International Day for Monuments and Historic Sites. Monuments as a means of managing society and reading the past. Class hour "international day of monuments"

International Day of Monuments and Historic Sites (World heritage day) is celebrated on April 18. Established in 1983 by the Assembly of the International Council for the Protection of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) established at UNESCO, in order to draw public attention to the protection and preservation of the world cultural heritage... For the first time, at the interstate level, the day of monuments and historical sites was celebrated on April 18, 1984.

The slogan of the International Day for Monuments and Sites was the words: "Let's preserve our historical homeland."

This Day was established in 1982 by the Assembly of the International Council for the Protection of Monuments and Landmarks (ICOMOS), created at UNESCO. The holiday is celebrated in the world since April 18, 1984 in order to draw public attention to the protection and preservation of the world cultural heritage.

In the USSR, in 1924, the Instruction of the People's Commissariat for Education developed a Decree (based on the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of July 7, 1924), according to which the executive committees were obliged to ensure that “fortified settlements, mounds, burial grounds and other places of historical value , were not plowed open, were not excavated for any economic purposes, and in the circumference of the monuments a protective strip of one fathom or more would remain inviolable, depending on the size and significance of the monument. "

Currently, there are about 150 thousand objects of cultural heritage of federal and regional significance in Russia. And the basic law in the field of preservation, use and state protection of cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) is the federal law of June 25, 2002 N 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation."

Unfortunately, this law is not always observed. Monuments, historical sites and protected areas are mercilessly destroyed, and those guilty of this, as a rule, do not bear any punishment. According to experts, the country annually loses up to 200 historical and cultural monuments, and some cultural objects of the past have already been lost irretrievably.

In Europe, history is treated much more carefully; European countries even preserve historical landscapes and landscapes of the area. For example, in France, landscapes are being restored memorable places even after archaeological site... In the north of England, the Hadrian's Wall, built during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian to protect the northern borders of the empire and stretching for 117 kilometers, is practically intact.

And today's holiday is an occasion to once again draw the attention of the general public and government officials to the protection and preservation of various local monuments and historical sites and world cultural heritage sites. Therefore, on this day, as part of the celebration, various conferences are held on the preservation and protection of cultural heritage, as well as a number of other events. So, for example, in some museums and showrooms this day (as well as the International Museum Day) can be entered free of charge. Visitors can also visit architectural complexes and historical buildings that are closed for visits on ordinary days.

The International Day for the Protection of Monuments and Historic Sites is celebrated annually on April 18.

The the holiday is celebrated on April 18 in Russia, as well as in some other countries of the world. Our country has a rich history that has left us with a unique historical and cultural heritage. On the territory of Russia, there are a huge number of monuments and historical sites, many of which are widely known all over the world and are regularly visited by millions of tourists from all over the world. The two main cities of the country, Moscow and St. Petersburg, are especially rich in such attractions.

Recall that established holiday "International Day for the Protection of Monuments and Historic Sites" was in 1982 by UNESCO. And to celebrate this the holiday began on April 18 1984 year.

The initiators of the creation of such a holiday were architects, scientists, restorers, employees of state institutions engaged in such activities. His main goal can be called attracting public attention to the problem of preserving historical monuments.

Traditions for the holiday on April 18

V different countries Peace to this date, it is customary to timed various events dedicated to the preservation of the world heritage. Many museums on this day can be visited free of charge, tourists also get a unique opportunity to visit historical buildings and architectural complexes that are closed to the public at other times.

Also the day April 18th can be considered a professional holiday for all those people whose activities are related to the preservation of cultural heritage.

Monuments are structures that are designed to perpetuate people, events, objects, etc.

Historical places are places where important historical events took place, or where ancient buildings and structures were located or were located.

It should be noted that in Russia until the 18th century there was no such thing as a "monument" at all. Only religious shrines were protected by the state and revered by the people. Unfortunately, a significant part of the works ancient Russian art was lost as a result of numerous fires and wars. Abrupt changes in the ideological course in the country also led to the destruction of historical monuments.

Protection of monuments and historical sites in history

Our state began to pay attention to the protection of antiquities only from the 18th century. Peter I ordered to collect and preserve ancient items. However, he also introduced a course to Western countries in Russia, which became the reason for the neglect of our centuries-old traditions. Russian society that era was absolutely not interested in ancient Russian monuments.

Already during the reign of Nicholas I, it was forbidden to destroy the buildings of serf architecture. It was to this time that the first attempts to carry out restoration work and the reconstruction of some historical monuments belong.

Before the revolution in Russia, various societies were formed that were engaged in the protection and study of monuments. The most significant among them was the Odessa Society for the History of Antiquities. Museums, church archaeological societies, ancient depositories, etc. have also contributed to the preservation of the monuments.

Then revolutionary upheavals began and Civil War, which greatly changed the attitude of the people towards the monuments of art and antiquity. The old began to be mercilessly destroyed, partitions and spontaneous pogroms of estates began, numerous churches and monasteries were occupied by various organizations or even destroyed. There was an urgent need to save the priceless cultural heritage of Russia. At this time, the state system protection of monuments.

A new decree was issued in the Soviet Union in 1924. Then the People's Commissariat for Education ordered the executive committees to monitor the safety of burial grounds, fortified settlements, mounds, monuments and other historical sites. Moreover, it was necessary to protect not only the monuments themselves, but also the territory adjacent to them. It could not be used for economic purposes.

Then the country began mass construction and economic development of land. Its vast scope led to the need to amend this document, more and more free space was required. Therefore, in 1934, a new decree was issued that canceled the prohibitive measures of the previous Decree.

The attitude towards the historical and cultural heritage has changed for the worse again. The active sale of museum and art treasures abroad began.

For the improvement of cities, temples and whole blocks of old buildings were demolished.

In wartime a large number of historical values was destroyed. The state at this time was not up to their preservation. After the end of the war, it was necessary to rebuild the country, and at the same time, interest in the historical and cultural heritage flared up again.

Various special state organizations.

In 1966, the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments was formed. This public organization has united numerous lovers of antiquity and history. In 1976, a law was adopted concerning the protection and use of historical monuments. But, in practice, it didn't work.

Protection of monuments and historical sites today

As for our days, now the situation with the protection of historical and cultural monuments is even worse. There are practically no special laws on this score, and those that exist are not followed. V modern Russia monuments, historical sites and protected areas are being destroyed. And the perpetrators most often do not even bear any punishment for this. Loss cultural property are irreplaceable and irreversible. Today the physical state most of the monuments in our country continue to deteriorate.

But the Europeans are much more careful about their historical and cultural heritage. They try to preserve intact not only monuments and buildings, but even historical landscapes and landscapes of the area.

On this day, restoration work and adjustment of monuments are carried out, they are painted and thoroughly cleaned. All this work is carried out by the committee and supporters who protect the monuments and monuments.

Each nation must protect from vandalism and protect its cultural heritage, monuments, attractions, geographical landscapes, protected and historical sites for posterity. International Day of Monuments is celebrated all over the world. The celebration was initiated by restorers, historians, researchers and museum experts.

The main task of the significant date- is to draw public attention to the preservation of the culture and traditions of nationalities.

Story

In modern Russia, almost 200 thousand objects of cultural heritage of national and regional significance are registered. Despite the existence of laws protecting historical values, many monuments have been lost irretrievably, a huge part was restored after the war and the October Revolution.

Historical dates:

• the era of the reign of Peter I - royal decrees commanding the protection of ancient objects and objects;
• 1796-1855 - Nicholas I issues a decree prohibiting the destruction of buildings of architecture, the first attempts to restore historical monuments appear;
• 1917 - barbaric raids, spontaneous pogroms of churches and estates;
• 1924 - an order of the People's Commissariat, regulating the work of executive committees in terms of protecting places of value;
• 1925 - formation of the state system for the protection of cultural monuments;
• 1966 - the formation of the Russian Association for the Protection of Historic Places and Monuments;
• 1976 - a law was published providing for administrative liability for destruction, but in practice it did not work;
• 1982 - UNESCO establishes a festive date of global importance, providing for the protection of national attractions and cultural values.

Traditions

Today, the attitude towards cultural monuments has changed significantly throughout the world. On this day, events are held dedicated to the preservation of the heritage of the nation. Museums invite everyone to get acquainted with thematic exhibitions free of charge.

The massive opening of new halls in museums is timed to coincide with the holiday, excursions to historical sites and protected areas are organized. The media pay due attention to documentary publications, documentary cycles dedicated to the historical places of Russia are broadcast on TV. On the eve of the celebration, the monuments are restored and put into proper form: they are washed, cleaned and painted.

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Classroom hour "International Day of Monuments and Historic Sites"

Tasks

1. Introduce students to the International Day of Monuments and Historic Sites.

2. To contribute to the formation of the information culture of students, the understanding of information as a means of developing their own horizons.

3. Foster respect for cultural traditions Russia and the world.

Equipment: presentation,multimedia projector.

Class hour

Lead 1 Each person studies the history of his country not only from textbooks, legends and legends, but also from those preserved monuments of history and culture, which are so rich in all countries of the world.

Lead 2 Sometimes people, if you can call them that, thoughtlessly refer to the heritage of past civilizations: they destroy monuments of architecture and art - paintings, buildings - masterpieces of world civilization. Apparently, this is why states and peoples are trying to preserve what was created by past civilizations.

Lead 1 And we dedicate this class hour to the International Day of Monuments and Historic Sites.

This day was established in 1983 by the Assembly of the International Council for the Protection of Monuments and Sites, created at UNESCO. It has been officially celebrated since April 18, 1984.

Slide 2

Lead 2 In different countries of the world, it is customary to coincide with this date various events dedicated to the preservation of the world heritage. Many museums on this day can be visited free of charge, tourists also get a unique opportunity to visit historical buildings and architectural complexes that are closed to the public at other times.

Slide 3

Lead 1 It should be noted that in Russia until the 18th century there was no such thing as a "monument" at all. Only religious shrines were protected by the state and revered by the people. Unfortunately, a significant part of the works of ancient Russian art was lost as a result of numerous fires and wars. Abrupt changes in the ideological course in the country also led to the destruction of historical monuments.

Lead 2 Our state began to pay attention to the protection of antiquities only from the 18th century. Peter I ordered to collect and preserve ancient items. However, he also introduced a course to Western countries in Russia, which became the reason for the neglect of our centuries-old traditions. Russian society of that era was absolutely not interested in ancient Russian monuments.

Already during the reign of Nicholas I, it was forbidden to destroy the buildings of serf architecture. It was to this time that the first attempts to carry out restoration work and the reconstruction of some historical monuments belong.

Lead 1 Before the revolution in Russia, various societies were formed that were engaged in the protection and study of monuments. The most significant among them was the Odessa Society for the History of Antiquities. Museums, church archaeological societies, ancient depositories, etc. have also contributed to the preservation of the monuments.

Then the revolutionary upheavals and the civil war began, which greatly changed the attitude of the people towards the monuments of art and antiquity. The old began to be mercilessly destroyed, partitions and spontaneous pogroms of estates began, numerous churches and monasteries were occupied by various organizations or even destroyed. There was an urgent need to save the priceless cultural heritage of Russia. At this time, the state system for the protection of monuments was formed.

Lead 2 A new decree was issued in the Soviet Union in 1924. Then the People's Commissariat for Education ordered the executive committees to monitor the safety of burial grounds, fortified settlements, mounds, monuments and other historical sites. Moreover, it was necessary to protect not only the monuments themselves, but also the territory adjacent to them. It could not be used for economic purposes.

Then the country began mass construction and economic development of land. Its vast scope led to the need to amend this document, more and more free space was required. Therefore, in 1934, a new decree was issued that canceled the prohibitive measures of the previous Decree.

Lead 1 The attitude towards the historical and cultural heritage has changed for the worse again. The active sale of museum and art treasures abroad began.

For the improvement of cities, temples and whole blocks of old buildings were demolished.

During the war, a large number of historical values ​​were destroyed. The state at this time was not up to their preservation. After the end of the war, it was necessary to rebuild the country, and at the same time, interest in the historical and cultural heritage flared up again.

Various special state organizations began to protect monuments.

Lead 2 In 1966, the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments was formed. This public organization has united numerous lovers of antiquity and history. In 1976, a law was adopted concerning the protection and use of historical monuments. But, in practice, it didn't work.

Slide 4

Lead 1 Historical monuments of Russia, according to 2014 data, represent an extensive list of 1007 items of different importance. Each object of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation has a certain degree of artistic value. Certain historical monuments of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. To date, there are 26 such objects, of which 10 belong to cultural sphere, 6 are recognized as masterpieces of world importance, and 10 more are natural phenomena on the territory of the Russian Federation with signs of special aesthetic appeal.

Lead 2 Twenty-four Russian monuments are at the stage of entry into the UNESCO registers under the 1988 Convention on the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage. Historical monuments that are under state protection are, first of all, objects of special significance with the status of inviolability.

Slide 5

Lead 1 There are a number of Russian textbook cultural objects that are familiar to every citizen. These are historical monuments known not only in Russia, but also abroad. Their importance can hardly be overestimated. First of all, these are the historical monuments of Moscow, including the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed, Red Square, the Kremlin, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky. They are all concentrated in the center the Russian capital... Other historical monuments of Moscow are located at some distance, but this does not detract from their dignity. Everything cultural sites protected by the government.

Slide 6

Lead 2 Historical monuments of the world are located in different parts of the world. These are the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Reichstag in Berlin, the Taj Mahal in India, the pyramids of the pharaohs in Egypt and many others. Historical monuments are never destroyed, except for the barbaric terrorist acts of extreme extremists. A civilized society treats the heritage of the past with respect, historical monuments are protected and maintained in proper form. For this, there are various state and private funds for the preservation of cultural objects.

Slide 7

Lead 1 Historical monuments are usually more than one hundred years old. The most vulnerable part of the cultural layer is the masterpieces of architecture, which suffer from unfavorable climatic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to protect cultural and historical architectural monuments from destruction. Some of them are left to the will of nature, such as the world famous Colosseum. This monument is recognized as a world heritage largely due to its dilapidated forms.

Slide 8

Lead 2 Most of the historical cultural monuments are well maintained, since they are active exhibits of the World Exhibition of Cultural Heritage. Such objects include the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow, St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Sergiev Posad churches.

In general, all cultural and historical monuments of Russia are under the protection of the state and under the supervision of the relevant structures. The government guardianship authorities are doing everything to preserve the masterpieces that make up the country's Golden Fund.

Lead 1 Cultural values ​​are divided into categories, including rarities and masterpieces. different eras... Monuments of historical importance constitute a separate group though they are in different places.

Slide 9

Host 2 They can be roughly divided into the following categories :

Architectural monuments (for example, Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg).

Monuments of Glory (Motherland in Volgograd).Slide 10

Monument Motherland in Volgograd

The Motherland Monument is a chic monument located in the city of Volgograd. The monument represents a woman with a raised sword and encouraging everyone to rebel against the enemy. The monument is an interpretation famous image the antique goddess of victory Nika. Also, the statue is the center of the ensemble "To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad".

At the time of the completion of construction, the monument was the tallest in the world. The monument is 87 meters high, and the woman is 52 meters high.

Lead 1 The entire sculpture stands only on a two-meter slab, and that, in turn, on a relatively small foundation 16 meters deep. The statue stands like a figure on chess board, and does not stagger, we must pay tribute to the engineers of that time, they still knew how to build for centuries. The thickness of the reinforced concrete walls of the statue is only 25-30 centimeters, and inside the monument consists of small windows, the rigidity of the tower is also supported by constantly strained iron ropes. The structure of the sculpture can be compared with the structure of the bones of birds.

Lead 2 The total weight of the structure is 7,900 tons. The Motherland Monument has become a real hallmark of Volgograd. The monument is surrounded by an artificially created avenue of glory, specifically to the monument along the alley there are 200 granite steps, exactly as long Battle of stalingrad... In this photo you can see that the statue was made with an open mouth, when Vuchetich was asked why the mouth was open at the monument, because it’s not beautiful, then in response he said the following: "And she screams - for the Motherland ... your mother!"

Slide 11

Lead 1 The statue rises above the city and symbolizes it day and night, at night the Motherland is illuminated. V dark time for days the Motherland is visible for tens of kilometers around. Since 2008, the Motherland Monument has become one of the seven wonders of Russia.

Lead 2 But unfortunately you and I are in danger of losing such a grandiose monument. The fact is that because of the groundwater under the statue, the Motherland is gradually tilting, examinations were carried out and scientists came to the conclusion that if the slope of the statue increases by at least 3 cm, then the tower will inevitably collapse. When developing the flag and coat of arms of the Volgograd region, the silhouette of the Motherland monument became the basis of the image.

Leading 1 For a long time it remained a mystery from which woman the sketch was taken to create such a monument. Now an 83-year-old woman lives in Volgograd who once posed for the great architect back in 1958. Valentina Ivanovna Izotova never liked to dwell on this topic, and the profession of "model" in the Soviet years was not held in high esteem, to put it mildly.

Leading 2 She was working as a waitress when the sculptor Lev Maistrenko approached her and offered to pose, since Valentina Ivanovna was raising two daughters, of course, she always needed money, so she agreed. And besides, the nature has awarded the girl with a good "Soviet" appearance. Valentina Ivanovna was then 26 years old, now she not only regrets the act of her youth, but even on the other hand, proud that her figure has become so famous.

Slide 12

Lead 1

Monuments to historical characters (The Bronze Horseman - equestrian statue Peter I in Petersburg).

Monument "Millennium of Russia"

The Millennium of Russia monument was erected in Veliky Novgorod opposite Sophia Cathedral and former building Official places in 1862 in honor of the millennium anniversary of the legendary vocation of the Vikings to Russia. The anniversary of its opening is celebrated on these September days.

Lead 2 The authors of the monument project: sculptors Mikhail Mikeshin, Ivan Schroeder and architect Viktor Hartman. To create a monument-symbol of the history of Russia, a competition was announced, for which several dozen works were submitted. The winner was the project of young sculptors - M.O. Mikeshin, who graduated from the Academy just a year ago, and I.N.Shroder, a volunteer student of the sculptural class of the Academy of Arts.

Lead 1 In this monument - millennial history Russia, its rulers and commanders, statesmen and people of culture and art, it reflected the spirit of Russia. The monument is made in the form of a ball-orb, installed on a pedestal in the form of a bell (evangelism), and 6 sculptural groups.

An angel with a cross in hand and Russia, a kneeling woman on a state, crown the composition of the monument: "The completed millennium of the Russian kingdom in the prosperous reign of Emperor Alexander II in the summer of 1862".

Slide 13

Lead 2 The middle part of the monument symbolizes different periods of history The Russian state: the calling of the Varangians to Russia (862), the baptism of Russia (988-989), the beginning of the expulsion of the Tatars (Battle of Kulikovo, 1380), the founding of the Russian autocratic kingdom (1491), the beginning of the Romanov dynasty (1613), formation Russian Empire(1721).

Slide 14

Lead 1 The lower tier (frieze) contains high reliefs of 109 historical figures:

"Enlighteners" (31 figures), "State people" (26 figures), "Military people and heroes", "Writers and artists" (16 figures).

The history of the first millennium of Russia, enclosed in one monument, as visual material on the history of government, wars, politics, art….

Slide 15

Host 2 Some monuments are legendary.

For example, there are many legends about the fate of the Bronze Horseman monument, on the pages of Pushkin's "Bronze Horseman" he comes to life and haunts the protagonist Eugene.

In the post of Peter the Great, there was a saying: "The fool of the clever catches up, but Issaky interferes." It is about the monuments to Peter the Great (smart) and Nicholas the First (according to compatriots and peers, the emperor was really a man of not too great intelligence). Well, Issaky is St. Isaac's Cathedral.

Lead 1 The legend has survived that in 1812, when St. Petersburg was threatened by the danger of Napoleonic invasion, Alexander I ordered to take out the statue of Peter I to the Vologda province. At this time, a certain major Baturin had a dream that he was standing on Senate Square at the monument to Peter I and sees that the rider suddenly slides off the pedestal and goes to the palace of Alexander I. The worried emperor comes out to him, and Peter says to him the following: “Young man, what have you brought my Russia to! I have nothing to fear! " Baturin allegedly obtained a reception from Prince Golitsyn, to whom he recounted his dream and asked to convey it to the tsar. According to legend, Alexander canceled his decision to evacuate and the statue remained in place. And never the boots of an enemy soldier touched the St. Petersburg land.

Lead 2 There is also interesting legend monument "Bronze Horseman", that during his lifetime Peter the Great on his horse (which became the prototype of the horse of the Bronze Horseman) in the place where the monument is now erected, was able to jump over the Neva (and in that place the river spreads quite widely). It happened according to the Russian tradition "on a bet", the hot and wayward emperor was dissuaded, but he resolutely jumped on his horse and with the words: "God and me!" immediately turned around and with an exclamation: "I and God!" - repeated the attempt to jump, but the horse, without flying even the middle of the distance, plunged into the ice abyss, from where the emperor was pulled out by the peasants in a boat. Since then, the emperor has truly become convinced of god power and never again allowed himself to be placed above the Lord, and from now on he forbade his subjects to do the same.

Leading 1 We are not destined to know how accurate and true these legends are, but we believe that it was so.

During the Great Patriotic War the Bronze Horseman monument was lined with sandbags and sheathed with wooden sheets and was not particularly damaged.

The inscription on the Bronze Horseman monument - the monument to Peter the Great: "Peter I Catherine II Summer 1782" is made in Russian and Latin.

Slide 16

Lead 2

Statues as images of personalities who have left their mark on history (Alexander I, St. Isaac's Square in St. Petersburg).

Slide 17

Thematic monuments (Sevastopol Bay, memorial to the lost ships).

Slide 18

Monument to the Scuttled Ships

It was erected in memory of the ships sacrificed to protect Sevastopol from enemy attacks from the sea.

A few meters from the embankment of Primorsky Boulevard, a slender Corinthian column rises on a three-meter cliff made of roughly worked granite blocks. It is crowned with a bronze eagle with spread wings. Head bowed, he holds in his paws Laurel wreath... The inscription on the pedestal reads: "In memory of the ships sunk in 1854-1855 to block the entrance to the roadstead." The total height of the monument is 16.66 m.

Slide 19

Lead 1 Opposite the monument, on the embankment wall of Primorsky Boulevard, anchors from the sunken ships are fortified.

Built in 1905 in connection with the 50th anniversary of the first heroic defense, the monument is dedicated to one of the mournful and heroic episodes of this epic.

After the landing of the Anglo-French-Turkish army in September 1854 and the defeat of the Russian troops on the Alma River, the situation in Sevastopol became very difficult. Fearing a breakthrough by the enemy fleet into the roadstead, an attack from the sea, the Russian command decided to flood some of the outdated sailing ships in the entrance channel. The fire of coastal batteries and sunken ships made the Northern Bay inaccessible to the enemy fleet.

Lead 2 In the order of V.A. Kornilov on the fleet of September 11, 1854 said: "... It is sad to destroy your labor: we used a lot of efforts to keep the ships doomed to the victim in an enviable order, but we must submit to necessity. Moscow was on fire, and Russia from this did not die ... "

This majestic and proud monument is one of the most beloved by residents of Sevastopol and guests of the city.

Slide 20

Lead 1

Natural monumental formations (Krasnoyarsk pillars).

Slide 21 On the territory of Russia there are special cultural formations of ethnographic value. These are cities with an unusual historical past. An example is the city-monument of Yeniseisk, which has gone through several eras in its development. Since the thirteenth century, it was divided and united, it became the center of the fur trade, then it was shaken by the gold rush. Places of heroic battles are also considered historical monument cities: Kursk, Sevastopol, Volgograd and others. "No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten" - their motto, which has passed through the decades

Lead 2

Famous Russian monuments

History Center Petersburg with several cultural monuments: Winter Palace(Hermitage), Palace Square, Alexander Column.Slide 22

Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg by architect A.N. Voronikhin (years of construction - 1801 - 1811). It was erected to store the icon of the Kazan Mother of God. In 1812 from the cathedral Russian army went to war with Napoleon. Emperor Paul I was married in the temple. The Kazan Cathedral, among other things, serves as the tomb of Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.Slide 23

Moscow Kremlin with museum complexes and churches.Slide 24

Lead 1

Slide 25

Tsar Bell and Tsar Cannon

The Moscow Kremlin is a real treasury of monuments of Russian history and culture. Some of them are Tsar Bell and Tsar Cannon. They are famous not only for their size, but also amazing story…

The Tsar Bell was ordered to be cast by Empress Anna Ioannovna. At her request, foreign masters should have done this, but when they heard the required dimensions of the bell, they considered the empress's desire ... a joke! Well, who is a joke, and who cares. The father and son of Motorina, a bell-maker, set to work. Not so long did they create the project as the subsequent approval by the Moscow Senate Office, which lasted for 3 years! The first attempt at casting the bell was unsuccessful and ended in an explosion and destruction of the furnace structure, and after that, one of the craftsmen, Father Ivan Motorin, died. The second casting of the bell was carried out by the master's son Mikhail Motorin, and three months later, on November 25, 1735, the famous bell was born. The bell weighed about 202 tons, its height was 6 meters 14 centimeters, and its diameter was 6 meters 60 centimeters.

Lead 2

The cast was cast, but not raised! During a fire in 1737, a piece weighing more than 11 tons broke off from the bell, which was still in the melting pit. The Tsar Bell was raised from the casting pit only in 1836, thanks to Montferrand, who knows a lot about lifting heavy structures. However, Russia never heard the voice of the Tsar Bell ...

The Tsar Cannon on Ivanovskaya Square is considered a monument to Russian artillery. The length of the bronze gun is 5 meters 34 centimeters, the barrel diameter is 120 centimeters, the caliber is 890 millimeters, and the weight is almost 40 tons. The formidable weapon was supposed to guard the Moscow Kremlin from the side of the Execution Ground, but, according to weapons experts, by its power it was suitable for destroying fortress walls, but not for defense. Cast by the famous foundry master Andrey Chokhov in 1586 under Fyodor Ioannovich, she never took part in the hostilities. According to legend, they shot from it only once - with the ashes of False Dimitri.

Mother Russia, everything is special with her - and the tsar-cannon does not fire and the tsar-bell does not announce the gospel ...

Lead 1Slide 26

Red Square, Pokrovsky Cathedral, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky, GUM, Mausoleum, Historical Museum.

Slide 27

Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God

On the day of the Protection of the Mother of God in 1552, Russian troops stormed Kazan, the capital of the Kazan Khanate. Ivan the Terrible in honor of this event ordered the construction of the Church of the Intercession in Moscow. How many legends and traditions are associated with him ...

Previously, another church stood on this site - the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, where Basil the Blessed, the most revered holy fool in Russia, who collected alms for the construction of this temple, rested. Later, others began to build around the Trinity Church - in honor of the most significant victories of Russian weapons. When there were already about ten of them, Moscow Metropolitan Macarius came to Ivan the Terrible with a request to build one large church on this place.

Lead 1

The first to consecrate the central tent of the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God, then a small church on the grave of the holy fool was completed, and the temple began to be called the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed. The cathedral symbolizes the Heavenly Jerusalem - its 8 chapters create the eight-pointed star of Bethlehem. According to legend, at the end of the construction, which lasted 6 years, the king, delighted with the unprecedented beauty of the temple, asked the builders if they could do something like that. The payment for an affirmative answer was the blinding of the masters by order of the sovereign, so that there was nothing more beautiful on earth ...

Lead 2

Several times they tried to destroy the Temple, services in it were forbidden and allowed again, but it withstood for centuries, as the Russian land withstood all troubles.

The Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God is a beautiful and multifaceted holy Russia.

Slide 28 Cultural complex "Solovetsky Islands" in the White Sea, included in 1992 in the UNESCO heritage list.

Slide 29 The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi churchyard: the Savior Transfiguration Church of twenty-three chapters, a masterpiece of the Russian church wooden architecture early 18th century. Church of the Intercession with a unique collection of icons and a bell tower of a later construction. (video )

Slide 30 The ancient city of Novgorod and its environs, which includes four monasteries: Yuryev, Zverin, Antoniev and Znamensky. Christmas Church on the Red Field.

Slide 31 The Astrakhan Kremlin is a fortress built by order of Ivan the Terrible in 1558. On its territory are located: the Assumption Cathedral (five-domed, with an arched gallery), Kirillovskaya chapel, Prechistenskaya gate with a bell tower, the bishop's house church, consistory, the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, the architectural complex "Trinity-Sergius Lavra" in Sergiev Posad.

Slide 32 The historical center of Yaroslavl is one thousand years old. The main buildings were erected during the urban planning reform of Catherine II in 1763. In 2005, the city was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Yaroslavl - was founded as a fortress at the confluence of the Volga and Kotorosl rivers in 1010. Prince Yaroslav called the city, as it is written in the chronicle, "in his own name." Later Yaroslavl became large shopping center... The Yaroslavl icon painters, who created an original school, were especially famous.

The Cathedral of the Transfiguration Monastery is the oldest surviving building in Yaroslavl. It was built in the 17th century, the cathedral has elongated chapters and there is no one similar facade.

For this, the champions of strict church canons called the temple " the tower of babel". The temple served as a burial vault for the Yaroslavl princes, and in its northern part there was a monastery library, where at the end of the 18th century Count Alexei Musin-Pushkin found the manuscript "The Lay of Igor's Campaign."

There are many churches in Yaroslavl. And each is unique. For example, the Church of Elijah the Prophet - the visiting card of the city - was built in the middle of the 17th century. The treasure of the church is its frescoes. Since the 17th century, due to their exceptional beauty, they have never been "recorded".

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The oldest city Pskov. Since 1348 it was considered the capital of the independent republic of Pskov. In 1510 it was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Nowadays it is the center of tourist pilgrimage. Among the sights, the following are especially distinguished: the Kremlin, the Pogankin chambers, the Pskov fortress, the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, the Mirozh monastery.

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Izmailovo - architectural monument, a former royal estate. In 1812, the main building was damaged during the invasion of Napoleon. Thirty-eight years later, a military almshouse was opened in Izmailovo, which was housed in new buildings specially built for this.

Slide 35 Vladimir-Suzdal Historical and Artistic Reserve, part of the Golden Ring of Russia. It contains unique architectural monuments of the 12-13th centuries, white-stone masterpieces, the importance of which can hardly be overestimated.

Slide 36 Tanais is a museum-reserve of archeology. Located at the mouth of the Don. The territory of the reserve is about three thousand hectares, there are historical and cultural monuments of antiquity, starting from the Paleolithic era. The expositions of the museum, among other things, reflect the heyday of the ancient Greek civilization.

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Famous natural monuments

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Lake Baikal is a nature reserve of world importance - the deepest on the planet. It has a unique ability to cleanse itself.

Slide 38 Baikal. An amazingly beautiful lake, a unique creation of nature, crystal clear water ... Probably every person is more or less lesser degree heard about the deepest lake on our planet. What else do you know about Baikal?
Baikal is located almost in the very center of Eurasia, among the high ridges of the Baikal mountain region. The lake is 636 km long and 80 km wide. By area, Baikal is 31,470 km 2, which is comparable to the area of ​​Belgium (in this European country almost 10 million people live with large cities and industrial centers). The maximum depth of the lake - 1637 km - rightfully makes it possible to call Baikal the deepest in the world (average depth - 730 m). The African lake Tanganyika, one of the deepest lakes on the planet, "lags" behind Baikal by 200 m. Olkhon is the largest of the thirty islands.
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Baikal is filled with three hundred thirty-six permanent rivers and streams, and half of the water is brought by the Selenga. There is only one river flowing out of the lake - the Angara. To estimate the volume of Lake Baikal, imagine that under ideal conditions (despite the fact that not a single drop from the surface will fall or evaporate), the Angara, which carries out 60.9 km 3 of water annually, will take 387 years continuous work to drain the lake!
In addition, Baikal is the oldest lake on our planet, its age, according to various estimates, is 20-30 million years.
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Pure, transparent Baikal water, saturated with oxygen, has long been considered healing. Due to the activity of living microorganisms living in it, the water is slightly mineralized (practically distilled), which explains its crystal transparency. In spring, the transparency of the water reaches 40 meters!

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Lead 2

Baikal is a repository of 20% of the world's and 90% of Russian reserves fresh water... By comparison, this is more than the water reserves of the five Great American Lakes combined! The ecosystem of Lake Baikal gives about 60 km 3 pure water in year.
The flora and fauna of Lake Baikal is amazing and diverse, which makes it unique in this respect among other freshwater lakes. Who has not heard about the famous Baikal omul? In addition to him, whitefish, lenok, taimen are found in the lake - representatives of the salmon family. Sturgeon, grayling, pike, carp, catfish, cod, perch - this is not the whole list of fish families living in Lake Baikal. It is impossible not to mention the Baikal seal, which is the only representative of mammals in the lake. In autumn on rocky shores you can see numerous haul-outs of these Baikal seals. The seal is not the only inhabitant of the coastline, many gulls, mergansers, gogols, scooters, ogars, white-tailed eagles, osprey and other birds nest on the coast and on the islands. In addition to all of the above, on Lake Baikal, you can observe a massive exit to the coast brown bears.
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The flora and fauna of Lake Baikal are endemic. 848 animal species (15%) and 133 plant species (15%) are not found in any body of water on Earth.
The uniqueness and beauty of Baikal every year attracts an increasing number of tourists, including foreign ones. The developing infrastructure also contributes to this. So main task is to preserve the integrity of the ecosystem of the lake.

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Slide 40 Volcanoes of Kamchatka, of which 29 are active. Some have erupted last time four thousand years ago, but they cannot be called extinct, since there is boiling lava in the depths. Steam and gases periodically erupt from the vent of such a volcano, which means that it is in the stage of fumarolic activity.

Slide 41 The Golden Altai Mountains are a unique landscape formation consisting of rocky heights of indescribable beauty, spread over an area of ​​sixteen thousand square kilometers. Natural monument included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1998.

Altai mountains , which are the main mountainous region in the south of Western Siberia, form the sources of the largest rivers in this region - the Ob and Irtysh. The total area is 1.64 million hectares. The region demonstrates the widest range of altitudinal zones within Central Siberia: from steppes, forest-steppe and mixed forests to subalpine and alpine meadows and glaciers. The area is home to endangered animals such as the snow leopard.

Slide 42 The Curonian Spit is a narrow sandy strip 98 kilometers long, connecting the Lithuanian Klaipeda with the Kaliningrad region and separating the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea.

Curonian Spit - a truly unique corner of the planet Earth. It separates the salty Baltic Sea and the freshwater Curonian Lagoon by a narrow strip. Only on the Curonian Spit can one day see sandy deserts and meadows covered with moss and lichen, damp alder forests and dry pine forests, tall pines and low stands of mountain pine, broad-leaved forest and southern taiga, sandy mountains and flat fields, mobile and fixed dunes , raised and low-lying bogs, sandy beaches stretching for tens of kilometers, sea, flood and lake shores, fishing villages and scientific stations... In addition, here - on the Curonian Spit - natural natural processes and human activities are closely intertwined, fundamentally transforming the relief and wildlife peninsula during last millennium... These processes continue today, causing the fragility and vulnerability of the natural systems of the spit. Therefore, in 1987, it was here that, among the first in Russia, the Curonian Spit National Park was formed.

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The area of ​​the park is 7890 hectares. There are three villages in the park: Lesnoye, Rybachiy and Morskoye. The Curonian Spit is a sandy peninsula 98 km long ( Russian part- 48 km), width from 400 m to 4 km. In terms of dimensions, length and height of dunes, beauty of landscapes, richness of flora and fauna, the Curonian Spit has no analogues among similar formations in Europe.

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The climate of the Curonian Spit is characterized by frequent weather variability, mild winters, moderately warm summers, warm autumn and cool springs.

The migration route of birds passes along the Curonian Spit, connecting Finland, Karelia and the Baltic States with southern Europe and Africa. This is the reason for the uniquely high density of the migratory flow of birds in the spring and autumn periods, which creates favorable conditions for their ringing.

Slide 43 The Putorana Plateau is a unique landscape reserve covering about two million square kilometers on the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau. It is distinguished by a rare combination of climatic ecosystems; the forest-tundra there is adjacent to the Arctic desert. There are many untouched lakes, rivers, taiga thickets in the region. Tens of thousands of wild deer migrate in the tundra.

An endlessly beautiful amazing land -Putorana plateau ... This is the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory,

The name itself"Putorana" it is translated from Yukaghir as “mountains without peaks”, and from Evenki as “a country of lakes with steep shores”. Indeed, the plateau is distinguished by an exceptional originality of the relief: a combination of flat peaks with steep stepped slopes, incised valleys of rivers and lakes.

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In a relatively small area, you can see bizarre mountain lakes, canyons with seething streams of water, 23 waterfalls, including: The highest waterfall in Russia - a waterfall on the Talnikovy stream (600 m high) a mythical mysterious waterfall that claims to be the highest waterfall in Eurasia and The most powerful spillway waterfall in Russia is the Bolshoi Kureisky waterfall.

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Slide 44 Lena Pillars is a natural park on the banks of the Lena River. A series of vertical rocks, stretching for several kilometers, arose as a result of tectonic shocks about 400 thousand years ago. Lena Pillars were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012.

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Lena Pillars is a forty-kilometer series of sheer cliffs stretching along the right bank of the Lena River. The city of Yakutsk is located two hundred kilometers downstream of the river, and the city of Pokrovsk is about a hundred kilometers away. The rocks are over forty kilometers long. Today it is a natural reserve of Yakutia - rocks from 40 to 100 meters in height become more beautiful and mysterious every year due to local climatic conditions.

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The view of the Pillars is especially beautiful at sunrise: from a distance, the mountain range resembles an ancient castle or a magic palace in its outlines, and the river at the foot serves as a mirror, making the pillars twice as large and majestic.

It's great that our calendar of memorable dates includes holidays that remind us of the need to preserve those attractions that belong to the present and the future. We, in turn, will become the keepers and protectors of all the most beautiful that is in our country.

Monuments and landmarks refer to the history of the area where they were built. A holiday has been established to find out the details of past events and to take care of the preservation of the historical heritage.

International Day of Monuments and Distinguished Sites is celebrated annually on April 18 in many countries of the world. It is celebrated for the 36th time in 2019.

History and traditions

The founder of the holiday is the International Council for Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). Its goal is to address issues of preservation, restoration and protection of cultural and historical attractions. The network of representative organizations is located in 40 countries of the world.

In 1982, ICOMOS proposed the establishment of a special celebration that would enable people to expand their knowledge of the diversity of the World Heritage. After all, if you do not make efforts to protect and preserve, it will disappear. A year later, UNESCO approved the creation of the holiday. It was first celebrated in 1984.

Every year ICOMOS proposes a theme for the celebration. The festive events are attended by countries where committees, world corporations and government organizations are open, which wish to join the preservation of historical sites and monuments of the planet. The day goes by open doors in buildings that are an architectural heritage. Excursions to memorial sites must include restored monuments and those that are in dire need of early restoration. On radio and television, programs dedicated to the date are heard, and thematic articles are published in the press.

The stars of the Moscow Kremlin are cast from three-layer ruby ​​glass. Average height - 3 m. Weight exceeds 1 t.

The Kremlin is on the same list of world monuments as the Taj Mahal, Stonehenge and the Great Wall of China.

Up to 200 cultural monuments are destroyed in Russia every year.