Skin protection means, special skin protection means - personal protective equipment

Means of skin protection, along with protection from vapors and droplets of organic substances, protect exposed areas of the body, clothing, footwear and equipment from contamination with radioactive substances and biological agents. In addition, they completely trap the a-particles and significantly weaken the effect of the b-particles.

According to the principle of protective action, skin protection products are divided into isolating and filtering.

Insulating skin protection products are made from airtight materials, usually from a special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be airtight and leaky. Hermetic means cover the whole body and protect from vapors and droplets of organic matter, leaking means protect only from droplets of organic matter.

Insulating skin protection includes a combined-arms protective kit and a special protective clothing.

Filtering skin protection products are made in the form of cotton uniforms and linen, impregnated with special chemicals... Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the gaps between the threads remain free; as a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the OM vapors are absorbed when the infected air passes through the tissue.

The filtering means for protecting the skin can be ordinary clothes and linen, if soaked, for example, with a soap-oil emulsion.

Insulating skin protection means - a combined-arms protective kit and special protective clothing - are intended mainly to protect personnel of civil defense units when working in contaminated areas.

The combined-arms protective kit consists of a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves.

The protective cloak of the set has two floors, sides, sleeves, a hood, as well as straps, ribbons and fasteners, which allow the cloak to be used in different options... The fabric of the raincoat provides protection from poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial agents, as well as from light radiation. The weight of the protective coat is about 1.6 kg.

Protective raincoats are made in five sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 170 cm, the third is from 170 to 175 cm, the fourth is from 175 to 180 cm and the fifth is over 180 cm.

Protective gloves - rubber, with seals made of impregnated fabric (fabric impregnated with special compounds that increase its protective ability from OM vapors) are of two types: summer and winter. Summer gloves are five-fingered, winter gloves are two-fingered, have an insulated insert fastened with buttons. Protective gloves weight approx. 350 g.

Protective stockings are made of rubberized fabric. Their soles are reinforced with tarpaulin or rubber osoyuzka. Stockings with tarpaulin stitching have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and one strap for attaching to the waist belt; stockings with a rubber osoyuzka are attached to the legs with straps, and to the waist belt - with a ribbon. The weight of the protective stockings is 0.8-1.2 kg. When operating in contaminated areas, a protective raincoat is used in the form of an overalls.

Special protective clothing includes: a lightweight protective suit, a protective overalls, a protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers, and a protective apron.

A lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood 1, trousers 2, sewn together with stockings, two-fingered gloves 3 and a comforter 4. In addition, the suit set includes a bag 5 and a spare pair of gloves. The weight of the protective suit is about 3 kg.

The costumes are made in three sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 172 cm, and the third is above 172 cm.

Protective overalls are made of rubberized fabric. It consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The coveralls are made in three sizes, corresponding to the sizes indicated for the lightweight protective suit.

The overalls are used together with a comforter, gloves and rubber boots. Rubber boots are made from 41 to 46 sizes. The rubber gloves are all the same size with five fingers.

The weight of a protective overalls complete with boots, gloves and a comforter is about 6 kg.

A protective suit, consisting of a jacket and trousers, differs from a protective overalls only in that its component parts are made separately. The set of the suit includes rubber gloves, boots and a comforter.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District, consisting of a cotton overalls, men's underwear, a cotton comforter and two pairs of cotton footcloths.

Along with filtering and isolating skin protection products, available skin protection products are also used.

Questions for self-test:

1. Basic principles and methods of protecting the population in the event of emergencies.

2. Individual and collective funds protection.

3. Classification of protective structures.

Literature:

1. Yu.G. Afanasyev, A.G. Ovcharenko, S.L. Rusko, L.I. Trutneva. civil defense.

LITERATURE

1. Denisov V.V., Denisova I.A., Gutenev V.V., Montvila O.I. Life safety. Protection of the population and territories during emergency situations: Textbook. allowance. - Moscow: ICC "Mart", Rostov n / a: Publishing center "Mart", 2003. - 608 p.

2. Kruglov V.A. Protection of the population and economic facilities in emergency situations. Radiation safety / V.A. Kruglov, S.P. Babovoz, V.N. Pilipchuk and others / Ed. V.A. Kruglov. - Minsk: Amalfeya, 2003 .-- 368 p.

3. Ecology and life safety: Textbook. manual for universities / D.A. Krivoshein, L.A. Ant, N.N. Roeva and others; Ed. L.A. Ant. - M .: UNITI-DANA, 2000 .-- 447 s

4. For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site bti.secna.ru/

5. Yu.G. Afanasyev, A.G. Ovcharenko, S.L. Rasko, L.I. Trutneva

6. Arustamov E. A. Life safety. - M., 1998

7. Steblyuk M.I. Civil defense. - K .: 1994.

8. Meshkov N. M. Fundamentals of naval training of civil ships - M .: 1989

9. Law on Civil Defense of Ukraine, 1993

© Viktor Ivanovich Bereznev, Senior Lecturer, SEU Departments

Lecture notes on the discipline "Civil Defense" for full-time students and part-time students of the direction 6.070104 "Sea and river transport" of the specialty "Operation of ship power plants"

Circulation ______ copies. Signed to print ___________

Order No. _______ Volume 4.7 pp.

Publisher: "Kerch State Marine Technological University"

98309, Kerch, st. Ordzhonikidze 82.

In conditions of nuclear, chemical, bacteriological contamination when the human body is exposed to toxic, radiation substances, biological agents, as well as the luminous flux of a nuclear explosion, it becomes necessary to protect the entire human body. For these purposes, use PPE of the skin.

PPE for leather is commonly referred to as products that complement or replace ordinary human clothing and footwear and are made of special materials.

According to the principle of protective action, like respiratory protection, skin protection can be insulating or filtering.

Insulating PPE for skin is made of rubberized fabric and is used when people are staying for a long time in the contaminated area, when performing degassing and disinfection works in lesions and areas of infection.

The isolating means of protection include: a combined-arms protective kit OZK, a light protective suit L-1, protective kits КИХ-4, КИХ-5. Typically, most PPE is used to protect both civilians and military personnel.

Combined arms protective kit OZK

It is used for conducting radiation chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance, as well as for protecting personnel in conditions of chemical and bacteriological attack.

Consists of a cloak with a hood, stockings, gloves. Weight 5 kg.

Light protective suit L-1

It is used when conducting radiation chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance, as well as when performing degassing, decontamination and disinfection works.

Consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves, and a comforter. Weight 3 kg.

Insulating chemical kit КИХ-4 (КИХ -5)

These kits are designed to protect soldiers of gas rescue squads, emergency rescue teams and civil defense troops when performing work under conditions of exposure to high concentrations of gaseous highly active agents (chlorine, ammonia), nitric acid, and liquid ammonia.

The set includes a protective suit, rubber and cotton gloves. For putting on and taking off the suit, there is a hole on the back of the overalls, which is sealed by twisting the suit fabric. The seams of the suit are sealed from the front using adhesive tape.

KIH-4 is used in combination with one of the respiratory systems of the ASV-2 type, KIP-8, which is located in the space under the suit.

The exhaled air enters the suit and is discharged into the atmosphere through the overpressure relief valve. The KIH-5 set is used with an IP-ChMK insulating gas mask placed inside the suit.

KIH-4 (KIH-5) is worn over ordinary clothes. After use, the kit is degassed.

The mass of the КИХ-4 set, without the breathing apparatus, is 5 kg. The time of protective action for gaseous ammonia and chlorine at concentrations of 1-2 g / m3 is at least 60 minutes for liquid ammonia - at least 2-3 minutes.

The kit protects against high concentrations of nitric acid vapors for 10 minutes, is resistant to degassing solutions.

Filtering PPE for leather includes sets of protective filtering clothing ZFO-58 and ZFO-MP.

ZFO -58

It is used to protect the skin of a person from the effects of OM in a vaporous state, as well as from radioactive dust and bacterial agents in an aerosol state.

Consists of a cotton overalls, underwear, a comforter and two pairs of footcloths. Used with a filtering gas mask.

ZFO - MP

It is used to protect the skin of a person from the effects of various SDYAV, which are in a vapor-droplet state.

Consists of a jacket with a hood, trousers, coarse calico linen, combined gloves, rubber-textile boots. Two-layer - the top layer is made of cotton-lavsan fabric with acid-proof impregnation, the inner layer is made of cotton fabric with chemical protection impregnation, which binds the vapors of the active substance.

The mass of the set is 400 g, the protective action time at a concentration of 0.1 g / l is 150 min.

Handy PPE skin

The available means of skin protection include regular clothing and footwear. Ordinary capes and raincoats made of rubberized fabric, PVC or polyethylene, coats of drape, rough cloth or leather provide good protection from radioactive dust and bacterial agents. They can also protect against droplets of OM for 5-10 minutes; wadded clothing protects much longer.

To protect the feet, rubber boots for industrial and household use, rubber boots, galoshes, felt boots with galoshes, imitation leather shoes with galoshes are used. Ordinary shoes can be wrapped in several layers of thick paper while leaving the contaminated area, and tarp and sacking on top of the paper.

All kinds of rubber or leather gloves and mittens can be used to protect your hands.

Clothes must be fastened with all buttons, cuffs of sleeves and trousers must be tied with braid, the collar of the coat must be raised and tied with a scarf. To protect the neck and the exposed part of the head, which is not protected by a mask, a hood must be sewn.

More reliable protection can be provided by a jumpsuit made of thick fabric treated with a special impregnation. The most affordable means for impregnating clothes at home are solutions based on synthetic detergents used in washing clothes, or a soap-oil emulsion.

However, the means at hand are only of an auxiliary nature, can be used only for a short time, and do not protect against high concentrations of SDYAV.

Useful information:

Means of skin protection are intended to protect open areas of skin, clothing, equipment and footwear from the ingress of droplet-liquid agents and SDYAV, pathogens of infectious diseases, radioactive substances, and also partially from exposure to light radiation. They are subdivided into service (OZK, L-1) and improvised (household clothing). According to the principle of operation, service agents are divided into filtering (air-permeable) and insulating (air-tight).

Skin protection filtering agents.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District. It consists of a special cut cotton overalls impregnated with a solution of a special paste - chemicals that trap OM vapors (adsorption type), as well as men's underwear (shirt and underpants), a cotton comforter and two pairs of footcloths (one of which is impregnated with the same composition, as the jumpsuit). Underwear, a comforter and an untreated pair of footcloths are used in order to prevent the overalls from scuffing the skin and irritating them from the impregnating composition.

The sizes of overalls included in the ZFO set: 1st - for people up to 160 cm in height, 2nd - from 160 to 170 cm and 3rd - over 170cm.

Isolating Skin Protectors

Insulating skin protection made of airtight materials can be airtight (suits, overalls that cover the entire human body and protect against drops and vapors of organic matter) or non-hermetic (raincoats, capes, aprons, etc.) which mainly protect against dripping - liquid OV (SDYAV): OZK set, light protective suit L-1, protective overalls or suit.

The protective effect of insulating materials is based on the property of protective films to retain OM for a certain time, i.e. prevent them from penetrating the inner surface of these materials. The following requirements are imposed on protective materials: they must be elastic, frost-resistant, moisture-proof, as well as resistant to degassing, disinfection and withstand long-term storage.

The protective properties of insulating materials are determined by the following values: protective power and water absorption.

Protective power is the time from the moment the droplet or vaporous agent is exposed to the front side of the material until vapors appear on the inside, causing minimal damage.

The soakability is the time from the moment the droplet-liquid agent is exposed to the front side of the material until it appears on the wrong side in a liquid state.

Protective power and water absorption are expressed in hours or minutes. The value of the protective power and soakability is significantly influenced by the temperature, the thickness of the protective film and its nature, the nature of the OM.

As the temperature rises, the rate of penetration of OM increases. In this regard, in winter conditions, the protective power of skin protection products is much higher than in summer.

Materials based on butyl rubber, polyisobutylene and some synthetic resins have the greatest protective power.

Combined Arms Protective Kit (OZK).

A combined-arms protective kit together with a gas mask is used to protect against OV, SDYAV, as well as to protect the skin, uniforms, shoes and equipment from contamination with radioactive substances, BS, light radiation and incendiary mixtures.

The combined arms kit includes a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves. Combined-arms protective kit, as a rule, is used in combination with impregnated uniforms and underwear.

The protective raincoat is available in five sizes, depending on its length:

I- up to 165 cm;

NS- 165 - 170 cm.

NS- 170 - 175 cm.

IV- 175-180 cm.

V- more than 180 cm.

Safety boots - stockings in three sizes depending on the size of the boots:

Ithe size 37 - 40

IIthe size 41 - 42

IIIthe size 43 and more

Protective gloves are of 2 types: summer - five-fingered, winter - three-fingered. Kit weight - 3 kg.

OZK completely provides protection against radioactive substances and BS, prevents the damage of organic substances through the skin - drops and aerosols of OM for 1 hour, OM vapors for 6 hours, and also protects against burns with a light pulse of 14 cal / sq. see. Instead of OZK, KZP can be used for the same purposes - a protective film suit with similar protective properties and consisting of protective fabric gloves, a jacket and trousers made of polyethylene. In case of infection with OS, KZP is used once, and in case of infection with RV, BS, it is used many times. OZK can be used in the form of a cape, worn in sleeves and in the form of a jumpsuit.

In the form of a cape, a protective raincoat is used in case of the sudden use of toxic substances and biological agents or in the case of the fallout of radioactive substances. When worn in sleeves, a protective raincoat is used: when crossing areas contaminated with agents or biological agents in open vehicles; when overcoming zones radioactive contamination on open machines in dusty conditions, when performing degassing, decontamination and disinfection works.

A combined-arms protective kit in the form of a jumpsuit is worn on non-contaminated terrain. It is used on an area contaminated with OV or BS in the following cases:

When operating on foot in areas with tall grass, crops, bushes or covered with deep snow;

When carrying out rescue and evacuation work, engineering work and equipment repair.

Protective stockings are made of special fabric and are designed to protect against droplets of OM, RV and BS when overcoming infected areas. The soles of the stockings are reinforced with a tarpaulin or rubber vamp. The stockings have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and a strap for attaching to the waist belt. The weight of the stockings is 1 - 1.5 kg, the protective capacity is not less than 1 hour.

Special protective clothing.

There are the following types of special protective clothing;

Light protective suit L-1;

Protective overalls;

Protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers.

Lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves and a comforter. In addition, there is a suit bag and a spare pair of gloves.

Protective jumpsuit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The set includes rubber boots, protective gloves and a comforter.

The liner is the same for all types of protective clothing, has a throat flap and a button for fastening.

The protective suit consists of a jacket and trousers, made of rubberized fabric. The protective suit jacket and trousers, as well as the light protective suits, are available in three sizes.

For protection from RV, the population can also adapt ordinary clothing. To ensure its tightness, you need to have additional devices: bibs, hood, side fasteners of trousers. To protect against RV, you can also use available means of skin protection (items of personal, household, sports, industrial and other clothing and footwear with additional means of sealing).

Sanitary and hygienic assessment of skin protection products.

Of greatest interest and practical importance from the point of view of influence on a person is protective clothing of an insulating type.

The essence of its influence is mainly reduced to a violation of the thermoregulation of the human body.

An adult weighing 60-70 kg produces up to 1900-2100 calories per day. With significant physical exertion, heat generation can increase by 4-6 times. All generated heat is removed to the external environment with the help of adaptive mechanisms, as a result of which a constant body temperature is maintained - 36-37 degrees.

If more heat is removed into the external environment than it is formed, hypothermia of the human body occurs, if less heat is removed, overheating occurs.

Heat transfer occurs mainly through the surface of the skin and lungs (respiratory organs).

As a percentage (to the total heat transfer) - heat transfer through the skin is 80% (in hot conditions 90%) and occurs by heat conduction and convection, heat radiation and evaporation of liquid (sweat) from the skin surface.

In insulating clothing, a violation of heat transfer can take place along all these paths of heat loss.

The most powerful mechanism of physical thermoregulation in the hot season is heat transfer by evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin, which in percentage terms is almost 80%.

In insulating protective equipment, as soon as the air of the sub-suit space is saturated with moisture, heat transfer is completely excluded. However, the function of sweating is not impaired. On the contrary, there is an excessive separation of sweat, which in the hot season can be released up to 5 liters or more per day.

Cessation of sweat evaporation under these conditions leads to overheating of the body and the development of heatstroke.

Violation of thermoregulation in insulating protective equipment is especially pronounced at significant physical exertion and high external temperatures. In these cases, a sharp dehydration of the body occurs, which is accompanied by a violation of oxidative processes, blood circulation, the development of oxygen starvation, depletion of the nervous-regulatory apparatus, which is manifested by an increase in heart rate, respiratory failure, fever and vasodilation.

In order to avoid overheating of the human body, the "Manual on the Use of Personal Protective Equipment" provides for the maximum permissible periods of work in protective clothing of an insulating type (including in a combined-arms protective kit used in the form of an overalls):

at a temperature of +30 and above - 15-20 minutes;

from 25 to 29 degrees - 20-35 minutes;

from 20 to 24 degrees - 40-60 minutes;

from 15 to 19 degrees - 1.5-2 hours;

below +15 degrees - more than 3 hours.

At a temperature of 10 degrees and below, overheating is not observed. At the same time, in order to maintain the greatest efficiency when using protective clothing in conditions of various outside temperatures, it should be worn at a temperature of +15 degrees and above, as a rule, on linen, from 0 to +15 degrees over summer uniforms, from 0 to - 10 degrees over winter uniforms and below -10 degrees over a padded jacket worn on uniforms.

In all cases, light protective suits are worn over uniforms, and rubber boots, as a rule, are worn on footcloths or socks, and at low temperatures - on warm footcloths. In winter conditions, a warm comforter is worn under the hood.

All work related to prolonged exposure to isolating protective equipment must be monitored by a medical service.

In the system of measures to protect the population from the damaging factors of technological disasters, natural disasters, mass diseases, a significant place is given to medical personal protective equipment. They are intended for prophylaxis and first aid to the population exposed to radiation, chemical and other damaging factors of technological and natural disasters. With their help, it is possible to prevent or significantly weaken the damaging effect of these factors on the human body and increase its resistance to them.

Means of skin protection are intended to protect open areas of skin, clothing, equipment and footwear from the ingress of droplet-liquid agents and SDYAV, pathogens of infectious diseases, radioactive substances, and also partially from exposure to light radiation. They are subdivided into service (OZK, L-1) and improvised (household clothing). According to the principle of operation, service agents are divided into filtering (air-permeable) and insulating (air-tight).

Skin protection filtering agents.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District. It consists of a special cut cotton overalls impregnated with a solution of a special paste - chemicals that trap OM vapors (adsorption type), as well as men's underwear (shirt and underpants), a cotton comforter and two pairs of footcloths (one of which is impregnated with the same composition, as the jumpsuit). Underwear, a comforter and an untreated pair of footcloths are used in order to prevent the overalls from scuffing the skin and irritating them from the impregnating composition.

The sizes of overalls included in the ZFO set: 1st - for people up to 160 cm in height, 2nd - from 160 to 170 cm and 3rd - over 170cm.

Isolating Skin Protectors

Insulating skin protection made of airtight materials can be airtight (suits, overalls that cover the entire human body and protect against drops and vapors of organic matter) or non-hermetic (raincoats, capes, aprons, etc.) which mainly protect against dripping - liquid OV (SDYAV): OZK set, light protective suit L-1, protective overalls or suit.

The protective effect of insulating materials is based on the property of protective films to retain OM for a certain time, i.e. prevent them from penetrating the inner surface of these materials. The following requirements are imposed on protective materials: they must be elastic, frost-resistant, moisture-proof, as well as resistant to degassing, disinfection and withstand long-term storage.

The protective properties of insulating materials are determined by the following values: protective power and water absorption.

Protective power is the time from the moment the droplet or vaporous agent is exposed to the front side of the material until vapors appear on the inside, causing minimal damage.

The soakability is the time from the moment the droplet-liquid agent is exposed to the front side of the material until it appears on the wrong side in a liquid state.

Protective power and water absorption are expressed in hours or minutes. The value of the protective power and soakability is significantly influenced by the temperature, the thickness of the protective film and its nature, the nature of the OM.

As the temperature rises, the rate of penetration of OM increases. In this regard, in winter conditions, the protective power of skin protection products is much higher than in summer.

Materials based on butyl rubber, polyisobutylene and some synthetic resins have the greatest protective power.

Combined Arms Protective Kit (OZK).

A combined-arms protective kit together with a gas mask is used to protect against OV, SDYAV, as well as to protect the skin, uniforms, shoes and equipment from contamination with radioactive substances, BS, light radiation and incendiary mixtures.

The combined arms kit includes a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves. Combined-arms protective kit, as a rule, is used in combination with impregnated uniforms and underwear.

The protective raincoat is available in five sizes, depending on its length:

I- up to 165 cm;

NS- 165 - 170 cm.

NS- 170 - 175 cm.

IV- 175-180 cm.

V- more than 180 cm.

Safety boots - stockings in three sizes depending on the size of the boots:

Ithe size 37 - 40

IIthe size 41 - 42

IIIthe size 43 and more

Protective gloves are of 2 types: summer - five-fingered, winter - three-fingered. Kit weight - 3 kg.

OZK completely provides protection against radioactive substances and BS, prevents the damage of organic substances through the skin - drops and aerosols of OM for 1 hour, OM vapors for 6 hours, and also protects against burns with a light pulse of 14 cal / sq. cm. Instead of OZK, KZP can be used for the same purposes - a protective film suit with similar protective properties and consisting of protective fabric gloves, a jacket and polyethylene trousers. In case of infection with OS, KZP is used once, and in case of infection with RV, BS, it is used many times. OZK can be used in the form of a cape, worn in sleeves and in the form of a jumpsuit.

In the form of a cape, a protective raincoat is used in case of the sudden use of toxic substances and biological agents or in the case of the fallout of radioactive substances. When worn in sleeves, a protective raincoat is used: when crossing areas contaminated with agents or biological agents in open vehicles; when overcoming the zones of radioactive contamination on open machines in dusty conditions, when performing degassing, decontamination and disinfection works.

A combined-arms protective kit in the form of a jumpsuit is worn on non-contaminated terrain. It is used on an area contaminated with OV or BS in the following cases:

When operating on foot in areas with tall grass, crops, bushes or covered with deep snow;

When carrying out rescue and evacuation work, engineering work and equipment repair.

Protective stockings are made of special fabric and are designed to protect against droplets of OM, RV and BS when overcoming infected areas. The soles of the stockings are reinforced with a tarpaulin or rubber vamp. The stockings have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and a strap for attaching to the waist belt. The weight of the stockings is 1 - 1.5 kg, the protective capacity is not less than 1 hour.

Special protective clothing.

There are the following types of special protective clothing;

Light protective suit L-1;

Protective overalls;

Protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers.

Lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves and a comforter. In addition, there is a suit bag and a spare pair of gloves.

Protective jumpsuit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The set includes rubber boots, protective gloves and a comforter.

The liner is the same for all types of protective clothing, has a throat flap and a button for fastening.

The protective suit consists of a jacket and trousers, made of rubberized fabric. The protective suit jacket and trousers, as well as the light protective suits, are available in three sizes.

For protection from RV, the population can also adapt ordinary clothing. To ensure its tightness, you need to have additional devices: bibs, hood, side fasteners of trousers. To protect against RV, you can also use available means of skin protection (items of personal, household, sports, industrial and other clothing and footwear with additional means of sealing).

Sanitary and hygienic assessment of skin protection products.

Of greatest interest and practical importance from the point of view of influence on a person is protective clothing of an insulating type.

The essence of its influence is mainly reduced to a violation of the thermoregulation of the human body.

An adult weighing 60-70 kg produces up to 1900-2100 calories per day. With significant physical exertion, heat generation can increase by 4-6 times. All generated heat is removed to the external environment with the help of adaptive mechanisms, as a result of which a constant body temperature is maintained - 36-37 degrees.

If more heat is removed into the external environment than it is formed, hypothermia of the human body occurs, if less heat is removed, overheating occurs.

Heat transfer occurs mainly through the surface of the skin and lungs (respiratory organs).

As a percentage (to the total heat transfer) - heat transfer through the skin is 80% (in hot conditions 90%) and occurs by heat conduction and convection, heat radiation and evaporation of liquid (sweat) from the skin surface.

In insulating clothing, a violation of heat transfer can take place along all these paths of heat loss.

The most powerful mechanism of physical thermoregulation in the hot season is heat transfer by evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin, which in percentage terms is almost 80%.

In insulating protective equipment, as soon as the air of the sub-suit space is saturated with moisture, heat transfer is completely excluded. However, the function of sweating is not impaired. On the contrary, there is an excessive separation of sweat, which in the hot season can be released up to 5 liters or more per day.

Cessation of sweat evaporation under these conditions leads to overheating of the body and the development of heatstroke.

Violation of thermoregulation in insulating protective equipment is especially pronounced at significant physical exertion and high external temperatures. In these cases, a sharp dehydration of the body occurs, which is accompanied by a violation of oxidative processes, blood circulation, the development of oxygen starvation, depletion of the nervous-regulatory apparatus, which is manifested by an increase in heart rate, respiratory failure, fever and vasodilation.

In order to avoid overheating of the human body, the "Manual on the Use of Personal Protective Equipment" provides for the maximum permissible periods of work in protective clothing of an insulating type (including in a combined-arms protective kit used in the form of an overalls):

at a temperature of +30 and above - 15-20 minutes;

from 25 to 29 degrees - 20-35 minutes;

from 20 to 24 degrees - 40-60 minutes;

from 15 to 19 degrees - 1.5-2 hours;

below +15 degrees - more than 3 hours.

At a temperature of 10 degrees and below, overheating is not observed. At the same time, in order to maintain the greatest efficiency when using protective clothing in conditions of various outside temperatures, it should be worn at a temperature of +15 degrees and above, as a rule, on linen, from 0 to +15 degrees over summer uniforms, from 0 to - 10 degrees over winter uniforms and below -10 degrees over a padded jacket worn on uniforms.

In all cases, light protective suits are worn over uniforms, and rubber boots, as a rule, are worn on footcloths or socks, and at low temperatures - on warm footcloths. In winter conditions, a warm comforter is worn under the hood.

All work related to prolonged exposure to isolating protective equipment must be monitored by a medical service.

In the system of measures to protect the population from the damaging factors of technological disasters, natural disasters, mass diseases, a significant place is given to medical personal protective equipment. They are intended for prophylaxis and first aid to the population exposed to radiation, chemical and other damaging factors of technological and natural disasters. With their help, it is possible to prevent or significantly weaken the damaging effect of these factors on the human body and increase its resistance to them.