The image and character of Grinev based on the story The Captain's Daughter (Pushkin A.S.). The image of Grinev in "The Captain's Daughter" (composition) Characteristics of the image of Peter Grinev from the Captain's Daughter

Take care of your honor from a young age ...

A.S. Pushkin

One of my favorite works of Russian classical literature is the story "The Captain's Daughter" by Alexander Pushkin. The writing of the story was preceded by many years of work by the author, who studied the history of the popular uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev, listened to the songs and stories of his contemporaries. It turned out to be a wonderful piece of art, the protagonist of which is Pyotr Andreevich Grinev.

At the beginning of the story, this is an ignoramus, chasing pigeons with the courtyard boys, carefree living in the family of a landowner. Petrushenka was spoiled, did not seriously study sciences, but dreamed of serving in St. Petersburg. Contrary to his wishes, the father sends the young man not to the city on the Neva, but to the distant Orenburg province. The father, who served the Fatherland with faith and truth, wanted to see his son as a real man, and not a burner of life. Before leaving, Pyotr Grinev hears a parting word from his parent "to preserve honor from a young age."

Further events, described by A.S. Pushkin, are serious life trials that shape the personality of the hero. He shows nobility and gratitude at the inn, generously rewarding the guide for his salvation in the blizzard steppe. Honor and dignity do not allow Pyotr Andreevich not to pay for the loss with Zurin. In the Belogorsk fortress, having met the family of Captain Mironov, Pyotr Andreevich became a welcome guest in the commandant's house, showing intelligence, respect and correctness. Falling in love with Masha Mironova, the young man goes to a duel with Shvarin, who defamed the name of his beloved. In a peaceful, distant fortress, we see how the hero changes, how he shows the best human qualities and wins our respect.

The peasant war led by Yemelyan Pugachev dramatically changed the lives of all participants in the events and put the young officer before a moral choice. When I read episodes of the story describing the behavior of the garrison after the fall of the Belogorsk fortress, I sincerely admired Grinev's courage and his decision not to swear allegiance to the impostor. He knew perfectly well that the gallows awaited him. But he could not betray the empress and intended to remain faithful to his military duty to the end. A hare's sheepskin coat, served to the guide at the inn, saved the life of a young officer. Pugachev did not execute him because he found out.

And from that moment on, a special relationship between Pugachev and Grinev begins. I think that the moral qualities of the hero: courage, loyalty to military duty, decency, honesty - allowed him to win respect in the eyes of Emelyan Pugachev himself. The fugitive Cossack and the Russian officer, of course, could not become friends, but good relations arose between them. Pugachev, at the request of Peter Andreevich, saves Masha from Shvabrin and releases her. The hero is grateful to him for this, but refuses to swear allegiance. I am sure honesty, uncompromising, sincerity of the officer and bribed the impostor.

Having passed all the tests, risking his life, Pyotr Grinev did not stain his honor like Alexei Shvabrin. For that, I deeply respect him. He fulfilled his father's parting words and became a real Russian officer. In the story, A.S. Pushkin showed us how the personality of a young officer was formed, how his character was tempered, his views on life changed. Grinev, making mistakes, gained invaluable experience, which allowed him to become brave and courageous, able to defend both his homeland and his beloved. The author is proud of his hero and rewards him with personal happiness with Masha Mironova. It seems interesting to me that the story of the events comes from the person of the aged Pyotr Andreevich, who leaves notes to his descendants. The notes contain the thought expressed decades ago by his father: "Take care of honor from a young age!"

I consider the story of A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" one of the works that are important and necessary for today's youth. We can find answers to many life questions in it. And the most important thing is to remember that honor must be protected from a young age!

Pyotr Andreevich Grinev is the main character of the story "The Captain's Daughter" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

Peter lived on his father's estate and received the usual home education. He was brought up first by the stirrup Savelich, and then by the Frenchman Beaupre, and in his free time Peter spent with the courtyard boys.

Peter honored his parents and respected their wishes. When his father decided to send him to serve in Orenburg, Peter did not dare to disobey, although he really wanted to serve in St. Petersburg. Before his dear father, his father ordered Peter to serve faithfully and remember the proverb: "Take care of your dress again, but honor from your youth." Grinev remembered well the words of his father and faithfully served the empress.

Peter Grinev is very noble and honest. Having lost a hundred rubles to Zurin, he makes Savelich return the debt, considering it a duty of honor. And when Shvabrin insulted Masha, Peter did not hesitate to challenge him to a duel.

Grinev showed himself to be a Brave, brave and courageous man. When talking with Emelyan Pugachev, he did not lie to him, but directly said that he would not go over to his side, but if ordered, he would fight against Yemelyan's gang. Peter was not afraid to go to save Masha from Shvabrin, although he knew that he could be caught and killed. He risked his life making his way into the fortress, showed courage and ingenuity.

Grinev's kindness and generosity were very useful to him, because Pugachev remembered the gift and only because of this he pardoned him.

In the story, Pyotr Grinev is shown in development: first as a frivolous boy, then as a self-asserting youth, and finally, as an adult and determined man.

Pyotr Grinev is a seventeen-year-old nobleman who arrived at his place of service in the Russian army and the main character in the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter". It tells about the life twists and turns of some representatives of the Russian nobility, who became participants in the suppression of the peasant revolt led by Emelyan Pugachev under Catherine II. The main positive qualities of a young man can be called honesty, decency and sincerity, his main testament, which he follows throughout the development of the entire storyline in the story is "take care of honor from your youth." He will carry his father's covenant throughout his life and he will come to his aid more than once in difficult situations.

Characteristics of the main character

(Poster for the film "The Captain's Daughter" 1958, drama, USSR)

Petrusha Grinev was born into a poor noble family, was a very beloved and long-awaited child. He received the simplest education at home (he was taught to read and write by the stirrup Savelich, French - by a negligent foreign teacher hired for a short time) and even before his birth he was registered as an officer in the Semyonovsky regiment of the Russian Imperial Guard in St. Petersburg. Having reached the age of sixteen, Peter, on the orders of a strict father, a retired officer who wanted him to smell gunpowder and become a real man, goes to the remote and remote Belogorsk fortress in the Orenburg province.

Despite his young age, Peter is smart beyond his years, noble and honest, distinguished by a kind and generous heart. On the way to the fortress, he meets the then unknown fugitive Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev, and in response to the service rendered to him, he presents him with a hare sheepskin coat. Becoming the leader of the uprising in the future, Pugachev remembers his good deed and this saves Grinyov's life when he is captured by the rebels.

(Grinev with Masha Mironova)

Arriving at the place of service, Grinev meets the daughter of the commandant of the fortress Masha Mironova and falls in love with her, the girl reciprocates. He has a conflict with another officer, Shvabrin, who also has views on the daughter of Captain Mironov, the result of their contradictions is a duel. On her eve, Peter truthfully and sincerely describes his condition, does not boast and does not boast of his courage and recklessness, he is an ordinary person and before the fight he is worried and does not have such cold-bloodedness as he would like. But he is a man of honor and must rise to the challenge and defend the good name of his beloved.

When the fortress is besieged by the Pugachevites, the courageous and unshakable Peter is one of the few who is ready to defend it to the last drop of blood. He bravely resists the rebels, and once captured, he does not ask for mercy and mercy. Peter proudly refuses to join Pugachev, because for him he is a real criminal who swung at the most sacred thing for such a Russian officer as Grinev - state power. Having happily escaped the death penalty, he leaves the fortress and magnanimously forgives Shvabrin, who has taken the side of the rebels, does not harbor any grudge against him and does not revel in his victory.

Denounced by the malicious and vengeful Shvabrin, Peter will be arrested by the government and declared a traitor to the Russian state. Having shown all the strength and stamina of his character, Grinev withstands all trials and, thanks to the efforts of his bride Masha, who asked the Empress herself for him, is released and finally reunites with her beloved.

The image of the hero in the work

(A still from the film based on Pushkin's novel "The Captain's Daughter")

Throughout the story, the image of the central character Pyotr Grinev, on whose behalf the narration is being conducted, undergoes various changes and is in dynamic development: first it is a carefree, naive and simple-minded boy, then a young man trying to assert himself in this life and a novice Russian officer, at the end - fully formed, determined and grown man, protector and warrior. Grinev is a positive hero who (like all of us) has both its advantages and disadvantages (frivolity, laziness, naivety and daydreaming, craving for gambling, quarrels with Savelich). But nevertheless he is and will always be a real "warrior of good", and the truth is always on his side.

CAPTAIN'S DAUGHTER

Grinev Petr Andreevich (Petrusha) - the protagonist of the last major work of Pushkin, a provincial Russian nobleman, on whose behalf (in the form of "notes for the memory of posterity", compiled in the era of Alexander I about the era of the Pugachev rebellion) is the story. In the historical story "The Captain's Daughter" all the themes of Pushkin's work of the 1830s converged. The place of the "ordinary" person in great historical events, freedom of choice in cruel social circumstances, law and mercy, "family thought" - all this is present in the story and is associated with the image of the main character-narrator.

Initially, Pushkin, as it was in the unfinished story "Dubrovsky", was going to place in the center of the narrative a renegade nobleman who had moved from one camp to another (here he was a real officer of the Catherine era, Shvanvich served as a prototype); or a captive officer who is fleeing from Pugachev. There was also a prototype - a certain Basharin, this was the name the hero was supposed to wear, later renamed to Bulanin, Valuev - and, finally, to G. 1.831.) This name is also taken from the actual history of the Pugachev region; it was worn by a nobleman arrested on suspicion of treason and later acquitted. This is how the plan of the story about a man who, by the will of Providence, found himself between two warring camps, was finally determined; about a nobleman who is unshakably loyal to the oath, does not separate himself from the estate in general and from the class ideas about honor in particular - but who at the same time looks at the world with an open mind.

Having closed the plot chain precisely on G. (and “entrusting” the role of the renegade nobleman to Shvabrin), Pushkin reproduced the principle of historical prose by Walter Scott, in whose novels (especially from the “Scottish” cycle - Waverley, Rob Roy, The Puritans ) this type of hero is encountered all the time - just like the situation itself: two camps, two truths, one destiny. Such is the direct “literary predecessor” of G., Yuri Miloslavsky from the eponymous “Walther-Scottish” novel by MN Zagoskin (with the huge difference that Miloslavsky is a prince, not an “ordinary” person). Following Grinev and other characters in "The Captain's Daughter" acquire Walter-Scottish features. The image of the faithful servant G. Savelich (whose name coincides with the name of the "patriotic" driver, a witness of the Pugachev revolt in the "Walther-Scottish" novel by M. N. Zagoskin "Roslavlev") goes back to Caleb from the novel "Lammermoor Nemesa"; in which the bride Grineva Marya Ivanovna Mironova tries to get Catherine II to acquit her lover, repeats the episode with Jenny Gine from "Edinburgh Dungeon" and others.

The genre of "notes for posterity" made it possible to portray the story "at home" - and assumed that the hero's life would unfold before the reader from childhood, and the hero's death would remain outside the immediate narration (otherwise there would be no one to compose the notes).

G.'s "background" is simple: he is the son of Prime Minister Andrei Petrovich Grinev, who lives after retirement in a small (300 souls) estate in the Simbirsk province. ... Pushkin transparently hints that the early resignation of his father was associated with the palace coup during the time of Anna Ioannovna. Moreover, it was originally supposed (and from a plot point of view it would be much more "beautiful") to explain the resignation by the events of 1762, by the Catherine's coup - but then the chronology would have been completely violated. Be that as it may, the hero's father seems to be "excluded" from history; he cannot realize himself (and therefore every time he gets angry, reading the court address-calendar, which reports on the awards and promotions of his former comrades). This is how Pushkin prepares the reader for the idea that Pyotr Andreevich could have lived the most ordinary life, without revealing the qualities inherent in him, if not for the all-Russian catastrophe of the 1770s. and if not for the father's will. In the seventeenth year, a minor, even before birth, enrolled in the guard as a sergeant, G. goes straight from the nursery to serve - and not in the elite Semyonovsky regiment, but in the provinces. (Another "rejected" version of fate - if G. got to Petersburg, by the time of the next palace coup in 1801 he would have been an officer of the regiment that played a key role in the anti-Pauline conspiracy. That is, he would mirror his father's fate.) First, he ends up in Orenburg , then to the Belogorsk fortress. That is, there and then, where and when the Pugachevites roam in the fall of 1773, a “Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless” will break out (words of G.). (Something similar should have happened to the hero of an unfinished Pushkin story from another era - a young warrant officer from Notes of a Young Man, who in May 1825 was on his way to the Chernigov regiment, where in January 1826 the Decembrist uprising of the Vasilkovskaya Council would break out. )

From that moment on, the life of a provincial nobleman merges with the flow of all-Russian history and turns into a magnificent set of accidents and mirror-like episodes that make one remember both the poetics of Walter Scott and the laws of building a Russian fairy tale. In the open field, the Grinevskaya wagon is accidentally caught by a blizzard; accidentally, a black-bearded Cossack stumbles upon her, who leads the lost travelers to a place to live (this scene is connected with the episode with Yuri, his servant Alexei and the Cossack Kirsha in MN Zagoskin's novel Yuri Miloslavsky). By chance, the guide turns out to be the future Pugachev.

Equally accidental is the cohesion of all subsequent meetings of G. and the twists and turns of his fate.

Once in the Belogorsk fortress, 40 miles from Orenburg, he falls in love with the daughter of Captain Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, eighteen-year-old Masha (which repeats some of the features of the heroine of A.P. Kryukov's story "My Grandmother's Story", 1831, the captain's daughter Nastya Shpagina) and fights because of her, in a duel with Lieutenant Shvabrin; injured; in a letter to his parents asks for a blessing for marriage with a homeless woman; having received a strict refusal, he is in despair. (Naturally, Masha will eventually settle with G.'s parents, and Shvabrin, going over to Pugachev's side, will play the role of an evil genius in the hero's fate.) Petrusha from the bottom of his heart, - and pardons the barchuk a moment before the execution. (Mirror repetition of the episode with the sheepskin coat.) Moreover, it lets him go on all four sides. But, accidentally learning in Orenburg that Masha, hidden by the Belogorsk priest, is now in the hands of the traitor Shvabrin, G. tries to persuade the general to allocate fifty soldiers to him and give the order to liberate the fortress. Having received a refusal, he independently goes to the Pugachev lair. Falls into an ambush - and accidentally remains intact; accidentally finds himself in the hands of Pugachev, at the very moment when he is in good spirits, so that the bloodthirsty corporal Beloborodov fails to "try" the nobleman. The scarecrow is touched by the story of a girl forcibly held by Shvabrin; goes with the hero to Belogorskaya - and, even having learned that Masha is a noblewoman, G.'s bride, does not change her merciful decision. Moreover, he half-jokingly offers them to marry - and is ready to take on the duties of a planted father. (So ​​by chance a dream comes true that G. immediately after the storm: the father is dying; but this is not a father, but a black-bearded man, from whom for some reason you need to ask for blessings and who wants to be planted by a father; ax; dead bodies; bloody puddles. )

Released by Pugachev, G., Masha, Savelich are ambushed by government troops (a mirror-like repetition of the episode with the Pugachevites); accidentally the commander of the detachment turns out to be Za-urin, to whom G., on the way to his place of service, before the blizzard, lost 100 rubles on billiards. Having sent Masha to his father's estate, G. remains in the detachment; after the capture of the Tatishchev fortress and the suppression of the revolt, he was arrested on the basis of Shvabrin's denunciation - and could not withdraw the charges of treason from himself, since he did not want to interfere with Masha in the trial. But she goes to Petersburg, accidentally runs into the queen on a walk in Tsarskoe Selo; accidentally does not recognize her - and innocently tells about everything (mirror repetition of the episode of G.'s “intercession” for Masha before Pugachev). Catherine accidentally remembers the heroic death of Captain Mironov (and, perhaps, the Machine of her mother, Vasilisa Yegorovna). If not for this, who knows, would the empress be able to approach the matter so impartially and justify G.? By chance, officer G., released in 1774 and present at the execution of Pugachev, who recognized him in the crowd and nodded (another mirror repetition of the episode with the gallows in Belo-Gorskaya), does not die in numerous wars of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. and draws up notes for the youth; accidentally these notes fall into the hands of the "publisher", under the guise of which Pushkin himself is hiding.

But the fact of the matter is that all the "accidents" of the plot are subordinated to the highest regularity - the regularity of a person's free choice in the circumstances suggested to her by history. These circumstances can develop one way or another, successfully or unsuccessfully; the main thing is not this, but how free a person is from their power. Pugachev, in whose hands the tremendous power to decide human destinies, is not free from the element that he set in motion; the Orenburg general, who refuses to send G. to the battle for the Belogorsk fortress, is not free from his caution; Shvabrin is not free from his own fear and his spiritual meanness; G. is free to the end and in everything. For he acts at the behest of his heart, and his heart is freely subject to the laws of noble honor, the code of Russian chivalry, and a sense of duty.

These laws are unchanged - even when it is necessary to pay off a huge billiard debt to the not very honestly playing Zauri; and when you need to thank a random guide with a sheepskin coat and a half. And when should Shvabrin be summoned to a duel, who had listened to Grinev's "rhymes" in honor of Masha and who spoke contemptuously both about them and about her. And when the Pugachevites lead the hero to execution. And when Pugachev, who had pardoned the hero, stretches out his hand for a kiss (G., naturally, does not kiss the "villain's hand"). And when the impostor directly asks the prisoner whether he recognizes him as sovereign, whether he agrees to serve, whether he at least promises not to fight against him, and the prisoner three times, directly or indirectly, answers “no”. And when G., once already saved by fate, alone returns to the location of the Pugachevites - to help out his beloved or perish with her. And when, arrested by his own government, does not name Marya Ivanovna.

It is this constant willingness, without risking in vain, nevertheless to pay with his life for his honor and love, that makes the nobleman G. completely free. In the same way, as his serf serf Savelich to the end (albeit in other forms) is made free by G. - although Savelich is not too "churchly" (and only exclaims every minute "Lord Vladyka"), and G. in the Kazan prison for the first time tastes "the sweetness of prayer, poured out of a pure but torn heart." (Here Pushkin's contemporary had to not only recall the "eternal source" of the prison theme in European culture - the episode of imprisonment of the heavenly patron G., the Apostle Peter - Acts 12, 3-11 - but also to identify the paraphrase of the notes of the Italian religious writer and Silvio Pellico, a public figure of the 1820s, who, in his book "My Dungeons" - a Russian translation enthusiastically reviewed by Pushkin, 1836 - spoke of how he first turned to God with prayer in an Austrian prison.)

This behavior turns the most simple-minded of The Captain's Daughter into the most serious of her characters. This seriousness of Grinev's image is set off by a slight grin with which the author describes the "living space" of other heroes. Pugachev reigns in a hut covered with gold paper; the general plans a defense against the Pugachevites in an apple orchard insulated with straw; Catherine meets Masha as if “inside” a pastoral: swans, parks, a white dog, “copied” by Pushkin from the famous engraving by the artist Utkin, depicting Catherine “at home” ... And only G. and Savelich are surrounded by the open space of fate; they are constantly striving for the fence - whether of the noble Orenburg, or the Pugachev fortress; where they are not protected from circumstances, but internally free from them. (In this sense, the prison for G. is also an open space.)

It is G. and Savelich together - these two characters, a serf and a nobleman, cannot be separated from each other, just as Sancho Panza cannot be separated from Don Quixote. This means that the meaning of the story is not to "go over" to one of the sides of the historical conflict. And it’s not about giving up loyalty to any “power” (cf. the image of Shvabrin). And not even in “leaving” the narrow limits of class ethics, having risen to universal principles. And in the fact that within your "camp", your environment, your class, your tradition to discover the common humanity - and to serve it not for fear, but for conscience. This is the guarantee of G.'s utopian hope (and Pushkin, prompting him, who reinterprets Karamzin's thesis) that "the best and most lasting changes are those that come from a single improvement in morals, without any violent upheavals."

The image of G. (and the very "Walther-Scottish" poetics of chance and mirror-like episodes) turned out to be extremely important for the Russian literary tradition, right up to Yuri Andreevich Zhivago from the novel by B. L. Pasternak.

The story in "The Captain's Daughter" by Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, who talks about his youth, plunged into the cycle of historical events. Grinev appears in the novel, therefore, both as a narrator and as one of the main characters of the events described.

Pyotr Andreevich Grinev is a typical representative of the provincial Russian nobility of the second half of the 18th century. He was born and raised on the estate of his father, the landowner of the Simbirsk province. His childhood passed as it was with most of the poor provincial nobles of that time. From the age of five he was handed over to the serf uncle Savelich. Having won a letter in the twelfth year under the guidance of an uncle, Grinev enters under the supervision of Monsieur Beaupré, a French tutor, discharged from Moscow "along with a year's supply of wine and olive oil" and who turned out to be a bitter drunkard.

Describing his student years with good-natured humor, Grinev says: "I lived a small man, chasing pigeons and playing leapfrog with the courtyard boys." It would, however, be a mistake to think that we are faced with an ignoramus like Mitrofanushka from Fonvizin's comedy. Grinev grew up as an intelligent and inquisitive teenager and later, having entered the service, writes poetry, reads French books and even tries his hand at translations.

A healthy family environment, simple and modest, had a decisive influence on the spiritual makeup of Grinev. Grinev's father, from the shuttered prime minister, who went through the harsh school of life, was a man of firm and honest views. Escorting his son to the army, he gives the following instructions: “Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance; do not ask for service, do not refuse service; do not chase the boss's affection; take care of your dress again, but honor from a young age. " Grinev inherited a sense of honor and a sense of duty from his father.
The first steps in life of young Grinev reveal his youthful frivolity and inexperience. But the young man proved with his life that he had mastered the basic rule of his father's morality: "take care of honor from a young age." For two years Grinev has experienced many events: acquaintance with Pugachev, love for Marya Ivanovna, a duel with Shvabrin, illness; he almost dies when the fortress is captured by the troops of Pugachev, etc. Before our eyes, the character of the young man develops and grows stronger, and Grinev turns into a mature young man. A sense of honor and courage save him in the hardships of life. With fearless courage, he looks death in the eyes when Pugachev orders to hang him. All the positive aspects of his character are revealed: simplicity and non-depravity of nature, kindness, honesty, loyalty in love, etc. These properties of nature captivate Marya Ivanovna and cause sympathy on the part of Pugachev. Grinev emerges from life's trials with honor.

Grinev is not a hero in the usual sense of the word. This is an ordinary person, an average nobleman. This is a typical representative of those army officers who, in the words of the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, "made our military history of the 18th century." Pushkin does not idealize him, does not put him in beautiful poses. Grinev remains a modest ordinary person, retaining all the features of a realistic image.