| Based on materials from the Ministry of Emergency Situations

Ministry of Affairs civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief

History of the creation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations

Reference

For Russia, whose territory is located in different physical-geographical and climatic zones, and the economic complex is characterized by a high concentration of hazardous industries, the risk of man-made accidents and natural disasters is especially high. It is no coincidence that it was in our country that, practically for the first time in world practice, a special structure was formed - the Ministry of Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.

The history of the Ministry of Emergency Situations is closely connected with the history of Russian civil defense, which Turned 78 years old on October 4, 2010. State civil defense began October 4, 1932 the adoption by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of the "Regulations on the Air Defense of the USSR", which for the first time determined the measures and means of directly protecting the population and territories of the country from air danger in the zone of possible action of enemy aviation. This day is considered to be the birthday of the local air defense(MPVO) – initial stage development of the state system for protecting the population and territories.

The decision made by the country's leadership in 1961 to transform the MPVO into a civil defense (CD) system practically completed the process of revising established views on the protection of the population and territories, which began in 1955, in the face of the possible use of weapons by the enemy mass destruction.

December 27, 1990 Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 606 “On the formation of the Russian Rescue Corps on the rights of the State Committee of the RSFSR” was adopted. This day is considered the day of the formation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. In 1995, by Presidential Decree Russian Federation December 27 was declared Rescuer Day of the Russian Federation.

Starting to create the structure - December 27, 1990, when the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR was adopted “On the formation of the Russian Rescue Corps as a state committee of the RSFSR, as well as the formation of a unified state-public system of forecasting, prevention and mitigation of consequences emergency situations" The corps was headed by Sergei Shoigu. This particular day - December 27 - was declared Rescuer Day of the Russian Federation in 1995 by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. On July 30, 1991, the Russian Rescue Corps was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Emergency Situations, whose chairman was Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.

November 19 By decree of the President of the RSFSR, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR (GKChS RSFSR) was created, chaired by S.K. Shoigu. The new state body united the forces and resources of the State Committee for Emergency Situations and the Civil Defense Headquarters of the RSFSR of the USSR Ministry of Defense. January 10, 1994 The State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief (EMERCOM of Russia), the minister is Sergei Shoigu. On December 9, 1992, the Academy was created on the basis of the former Higher Central Courses of Civil Defense civil protection The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation is a unique educational institution that has no analogues in the world.

December 21, 1994 The law “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies” was adopted, which became the main management tool both in the field of preventing emergency situations, reducing risks, and in eliminating the consequences of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters. This law marked the beginning of the creation of a legal basis for the activities of the Russian Emergency Service. Adopted on July 14, 1995 the federal law RF “On emergency rescue services and the status of rescuers.” This Law determined the general organizational, legal and economic fundamentals creation and activities of emergency rescue services, emergency rescue units on the territory of the Russian Federation, established the rights, duties and responsibilities of rescuers, defined the fundamentals public policy in the field of legal and social protection rescuers and other citizens of the Russian Federation who took part in eliminating the consequences of natural and man-made emergencies.

In September 1995 an agreement was signed with International organization civil defense on the opening of the Moscow regional training center for training civil defense specialists on the basis of the Academy of Civil Defense. International Center The training center for rescuers was opened on May 7, 1996 in the city of Noginsk near Moscow. The status of the Center as an international humanitarian institution is supported by the UN. The objectives of the Center are to train rescuers from various countries using methods developed by specialists of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, taking into account international experience, involving trained rescuers in major exercises organized by the Ministry of Emergency Situations, and in real rescue operations as an international reserve. The center is equipped the latest designs rescue vehicles and equipment, as well as an airmobile hospital of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Graduates are awarded the qualification “international class rescuer”. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is a structure that covers almost the entire country with a network. Rescuers are equipped with the most modern rescue technologies. Russian rescuers were trained in the best rescue services in the world, and some foreign rescue specialists came to Russia, to the Rescue Training Center, to learn from our experience in responding to emergency situations.

Currently, the ability of the state and society to promptly recognize the preconditions for crises and disasters and effectively deal with them is becoming one of the key tasks of ensuring national security.

A new image of civil defense has been formed and the range of its tasks has been significantly expanded. Fundamentally new approaches to the organization and conduct of civil defense have been introduced at the federal level, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities. Based on the introduction of modern technical means and unification of structural elements, the National Crisis Management Center of the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS) and Civil Defense was created. Reconstruction completed centralized system civil defense alerts at the federal and interregional levels. Undertaken necessary measures to preserve the material and technical base of civil defense, the system engineering protection population, stocks of material and technical resources of civil defense.

In accordance with the Plan for the construction and development of forces and means of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, on the basis of the reorganized formations and military units of the civil defense forces, military rescue formations of permanent readiness of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia are formed, capable of effectively and fully fulfilling the tasks assigned to them in peacetime and wartime.

A unified system of training for all categories of the population in the field of civil defense and population protection has been created, based on the introduction of modern teaching methods and technical means. For the purpose of training various categories of the population and disseminating information, the All-Russian Integrated System of Information and Warning of the Population (OKSION) was created. On modern stage development, a new image of civil defense has been formed and the range of its tasks has been significantly expanded. Fundamentally new approaches to the organization and conduct of civil defense activities have been introduced, allowing for flexible and prompt solutions to problems of protecting the population and territories from the dangers of peace and war.

Organizational structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

One of the areas of activity of the Ministry is the management of the creation and development of the Russian System of Prevention and Action in Emergency Situations (RSChS). It was created with the aim of combining the efforts of federal and local authorities executive power, their forces and means in preventing and eliminating emergency situations.

The functional subsystem and emergency commissions include:

Day-to-day management bodies and duty dispatch groups;

Forces and means of monitoring and controlling emergency situations;

Emergency response forces and means, etc.

Central office of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia:

Minister. First Deputy Minister. State Secretary - Deputy Minister. 3 -Deputy Minister. Chief military expert. Chief State Inspector of the Russian Federation for Fire Supervision.

Departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia:

Fire and rescue forces, special fire department and civil defense forces. Territorial policy. Civil protection. Logistics and weapons. Administrative. Supervisory activities. Organizational and mobilization. Personnel policy. International activities. Financial and economic. Investments and capital construction.

Offices of the Russian Medical Emergency Service:

Scientific and technical. State Inspectorate for Small Vessels. Overcoming the consequences of radiation accidents and disasters. Aviation and air rescue technologies. Federal support for territories. Medical and psychological support. Control and audit. Information protection and security rescue work. Information. Legal. Paramilitary mine rescue units.

Central apparatus of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation (9 departments, 9 directorates, 1 division):

Department of Management. Department of Civil Defense. Department of Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations. Department of Training of Civil Defense Troops and Other Formations. Department of Logistics and Weapons. Department of Measures for the Protection of Population and Territories. Department of Finance and Economics. Department of Investments and Operation of Fixed Assets. Department of International Cooperation. Personnel Department. Organizational and mobilization management. Department of the Minister's Office. Communications and notification management. Scientific and technical management. Aviation Department. Legal management. Medical management. Economic management. Information Department (Press Service).

Operating modes of the Russian emergency system

RSChS has 3 operating modes depending on the current situation:

a mode of constant activity exists in the absence of an emergency situation, when all control bodies and forces of the RSChS work in a normal rhythm;

high alert mode, introduced when there is a threat of an emergency;

emergency mode is introduced when an emergency occurs and is eliminated.

The decision to introduce operating modes for management bodies, forces and means of the RSChS is made by a decision of the authorities at the federal, regional, territorial or local level.

The main activities carried out by the governing bodies and forces of the unified system are:

a) during daily activities:

State study environment and emergency forecasting;

Collection, processing and exchange of information in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies and providing fire safety;

Planning the actions of the governing bodies and forces of the unified system, organizing their training and ensuring their activities;

Promotion of knowledge in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies and ensuring fire safety;

Management of the creation, placement, storage and replenishment of reserves material resources for emergency response;

b) in high alert mode:

Strengthening control over the state of the environment, forecasting the occurrence of emergencies and their consequences;

Continuous collection, processing and transfer to the authorities and forces of a unified system of data on predicted emergencies, informing the population about methods and methods of protection against them;

Taking prompt measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergencies;

Clarification of action plans for the prevention and elimination of emergencies and other documents;

Carrying out evacuation measures if necessary;

c) in emergency mode:

Continuous monitoring of the state of the environment, forecasting the development of emerging emergencies and their consequences;

Notifying the leaders and population of territories about emerging emergencies;

Carrying out measures to protect the population and territories from emergencies;

Continuous collection, analysis and exchange of information about the situation in the emergency zone and during the work to eliminate it;

Organization and maintenance of continuous interaction of all executive authorities on issues of emergency response and their consequences;

Carrying out life support activities for the population in emergencies.

Depending on the scale of spread and severity of consequences, emergencies are classified into:

Local (on-site), in which the damaging factors and impact of the emergency source do not extend beyond the boundaries of the production site or facility and can be eliminated using one’s own forces and means;

Local, in which the damaging factors and impact of the emergency source do not extend beyond the boundaries of the populated area, city (district);

Territorial, in which the damaging factors and impact of the emergency source do not extend beyond the boundaries of the subject (republic, territory, region, autonomous entity);

Regional, in which the damaging factors and impact of the emergency source cover the territory of two or three constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Federal, in which the damaging factors and impact of the emergency source extend beyond the boundaries of four or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Global, in which the damaging factors and impact of an emergency situation extend beyond the borders of the state.

Emergency response forces and means

The most important integral part The unified state system of warning and liquidation of emergency situations is its forces and means. They are divided into forces and means of observation and control and emergency response means.

The Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief has, as its main mobile force, detachments and services of the Association of Rescue Forces of Russia.

Rescue units (teams) of the search and rescue service (SRS) of the ministry;

In addition to rescue teams, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations uses the following forces:

Militarized and non-military fire-fighting, search and rescue and emergency recovery formations of federal executive authorities and organizations of Russia;

Establishments and formations of emergency services medical care Ministry of Health of Russia and other federal executive authorities and organizations of Russia;

Formation of the animal and plant protection service of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia;

Units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) of the Russian Federation and municipal police units;

Civil defense forces in military formations and at national economic facilities;

Military units and formations of radiation, chemical, biological protection and engineering troops Russian Ministry of Defense;

Search and rescue forces and services for civil aviation flights;

Recovery and firefighting trains of the Russian Ministry of Railways;

Emergency and rescue services Military - Navy Russia and other ministries;

Militarized anti-hail and anti-avalanche services of Roshydromet;

Territorial emergency rescue units of the State Inspectorate for Small Vessels of the Russian Federation of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources;

Units of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia;

Paramilitary mine rescue, blowout and gas rescue units of the Russian Ministry of Fuel and Energy;

Emergency technical centers and specialized teams of the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy;

The teams and specialists are volunteers of public associations.

Organizational structure and tasks of territorial commissions for emergency situations

Territorial subsystems of the RSChS are created within the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and consist of units corresponding administratively - territorial division. Each territorial subsystem is designed to prevent and eliminate emergency situations in the territory under its jurisdiction. It includes:

The governing body is the republican, regional (regional), municipal commission for emergency situations (CoES);

A permanent governing body specifically authorized to solve problems in the field of protecting the population and territory from emergency situations;

The territory's own forces and means, as well as the forces and means of functional subsystems.

The first deputy head of the administration of the executive body is appointed as the chairman of the territorial commission. The operational management body in the commissions is the corresponding civil defense headquarters (regional civil defense headquarters, city and district civil defense headquarters). The necessary subcommittees and other divisions are created in emergency commissions. District CoES and emergency commissions of cities of regional subordination interact directly with the population.

In order to ensure life safety, territorial executive bodies authorities can also form auxiliary structures. For example, under the mayor's office of Novosibirsk in 1997, a Security Council was created, which includes the city life safety center. This center interacts with law enforcement agencies, city civil defense headquarters, Novosibirsk customs and other structures.

Information is transmitted directly to the emergency commission:

ABOUT natural disasters;

About accidental salvo and emergency emissions and discharges;

About situations related to high level pollution and extremely high levels of pollution natural environment.

Information is immediately transmitted:

About natural disasters that can cause illness or death of people, animals or plants;

About emergency burst releases (discharges) of pollutants, if they threaten the health or life of people, animals or plants;

About visual detection negative impact to nature (unusual color or smell in rivers, lakes; death of fish or plants; deviations from the norm of spawning or migration of fish; death of animals, including wild ones).

At the same time, there are certain criteria for assessing environmental pollution, classified as an emergency. Extremely high pollution of the natural environment means the following.

1. For atmospheric air:

• the content of one or more pollutants exceeding the maximum permissible concentration:
• 20-29 times for more than 2 days;
• 30-49 times when maintaining this level for 8 hours or more;
• 50 or more times (excluding time);
• visual and organoleptic signs:
• the appearance of a persistent odor that is not characteristic of the area (season);
• detection of the influence of air on human sensory organs - pain in the eyes, lacrimation, taste in the mouth, difficulty breathing, redness or other changes in the skin, vomiting, etc.
• (several dozen people at the same time);

2. For surface waters of land, sea waters:

• a one-time excess of the maximum permissible concentration for pollutants of hazard class 1 - 2 by 5 or more times, for substances of hazard class 3 - 4 by 50 or more times;
• a film on the surface of the water (petroleum, oil or other origin), covering more than 1/3 of the surface of the reservoir with its visible area up to 6 km 2;
• strong unusual odor from reservoir water;
• entry of toxic (poisonous) substances into the reservoir;
• reducing the oxygen content dissolved in water to 2 or less ml/l;
• increase in biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD) over 40 mg/l;
• mass death of fish, crayfish, algae, etc.;

3. For soils and lands:

• content of pesticides in concentrations of 50 or more MAC according to sanitary and toxicological criteria;
• the content of pollutants of technological origin in concentrations of 50 or more MAC;
• if the maximum permissible concentration of the pollutant has not been established, then the excess of the background is more than 100 times;
• presence of unauthorized toxic waste dumps;

4. For radioactive contamination of the environment:

• the exposure dose rate of gamma radiation on the ground, measured at a height of 1 m. From the surface of the earth, was 60 or more microR/h;
• the total beta activity of the fallout, according to the results of the first measurements, exceeded 110 Bq/m2;
• the concentration of radionuclides in samples of agricultural products exceeded the accepted single permissible levels (SAL).

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Home > Abstract >Life safety

Federal Agency for Education

Vorkuta branch

Syktyvkar State University

Faculty of Finance and Economics

Essay

in the discipline: “Life Safety”

Topic: “EMERCOM of Russia”

Completed by: 1st year student

Faculty of Finance and Economics

d/o group No. 4159

Ryabova M. I.

Checked by: teacher

Kataeva S.A.

Introduction 3

1.Ministry of Emergency Situations and its history of creation 4

2.Structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia 5

3. Role and tasks of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia 9

Conclusion 13

References 14

Introduction

From year to year, quite large-scale emergencies of a man-made, environmental, or natural nature occur in the Russian Federation: people suffer, die, and great material damage is caused. Therefore, an important state function was and is the protection of the population and national property from the consequences of emergencies, accidents, catastrophes and other natural disasters, as well as armed conflicts - social disasters for the population. After the Chernobyl disaster, an attempt was made to rebuild civil defense, but it did not bring the desired results. And only the creation of the State Committee of the Russian Federation and then the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Emergency Response, became the main step in building a modern system for preventing and eliminating emergencies in the country.

The Ministry of Emergency Situations acted as a think tank and organizing center. It is a federal executive body that makes public policy and carries out management in the established field of activity, it is a national body for organizing the safety of the population and the state in the event of various disasters, as well as a center that organizes the necessary research and integrates the achievements of science and technology, world experience in this region, as well as a headquarters coordinating the efforts of state executive authorities of all levels, local governments and relevant forces in the field of civil defense, emergency prevention and response.

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations organized expeditions to the Republic of Tuva during a cattle epizootic, to the Republic of Armenia - to participate in suppressing the main sources of fire at an ammunition depot, and later to Vladivostok - to eliminate the consequences of a similar incident at the ammunition depots of the Pacific Fleet.

The most severe emergencies were those associated with a radiation accident at a chemical plant in the Siberian city of Tomsk, a fire at the engine plant of the Kama Automobile Plant, accidents on oil pipelines in Mordovia, the Irkutsk region and the Komi Republic, floods in Buryatia, the Primorsky Territory, earthquakes on the Kuril Islands and the island Sakhalin. The practical activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and the RSChS in the field of providing humanitarian assistance deserve special mention.

1.Ministry of Emergency Situations and its history of creation

First, let’s decipher the abbreviation EMERCOM. The Ministry of Emergency Situations is the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief. Internationally known as EMERCOM of Russia (Emergency Control Ministry of Russia)

Many people do not even know the history of the creation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, but the official date of creation is December 27, 1990. Then the Russian Rescue Corps (RKS) was formed. Subsequently, the RKS was renamed the State Committee for Emergency Situations (GKES)

Later, on November 19, 1991, on the basis of the RSFSR State Committee for Emergency Situations and the RSFSR Civil Defense Headquarters, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR was formed.

On September 30, 1992, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR was reorganized into the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief.

And on January 10, 1994, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (EMERCOM of Russia). It was headed by the new minister Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu, who remains in this position at the present time.

2.Structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

Activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia - The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is a federal executive body that manages and coordinates work in the field of civil defense, emergency prevention and response. Carries out its activities in cooperation with the federal executive authorities of the constituent entities.

In the life of modern humanity, an increasing place is occupied by concerns related to overcoming crisis phenomena that arise in the course of the development of earthly civilization. At the present stage, such phenomena have become more frequent, large-scale and dangerous. Their consequences began to be viewed as emergencies. Therefore, an important state function was and is the protection of the population and national heritage from the consequences of emergency situations.

For a long time, this function was performed by the civil defense system. It was mainly aimed at solving wartime problems, considering its participation in the fight against accidents and natural disasters as an additional task. It was only in 1987 that peacetime tasks were officially assigned to it.

However, in practice, civil defense actions in large-scale peacetime emergencies have proven to be insufficiently effective. Created in November 1991, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief (GKChS) and subsequently (in 1994) renamed the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, headed by the government of the Russian Federation created in April 1992 Russian system prevention and action in emergency situations (RSChS).

RSChS united the management bodies, forces and resources of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations whose powers include resolving issues of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations.

A few words should be said about the structure of the RSChS. At the first stage of creating the system, the task was to unite the links of various affiliations necessary to counter emergencies, to save them from destruction, to adopt all the capabilities and all their experience.

Therefore, the present structure is a given; it combines what existed in the country at that time that was suitable for dealing with emergencies. With the accumulation of experience, with the growing authority of the RSChS, the possibility of some of its structural restructuring arose: a clearer, on the one hand, division of the purposes of the subsystems, on the other, their integration into a single organism, where all the component parts work harmoniously.

The main directions of improvement and development of RSChS in last years are:

creation of a unified regulatory framework for the system;

development of the management system and strengthening of its bodies;

strengthening the scientific, methodological and information support of the system;

strengthening the system's strengths;

improving the material base of the system;

increasing the level of training of managers, RSChS specialists, emergency rescue personnel and the country's population;

expansion and strengthening of relations between the RSChS and authorities state power, local government bodies, production and economic structures, public organizations and the population of Russia, as well as foreign countries.

The main elements of the RSChS structure - consists of territorial and functional subsystems and has 5 levels:

Federal. At the federal level, there is an interdepartmental commission for the prevention and liquidation of emergencies and departmental commissions for emergencies in federal executive bodies.

Regional. Covers the territories of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation - regional centers for civil defense, emergency situations and disaster relief of the Ministry of Emergency Situations

Territorial. Covers the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation - emergency commissions of executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Local. Covers the territory of a district, city (district within a city) - emergency commission of local government bodies.

Object. Covers the territory of an organization or facility - site emergency commissions.

The most important role in the process of managing all types of activities is played by the information system, as well as the automation of these processes. Currently, the RSChS has created and is improving an automated information management system (AIMS).

No matter how great the role of the management system in the effective functioning of the RSChS, the forces that are decisive for the success of the business are those specialists and formations that directly carry out specific practical problems. Currently, the RSChS forces are a complex conglomerate of formations of various statuses, purposes, affiliations and capabilities. In this regard, the immediate task is to organize their currently disorganized ranks, determine their optimal composition in terms of purpose and quantity, understand their professional level, equip them with the necessary technical means and property, and ensure high controllability and efficiency of actions.

An important component of the RSChS forces are civil defense troops. In the interests of the RSChS, some units and units of engineering and chemical troops are used, specifically designed to solve peacetime problems. In garrisons where military units and units are located, high-quality plans for the interaction of these forces with the Civil Defense forces in the given territory must be developed. And this is not a small concern for the civil defense management bodies.

The most important element of the RSChS forces carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work during the liquidation of emergency situations are professional fire departments, as well as emergency rescue and emergency recovery units of ministries and departments, organizations and enterprises. They have different affiliations and are aimed, in accordance with their purpose, at solving relevant professional problems.

The ongoing processes in the country have affected the state of professional emergency rescue teams. The primacy of immediate economic feasibility leads to a significant reduction in numbers and a decrease in the volume of purchases of necessary equipment and equipment. Many formations are not fully staffed. Attention has been reduced to the training and retraining of pioneer scouts (“stalkers”) and ensuring the readiness of formations.

Currently, it is significant that a mobile emergency rescue team has been created in every republic, territory and region, which are the main operational and tactical links of the RSChS. These detachments are directly subordinate to the governing bodies of the relevant administrations, that is, they are territorial formations with high readiness. Units of the detachment must be full-time, formed by professional specialists, and on duty around the clock. They must be prepared to carry out all types of work in case of possible emergencies, trained and equipped last word science and technology. Based on regional and technological specifics, they can also be specialized to a certain extent.

An important means of increasing the efficiency of the entire management system is to increase the level of training of managers, RSChS specialists, personnel of emergency rescue units and high-quality training of the population.

Since this system includes elements of various departmental and territorial affiliations, the problem of organizational and methodological unity is very relevant for it. The certification commission plays an important role in ensuring such unity.

As a result, we must ensure that each of the three categories of citizens - the population not employed in the sphere of production and support, officials who, as necessary, participate in solving RSChS problems in their field, and, finally, RSChS specialists - undergo a full, corresponding to each categories, training cycle.

3. Role and tasks of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations

The official tasks assigned to the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the analysis of its real role in emergencies of various origins allow us to conclude that this role comes down to three target functions of the system:

emergency prevention;

reduction of losses and damage from emergencies;

liquidation of emergency consequences.

If it is possible to sufficiently fulfill these target functions, the state and public need for RSChS will be satisfied. In general, the Ministry of Emergency Situations deals with environmental problems, providing humanitarian assistance to victims of natural disasters, accidents, catastrophes, armed conflicts in Russia and abroad, information support in emergency zones, and the creation of rapid response forces for all emergencies, no matter where they occur.

Main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations

development of proposals for state policy in the field of civil defense, prevention and response to emergency situations, including overcoming the consequences of radiation accidents and disasters, and carrying out underwater work for special purposes.

leadership of the civil defense of the Russian Federation, the Civil Defense Troops of the Russian Federation, the search and rescue service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia;

ensuring the functioning and further development of the Russian System of Prevention and Action in Emergency Situations (RSChS);

organization and implementation of state supervision over preparedness for action in the event of emergency situations and the implementation of measures to prevent them;

management, on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation, of work to eliminate major accidents, catastrophes and other emergency situations;

coordination of the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, enterprises, institutions and organizations to overcome the consequences of radiation accidents and disasters, control over the implementation of measures in this area;

organizing the development and implementation of federal target and scientific and technical programs aimed at preventing and eliminating emergency situations, including overcoming the consequences of radiation accidents and disasters, protecting the population and the country’s territory, as well as increasing the sustainability of the functioning of national economic facilities in the event of emergency situations;

coordination of work on the creation and use of an emergency system reserve funds, including state reserves, for carrying out priority work to eliminate emergency situations, control over the targeted expenditure of funds allocated by the Government of the Russian Federation for carrying out measures to eliminate emergency situations;

organization of training of the population, training of officials of government bodies and civil defense units, units of the Russian Emergency Situations Service for actions in emergency situations;

organization of international cooperation on issues within the competence of the Ministry;

organizing the development and implementation of measures to prevent and eliminate emergency situations, including the consequences of radiation accidents and disasters, the recovery of sunken military equipment, ammunition, including those filled with toxic substances, and containers with radioactive waste;

organizing training for rescuers to act in emergency situations and survive in extreme conditions;

management of the functioning and development of the federal system of seismological observations and earthquake forecasting;

coordination of the activities of federal executive authorities to carry out search and rescue of people, emergency rescue operations, liquidation of oil spills, oil products, harmful chemicals and radioactive substances at sea and inland waters of the country;

organizing warnings and informing the population about emergency situations, monitoring the creation and operation of relevant territorial and local warning systems;

organizing, together with interested organizations, and coordinating work on forecasting the likelihood of emergencies of a natural and man-made nature, their modeling, zoning the territory of the Russian Federation based on the presence of potentially hazardous industries, facilities and the threat of natural disasters, developing and implementing standard indicators of the degree of risk at national economic facilities and territories;

organizing the formation and delivery of humanitarian aid to the population of the Russian Federation and foreign countries victims of emergency situations;

determining, jointly with federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local government bodies, the composition of the deployment and equipment of forces and means intended to eliminate emergency situations, the creation of training and rehabilitation centers;

review and approval of educational and special programs educational institutions on issues of civil defense, preparation for actions in emergency situations;

organizing research and development work on the problems of protecting the population and territory in emergency situations, improving existing and creating new highly effective rescue equipment, increasing the sustainability of the functioning of national economic facilities in emergency situations;

coordinating the development, approval or approval of a program for training the population, training officials and management bodies and civil defense units, RSChS units for actions in emergency situations, organizing and implementing certification of rescuers and emergency rescue teams;

communication with the public, citizens and funds mass media on issues of civil defense, prevention and response to emergency situations, overcoming the consequences of radiation accidents and disasters, protecting people’s lives and health, increasing the sustainability of the functioning of national economic facilities in the event of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters;

implementation of international cooperation on issues of civil defense, prevention and response to emergency situations, including overcoming the consequences of radiation accidents and disasters, providing assistance to the affected population, carrying out underwater work for special purposes and other issues falling within the competence of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

The Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense and Emergency Affairs is one of the power ministries. The activities carried out by him, his forces and means are an integral part, one of the links of the entire system of national defense and protective measures. There is no more important humane task to warn a person about impending danger, to rescue him from trouble in the event of an emergency.

Conclusion

The problem of preventing the occurrence of disasters, mitigating their consequences and eliminating them is very relevant today not only for Russia, but also for all of humanity. This is due to the annual increase in the number and scale of disasters, the growth of human and material losses suffered by humanity, which hinders the development of civilization, and in some cases threatens the existence of humanity.

Therefore, the modern understanding of citizen security has expanded significantly and includes a reliable representation of the conditions they need for life, development and self-expression, guarantees of civil rights and social security.

As the analysis shows, ensuring safety in emergencies can be achieved in different ways. The most effective of them is reducing the likelihood of occurrence, reducing the possible scale and severity of the consequences of accidents, natural and man-made disasters by influencing potential sources of danger.

It is possible to protect the population from damage in the event of accidents and disasters not only by influencing the sources of danger, but also by rationally locating potentially hazardous and other industries, as well as by clear planning and development of cities and other populated areas.

At a certain level of management, the efforts of a person, community, state, and world community can prevent emerging disasters or mitigate their consequences, and eliminate them. Considerable work has been done in this direction both in Russia and in the countries of the world community, and the necessary legal framework has been created in this area.

We must be confident that further scientific research will help humanity find a way to solve global problems that threaten its existence, and that disaster risk management will be constantly improved.

Bibliography

Electronic encyclopedia "Wikipendia", ed. Wikimedia Foundation - 2009

“Electronic Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius” - M, 2009.

Official website of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations (www.mchs.gov.ru)

educational issues

• History of the creation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

• Main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations

• Organizational structure of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations

• Structures of the Ministry of Emergency Situations in the system of governing bodies

• Operating modes of RSChS

• Forces and means of the RSChS of Russia

The Ministry of Emergency Situations is a federal body for ensuring the safety of the population and the state in the event of various disasters, as well as a center that organizes the necessary research and integrating the achievements of science and technology, world experience in this field

HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE EMERCOM OF RUSSIA

December 27, 1990 a Russian rescue corps was created with the rights

State Committee of the RSFSR

April 17, 1991 Sergei Shoigu was appointed chairman of the Russian

rescue corps

November 19, 1991 The State Committee for Affairs was created

civil defense, emergency situations and

disaster relief (GKES

RSFSR)

January 10, 1994 The State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was transformed into the Ministry

Russian Federation for Civil Defense Affairs,

emergency situations and consequences management

natural disasters (EMERCOM of Russia)

Organizational Structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

SHOIGU SERGEY KUZHUGETOVICH,

Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief. Army General. Hero of the Russian Federation.

Main Objectives of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations:

• implementation of measures to organize and conduct civil defense, protect the population and territories from emergencies and fires, as well as emergency humanitarian response measures, including outside the country;

• implementation of regulatory regulation, special, permitting, supervisory and control functions on issues within the competence of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations;

• implementation of management in the field of civil defense and protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety, as well as coordinating the activities of federal executive authorities in this area;

• collection and processing of information in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety, as well as the exchange of this information;

• implementation of state policy in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety.

Structures of the Ministry of Emergency Situations IN THE SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT BODIES

Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, headed the Russian System of Prevention and Action in Emergency Situations (RSChS), created in April 1992.

RSChS received the opportunity to solve the problem of safety of the population and production in a comprehensive manner, through the implementation of a unified state policy in this area.

Main functions of RSChS

• emergency prevention;

• reduction of losses and damage from emergencies;

• emergency response

Operating modes of RSChS

Daily activities mode – functions in the absence of an emergency

High alert mode – introduced when there is a threat of an emergency

Emergency mode – introduced when an emergency occurs and is eliminated

The scale of the emergency situation

Depending on the extent of spread and severity

consequences of an emergency can be:

- LOCAL

- LOCAL

- TERRITORIAL

- REGIONAL

- FEDERAL

- GLOBAL

Permanent governing bodies of RSChS

At the federal level- Russian Emergency Situations Ministry;

At the interregional level- territorial bodies EMERCOM of Russia, RC for

civil emergency situations and liquidation of consequences of natural disasters

disasters;

At the regional level outside - Main Directorates for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

At the municipal level- departments (headquarters) for local civil and emergency situations

self-government;

At the object level- structural divisions of organizations,

authorized to solve problems in the field

protection of the population and territory from emergencies and (or)

civil defence.

RC EMERCOM of the Russian Federation for Civil Emergency Situations and Prevention of the Consequences of Natural Disasters

Northwestern regional center - St. Petersburg Ural regional center - Yekaterinburg

Central regional center - Moscow Siberian regional center - Krasnoyarsk

Southern regional center – Rostov-on-Don Far Eastern regional center – Khabarovsk

North Caucasus regional center - Zheleznovodsk

Forces and means of the RSChS of Russia

• National Crisis Management Center

2. Central airmobile rescue

detachment of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia (Tsentrospas)

3. Search and rescue services

4. Center for conducting special risk operations “Leader”

5. Mobile combined detachments of units of the Russian Civil Defense Forces

6. Separate helicopter squads and

separate mixed aviation squadrons

On December 27, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations celebrates the 17th anniversary of its creation. The Russian Rescue Corps (predecessor of the Ministry of Emergency Situations) was formed by a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers on December 27, 1990. Since April 1991, the department has been permanently headed by Sergei Shoigu.

For Russia, whose territory is located in different physical-geographical and climatic zones, and whose economic complex is characterized by a high degree of concentration of hazardous industries, the risk of man-made accidents and natural disasters is especially high. It is no coincidence that it was in our country that, practically for the first time in world practice, a special structure was formed - the Ministry of Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.

Starting to create the structure - December 27, 1990, when the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR was adopted “On the formation of the Russian Rescue Corps as a state committee of the RSFSR, as well as the formation of a unified state-public system for forecasting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of emergency situations.” The corps was headed by Sergei Shoigu. This particular day - December 27 - was declared Rescuer Day of the Russian Federation in 1995 by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. 3 July 0, 1991 The Russian Rescue Corps was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Emergency Situations, whose chairman was Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.

November 19 By decree of the President of the RSFSR, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR (GKChS RSFSR) was created, chaired by S.K. Shoigu. The new state body united the forces and resources of the State Committee for Emergency Situations and the Civil Defense Headquarters of the RSFSR of the USSR Ministry of Defense. January 10, 1994 The State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief (EMERCOM of Russia), the minister is Sergei Shoigu. December 9, 1992 On the basis of the former Higher Central Courses of Civil Defense, the Academy of Civil Defense of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation was created, a unique educational institution that has no analogues in the world.

December 21, 1994 The law “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies” was adopted, which became the main management tool both in the field of preventing emergency situations, reducing risks, and in eliminating the consequences of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters. This law marked the beginning of the creation of a legal basis for the activities of the Russian Emergency Service. July 14, 1995 The federal law of the Russian Federation “On emergency rescue services and the status of rescuers” was adopted. This Law defined the general organizational, legal and economic foundations for the creation and activities of emergency rescue services, emergency rescue units on the territory of the Russian Federation, established the rights, duties and responsibilities of rescuers, determined the foundations of state policy in the field of legal and social protection of rescuers and other citizens of the Russian Federation. Federations that took part in eliminating the consequences of natural and man-made emergencies.

In September 1995 An agreement was signed with the International Civil Defense Organization on the opening of a Moscow regional training center for training civil defense specialists on the basis of the Civil Defense Academy. The International Rescue Training Center was opened on May 7, 1996 in the city of Noginsk near Moscow. The status of the Center as an international humanitarian institution is supported by the UN. The objectives of the Center are to train rescuers from various countries using methods developed by specialists from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, taking into account international experience, to attract trained rescuers to participate in major exercises organized by the Ministry of Emergency Situations, and to real rescue operations as an international reserve. The center is equipped with the latest models of rescue equipment and equipment, as well as an airmobile hospital of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Graduates are awarded the qualification “international class rescuer”. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is a structure that covers almost the entire country with a network. Rescuers are equipped with the most modern rescue technologies. Russian rescuers were trained in the best rescue services in the world, and some foreign rescue specialists came to Russia, to the Rescue Training Center, to learn from our experience in responding to emergency situations.

In 2006 The forces of the unified state system for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations (RSChS) carried out more than 16.6 thousand rescue operations, the fire departments of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations were involved in extinguishing fires more than 200 thousand times. Sappers from the “emergency” department discovered and neutralized over 30 thousand explosive objects, including 245 aerial bombs. A total of more than 100 thousand people were rescued by GPS specialists and rescuers.

Aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations performed more than 11 thousand flights to emergency zones. The ministry's planes and helicopters transported over 24 thousand people and more than 9 thousand tons of cargo.

The history of Russia has always been associated with various kinds of dangerous natural phenomena, natural and other disasters, catastrophes, as well as dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these actions.

From time immemorial, people have tried to unite to resist these disasters and provide assistance to those in need. The desire for collective resistance to disasters of various types is one of the reasons for the creation of states.

Often, the emergence of one or another danger or threat led to the emergence of forces to protect against them, and documents were born that defined security issues in this area.

For example, at the end of the 15th century, under Ivan III, a fire service was created, and in 1504, detailed fire regulations were issued that applied to the whole of Russia. Under Peter I, fire service was already created.

The development of mining, the chemical industry, shipping, and the oil industry led to the creation of units of mining and gas rescuers, sea rescuers, and teams to combat oil gushers; each of these areas received its own development as dangers grew.

During the revolution and civil war The professional fire brigade, due to its small numbers and poor equipment, was unable to withstand the fires that swept the country. The main burden fell on the shoulders of volunteer fire brigades. In this regard, on April 17, 1918, the Council People's Commissars The USSR adopts the decree “On the organization of state measures to combat fire”, which marked the beginning of the creation new system fire safety in Russia. A special apparatus was created within the NKVD to organize the activities of the interdepartmental Fire Council.

Understanding the seriousness of the fight against natural disasters in the Labor Code of the RSFSR in 1922 in section III“On the procedure for attracting citizens of the RSFSR to labor service”, it is written that “in exceptional cases (fighting natural disasters, lack of labor force to fulfill critical government assignments) all citizens of the RSFSR, with the exceptions specified in Art. Art. 12-14, may be involved in labor as a labor service in accordance with special resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR or bodies authorized to do so by the Council of People's Commissars.

In this formulation, the term “natural disasters” is used for the first time in Russia.

During these years, as emphasized above, there was a constant improvement of fire protection in the country. In 1940, the “Combat Regulations of the Fire Department” and the “Charter internal service in the fire department."

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War The country's fire department was already a well-organized force. It was centrally provided with qualified personnel, necessary fire fighting equipment, and special types of equipment. All combat and preventive work of the fire service was based on uniform regulations and instructions. Republican, regional and regional centers, large cities, and most district centers were protected by professional city fire brigades (CFC), maintained at the expense of the local budget.

Paramilitary security was available only at defense facilities.

During the war, fire departments, detachments and fire brigades of the NKVD became an integral part of national events and entered into fire service local air defense (LAD), but were promptly subordinate to the Main Fire Department (GUPO) of the country. The fire department, interacting with the anti-aircraft defense units, negated the enemy’s plans for massive fires. Not in any city, not in any locality there were no continuous or massive fires in the rear.

It should be noted that as certain threats emerged and grew, the necessary forces and organizational structures were created, as emphasized above, starting from the appropriate security services at facilities and territories, right up to the formation of state multinational systems for the protection of the population and territories, developed and adopted necessary legislative and regulatory framework.

The need for the formation of state systems for the protection of the population and territories, both in Russia and abroad, was determined, first of all, by the growth of military threats, the creation and development of means of destruction.

In Russia (USSR), the problems of protecting the population and territories from dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these actions were first raised to the state level immediately after the civil war, which was due to the emergence and then rapid development of aviation and the growth of its capabilities to cause attacks on the country's rear targets. By the way, for the first time the rules of conduct for citizens during raids by enemy aircraft were set out on March 8, 1918 in the appeal “To the population of Petrograd and its environs.”

Considerable attention began to be paid to this problem, and in October 1932, the solution to these issues was entrusted to the local air defense system (LAD), formed by a resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, which prescribed the main provisions of its functioning.

The timely creation of the MPVO ensured the successful protection of the population and the creation of conditions for the functioning of national economic facilities during the Great Patriotic War. During the years of the Great Patriotic War, the MPVO turned from a local into a national system for protecting the country's rear; it was an important element of the state's defense capability, an integral part of the country's Armed Forces.

The provisions on the MPVO of the USSR, approved by resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on October 31, 1949 and April 14, 1956, were determined on the basis of the experience of the Great Patriotic War, goals, objectives, organizational structure MPVO, main activities carried out on the territory of the country, the role and place of MPVO troops, MPVO formations and self-defense groups, the procedure for training personnel and the population in the MPVO system, responsibilities of ministries and departments.

The regulation, approved in 1956, for the first time emphasized that the MPVO is a system of national defense measures carried out to protect the population from nuclear weapons and other modern means defeat, creating conditions that ensure the reliable operation of national economic facilities in conditions of air attack, carrying out rescue operations and providing assistance to victims, as well as performing urgent emergency restoration work in the affected areas. Particular attention was paid to the fact that the MPVO was to be organized throughout the country.

The emergence of nuclear weapons and the creation of missile delivery systems nevertheless required fundamental changes in the military doctrines of nuclear countries, while the problem of protecting the population and territories from weapons of mass destruction acquired even greater urgency and importance.

In this regard, in 1961, a decision was made to transform the MPVO into civil defense. The difference between MPVO and civil defense was as follows:

firstly, the system of protective measures of civil defense had to ensure the protection of the population and territories from the damaging factors of a qualitatively new weapon - weapons of mass destruction;

secondly, the range of tasks solved by civil defense has expanded significantly, including the creation of conditions necessary for industry to operate in war time and providing everything necessary to citizens who survived a nuclear war;

thirdly, in a completely new capacity, the task of eliminating the consequences of an enemy attack in the form of enormous mass destruction arose, providing for the provision of assistance to hundreds of thousands of victims simultaneously;

fourthly, civil defense measures were given a national and national character; they were planned and implemented throughout the country and affected every citizen and every community.

All this, taking into account the experience of the functioning of the civil defense system over the past years, was reflected in the Regulations on Civil Defense of the USSR, put into effect by Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 201-78 of March 18, 1976.

It should be emphasized that attempts to develop and adopt a law on the Civil Defense of the USSR during these years were unsuccessful.

It must be recognized that in the 60-70s a lot was done to ensure civil defense preparedness in case of an emergency. nuclear war, including the creation of a regulatory framework. For example, the basic principles of protecting the population from weapons of mass destruction were determined by Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 4, 1963 No. 1132-416 “On measures to protect the country’s population from weapons of mass destruction.” They formed the basis for the construction and conduct of civil defense. The press has repeatedly emphasized that the state of the USSR Civil Defense in these years was one of the limiting factors in the outbreak of war on the part of former potential opponents of the USSR.

At the same time, it must be admitted that the orientation of civil defense in these years, mainly only towards solving wartime problems, objectively contributed to the one-sidedness of its development. Accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant confirmed this, showing that civil defense is not ready for a high-quality solution to the problems of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies. In connection with this resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 30, 1987, the need to develop civil defense was declared in terms of directly solving problems of protecting and rescuing the population in emergency situations caused by natural disasters, major accidents and catastrophes. But this resolution remained on paper, as confirmed by the 1988 Spitak earthquake.

The Chernobyl tragedy showed that issues of protecting the population and territories must be resolved at the state level, and the Spitak disaster accelerated the decision-making on this issue.

In mid-1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided to create a special body- State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Emergency Situations, and on December 15, 1990, by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, it was created government system on prevention and action in emergency situations, which united management bodies, forces and means, whose competence included the tasks of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies. The created Commission and System existed until the collapse of the USSR.

The system for dealing with emergency situations was also being developed in Russia. On July 17, 1990, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted a resolution “On the formation of the Russian Rescue Corps.” Implementing this resolution, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, in order to radically improve the work to protect the population and national economic facilities in emergency situations in peacetime and war, giving this work national significance, raising it to the level of state policy, by Decree of December 27, 1990 No. 606, formed the Russian Corps rescuers on the rights of the State Committee of the RSFSR.

The date of adoption of this resolution is considered the time of the founding of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.

After approval of the Regulations and staffing table The formation of the corps began. On April 17, 1991, by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 207, S.K. Shoigu was appointed Chairman of the Russian Rescue Corps.

However, already the first months of activity of the Russian Rescue Corps showed the difficulties of its functioning as a state-public organization, the lack of authority for the high-quality implementation of the tasks assigned to it. In connection with this, Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated July 30, 1991 No. 1617-1, the Russian Rescue Corps was transformed into the State Committee of the RSFSR for Emergency Situations (GKChS RSFSR).

By Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 19, 1991 No. 221, the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the RSFSR was again reorganized. On the basis of the State Committee and the Civil Defense Headquarters of the RSFSR, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR was created, which was reorganized in 1994 (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 1994 “On the structure of federal bodies executive power") to the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.

Currently, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia or more officially - the Ministry of Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief - is the main body exercising management in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, ensuring fire safety, as well as coordinating the activities of federal executive authorities in this area.

Today, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is a state body that, in addition to eliminating the consequences of natural disasters and catastrophes, is engaged in forecasting, preventing emergency situations, and developing special rescue tool, new technologies, even has aviation at its disposal, etc.

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is a structure that covers almost the entire country with its network. This is a powerful fist of rescue forces, capable of stopping the development of any emergency situation. Let's talk briefly about some of its forces of constant readiness, which immediately respond to major, most severe emergencies.

Russian Emergency Situations Forces

Civil Defense Troops

These troops form the basis of the forces of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, which are involved in eliminating emergency situations in peacetime and wartime. The civil defense troops have gone through a long and difficult path of development - tested by the war of 1941-1945, a serious test of combat effectiveness in the liquidation of many major accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters. They differ significantly from formations and units of the Armed Forces. Their task is to quickly come to the rescue of the population in emergency situations, provide assistance to them, and eliminate the consequences of emergencies.

The main organizational unit of civil defense troops is rescue center. The center includes various separate units: rescue or emergency response; radiation, chemical and biological protection; life support; pyrotechnic works; protection and escort of cargo; medical rescue; firefighter; search and rescue, dog training; automobile; expeditionary forces, etc.

These troops are also called “Salvation Troops” or “Unarmed Troops” (however, for self-defense they have some light weapons).

Centrospas

Tsentrospas is the State Central Airmobile Rescue Squad. Its main functions are prompt response to emergencies of a natural and man-made nature on a federal and cross-border scale, rescuing people in emergency zones, delivery and escort of humanitarian aid to those in distress, etc.

The professional level of the detachment's workers is quite high. Each of the rescuers has 6-15 civilian specialties (driver, signalman, medic, gas welder, engineer, diver, climber, firefighter, dog handler, speleologist, etc.).

The detachment has a variety of special equipment and machinery. It is equipped with parachute landing systems; special vehicles for work in emergency zones; hovercraft; means of searching and rescuing victims, providing first aid; insulating suits and breathing apparatus for working in gaseous environments and under water; inflatable rafts, boats. There are also life support equipment, personal protection; short- and long-range (including satellite) radio stations; expedition food rations.

The detachment is equipped with light helicopters capable of operating in major cities. They are used in Moscow, which is overloaded with vehicles, to transport seriously ill people and victims of road accidents who need emergency medical care when ambulance teams, squeezed in a crush of cars, do not have time to arrive when called.

The detachment is distinguished by the round-the-clock readiness of rescuers, vehicles, equipment and equipment for quick and effective actions aimed at rescue human lives And material assets from emergencies in any geographical location on Earth.

Special forces "Leader"

There are emergency situations that are particularly specific, requiring, for example, skills in performing pyrotechnic work, using robotic equipment, etc. Moreover, emergency situations often occur in conditions associated with increased risk to the lives of rescuers, including those emanating from criminal elements rushing to the scene of an emergency in order to profit. To protect rescuers and carry out particularly complex work, the Leader Center for Special Risk Rescue Operations was created. Along with Tsentrospas, it became the core of the rapid reaction forces of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

The backbone of the Center was people who had combat experience and served in special forces units. Many of them are international-class rescuers, international-class masters of sports, and mountaineering instructors.

The Leader Center is entrusted with the following tasks:

Carrying out priority rescue and other urgent work of particular complexity in hard-to-reach areas, with the landing of rescuers and cargo, on and under water using light diving equipment;

Performing blasting and pyrotechnic works;

Implementation of measures to protect people, material and cultural values, - economic facilities in emergency areas;

Ensuring the safety of goods transported as humanitarian aid, the safety of citizens, material and cultural assets during their evacuation from emergency areas;

Ensuring the safety of employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, other ministries and departments involved in carrying out work in emergency areas.

The center is equipped modern technology, its employees have excellent equipment.

Search and rescue service

The elite units Centrospas and Leader are not used for all emergency situations, but only for the largest and most complex ones. Elimination of the consequences of “ordinary” emergencies is usually carried out by the search and rescue service (SRS). They consist of about 4 thousand rescuers, including 170 of international class. In addition, the constituent entities of the Federation and municipalities have their own emergency rescue teams with a total number of over 10 thousand people and approximately 7.5 thousand volunteer rescuers as part of student rescue teams.

At first, they all participated in eliminating the consequences of mainly natural disasters, and now they also act in man-made emergencies. Today they have to participate in eliminating the consequences of aviation, railway, road transport and even river (sea) accidents (catastrophes), eliminate the consequences of explosions, fires and building collapses, oil and gas pipeline breaks, spills of various hazardous chemicals.

The number of so-called domestic emergencies has also increased. Increasingly, police officers are turning to the authorities of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations with requests to search for people in the city, in water bodies, to provide assistance in the event of the threat of terrorist attacks, to extract people from elevator shafts, wells, to open apartments in high-rise buildings (using climbing technology and emergency rescue tool). All this is becoming a new area of ​​activity for search and rescue teams.

Aviation Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

The ministry's aviation includes a whole fleet of aircraft. These include Il-76TD aircraft. They hold 42 tons of water or special fire-extinguishing liquid and are the largest firefighting “bombers” in the world. These aircraft were successfully used to extinguish fires in ammunition depots near Yerevan (in Armenia), Vladivostok, and Yekaterinburg. In conditions where, due to shell explosions, it was impossible for ground firefighters to approach the scene of the accident, only with the help of aviation could they cope with this task.

Large forest fires were also fought from these aircraft. It also involves multi-purpose amphibious aircraft Be-200 ChS, capable of taking 12 tons of water in gliding mode, which significantly increases the effectiveness of fire extinguishing, Mi-8 and Mi-26 helicopters, which can carry out targeted water strikes on hotbeds of fire.

Il-62M, equipped as an air command post, allows you to control the forces and means involved in eliminating emergency situations, evacuate people from emergency zones, transport operational groups of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc.

Multi-purpose missions are performed by Mi-26T, Mi-8MT, Ka-32T helicopters, which do not require special airfields and can serve the most inaccessible territories.

The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is the only structure in the country today that has united aviation and rescuers into a single whole. Much of what the ministry’s aviation does is not done by anyone in the country.

Crisis Management Center

When an emergency occurs, you need to act quickly, competently and in an organized manner. Anyone who is obliged to take measures to eliminate it must, first of all, receive information about what happened, as accurate as possible, and a probable forecast of its development. We also need information about the forces and means that can be immediately used to solve a sudden problem.

For these purposes, the Crisis Management Center (CMC) was created. Its tasks include monitoring and reporting information about emergency situations; prepare proposals to management for decision-making; ensure sustainable, continuous and operational management of control bodies, forces and means of the RSChS in the event of the occurrence and liquidation of emergency situations; maintain a data bank on accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters in the country and abroad, on potentially dangerous objects, possible options the development of events in the event of a particular emergency, about algorithms of action in various situations, etc.

The crisis management system is constantly being improved. In order to form a common information space, strengthen interdepartmental coordination and centralize management in the event of a threat and emergency situations, the creation of a National Center for Management in Crisis Situations has begun. We can say that in this way a system of anti-crisis management of the entire country is being formed in a variety of emergency situations on an all-Russian scale - from major earthquake before hostilities. This center will actually be the main information coordinator of the RSChS. In every regional center The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia plans to create its branches.

In 2005, the deployment of the All-Russian Integrated System of Information and Warning of the Population in Places of Crowded Population (OKSION) began. After its full deployment, guaranteed notification will be provided to more than 35 million people in various crisis situations; the time frame for delivering the necessary information to the population in crowded places will be reduced by 12 times.

State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

The fire element has become a real disaster for humanity. In Russia alone, on average, more than 200 thousand fires are recorded annually. About 20 thousand people die in them.

By decree of the President of Russia, from January 1, 2002, the State Fire Service was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Emergency Situations. This is done for improvement purposes government controlled in the field of fire safety, association; forces and means in organizing and conducting priority rescue operations related to fire extinguishing.

The primary operational unit capable of independently extinguishing a small fire or rescuing people in danger is the department on a fire pumper or tanker truck. Such departments are the first to respond to calls and receive; Immediate measures to eliminate the source of fire.

Most often, firefighters have to solve tactical tasks with the forces of the duty guard - the main tactical unit. It, consisting of two or more departments, is capable of successfully fighting more complex fires. The guard is on duty at the fire station for 24 hours and is then relieved by the next shift. The guard is constantly ready to go to the fire. To the alarm meeting personnel Only 40-50 seconds are allotted. During this time, firefighters must put on combat clothing, take seats in their vehicles, receive from the dispatcher the address where the fire occurred, and go to the scene.

At the head of all units taking part in extinguishing a fire is a director (RTP). In case of large fires operational management a headquarters is organized that ensures the implementation of the instructions of the leader.

To extinguish a fire, you need water or foam, fire extinguishing powder or inert gas, a smoke mask and (or) a heat-reflective suit, a ladder to rescue people from upper floors, a device for opening building structures in order to penetrate to the source of combustion. In short, dozens of instruments and devices are required to fight fire, smoke, and scorching heat.

An important area of ​​fire protection work is fire prevention. Its goal is to reduce the number of fires and, as a consequence, reduce material damage from fire, as well as reducing human casualties.

Currently, unified duty dispatch services operate in Russian cities and have proven their effectiveness. municipalities, equipped with a single emergency telephone number “01”. This number becomes the basis of the entire emergency response system. Today, in many cities and regions of the country, the situation is such that every citizen, by calling “01”, can receive qualified assistance on a wide range of problems related to incidents.

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has done a great job important work, the results of which should increase the level of response to fires throughout Russia. As part of the administrative reform ongoing in the country, firefighting tasks are divided today between the fire services of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the Federal fire service. The latter is responsible for extinguishing fires not throughout the country, but in closed administrative-territorial entities; at facilities critical to the national security of the country; other particularly important fire-hazardous facilities; especially valuable objects cultural heritage peoples of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia came up with a proposal to amend the law to allow the Federal Fire Service, which is part of the ministry, to protect against fires throughout the country and coordinate all types of fire extinguishing on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, i.e. establish unified management of these activities. This can be a strategic step in ensuring fire safety.

Today the GPS is a powerful operational service. Its units annually make about two million trips; in 2007, they saved 942 people from death and injury in fires, including 147 people in the SD.

State Inspectorate for Small Vessels (GIMS)

According to statistics, over the past 20 years, water bodies In the Russian Federation, up to 20 thousand people die annually for various reasons. In order to improve activities to ensure the safety of people on water bodies, the State Inspectorate for Small Vessels (GIMS) was established in the Russian Federation in 1984. In August 2003, as part of the improvement of the RSChS, it was transferred to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

GIMS carries out:

Registration, accounting, technical examination small vessels, bases (structures) for their parking, beaches, crossings and floating bridges;

Certification of navigators and issuance of certificates to them for the right to operate a small vessel;

Control on reservoirs over compliance with the rules for the use of small boats, protection of people’s lives on the water, suppression of identified violations, etc.

Currently, as part of the administrative reform ongoing in the country, the functions of GIMS in terms of searching, rescuing and protecting the lives of people on water bodies have been transferred to the jurisdiction of local governments and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The main activity of the GIMS EMERCOM of Russia is to ensure the effective functioning of inspection units in solving problems in the field of state and technical supervision of water bodies of the Russian Federation.