What are cultural values? Cultural Competence

Page 1

Among the values ​​that form culture, there are two main groups - material and spiritual. The first is the set outstanding works intellectual, artistic, religious creativity: works of painting, literature, architectural monuments, handicrafts, etc. The second includes the social experience of society, “the principles of life that most justified themselves and showed the greatest social efficiency: morals, customs, stereotypes of behavior and consciousness, samples, assessments, images, opinions, interpretations, etc., that is, the fundamental norms of behavior and judgment that lead to an increase in the social integration of the community, to an increase in mutual understanding between people ... ”[Flier 2000: 252]. In other words, it is the social experience of society acquired as a result of adaptation to social environment, a system of ideas about how relationships between people should be built and what a person should be like.

Many values ​​accumulated by mankind throughout history are universal. However, the significance of certain values, their hierarchy on the value scale in different cultures ah different. This is what determines the originality of each of the cultures, its originality and uniqueness. The commonality of cultural values ​​and traditions, along with language, is one of the most important features of an ethnic group [Karaulov 2002: 47]. At the heart of any culture lies its own system of values, which act as the main life guidelines and, ultimately, determine the culture of a given society. The Eastern tradition, for example, is characterized by such values ​​as the unity of society and the individual, the family, respect for parents and elders, self-improvement of the individual, interdependence, harmony in interpersonal relationships, modesty. For the Western tradition - the opposition of the individual and society, the priority of individual values ​​over public ones, independence, freedom of the individual, equality, etc.

Knowing another culture, people, as a rule, react painfully to differences in the value system, proceed from their ideas about the significance of certain values, which sometimes leads to rather harsh judgments and assessments. As an illustration, let's give an example of what Russian guys write about the British, who lived for several months in London:

The notorious British traditionalism, in fact, is a kind of computer program from which the Briton will not deviate one iota throughout his life. There are a lot of rules-traditions, and the British mentality consists entirely of them. the British are not people, but some kind of cyborgs [Sakin, Spiker 2002: 178].

Their negative impression of the British is strengthened by the results of a survey conducted at English universities, where informants were asked what is most important for them in life and what they live for:

The results were stunning. Ahead with a giant margin from all other points was money-making (59% of respondents), in second place was career (about 40%) ... Traditional and natural, as it would seem to a Russian person, values ​​- family, friendship, love, children - either occupied last place this "hit parade", or were absent altogether [Sakin, Spiker 2002: 181].

To overcome ethnocentrism in the perception of representatives of a different culture and better understanding, it is important to know the features of their value system. American anthropologists F. Klakhon and F. Strodtbek identified five main parameters according to which the views of representatives of different cultures on the world differ and which determine their value orientation. In their opinion, these are: a) man's attitude to nature (man-nature orientation); b) its relation to activity (activity orientation); c) relation to time (temporal orientation); d) the nature of relationships between people (relational orientation); e) human nature (human-nature orientation). On the basis of these relations, the system of values ​​of the people is formed, its views, concepts, and culture are formed. Let us briefly dwell on some of these relations in the cultures we are considering and try to find evidence of their manifestation in communication.

see also

Out of doors
Having reached this final chapter, I realized that there was still a lot to say. Especially about what makes up the life of an American family outside of her home, or, as they say here, out of doors. ...

Audit report
The opinion is dated the date corresponding to the date of completion of the audit, and not earlier than the date of signing or approval of the financial statements. The auditor's report is usually signed by...

culture
Modern Uruguayan culture is diverse in nature as the country's population is very multicultural. The country has an impressive heritage of artistic and literary traditions. This...

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

1. Cultural values

1.1 Values. Cultural values

1.2 Classification of cultural property

2. Protection of cultural property

2.1 The problem of ensuring the safety of cultural property

2.2 The need to ensure the security of cultural property

2.3 State control

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Cultural values ​​have always been the object of close attention on the part of people, both of different nationalities and different segments of the population, regardless of their standard of living, political or social status.

For some, these are objects of satisfaction of their cultural needs, for others, it is a way of existence or a means of making a living.

Satisfaction of cultural needs is both the enjoyment of already created works of art, and the ability to create, store, collect, study, etc. a work of art. Cultural heritage forms a set of material and spiritual cultural values ​​of other eras that are subject to conservation, reassessment and use of existing achievements .

Interest in the problem of cultural values ​​can be considered an indicator of the level of cultural development of the population of any country. Today, developing countries are demanding the return of cultural property, and this problem is being actively discussed by international organizations and international forums.

Naturally, the very concept of “cultural values” or “works of art” implies a careful and attentive attitude towards them both on the part of workers in the “cultural” sphere and on the part of customs authorities, who are accustomed mainly to dealing with “ordinary "commodity, i.e., "a product of labor created for sale."

The purpose of the work is to study cultural values, their safety and security.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the work:

to get acquainted with the security and protection of cultural property;

determine the degree of protection of cultural property;

consider the safety of cultural property.

The object of study in the course work are cultural values.

The subject of research is their protection

1. Cultural values

1.1 Values. Cultural values

Cultural property - as defined by the Fundamentals of Legislation Russian Federation on culture of October 9, 1992 - moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs, historical toponyms, folklore, arts and crafts, works of culture and art, results and methods scientific research cultural activities, buildings, structures, objects and technologies that have historical and cultural significance, unique, in historical and cultural terms, territories and objects.

What are cultural values? Cultural values ​​are the property of a certain ethnic, social, sociographic group, which can be expressed by some forms of artistic, visual and other arts.

At the same time, a prerequisite for the belonging of works of art to cultural values ​​is their possible impact on the psyche and consciousness of people in order to convey to them in one form or another information about ideological and spiritual values ​​that are difficult to convey in another way. Cultural values ​​in different time periods differed among themselves and even for the same people - cultural values ​​are something not necessarily homogeneous in their content.

Many eras of mankind keep the origins of culture, the origins of spirituality, the origins of real humane human values and trends. In order to be able to get to know them modern man much more possibilities due to the fact that the information space is connected into a single whole thanks to multiple communication networks, the Internet, television. But 30 years ago, for example, could anyone have imagined that in order to get acquainted with the Louvre or the exposition of the National British Museum Arts there will be no need to travel to them. And all this can be done behind the monitor screen in Belgorod or Orel. The world has become closer, much closer than it was available before. We are at the stage of mass mixing of cultures and penetration of the West and East into each other in their approaches. Now the concept of cultural values ​​is changing and modifying in accordance with the way in which a person changes and improves. The development of new branches of culture takes place at the intersection of old and new concepts of cultural values, on the threshold of new discoveries and the development of the finest new generation technologies.

G. Lotz, V. Windelband, G. Rickert contributed to its development to a large extent.

There are different approaches to understanding values. Usually, scientists proceed from the following ideas.

Value is a characteristic of a person's attitude to an object fixed in the mind of a person.

Value for a person are objects that give him positive emotions: pleasure, joy, pleasure. Therefore, he desires them and longs for them. May have value material objects, processes or spiritual phenomena (knowledge, ideas, ideas).

But value itself is not an object, but a special kind of meaning that a person sees in an object or phenomenon.

The value meaning exists in the human mind, but it is, as it were, objectified and takes the form of a special spiritual formation - value as some essence contained in the subject.

If an object becomes desirable, satisfying the needs, needs of the individual, it acquires value. Consequently, not the object itself, but the attitude of a person towards it leads to the emergence of value. However, in practice, value is called not only the ability of an object to satisfy needs, but also this object itself.

Value in cultural studies is not identical to the economic understanding of it as value (monetary expression of value). Values ​​cannot always be expressed in monetary terms. It is impossible to express inspiration, remembrance, the joy of creativity and other manifestations of the human soul in a commodity-money form. Value must be distinguished from utility. A valuable thing may be useless, and a useful thing may have no value. In axiology accepted various options classification of values. There are classifications in which values ​​are arranged in a hierarchical sequence - from the lowest (sensual) to the highest (holy). Most often, values ​​are divided into spiritual, social, economic, material. Based on the value ideas that dominate culture, a system is formed value orientations personality. Each individual organizes them in his own way. Family happiness, material well-being, love, a successful career, decency, etc. can serve as value orientations. high culture spiritual values ​​become decisive. Values ​​are often incompatible with each other. Therefore, a person is practically doomed to the torment of choosing alternative values.

1.2 Classification of cultural property

From the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, cultural property is considered to be, regardless of its origin and owner:

a) valuables, movable or immovable, which have great importance for the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, religious or secular, archaeological sites, architectural ensembles which, as such, are of historical or artistic interest, works of art, manuscripts, books, other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological values, as well as scientific collections or important collections of books, archival materials or reproductions of the values ​​indicated above;

b) buildings the main and actual purpose of which is the preservation or display of movable cultural property referred to in paragraph a, such as museums, large libraries, repositories of archives, as well as shelters designed to preserve movable cultural property in the event of armed conflict, referred to in paragraph "a";

c) centers in which there is a significant amount of cultural property specified in paragraphs "a" and "b", the so-called "centers of concentration of cultural property".

Cultural values ​​- according to the legislation of the Russian Federation -

Moral and aesthetic ideals;

Norms and patterns of behavior;

Languages, dialects and dialects;

National traditions and customs;

Toponyms;

Folklore;

Artistic trades and crafts;

Works of culture and art;

Results and methods of scientific research of cultural activities;

Buildings, structures, objects and technologies of historical and cultural significance;

Historically and culturally unique territories and objects.

Cultural values ​​- property values ​​of a religious or secular nature that have historical, artistic, scientific or other cultural significance: works of art, books, manuscripts, incunabula, archival materials, components and fragments of architectural, historical, artistic monuments, as well as monuments of monumental art and other categories of items.

The list of cultural property, the export of which is carried out on the basis of Certificates for the right to export cultural property, was approved by Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of August 7, 2001 N 844 "On clarifying the procedure for issuing documentation for the right to export cultural property and cultural objects from the territory of the Russian Federation." These cultural values ​​include:

Cultural values ​​included in the Museum, Archival and Library Funds of the Russian Federation (with the exception of copies taken from documents stored in federal and state archives (documentation storage centers) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, state museums and libraries of the system of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the State Film Fund of Russia, institutions of the system of the Russian Academy of Sciences)

Items and collections of historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural significance associated with significant events in the life of peoples, the development of society and the state, with the history of science and technology:

memorial items relating to the lives of prominent political, statesmen, national heroes, figures of science, literature and art

items and collections of uniforms and equipment for industrial, military and other purposes, created more than 50 years ago

items of machinery, devices, instruments, apparatus, equipment for scientific, industrial, domestic and military purposes and / or their components, created more than 50 years ago

objects and their fragments obtained as a result of archaeological excavations

Artistic values ​​(with the exception of paintings, sculptural and graphic works, items of decorative and applied arts, design projects, installations, objects children's creativity, created less than 50 years ago, as well as household items, regardless of the time of their creation, which are not on the state register and are classified as cultural objects according to the results of the examination):

paintings, sculptures

works of graphics and original graphic printing plates

objects of religious worship of various denominations

arts and crafts

artistic weapons

Components and fragments of architectural, historical monuments and monuments of monumental art

Printed publications created over 50 years ago

Manuscripts, documentary monuments, archives, including phono, photo and film archives created more than 50 years ago

Unique and rare musical instruments, including author's folk instruments, created more than 50 years ago (with the exception of factory-made (manufactory) musical instruments, including folk instruments (balalaikas, domras, button accordions, etc.)). For bowed string instruments (violin, viola, cello, double bass) and bows that are not unique and rare, a passport can be issued in which the Ministry of Culture of Russia or its territorial departments for the preservation of cultural property make the following entry: "Rossvyazokhrankultura (or its territorial department) confirms that this musical instrument/bow is not subject to the Law of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1993 N 4804-1 "On the export and import of cultural property" and can be exported without issuing a certificate for the right to export cultural property from the territory of the Russian Federation. This entry is certified by the signature of the official and the seal of Rossvyazokhrankultura or its territorial department.

Postage stamps (postage stamps and blocks), stamped postcards and envelopes, tax and similar stamps over 50 years old

Coins, bonds, banknotes and securities created over 50 years ago

Ancient orders and medals (with the exception of personal awards, for which there are order books or award certificates exported by the recipient himself or his heirs, as well as badges), as well as commemorative and award signs, desktop medals and seals created more than 50 years ago

Rare specimens and collections of flora and fauna, subjects of interest to such fields of science as anatomy, paleontology and mineralogy, including:

plants, animals and their parts, regardless of the method of preservation (including herbaria, stuffed animals, shells, etc.)

artificial or natural preparations of whole organisms (including fossils), individual organs, their parts or systems

remains of fossil organisms and/or their parts (including their imprints), regardless of state of preservation

samples and collections of minerals (except synthetic), rocks and natural non-crystalline substances of terrestrial and extraterrestrial origin

Cultural values ​​do not include modern souvenirs, cultural items of serial and mass production.

Prohibited for export are movable objects of historical, artistic, scientific or other cultural value and classified as particularly valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation, regardless of the time of their creation.

movable objects, regardless of the time of their creation, protected by the state and included in the lists and registers of protection

cultural values ​​permanently stored in state and municipal museums, archives, libraries, other state repositories of cultural values

cultural values ​​created over 100 years ago

A ban on the export of cultural property on other grounds is not allowed.

In accordance with international treaties and legislation of the Russian Federation, cultural property illegally exported from its territory and illegally imported into its territory must be returned.

2. Protection of cultural property

The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, adopted at an international conference in The Hague on May 14, 1954, provides for the following measures:

a) prohibition of the use of these valuables, structures for their protection, as well as areas directly adjacent to them, for purposes that could lead to the destruction or damage of these valuables in the event of an armed conflict;

b) prohibition, prevention and suppression of any act of theft, robbery or misappropriation of cultural property in any form, as well as any act of vandalism in relation to these property; c) the prohibition of requisition and the adoption of any repressive measures directed against cultural property. The First Additional Protocol of 1977 prohibits any act of hostility directed against those historical monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples. The Protocol supplements the system of guarantees for the protection of cultural property introduced by the 1954 Hague Convention.

The most important cultural property is taken under special protection and included in the International Register of Cultural Property, which is maintained CEO UNESCO; a copy of the register is kept by Secretary General UN and each side in a military conflict. From the moment of inclusion in the International Register, valuables receive military immunity, and the belligerents are obliged to refrain from any hostile act directed against them.

Cultural property under special protection during armed conflicts must be marked with a distinctive sign. Adopted in 1970, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property includes in the list actions that are a direct or indirect result of the occupation of a country by a foreign power. The 1954 Hague Convention, as mentioned above, provides for two types of protection of cultural property. Under the general regime of protection, a special list of cultural property is not drawn up, and their protection can be withdrawn in case of "urgent military necessity". Special protection conceived to preserve cultural property such as Versailles, the Taj Mahal or the Hermitage requires the relevant cultural property to be entered on the International Register of Cultural Property, and their protection can only be withdrawn in "exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity". However, this system special protection in general, it was not successful and turned out to be not vital. Over the 50 years of the existence of the Hague Convention, only 6 objects (!) have been included in the International Register of Cultural Property Under Special Protection - the Vatican and five centers for the storage of cultural property (in Austria, Holland and Germany).

It is important to note that the Pact protects movable and immovable cultural values. Some authors express the opinion that the Roerich Pact puts under protection only the immovable values ​​of culture. For example, the protection of museums, which is mentioned in the first article of the Covenant, means the protection of the building of museums and their exhibits. The museum combines the building and the movable cultural values ​​stored in it into a single whole, and this whole cannot be broken, because the building itself is not a museum, but at best an architectural monument. This argument also applies to movable cultural property in scientific, educational, cultural and art institutions protected by the Roerich Pact.

The pact protects the personnel of the aforementioned cultural, scientific and educational institutions.

The Covenant first introduced and established in international law the following principles and rules:

Cultural values, regardless of their belonging, are the cultural heritage of all mankind;

They are unconditionally subject to protection and respect during armed conflict;

Cultural property loses its immunity only if it is used for military purposes;

Cultural values ​​are to be protected equally in an international armed conflict, as well as in a conflict that does not have an international character;

Cultural property is subject to protection in Peaceful time;

Cultural property must be registered and included in the list for the purpose of protection, both in peacetime and in wartime;

A well-known and obligatory sign is established for the protection of cultural values, both during an armed conflict and in peacetime;

Foreign cultural property is subject to the national protection regime.

The Hague Convention of 1954 is the successor to many of the most important principles and provisions of the Roerich Pact, but to a large extent it follows the track laid by the Hague Conventions of the early twentieth century, subordinating the protection of cultural values ​​to military necessity.

In 1972, the Convention on the Preservation of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted in Paris. Although the Convention nowhere refers to the Roerich Pact, there is no doubt that it consolidates and develops the principle established by the Pact of protecting cultural values ​​in peacetime. safety cultural value security

2.1 The problem of ensuring the safety of cultural property

Over the past decades, the topic of preserving cultural heritage has been discussed quite often. Extensive interest in this issue is associated with the development of museum work and tourism, as well as with the growth in the number of educational institutions and, as a result, with the expansion of the circle of library readers. Ensuring access to museum valuables and library funds without prejudice to the collections themselves is one of the most important tasks and problems of our time.

The problem of ensuring the safety of cultural property has become so acute in recent years that the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation has identified it as one of the leading cultural institutions in its activities. The issue of normative regulation of the work of the security services already established in dozens of museums and libraries has not yet been resolved. The absence of a single standard regulating the procedure for using methods and means of fire protection for objects that store cultural property leads to the adoption of rash measures for the use of inappropriate or inefficient alarm, fire extinguishing, fire retardant and fire extinguishing compositions that quickly lose their properties or damage cultural and material values. The implementation of such projects may lead to untimely evacuation of employees and visitors from the premises in case of fire, damage the health of people, pose a threat to their lives, lead to loss and damage to cultural property, as well as unjustified financial costs. The ongoing theft of historical and cultural rarities from museums and libraries, the loss of monuments as a result of fires and accidents indicate the absence of reliable protection and insufficient equipment with security systems for the vast majority of cultural institutions.

Such a difficult situation with the protection of cultural property is caused by many factors, primarily the extremely low funding for this area for a long time. Often, funds to ensure security are sorely lacking and have to be found from various sources. With the ever-increasing cost of the services of public and private security companies, having a common financing system, some leaders, in order to ensure the safety of the cultural institutions entrusted to them, close exhibition, cultural, educational, restoration projects, others, due to lack of funds, remove the police and fire protection, including including centralized, leaving museums and libraries completely unprotected.

The organization of an effective security system should include not only the regular improvement of the means and methods of protecting cultural objects from fires, criminal encroachments, and other hazards that threaten the safety of funds, but also the management of the flow of visitors, whose accumulation in separate halls can lead to both an accident and deliberate damage to works of art.

The Roerich Pact is the basis of international legal protection of cultural values ​​and its future. It is the first international treaty that holistically addresses the issues of protection of cultural property. The pact became the basis of the modern international legal system for the protection of cultural values. It has given great opportunities for the protection of culture and brings new perspectives for the future. Some of these opportunities have been used in the past, others have been lost. It depends on us to what extent we will be able to embody in the name of Culture the new that is laid down in the Pact.

To substantiate the foregoing, let us turn to the legal provisions of the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments. Let us compare the provisions of the Roerich Pact and the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict adopted in 1954 and, in particular, the nature of the protection that these treaties provide, as well as the objects of protection, the conditions for registering these objects and the sign of protection of cultural property. The analysis will also consider other acts of international law: Protocol I of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of the Red Cross, Second Additional Protocol of 1999 to the Hague Convention of 1954 and others.

2.2 The need to ensure the security of cultural property

According to the first paragraph of Article 4 of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, cultural property must not be the object of hostile action directed against it and must not be used for purposes that could lead to its destruction or damage. However, immediately, in paragraph two of this article, it is said: "The obligations specified in paragraph 1 of this article may be violated only if military necessity urgently requires such a violation."

This reservation applies to cultural objects which are subject, under the 1954 Hague Convention, general protection. In addition to the general system, the Convention has also created a system of special protection for those movable and immovable cultural values ​​that are of paramount importance. But even for these valuables, the Hague Convention provides protection with a caveat - their immunity can be lifted, that is, they can be deprived of protection, in "exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity." Thus, the protection of cultural property provided for by the 1954 Hague Convention is protection with a reservation, protection with a condition. The 1954 Hague Convention borrowed this limitation from the 1907 Hague Convention on Law and Customs. land war.

However, these concepts themselves - "urgent military necessity" and "exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity" - were not defined by the 1954 Hague Convention, their content remained unclear. Therefore, one cannot but agree with those who believe that the imperative military necessity clause, as well as the unavoidable military necessity clause, “opens up the possibility of deliberate destruction of cultural monuments for purely military reasons, and therefore such a formulation is unacceptable and should be changed.”

In 1977, the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 was adopted, relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I of 1977). Its adoption ended the approach established by the 1954 Hague Convention. This protocol stipulates that only military objectives may be subject to military attack, and civilians and civilian objects may not be the subject of such attack. Cultural property is a civilian object and, as such, cannot be the object of a hostile act of war directed at it. Civilian objects, and therefore also cultural values, can only become the object of hostile acts if they are turned into military objects. This rule does not provide for exceptions.

The Diplomatic Conference that adopted Protocol I of 1977 defined the term "military objective" and this is considered one of its great achievements. According to Article 52, paragraph 2, the definition of a military objective contains two criteria that must be met simultaneously (cumulatively) in order for an object to be recognized as a military object: firstly, the nature, location, purpose or use of the object, which must be that they "lead to an effective contribution to military action", and secondly, the military advantage that the destruction, capture or neutralization of this object gives, while the military advantage must be "certain, under the circumstances".

In 1992, the Dutch government, together with UNESCO, commissioned Professor Patrick Boylan to conduct a detailed analysis of the 1954 Hague Convention (and its First Protocol, which was also signed in 1954) in order to ascertain the reasons for its "apparent failure" to achieve clear and worthy goals. that were placed in front of her.

As a result of the recommendations contained in Professor Boylan's report and the extensive preparatory work of the Dutch government and UNESCO, a Diplomatic Conference was convened, within the framework of which, on May 17, 1999, the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was signed (currently ratified by 33 states), which entered into force in 2004.

This Protocol adopted the provision of Protocol I of 1977 that hostile acts may not be directed against cultural property, unless they become military objectives. The second Protocol, in contrast to Protocol I of 1977, limited the cases that give reason to believe that a cultural object has become a military one. This limit was achieved with great difficulty at the Diplomatic Conference in The Hague in 1999. There was no dispute that, unlike other civilian objects, the nature and purpose of a cultural value cannot turn it into a military object, but its use for military purposes can. However, the issue of whereabouts has sparked heated debate. The Greek and Egyptian delegations, as well as the International Committee of the Red Cross, were categorically opposed to the fact that the location of a cultural property in itself is capable of turning it into a military object, because in this case the protection of cultural property would in principle be significantly impaired. Although the criterion of the location of cultural property was not convincingly justified, several delegations, in most of the NATO countries, stubbornly insisted on it. In the end, a compromise was reached and the following formulation was adopted: a hostile act can be directed at the value of culture only if, by virtue of its function, it is turned into a military object. One can agree with the lawyer of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Jean-Marie Ghenkaerts, who participated in the work on the Second Protocol, that only with great imagination can it be argued that the word "function" includes not only the use, but also the "location" of cultural property.

The dispute over the application of the location criterion related to cultural property, which is subject, under the 1954 Hague Convention and its Second Protocol, to a general protection regime. As for cultural property, which, by virtue of the Second Protocol, is subject to an enhanced protection regime, there was no disagreement: the protection of a cultural property can be removed only if this object is used as a military one.

The Roerich Pact on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments, signed on April 15, 1935 at the White House, provides for their protection without reservations. Thanks to the active initiative of N.K. and E.I. Roerichs and their associates, in many countries of the world a huge victory was achieved on the eve of the Second World War, because the Pact for the first time clearly and categorically established in international law the principle of the priority of protecting cultural values, which are of enduring importance for all mankind, over military necessity, which is transient and opportunistic. meaning. This very formulation of the question shows a huge difference between the Roerich Pact and the 1907 Hague Conventions adopted before it on the laws and customs of land war and on bombing by naval forces in time of war.

By signing the Roerich Pact, all peoples and mankind were given a great opportunity to save many priceless treasures of culture in the upcoming world war, because the Roerich Pact was conceived and developed as a universal international treaty. This needs to be emphasized. The Covenant for the first time regulated the principles and rules for the protection of cultural property, and these provisions had and still have global significance. The universal nature of the Pact is evidenced by the materials of the III Conference, held in November 1933 in Washington, which recommended that this humane document be adopted "by the governments of all nations as a demonstration of the noble attitude of their peoples to the cause of protecting culture." Moreover, the text of the treaty itself says that states that did not sign the treaty at the time of its opening can sign it or accede to it at any time. Recall that at the signing of the treaty, President Roosevelt said: "By offering this Pact for signature to the peoples of the whole world, we are striving for the worldwide application of one of the most important principles for the preservation of modern civilization."

Due to the fact that many countries, and primarily European ones, did not join the Roerich Pact on the eve of World War II, the opportunity to save many treasures of human genius was lost. The Hague Conventions of 1907, as the First World War showed, did not help to protect the values ​​of culture. Baron Michel de Taube wrote about this in his message to the 3rd Conference on the Roerich Pact: "...both conventions of 1907 sufficiently showed their failure during the world war." The ineffectiveness of the Hague Conventions was, unfortunately, confirmed by the Second World War. In 1999, Jean-Marie Ghenkaerts wrote: “History has shown us, however, that the concept of military necessity has not been able to significantly limit military action. In World War II, for example, hostilities were fought under the agreement that no property could be destroyed unless compelling military necessity required it. Yet entire cities were destroyed."

After the Second World War, another opportunity was lost - to maintain the positions won by the Roerich Pact in relation to the international protection of cultural property: the Roerich Pact was not offered to all countries of the world to join it and therefore remained a regional treaty signed only by the countries of both Americas.

During the Diplomatic Conference that adopted the 1954 Hague Convention, the United States, Britain and some other countries insisted on the "in case of military necessity" clause. An interesting fact is that the representative of Romania pointed out that the Roerich Pact does not contain this clause, and expressed surprise that it is the United States, which signed the Roerich Pact, that insists on its inclusion. The Soviet delegation was against this reservation, its leader V.S. Kemenov said that the protection of cultural property for future generations is a task that is above any "military necessity". When bombs fell over the Acropolis, Versailles and Westminster, hardly anyone could be comforted by the fact that these destructions were carried out "legally", in accordance with the Hague Convention. However, the reservation was adopted at the conference by a majority of votes and was written in the 1954 Hague Convention in the form of a "pressing military necessity" formula. In this regard, the 1954 Hague Convention was a step backwards compared to the Roerich Pact. And only half a century later, in 2004, when the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 came into force, the level of unconditional protection that the Roerich Pact provided for back in 1935 was achieved!

Article 5 of the Covenant states that cultural property ceases to be protected if it is used for military purposes. Neither the location of a cultural property, nor anything else can serve as a basis for withdrawing the protection provided by the Covenant. It's simple and unique the right decision was adopted in the 1999 Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention with great difficulty and compromises in wording several decades after the signing of the Covenant.

This Protocol contains some new rules that are not in the Roerich Pact and which create additional guarantees for the protection of cultural values. These new rules, developed on the basis of the annex of Protocol I of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions, once again prove the correctness of N.K. Roerich, who always insisted on studying and using the experience of the Red Cross in matters of protecting culture. According to the Second Protocol, a cultural monument that has been turned into a military objective may be attacked only if there is no alternative and only after a prior warning (when circumstances permit such a warning). The provisions on the individual criminal liability of certain natural persons for violation of international rules protection of cultural values.

2.3 State control

Federal body executive power, exercising the functions of control and supervision in the field of mass communications and the protection of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation? is the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrankultura).

Rosokhrankultura is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation. The regulation on the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrankultura) was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2004 N 301.

Rosokhrankultura carries out its activities directly and through its territorial bodies in interaction with others federal authorities executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public associations and other organizations.

The powers of Rosokhrankultura, in particular, include:

implementation of state control over the export and import of cultural property

making decisions on the possibility of export or temporary export of cultural property, issuing certificates to legal entities and individuals for the right to export and temporary export

registration of cultural property imported and temporarily imported into the territory of the Russian Federation

conclusion of agreements on the return of exported cultural property with persons applying for their temporary export

ensuring the examination of cultural property declared for export and temporary export, as well as when they are returned after temporary export

The functions assigned to it by Rosokhrankultura are carried out jointly with:

State Archival Service of Russia

customs authorities

internal affairs bodies

federal authorities state security RF

other law enforcement agencies

The Interdepartmental Council for the export and import of cultural property is formed as a collegial body for the export and import of cultural property.

The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation draws up a list of cultural property subject to the Law on the Import and Export of Cultural Property.

The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation, by means of a specialized service, exercises control over the procedure for the export and import of cultural property established by the Law at customs points.

Examination of cultural property declared for export, temporary export, as well as returned after temporary export, is carried out by specialists of museums, archives, libraries, restoration and research organizations and other specialists authorized by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the State Archival Service of Russia to carry out this activity.

One of the activities of the Department of Culture and Cultural Heritage is to ensure the preservation and protection of cultural property in everyday conditions and in emergency situations of peace and war. For this purpose, a service for the protection of cultural property was created on the basis of the Department. The Cultural Heritage Department of the Department protects immovable cultural property (monuments of architecture, history, etc.).

The issue of protecting cultural property is very relevant and difficult to implement, it requires a systematic approach and appropriate financial investments.

The main measures for the protection of cultural property include the following:

Events held in advance

Classification of cultural values ​​by groups;

Compilation and approval of the list of values;

Labeling of values;

Development of planning documents;

Accumulation of containers, packaging material, tools;

Education and training of personnel;

Ensuring the protection of valuables in places of permanent location (working out the organization of security, fire safety, etc.)

Measures taken in the event of an emergency

Request work force, loading facilities and transport, according to applications;

Alert storage facilities to hide valuables in place;

Packing of values ​​of 1 and 2 groups in a container;

Loading and evacuation of valuables to a suburban area or to other specific places;

Preparation of shelters for low-transportable objects;

- "burial" and shelter of low-transportable values ​​of 1 and 2 groups;

Protection of non-transportable values ​​of groups 1 and 2;

Organization of protection and preservation of valuables along the route and in new locations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, based on the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The problem of protecting cultural property is complex. Yes, it rests on complex economic processes, but is not limited to them alone. A huge role here is played by politics, law, morality, the determination to preserve a truly priceless cultural heritage that we inherited, to master it and pass it on to our children in a multiplied, renewed, ennobled by duty, patriotism, concern for the future, form.

The history of the protection of the cultural heritage of Russia has more than three centuries - during this period, security legislation was formed, a state security system was created, and the main methodological principles protection of monuments, a national restoration school was taking shape.

V last decade a number of problems in the field of protection of objects of antiquity have become aggravated, the solution of which is impossible without taking into account the experience of past years. One of these problems is the privatization of monuments and the formation various forms ownership of them. In this regard, the regulation of the rights of owners by the state, the development of optimal relations between the parties is one of the most important issues of today's monument protection policy.

Modern Russian cities change their appearance - new houses are built, squares are made out, monuments are erected, once lost monuments are recreated. At the same time, the features of the architectural and historical environment are often ignored: houses of new architecture are being built that are in no way connected with Russian traditions, authentic unique objects are distorted and destroyed and countless replicas are erected.

The cultural and natural heritage of Russia is actively involved in the global cultural space. Our country is a full member of such authoritative international organizations, as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Council of Museums (ICOM), the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). Many unique monuments Russia are under the auspices of these organizations.

Modern domestic research is developing new methodological approaches to the protection of values ​​that correspond to the international level. In the future, the Russian practice of protection is the preservation of unique territories with the complex regeneration of historical and cultural monuments, traditional forms of management and nature management.

Russian cultural values ​​will only become a full-fledged part of the world heritage when Russian society aware of the need to preserve national treasure and effective protection legislation will be created in the country.

Bibliography

1. Gurevich P.S. Man and Culture M .: "Budt Bustard", 1998.

2. Erasov B.S. Social cultural studies: In 2 parts. Part 1 - M .: JSC "Aspect Press", 1994. - 384 p.

3. Cultural studies. A course of lectures, ed. A.A. Rodugina Ed. Center Moscow 1998

4. Culturology / Ed. A.N. Markova M., 1998

5. Levinas E. Philosophical definition ideas of culture. // Global problems and human values. - M.: Progress, 1990. - S.86-97

6. Polikarpov V.S. Lectures on cultural studies. M.: "Gardariki", 1997.-344 p.

7. UNESCO - short for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

8. Voitovich A.N. Legal basis for the preservation of cultural values. Preservation of cultural values: materials of the working regional interdepartmental meeting in Irkutsk (December 3-7, 2001).

9. In accordance with the federal law of May 26, 1996 "On the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and Museums of the Russian Federation" No. 54 - FZ.

10. The regulation on the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Protection of Cultural Heritage (Rosokhrakultura) was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 17.06.2004 N 301.

11. On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation: the federal law. // Heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. - 2002. - No. 1. - S. 38. 39,51,52.

12. Kaulen M.E. The role of the museum in the preservation and actualization of intangible forms of heritage // Culture of Memory: Sat. scientific articles - M .: Drevlekhranishchee, 2007. - S. 124-125.

13. Polyakova ML. Protection of the cultural heritage of Russia. - M.: Soyuz, 2005, S. 107.

14. Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict dated May 14, 1954 // UNESCO Code of Regulations. -M., 1991.

15. European Cultural Convention of December 19, 1954 // Collection of international treaties of the USSR. - M., 1994. - Issue. XLVII.

16. European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of May 6, 1969 // Collection of International Treaties of the USSR. - M., 1994. - Issue. XLVII.

17. Trouble A.M. Protection of cultural heritage. M., 1999.

18. Vedenin Yu.A. Cultural and natural heritage of Russia. M., 1995.

19. Velikanov Yu.S. Preservation of the heritage of Russia. SPb., 2001.

20. Issues of protection and use of historical and cultural monuments. M., 1990.

21. World cultural and natural heritage in education. Tutorial. SPb., 2001.

22. Protection and preservation of cultural property. SPb., 1994.

23. Comprehensive regional programs for the conservation and use of cultural and natural heritage. M., 1994.

24. Mikhailova N.V. State-legal protection of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia in the second half of the XX century. M., 2001.

25. Mikhailova N.V. Historical and cultural heritage of Russia: problems of protection. M., 1999.

26. Protection and use of cultural monuments: a collection of normative acts and regulations. M., 2004.

27. Polyakova M.A. Protection of the cultural heritage of Russia. M., 2005.

28. Ugleva I.K. Cultural heritage: contemporary issues. M., 1987.

29. Unique territories in the cultural and natural heritage of the regions. M., 1994.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

International legal characteristics of cultural values. The looting of Cambodian cultural property during the armed conflicts of the 1970s The looting of Khmer civilization monuments after the end civil war. Measures to protect the monuments of Cambodia.

term paper, added 12/28/2016


Forms of succession and general characteristics traditions and rituals as the most effective ways of translating cultural values, their role in the ideas of older students about the family. Methods of transferring cultural values ​​in the East and in the Slavic countries.

term paper, added 08/30/2011


Determining the degree of influence of the Middle Ages on the culture of the Renaissance. Analysis of the main stages in the development of the artistic culture of the Renaissance. The hallmarks of the Renaissance different countries Western Europe. Features of the culture of the Belarusian Renaissance.

term paper, added 04/23/2011


Monuments of religious art as a cultural and historical value. Cultural heritage as a system of cultural values. Museum ranking methods. The concept of criteria values ​​in the basis of international acts. History of the Russian State Museum.

thesis, added 07.12.2008


Traditions in culture: types, dynamics of development. Traditions of the peoples of the world in different periods of time. Values ​​in culture: the system of cultural values ​​of the Mediterranean Roman Empire in the 1st - 2nd centuries. The importance of traditions and values ​​for the development of culture.

abstract, added 09/11/2008


Culture as a social phenomenon, its concept, essence, structure, functions and typology. Analysis of art in the system of cultural values. Influence of Christianity on the formation ancient Russian culture. Essence and characteristic features of youth subculture.

cheat sheet, added 06/16/2010


A study of the cultural processes of the 20th century, the indicator of which was the Cannes Film Festival. Overview of the history of the film festival movement. Characterization of the transformation of the role of cinema as a cultural process. Rehabilitation of morality and appeal to religion in films.

thesis, added 07/16/2014


Teaching French through the study of the cultural values ​​of France. Analysis of the history of Russian-French relations. The process of penetration of the heritage of French culture during the establishment of bilateral relations between France and Russia.

abstract, added 01/20/2012


The concept and tasks of applied cultural studies. The difference between fundamental culturology and applied. Applied cultural studies as a means of scientific support for cultural policy and socio-cultural activities. Creation and development of cultural values.

term paper, added 02/15/2016


The main components in the media environment according to G. McLuhan. Classification cultural epochs by McLuhan. Feature of modern communication means. Society for "harmonious communication" and " figurative thinking as an indispensable condition for the formation of higher cultures.

Today it has become fashionable to talk about culture. Some argue that society is losing it from year to year, some, on the contrary, argue that culture is being reborn and becoming more and more multifaceted. Is it so? Let's figure out what these are - cultural values, and try to answer the question of what happens to them.

What is culture

In Latin, the word "cultura" originally meant "cultivation". How did it happen that over time the term changed its meaning? In fact, the meaning of the word "culture" has remained the same. Upbringing, development and education - this is the cultivation of the human soul.

It was culture that helped a person to move from a primitive communal tribe, first to an agrarian, and subsequently to cultural revolution. Today, the concept includes various areas of human activity, being a set of skills, abilities and products of self-expression. Cultural values ​​are an integral part of the life of society. Let's get to know them better.

Cultural values ​​- what is it?

Oddly enough, but this concept can be interpreted in different ways. The first option: cultural values ​​are the moral and moral foundations of a person. It is according to established patterns of behavior that a person lives and thinks. But when these boundaries of moral norms are violated, a person is automatically recognized as uncivilized. Moreover, this does not interfere with his life in any way, but sometimes it can shock those around him.

The second interpretation is the most popular. Cultural property is buildings, paintings, objects, technologies and items. All that can be seen or understood. All this knowledge and the material product of human activity helped our society to make a rapid leap in its development.

The third option for the meaning of cultural values ​​is a product of human activity, which is hidden from our view in the minds of people. This includes knowledge, science, skills and scientific values.

Well, the last interpretation of the cultural values ​​of society is languages, traditions, crafts, folklore. All thanks to which we consider ourselves a civilized society with a rich history.

Do different countries have the same or different cultural values?

If you look at the interpretation of the term itself, everything becomes clear. Each country has its own history, code of laws and, as a result, a unique culture. Accordingly, the values ​​will be different everywhere. Why did it happen? Countries developed in different conditions, and religions in them were also different.

But it is precisely the beliefs of a person that make up a huge layer of culture. Our country for a long time was pagan, and this could not but affect modern society. Russians have been considered barbarians for many centuries, and now foreigners who have never been in our country, but only know about it from news releases, have the same opinion.

But this does not mean that our ancestors did not have a culture. The pagan faith required not only strict obedience to the gods, but also the creation of temples, totems and monuments. And when monotheism replaced polytheism, people did not abandon their heritage. They simply remade the Byzantine faith, adapting it to our country. Thus, it turned out that in the process of various evolutions and revolutions, people and their consciousness changed.

What are cultural norms?

Usually this concept denotes standards of behavior. Moreover, as well as the cultural values ​​of peoples, the norms in all countries are different. They are expressed in the form of rewards and punishments, regulated by the state. In our country, cultural norms operate not just in words. They are written in the Constitution, which limits human rights within reasonable limits. But at the same time, it gives him maximum freedom of action within reason. In case of non-compliance with cultural norms of a person, regulated punishment awaits.

Human cultural values

There are many peoples and nationalities on earth. Each individual person has a set of cultural values ​​and norms. What are they like for him? It is clear that each country has its own concept of culture, but most of the values ​​are still similar:

• The desire to know our history and understand the essence of what is happening to us and our homeland. This value called "love for the Fatherland" is instilled in every person. After all, only a person who knows his history can create future countries.
• Knowledge of the features of national creativity. Folklore, crafts, traditions and customs are rarely studied at school. This knowledge is given to a person in the family. And only thanks to them can a person better know who he is and what he does in this world.
• Religion is one of the main cultural values ​​of a person. It is she who establishes the unwritten rules, not regulated by the constitution, by which all people should live.

Cultural values ​​of the state

Citizens of one country represent a single group that unites general history and common future. The values ​​of the whole society as a whole include the cultural norms of each individual person. What then is the difference? In global thinking. The rulers of countries can change cultural values ​​if they want. But people treat such changes very badly, so they happen infrequently.

The main task of any state is to preserve and increase cultural values. That is, it should help talented people to fulfill themselves, scientists to make discoveries, and architects to build buildings. Today, intangible cultural values ​​are fading into the background, and the product of people's activity, which brings some benefit to society and the state, comes to the fore.

How cultural property is protected

Today, many states are concerned about the ever-increasing growth of vandalism. That is why many of them united and set themselves the goal of protecting cultural values. Thus, it was decided to protect buildings, paintings, sculptures. Yes, this is a big part of the heritage of any country. It is by these monuments that have come down to our time that one can judge how our ancestors lived.

But culture is not only material values. This term refers to both our mentality and language. And few people follow the purity of their speech. There is so much slang in the Russian language today that it is difficult to talk about the culture of the language. This also applies to religion. If churches, mosques and other religious buildings are protected and, as a result, preserved, then the faith itself changes from year to year.

Prospect for the development of cultural values

As mentioned above, the world does not stand still. Culture and cultural values ​​are changing and transforming. But don't regret it. This is a natural stage of development. You need to believe that everything that happens is always for the best. Of course, this does not mean that you need to kill cultural monuments of past centuries with your own hands.

Although sometimes you can be very surprised, looking at how quickly street art began to be considered art. It's not bad when artists paint gray boring houses, but when they start creating on churches or monuments, it gives me the creeps. To prevent this from happening, each person must understand the line of what is permitted and not cross it.

The cultural treasures of the 21st century generation are mostly located online. Therefore, it is difficult to imagine how the collection, systematization and preservation of this type of creativity will take place in the future. It is possible that separate servers will be created where paintings by artists, songs and films will be stored, and it is they who will become the rebirth of modern museums.

International law and Russian legislation give several definitions of the concept of "cultural values". For the first time the definition of "cultural property" was formulated in the Hague Convention of 1954 "On the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict". For the purposes of this Convention, the following objects are considered to be cultural property, regardless of their origin and owner:

• a) property, movable or immovable, which is of great importance for the cultural heritage of every people, such as monuments of architecture, art or history, religious or secular, archaeological sites, architectural ensembles, which as such are of historical or artistic interest, works of art, manuscripts , books, other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological significance, as well as scientific collections or important collections of books, archival materials or reproductions of the values ​​​​mentioned above;
• b) buildings the main and actual purpose of which is the preservation or display of movable cultural property referred to in paragraph (a), such as museums, large libraries, repositories of archives, as well as shelters designed to preserve, in the event of armed conflict, movable cultural property referred to in paragraph (a);
• c) centers in which there is a significant amount of cultural property specified in paragraphs (a) and (b), the so-called centers of concentration of cultural property. "Dracha G.V. Culturology. - RN / D, 2000. S. 37.

Along with the 1954 Convention, a broad definition of "cultural property" was given in the 1964 UNESCO Recommendation "On Measures to Prohibit and Prevent the Illegal Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property". For the purposes of this Recommendation, “cultural property is considered to be movable and immovable property of great importance for cultural heritage each country, objects such as works of art and architecture, manuscripts, books and other objects of interest from the point of view of art, history or archeology, ethnological documents, typical examples of flora and fauna, scientific collections and important collections of books and archival documents, in including musical archives". It is significant that this Recommendation for the first time indicates the division of cultural property into two categories: movable and immovable. Steshenko L.A. Protection of historical and cultural monuments in the USSR // Soviet state and law.

M. 1975. - No. 11. pp. 17-24.

The division of things into two categories, namely, immovable and movable, was already known in Roman law and in the Middle Ages. With regard to movables, the well-known formula "movable follows a person" ("mobilia personam sequuntur") was applied. Exclusively movable cultural property became the subject of regulation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention "On Measures Aimed at Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property". According to Article 1 of the Convention: "For the purposes of this Convention, cultural property is considered to be property of a religious or secular nature which is considered by each State to be of importance to archeology, prehistory, history, literature, art and science." It should be noted that the meaning of this definition for archaeology, prehistory, history, literature, and science is within the competence of the state party to the Convention. It follows that it is within the competence of each state to determine the list of categories of cultural property. Dyachkov A.N. Monuments of history and culture in the system objective world culture. Monuments and modernity. -M., 2007.S.251.

In Russian legislation, for the first time, the concept of "cultural values" was enshrined in the Law of the Russian Federation dated 09.10.1992 No. 3612-1 "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture" and was formulated as "moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs, historical toponyms, folklore, artistic crafts and crafts, works of culture and art, results and methods of scientific research of cultural activities of historical and cultural significance buildings, structures, objects and technologies that are historically and culturally unique territories and objects. Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture: Law of the Russian Federation of October 9, 1992 N 3612-I

(as amended on 1.12.2014)

In 1988 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(hereinafter referred to as the USSR) ratified the 1970 UNESCO Convention and, in accordance with it, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Export and Import of Cultural Property" (hereinafter referred to as the Law) was adopted, which already more clearly delineates the categories of objects that relate to cultural property. In accordance with this law, cultural values ​​are understood as "movable objects of the material world located on the territory of the Russian Federation, namely:

• - cultural values ​​created by individuals or groups of individuals who are citizens of the Russian Federation;
• - cultural values ​​that are important for the Russian Federation and created on the territory of the Russian Federation foreign citizens and stateless persons residing on the territory of the Russian Federation;
• - cultural values ​​found on the territory of the Russian Federation;
• - cultural values ​​acquired by archaeological, ethnological and natural-scientific expeditions with the consent of the competent authorities of the country where these values ​​originate;
• - cultural values ​​acquired as a result of voluntary exchanges;
• - cultural property received as a gift or legally acquired with the consent of the competent authorities of the country where these values ​​originate. "On the export and import of cultural property: Law of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1993 No. 4804-1 )

The "objects of the material world" mentioned above are listed in another article of the Law, in accordance with it, "the following categories of objects belong to cultural values:

• 1. Historical values, including those related to historical events in the life of peoples, the development of society and the state, the history of science and technology, as well as those related to the life and work of prominent personalities (state, political, public figures, thinkers, figures of science, literature, art);
• 2. Items and their fragments obtained as a result of archaeological excavations;
• 3. Artistic values, including:
  • -paintings and drawings entirely handmade on any basis and from any materials;
  • - original sculptural works from any materials, including reliefs;
  • -original artistic compositions and installations from any materials;
  • -artistically designed religious objects, in particular icons;
  • - engravings, prints, lithographs and their original printing forms;
  • - works of decorative and applied art, including art products made of glass, ceramics, wood, metal, bone, fabric and other materials;
  • -products of traditional folk art crafts;
  • - components and fragments of architectural, historical, artistic monuments and monuments of monumental art;
• 4. Old books, publications of special interest (historical, artistic, scientific and literary), separately or in collections;
• 5. Rare manuscripts and documentary monuments;
• 6. Archives, including photo, phono, film, video archives;
• 7. Unique and rare musical instruments;
• 8. Postage stamps, other philatelic materials, individually or in collections;
• 9. Ancient coins, orders, medals, seals and other collectibles;
• 10. Rare collections and specimens of flora and fauna, subjects of interest to such branches of science as mineralogy, anatomy and paleontology;
• 11. Other movable items, including copies of historical, artistic, scientific or other cultural significance, as well as those taken under state protection as monuments of history and culture. "On the export and import of cultural property: Law of the Russian Federation of April 15, 1993 No. 4804-1 (as amended on 07/23/2013)

Thus, this Law exhaustively stipulates almost all items that can directly or indirectly be related to cultural values.

Despite the fact that international law and Russian legislation give several definitions of the concept of "cultural values", general specifics remains unchanged: the cultural heritage forms a set of material and spiritual cultural values ​​of other eras, subject to conservation, reassessment and use of existing achievements. The concept of "cultural values" covers both material objects and the spiritual activity of a person. Cultural value may have the means of labor and its material products, works spiritual creativity, philosophical ideas, achievements of science, traditions, moral and legal norms, etc.

The most common feature of cultural values ​​is their historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural significance for society. Cultural property should be understood as irreplaceable tangible and intangible objects and works of culture created by man as a result of creative process having artistic and property value, universal significance and having an aesthetic, scientific, historical impact on a person.

So the Great Legal Encyclopedia (2005 edition) gives a more detailed definition of cultural value, these are “... moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior, languages, dialects and dialects, national traditions and customs, historical toponyms, folklore, art crafts and crafts, works of culture and art, results and methods of scientific research of cultural activities, buildings, structures, objects and technologies of historical and cultural significance, historically and culturally unique territories and objects.

An object of cultural value should not only give a person information of a historical, artistic or scientific nature, but primarily affect the senses. Such an object can cause, for example, visual, auditory enjoyment. These impressions affect the human mind, thus transmitting, sometimes from the distant past, the thoughts of the creator of cultural value.

There are several fundamental features by which an object or object can be categorized as "cultural values":

1) universality, i.e. the subject is of global interest (has value for all peoples);

2) indispensability: it is impossible to create an absolutely identical sample;

3) uniqueness, considered as an aesthetic message that the object carries;

4) time criterion: cultural values ​​include those objects of the material world, which were created for the most part more than 100 (50) years ago;

5) value in equivalent terms: cultural values ​​are subject to property valuation and can be attributed to objects of the material world (things).

Classification K.Ts. A rather difficult task, since they are too diverse, their number is incalculable, they are unique. The classification, built using completely heterogeneous criteria, does not stand up to criticism, almost each of the types listed in it includes objects that can be simultaneously attributed to other types of monuments. However, for the protection of historical and cultural monuments, their scientific classification, which allows choosing the most optimal means of their protection, is important.

Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict classifies cultural property into 3 categories:

1) Directly cultural property, namely: monuments of architecture, art or history, religious or secular, archaeological sites, architectural ensembles, which as such are of historical or artistic interest, works of art, manuscripts, books, other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological values, as well as scientific collections or important collections of books, archival materials or reproductions of the values ​​indicated above.

2) Buildings, the main purpose of which is the storage and display of movable cultural property listed in the first category. These include museums, major libraries, and archive repositories.

3) Centers of concentration of cultural values. The Convention includes centers in which a significant amount of cultural property has been collected in this category. An example of such a center is the Kazan Kremlin, which itself represents an architectural and historical monument, on the territory of which other significant cultural values ​​\u200b\u200bare concentrated.

The basis for the classification of K.Ts. The time factor can also serve, i.e. time of creation of the item: artifacts, modern, as well as the value of K.Ts. Taking as a basis such a distinction and a consumer (mercantile) interest in the history of human development, we see the function of cultural values ​​as a means of familiarization with culture.

Cultural values ​​are the main elements of the civilization and culture of peoples and familiarization with them contributes to mutual understanding and mutual respect between peoples, each state must protect the property, consisting of cultural values ​​located on its territory, from the dangers associated with their illegal export, import and transfer ownership rights to them.