wolf's tail, not to mention the hide. For us, it’s a wonder how you can read a wolf? This is true as well as the fact that we sell weapons, and have always sold. The Turks are a free people, steppe people, and you cannot lure them into slave labor in the smithy with any kind of kalach. Moreover, the gold - the chickens do not peck. Therefore, they have no such thing as an anvil. And gold is on my mind now.

Now, it was said that when we want to praise a person, we say a hammer. And the Turks? They say yakshas. Is it motivated in the Turkic languages? no. Because it is motivated in Russian. Who is a yak? - the Turks do not understand. And again there are no problems for us. Any Russian will say that this is a bull. And what is shi: This is the Turkic suffix of the profession. Neftchi, for example. We all know that this is an oilman. Shi, chi, gi, dzhi are variants of the pronunciation of the Turkic suffix of the profession.

In fact, this is a Russian shape-shifter: ec, ak, ach (blacksmith, fisherman, weaver). When words pass from language to language, it often happens in the plural, like a rail, where c is the trace of English grammar, the plural exponent. So it is here: weaver, weavers> chi. And this chi was scattered into variants in numerous Turkic languages.

The official history says that the Turkic language appeared in the first millennium when the first tribes belonging to this group appeared. But, as modern research shows, the language itself appeared much earlier. There is even an opinion that the Turkic language came from a certain proto-language, which was spoken by all the inhabitants of Eurasia, as in the legend of the Tower of Babel. The main phenomenon of the Turkic vocabulary is that it has practically not changed over the five millennia of its existence. The ancient writings of the Sumerians will still be as understandable to the Kazakhs as modern books.

Spreading

The Turkic language group is very numerous. If you look geographically, the peoples communicating in similar languages ​​live like this: in the west, the border begins with Turkey, in the east - with the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, in the north - with the East Siberian Sea and in the south - with Khorasan.

Currently, the approximate number of people who speak Turkic is 164 million, this number is almost equal to the entire population of Russia. At the moment, there are different opinions on how the group of Turkic languages ​​is classified. What languages ​​stand out in this group, we will consider further. Basic: Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Uyghur, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, Balkar, Karachaev, Kumyk, Nogai, Tuvan, Khakass, Yakut, etc.

Ancient Turkic-speaking peoples

We know that the Turkic group of languages ​​has spread very widely across Eurasia. In ancient times, peoples who speak this way were simply called Türks. Their main activity was cattle breeding and agriculture. But one should not perceive all modern peoples of the Turkic language group as descendants of an ancient ethnos. Over the millennia, their blood has mixed with the blood of other ethnic groups in Eurasia, and now there are simply no indigenous Turks.

The ancient peoples of this group include:

• Turkyuts - tribes that settled in the mountainous Altai in the 5th century AD;
• Pechenegs - arose at the end of the 9th century and inhabited the region between Kievan Rus, Hungary, Alania and Mordovia;
• Polovtsians - with their appearance they drove out the Pechenegs, were very freedom-loving and aggressive;
• the Huns - arose in the II-IV centuries and managed to create a huge state from the Volga to the Rhine, from them came the Avars and Hungarians;
• Bulgars - such peoples as Chuvash, Tatars, Bulgarians, Karachais, Balkars originated from these ancient tribes.
• the Khazars - huge tribes who managed to create their own state and oust the Huns;
• Oghuz Turks - the ancestors of the Turkmens, Azerbaijanis, lived in Seljukia;
• Karluks - lived in the VIII-XV centuries.

Classification

The Türkic group of languages ​​has a very complex classification. Rather, each historian offers his own version, which will differ from the other in minor changes. We offer you the most common option:

1. Bulgar group. The only presently existing representative is the Chuvash language.
2. The Yakut group is the most eastern of the peoples of the Turkic language group. Residents speak Yakut and Dolgan dialects.
3. South Siberian - this group includes the languages ​​of peoples living mainly within the borders of the Russian Federation in southern Siberia.
4. Southeast, or Karluk. Examples are Uzbek and Uyghur.
5. The northwestern, or Kypchak group is represented by a large number of nationalities, many of which live on their own independent territory, for example, Tatars, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz.
6. Southwest, or Oguz. The languages ​​of the group are Turkmen, Salar, Turkish.

Yakuts

On their territory, the local population simply calls itself - Sakha. Hence the name of the region - the Republic of Sakha. Some representatives also settled in other neighboring areas. The Yakuts are the most eastern of the peoples of the Turkic language group. Culture and traditions in ancient times were borrowed from tribes living in the central steppe part of Asia.

Khakass

For this people, a region has been defined - the Republic of Khakassia. The largest contingent of Khakas is located here - about 52 thousand people. Several thousand more moved to live in Tula and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Shors

This nationality reached the largest numbers in the 17th-18th centuries. Now it is a small ethnic group that can be found only in the south of the Kemerovo region. Today the number is very small, about 10 thousand people.

Tuvans

It is customary to divide Tuvinians into three groups, differing from each other in some peculiarities of the dialect. Inhabit the Republic This is a small eastern of the peoples of the Turkic language group, living on the border with China.

Tofalars

This nationality has practically disappeared. According to the 2010 census, 762 people were found in several villages of the Irkutsk region.

Siberian Tatars

The eastern dialect of Tatar is a language that is considered to be national for the Siberian Tatars. This is also a Turkic group of languages. The peoples of this group are densely settled in Russia. They can be found in rural areas of Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk and others.

Dolgans

A small group living in the northern regions of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They even have their own municipal district - Taimyr Dolgano-Nenetsky. To date, only 7.5 thousand people remain of the Dolgans.

Altaians

The Türkic group of languages ​​includes the Altai lexicon. Now in this area you can freely get acquainted with the culture and traditions of the ancient people.

Independent Turkic-speaking states

Today there are six separate independent states, the nationality of which is the indigenous Turkic population. First of all, these are Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Of course, Turkey and Turkmenistan. And do not forget about Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan, which relate to the Turkic language group in the same way.

The Uighurs have their own autonomous region. It is located in China and is called Xinjiang. Other nationalities belonging to the Turks also live on this territory.

Kyrgyz

The Turkic group of languages ​​primarily includes Kyrgyz. Indeed, the Kyrgyz or Kyrgyz are the most ancient representatives of the Turks who lived on the territory of Eurasia. The first mentions of the Kirghiz are found in the 1st millennium BC. NS. In almost all of its history, the nation did not have its own sovereign territory, but at the same time it managed to preserve its identity and culture. The Kyrgyz even have such a concept "ashar", which means teamwork, close cooperation and solidarity.

The Kyrgyz have long lived in the steppe sparsely populated areas. This could not but affect some of the character traits. These people are extremely hospitable. When a new person arrived in the settlement earlier, he told the news that no one could hear before. For this, the guest was awarded the best treats. It is still customary to honor guests sacredly.

Kazakhs

The Turkic language group could not exist without the most numerous Turkic people living not only in the state of the same name, but all over the world.

The folk customs of the Kazakhs are very harsh. From childhood, children are brought up in strict rules, taught to be responsible and hardworking. For this nation, the concept of "dzhigit" is the pride of the people, a person who, by all means, defends the honor of his fellow tribesman or his own.

There is still a clear division into "white" and "black" in the appearance of the Kazakhs. In the modern world, this has long lost its meaning, but vestiges of old concepts are still preserved. A feature of the appearance of any Kazakh is that he can simultaneously be similar to both a European and a Chinese.

Turks

The Turkic language group includes Turkish. Historically, Turkey has always worked closely with Russia. And this relationship was not always peaceful. Byzantium, and later the Ottoman Empire, began its existence simultaneously with Kievan Rus. Even then, there were the first conflicts for the right to rule in the Black Sea. Over time, this enmity intensified, which largely influenced the relationship between the Russians and the Turks.

Turks are very distinctive. First of all, this is evident in some of their features. They are hardy, patient and completely unpretentious in everyday life. The behavior of the representatives of the nation is very careful. Even if they are angry, they will never express their displeasure. But then they can harbor anger and take revenge. In serious matters, the Turks are very cunning. They can smile in the face, and plot intrigues behind their backs for their own benefit.

Turks took their religion very seriously. Harsh Muslim laws prescribed every step in the life of a Turk. For example, they could kill an unbeliever and not be punished for it. Another feature associated with this feature is the hostile attitude towards non-Muslims.

Conclusion

The Turkic-speaking peoples are the largest ethnos on Earth. The descendants of the ancient Turks settled on all continents, but most of them live in the indigenous territory - in the mountainous Altai and in the south of Siberia. Many peoples have managed to preserve their identity within the borders of independent states.

Many Turkic-speaking tribes participated in the historical process of the formation and development of the ancient Turkic statehood and culture. An important role in this process was played by the Pechenegs, united in a powerful alliance of tribes.

Pechenegs

The Pechenegs roamed in the VIII-IX centuries between the Aral Sea, the Lik and Volga rivers and controlled the territory where the Iranian-speaking Sarmatian, Finno-Ugric and other tribes lived.

Faced with pressure from the Khazars, Oguzes and Polovtsians (Kipchaks), the Pechenegs moved west. One of the reasons that prompted the first Pechenegs to move to the east of Europe, and then the Oguzes and Polovtsians, was an almost century-old drought, which sharply reduced the areas suitable for nomadic camps in the Aral Sea region and the Trans-Caspian region.

In the 9th century, the Pechenegs crossed the Volga and settled in the Northern Black Sea region, controlling the vast steppe strip from the Don to the Danube and fighting with almost all of their close neighbors: the Khazars, Magyars, Russia and Byzantium.

Byzantium often resorted to military assistance from the Pechenegs to weaken Ancient Rus. So, in 972, the Pechenegs met at the Dnieper rapids the squad of Svyatoslav Igorevich, who was returning from Byzantium, and defeated it.

The fierce war continued under Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, who created several fortified lines to protect the southern borders of Rus, concluded an alliance with the Oguzes against the Pechenegs, and approached Byzantium.

In 1036 he defeated the Pechenegs near Kiev, after which the Pechenezh military association collapsed.

The Oguzes-Torks completed the business, and later, who drove the Pechenegs in the middle of the 11th century to the Carpathians and the Danube. Groups of Pechenegs gradually disappeared among the surrounding population, and most of them merged with the Polovtsy (Cumans).

There are reasons to consider the Pechenegs, Oghuz and Polovtsians, who settled and lived on the Danube, the Turkic-speaking people of the Gagauz as distant descendants of the Bulgarians. The Gagauz people adopted Christianity in the 13th century and in the late (late 18th - 19th centuries) moved to Bessarabia. Now they have formed the Gagauz Republic within Moldova.

Oguzes

The Oguz tribes were mentioned in the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions of the 8th century. under the name Tokuz-Oguz (literally - nine genera). Subsequently, they became part of the Türkic and Uygur Kaganates, where, in the process of the formation of the Uyghur ethnos, the name Tokuz-Oguz is replaced by the ethnonym “Uygur”.

In the 9th-11th centuries, under the name Oguz, a Turkic union of the Aral and Caspian tribes was formed with the center in the city of Yangikent in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. In the 10th century, the western Oghuz (Guzes, Uzes, Torks) appeared in the east of Europe, while the other part of them moved to Central Asia. Western Oghuz-Torks fought with the Khazar Kaganate, the Pechenegs, made an unsuccessful campaign against Byzantium and at the beginning of the 11th century roamed the steppes of the Black Sea region.

Oguz-Torki often acted as allies of the Kiev princes. The chronicle first mentions the Torks in 985, when they participated in the campaign of Prince Vladimir against the Volga Bulgarians. Later they took part in the internecine wars of the Russian princes, fought with the Polovtsians. Part of the Torks, settled by the sons of Yaroslav along the rivers Ros and Torch (the city of Torchesk), eventually became glorified, and those who remained in the steppes were assimilated by the Polovtsy.

Mentioned from the end of the XI-XII century. the tribal association of "black hoods" also consisted of the remnants of the Turkic tribes - Pechenegs, Torks, Berendeys. It defended the southern borders of Kievan Rus and was used by the competing Russian princes in the struggle for power as military support. Gradually, the torques moved to a sedentary lifestyle. In the XII century. the Kiev prince was formally "the supreme overlord of the black hoods." It is interesting to note that the ethnonym "Black Klobuki" has something in common with the self-name of the Karakalpaks - a modern Turkic ethnos living in Karakalpakstan as part of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The Oguzes of Central Asia, led by the Seljuks, subjugated Khorezm, Iran, Azerbaijan, moved to Southwest Asia and the Middle East, creating by the end of the 11th century a huge Seljukid state. In the XI-XIII century, the ethnonym "Oguz" is supplanted in Central Asia by the ethnonym "Turkmen", and in the Middle East - by the ethnonym "Turk". Oguzes played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of modern Turkmens, Azerbaijanis and Turks.

Kipchaks (Cumans, Cumans)

In the 11th century, the peoples of Eastern Europe and Central Asia witnessed the next wave of migration of nomadic peoples after the great Hunnic migration, caused by the movement of a new strong alliance of Turkic nomadic tribes called the Kipchaks, Polovtsy or Cumans. The term "Kipchaks" was used in the east, the Polovtsians were called these tribes by the Slavs, and the Cumans were most often called in Europe.

In the 8th century the Kipchaks were part of the so-called Kimak Kaganate, which existed in Western Siberia, and were the western group of this tribal union. After isolation, the Kipchaks occupied the territory of North-Western Kazakhstan and in the 10th century bordered on the east with the Kimaks, in the west with the Khazars, in the south with the Oguzes. Already in the middle of the 10th century, the Kipchaks, following the Oghuz-Torks, crossed the Volga and in a wide wave spread across the steppes of Eastern Europe, subjugating the main part of the Pechenegs and Tork-Oguzes that remained there.

The huge territory controlled by the Kipchaks in the 11th-13th centuries was named Desht-i-Kipchak in the east (from the Persian “Kipchak steppe”), its borders stretched from the Irtysh to the Danube.

It is assumed that the northern border of Desht-i-Kipchak ran along the Moskva River, where the Turks bordered on the Finno-Ugric peoples, and deduces a toponymic series of names near Moscow: Kolomenskoye - from "kolloma" (protection), Kapotnya - from "high settlement" (" tall grass "), Kuntsevo - from the" shelter "(" visiting yard "), Desht-i-Kipchak was conditionally divided into the western and eastern parts, the borders of which were the Ural and the Yaik river.

The western part of the Kipchak steppes received the name Polovtsian land in the Russian chronicles. The basis of the Kipchak economy remained nomadic cattle breeding, but under the influence of the peoples of the occupied lands, part of the Kipchaks switched to a sedentary lifestyle, agriculture, handicrafts and trade. A significant role was played by the military aristocracy, striving to expand power and replenish wealth.

Most of the Polovtsians remained pagans. The dominant religion, obviously, was shamanism, which had been preserved among the Kipchaks for a long time. The Polovtsian archaeological monuments of the Black Sea steppes are considered to be burial mounds, on which "stone women" were usually installed - statues of human figures from one and a half to three and a half meters high, having early analogues among the Scythian-Sarmatian and Turkic peoples. The sculptures preserved in the southern Russian steppes make it possible to represent the details of the costume and weapons of the Polovtsians. The social system of the Polovtsians was at the stage of the formation of early feudal relations.

Despite the vastness of the territories controlled by the Kypchaks, they did not have a state as a formalized political institution. Separate tribal unions, headed by khans-princes, were nothing more than a conglomerate. But, being located at strategically important geopolitical and trade crossroads connecting countries, cultures and civilizations of the East and Europe, they played an important role in the fate of many peoples of Eurasia, especially Russian and Tatar. The Kipchak enzyme gave brightness and strength to the multicolored Turkic civilization.

Thus, by the beginning of the Middle Ages, the Great Steppe was not only charged with the energy of the multi-ethnic flow of the Eurasian peoples, but also turned into an arena of unique historical creativity and cultural and civilizational rivalry.