The images of peasants in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who lives well in Russia" (School compositions). Images of peasants in the poem "Who lives well in Russia Who lives well in Russia the theme of the peasantry

Are you here: Protective suits

At the heart of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" N.А. Nekrasov lies the image of the Russian peasantry after the abolition of serfdom. Throughout the entire work, the heroes are looking for an answer to the question: "Who lives happily, freely in Russia?" Who is considered happy, who is unhappy.

Guys-truth-seekers

At the forefront of the study is the journey of seven men through Russian villages in search of an answer to the question posed. In the guise of the seven "freelancers" we see only common features of the peasants, namely: poverty, inquisitiveness, unpretentiousness.

The peasants ask about the happiness of the peasants and soldiers they meet. The priest, landowner, merchant, nobleman and tsar seem to be lucky. But the main place in the poem is given to the peasantry.

Yakim Nagoy

Yakim Nagoy works "to death", but lives from hand to mouth, like most of the inhabitants of Bosovo. In the description of the hero, we see how hard Yakim's life is: "... He himself looks like mother earth." Yakim realizes that the peasants are the greatest power, he is proud that he belongs to this group of people. he knows the strengths and weaknesses of the peasant character. The main disadvantage is alcohol, which has a destructive effect on men.

For Yakim, the opinion that the poverty of the peasantry is caused by the use of wine is unacceptable. In his opinion, this is due to the obligation to work for the "equity holders". The hero's fate is typical for the Russian people after the abolition of serfdom: while living in the capital, he gets into a dispute with a merchant, ended up in prison, from where he returned to the village and began to plow the land.

Ermila Girin

Ermila Girina N.A. Nekrasov endowed him with honesty and a great mind. He lived for the sake of the people, was honest, fair, left no one in trouble. The only dishonest act he did for the sake of his family was to save his nephew from recruiting. He sent the widow's son instead. From his own deceit, from the torment of his conscience, Jirin almost hanged himself. He corrected his mistake and subsequently took the side of the rebellious peasants, for which he was imprisoned.

The episode with the purchase of the mill by Yermila is remarkable, when the peasants express their absolute confidence in Yermil Girin, and in return he is honest with them to the end.

Savely - hero

Nekrasov says that the peasants are akin to the heroes for him. Here the image of Savely appears - the bogatyr of the Holy Russian. He sincerely sympathizes with Matryona, heavily rethinks the death of Demushka. This hero combines goodness, simplicity, sincerity, help to the oppressed and anger towards the oppressors.

Matryona Timofeevna

Peasant women are represented as Matryona Timofeevna. This strong-minded woman has been fighting for freedom and female happiness all her life. Her life resembles the life of many peasant women of that time, although she is even happier than many. This is taking into account the fact that after marriage she ended up in a family that hated her, Bita was a husband only once, her firstborn was eaten by pigs, and her whole life is based on disruptive work in the field.

Peasant oppressors

The author shows how hard serfdom is reflected in people's lives, how it cripples them, morally destroying them. There are also such peasants who chose the side of their masters - Ipat, Klim, Yakov the Faithful, oppressing ordinary people on a par with the landowners.

In his poem, Nekrasov showed the life of the peasantry after the reform of 1861, portrayed the images of the Russian peasants, saying that the people possesses innumerable power and soon they will begin to realize their rights.

The main idea of Nekrasov's poem was to depict Russian peasants from the time when serfdom was abolished. Throughout the entire poem, the heroes travel all over Russia in order to answer the question: "Who lives happily, freely in Russia?" Who is in full prosperity, happy, and who is not.

Men Seeking Truth

The main characters of the work, seven men, wandering through Russian settlements and villages, looking for an answer to a very difficult question, come forward. In the image of peasants, there are the main lines of poverty of ordinary Russian peasants, such as: poverty, curiosity, unpretentiousness. These guys ask the same question to everyone who comes along their way. In their view, the priest, the merchant, the landowner, the nobleman and the tsar father himself are the lucky ones. However, the main place in the author's work is given to the peasant class.

Yakim Nagoy

He works until his death, but lives in poverty and is constantly starving, like the bulk of Bosovo's residents. Yakim understands that the peasants are a great strength and he is proud that he belongs to them, he knows the weak and strong points of the character of the peasants. Assumes that the main enemy of men is alcohol, which ruins them.

Ermila Girin

Ermila received honesty and intelligence from Nekrasov. He lives for the population, fair, will not leave anyone in grief. There was one dishonest thing, he saved her nephew for recruiting. But he did this not for himself, but for the sake of his family. He sent a widow's son instead of his nephew. He was so tortured by his own lies that he almost brought him to the point of being hanged. Then he corrected the mistake and set out with the rebels, after which he was put in prison.

Savely the hero

The author admits the plan, as the fact that ordinary men are like Russian heroes. Here the image of Savely appears - the Svyatorussky hero. Savely empathizes with Matryona from the bottom of his heart, it is hard to bear the death of Demushka. This hero contains kindness, sincerity, help to other people in a difficult situation.

Matryona Timofeevna

All peasant women are shown in the guise of this woman. She has a powerful soul and willpower. Throughout his life, he fights for the freedom and joy of a woman. Her life is like a multitude of peasant women of that time. Considering that after marriage she falls into a family that despises her. Her husband once beat her, the first child was eaten by piglets, and the rest of her life she works in the field.

Composition Peasants (Who lives well in Russia)

In the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" N. A. Nekrasov raises and examines one of the main problems of the Russian state, which is relevant to this day. The images of the peasants as the main characters of this problem and, accordingly, the poem reveals its entire essence.

The writer creates a group portrait of seven peasants who travel across Russia and are looking for happy people, among whom, they are sure, there are no peasants, soldiers and other lower classes. The author denotes the traits of wanderers: poverty, curiosity, independence. Nekrasov clearly indicates the dislike of the peasants for those who live and grow rich for their labor, while the poor peasants are pure in heart, honest by work, kind in soul. This can be seen in the described case with Matryona Timofeevna, when ordinary men came to her aid with the harvest.

The image of Yakima Nagoy personifies all the peasants who work tirelessly and live in hungry poverty. HE works so hard that it is already merging with the ground, which is plowed day and night.

And myself to mother earth
It looks like: the neck is brown,
Like a layer cut off with a plow,
Brick face ...

The myth that all peasants are poor because of drunkenness is not confirmed, in fact, the reason is in fate to work for the owner.

Ermila Girin attracts the reader with her honesty and great mind. After he set up a neighbor's boy for the soldiers, his conscience tormented him instead of his brother. The thought of suicide comes to him, but nevertheless he goes to repent to the people. The author introduces the image of Savely to demonstrate the idea that the people are heroes. Despite his illness, he knows how to empathize with others. Nekrasov gives him the role of a philosopher.

It is fashionable to see the female share in Matryona Timofeevna. She is strong in spirit and resilient. Any successful merchant can envy her inner core. Her fate is so typical for all Russian women that she does not advise looking for a happy one among them. She, as the family's breadwinner, is obliged to work and not spare herself and her strength.

Such images of peasants emerge as a consequence of the 1861 reform. The peasants try not to look at the cruel reality and live in their own religious and human world, which still treats them cruelly.

Option 3

The poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" tells about the difficulties of the life of the peasants after the serf reform of Alexander II. Ordinary peasants, I decide to find out who in Russia lives better than anyone who is truly happy: a landowner, a merchant, a priest, and maybe only the tsar himself can be happy?

In search of the truth and the answer to their question, seven pilgrims are marching across the Russian land. On the way, they meet a variety of heroes, and the pilgrims help everyone and provide all kinds of support. This is how the pilgrims help Matryona Timofeevna, whose harvest was dying. The peasants and peasants of the Illiterate province also provide all possible help.

By showing the travels of the heroes, the author of the poem thereby acquaints readers with the most diverse strata of society. Wanderers meet with merchants, nobility, clergy. In comparison of all these classes, the peasants stand out clearly for their behavior and character traits.

While reading the poem, the reader meets a poor peasant called Yakim Naga. Despite the fact that Yakim worked all his life, he did not get rich, remaining among the poorest people in society. Many inhabitants of the village of Bosovo are the same as the character Yakim Nagoya.

The author of the work compares the character with mother earth. His neck is brown and his face is brick. From this description it becomes clear what kind of work Yakim is doing. But our hero is not a little upset by his position, because he sincerely believes in the bright future of all peasants.

Another peasant in the poem who is completely different from Yakim is Yermila Girin. Yermila is distinguished by intelligence, as well as crystal honesty. Revealing the image of this character, Nekrasov shows how solidarity the peasants were, how united they were. For example, the people trust Yermila when purchasing a mill, and Girin in return supports the revolt, thereby taking the side of the peasants.

Many times in the text, when describing peasants, Nekrasov compares them with heroes. For example, Savely is a strong man. However, despite the strongly pronounced features of a stern peasant, Savely is very bright and sincere. He treats Matryona Timofeevna with tender trepidation. Savely is haunted by reflections on why the people should endure all the hardships that fall on them and, in general, should they endure it?

All female images in the poem Nekrasov embodied in the heroine Matryona Timofeevna. This woman has been striving with all her might for freedom and happiness all her life. It can be assumed that, in her understanding, freedom was already the embodiment of happiness. She was an unusually strong and resilient woman. Having got married, she steadfastly accepted all the trials she got, and in the end she took up hard work on a par with the men.

In the poem, Nekrasov shows ordinary peasants and tries to tell readers that peasants are not a labor force, but people with their own aspirations, feelings and dreams. And, of course, these people should be free, their opinions should also be listened to.

Composition Characteristics of Tolstoy and Thin in Chekhov's Story Tolstoy and Thin

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a master of humorous storytelling. Through details, various symbols and images, he creates masterpieces that will be relevant for many generations.

What makes you think about the story Matrenin dvor composition reasoning

Solzhenitsyn, as a writer-philosopher, was always worried about eternal questions, problems of our time. All disturbing thoughts could not but find their reflection in his work

The world around us is my favorite subject essay-reasoning grade 5

My favorite school subject ... in other words, a lesson! This is the surrounding world. I am interested in understanding how and why everything happens around us. Why is it raining, for example. It was only our very ancient ancestors who thought

Introduction

Starting work on the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", Nekrasov dreamed of creating a large-scale work that would reflect all the knowledge about peasants that he had accumulated over his life. From early childhood before the poet's eyes, there was a "spectacle of the people's disasters", and the first impressions of childhood prompted him to further study the way of peasant life. Hard work, human grief, and at the same time - the enormous spiritual strength of the people - all this was noticed by Nekrasov's attentive gaze. And precisely because of this, in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" the images of the peasants look so authentic, as if the poet personally knew his heroes. It is logical that the poem, in which the main character is the people, has a large number of peasant images, but if you look closely at them, we will be amazed by the variety and liveliness of these characters.

The image of the main characters-wanderers

The first peasants whom the reader gets to know are peasants-truth-seekers who argued about who lives well in Russia. For the poem, it is not so much their individual images that are important, but the whole idea that they express - without them the plot of the work would simply fall apart. And, nevertheless, Nekrasov endows each of them with a name, a native village (the names of the villages are already eloquent in themselves: Gorelovo, Zaplatovo ...) and certain traits of character and appearance: Luka is an inveterate debater, Pakhom is an old man. And the views of the peasants, despite the integrity of their image, are different, each does not deviate from his views, even to the point of a fight. On the whole, the image of these men is a group one, therefore, the most basic features characteristic of almost any peasant stand out in it. This is extreme poverty, stubbornness and curiosity, a desire to find the truth. Note that describing the peasants dear to his heart, Nekrasov still does not embellish their images. He also shows vices, mainly general drunkenness.

The peasant theme in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is not the only one - during their journey the peasants will meet both the landowner and the priest, they will hear about the life of different classes - merchants, noblemen, clergy. But all other images in one way or another serve to more fully reveal the main theme of the poem: the life of peasants in Russia immediately after the reform.

Several mass scenes are introduced into the poem - a fair, a feast, a road along which many people are walking. Here Nekrasov portrays the peasantry as a single whole, which thinks the same way, speaks unanimously and even sighs at the same time. But at the same time, the images of peasants depicted in the work can be divided into two large groups: an honest working people who value their freedom and peasant slaves. In the first group, Yakim Nagoy, Yermil Girin, Trofim and Agap stand out.

Positive images of peasants

Yakim Nagoy is a typical representative of the poorest peasantry, and he himself resembles "mother land", "a layer cut off with a plow." All his life he works "to death", but at the same time remains a beggar. His sad story: he once lived in St. Petersburg, but started a lawsuit with a merchant, ended up in prison because of her and returned from there "like a sticky piece of paper" - does not surprise the audience. There were many such destinies at that time in Russia ... Despite the hard work, Yakim has enough strength to stand up for his compatriots: yes, there are many drunken men, but more sober, they are all great people "at work and in gulba." Love for the truth, for honest work, the dream of transforming life (“thunder should be thundered”) - these are the main components of Yakim's image.

Trofim and Agap somewhat complement Yakim, each of them has one main character trait. In the image of Trofim, Nekrasov shows the endless strength and patience of the Russian people - Trofim once demolished fourteen poods, and then returned home barely alive. Agap is a lover of truth. He is the only one who refuses to participate in the performance for Prince Utyatin: "the possession of peasant souls is over!" When he is forced, he dies in the morning: it is easier for a peasant to die than to bend back under the yoke of serfdom.

Yermil Girin is endowed by the author with intelligence and incorruptible honesty, for this he is elected burgomaster. He "did not twist his soul," and once he lost his way, he could not live without righteousness, brought repentance before the whole world. But honesty and love for their compatriots do not bring happiness to the peasants: the image of Yermil is tragic. At the time of the narration, he is sitting in prison: this is how his help to the rebellious village turned out.

Images of Matryona and Savely

The life of the peasants in Nekrasov's poem would not have been fully depicted without the image of a Russian woman. For the disclosure of the "female share", which "grief is not life!" the author chose the image of Matryona Timofeevna. “Beautiful, strict and dark-skinned”, she tells in detail the story of her life, in which she was happy only then, as she lived with her parents in the “girl’s hall”. After that, hard work, on a par with men, began, the nagging of relatives, the death of the first-born twisted the fate. For this story, Nekrasov singled out an entire part in the poem, nine chapters - much more than the stories of the other peasants occupy. This conveys well his special attitude, love for a Russian woman. Matryona amazes with her strength and stamina. She takes all the blows of fate meekly, but at the same time she knows how to stand up for her loved ones: she lies under the rod instead of her son and saves her husband from the soldiers. The image of Matryona in the poem merges with the image of the people's soul - long-suffering and long-suffering, which is why the woman's speech is so rich in songs. These songs are often the only way to pour out your longing ...

Another curious image adjoins the image of Matryona Timofeevna - the image of the Russian hero, Savely. Living out his life in the family of Matryona (“he lived for a hundred and seven years”), Savely thinks more than once: “Where are you, strength, going? What are you useful for? " All the strength went away under the rods and sticks, wasted during the overwhelming labor on the German and wasted away in hard labor. The image of Savely shows the tragic fate of the Russian peasantry, heroes by nature, leading a life completely unsuitable for them. Despite all the hardships of life, Savely did not become embittered, he is wise and affectionate with the powerless (he is the only one in the family who protects Matryona). Shown in his image is the deep religiosity of the Russian people, who were looking for help in faith.

The image of serf peasants

Another type of peasants depicted in the poem are slaves. The years of serfdom crippled the souls of some people who are used to groveling and can no longer imagine their life without the power of the landowner. Nekrasov shows this with examples of the images of the serfs Ipat and Yakov, as well as the headman of Klim. Jacob is the image of a faithful servant. All his life he spent on fulfilling the whims of his master: “Only Jacob had joy: / The master was to groom, take care of, please”. However, one cannot live with the master "ladok" - as a reward for the exemplary service of Jacob, the master gives his nephew to recruit. It was then that Jacob's eyes opened, and he decided to take revenge on his offender. Klim becomes the boss thanks to the grace of Prince Utyatin. A nasty owner and a lazy worker, he, singled out by the master, flourishes from a sense of his own importance: "Proud pig: itched / O master's porch!" Using the example of the headman, Klim Nekrasov, he shows how terrible yesterday's slave, who got into the chiefs, is one of the most disgusting human types. But it is difficult to lead an honest peasant heart - and in the village of Klima they sincerely despise, not fear.

So, from the various images of the peasants "Who lives well in Russia" a whole picture of the people is formed as a huge force that is already beginning to rebel little by little and realize its power.

Product test

In literary works we find an image of people, their way of life, feelings. By the 17th-18th centuries, two classes had developed in Russia: peasants and nobles - with completely different culture, mentality and even language. That is why in the works of some Russian writers there is an image of peasants, while others do not. For example, Griboyedov, Zhukovsky and some other masters of the word did not touch upon the theme of the peasantry in their works.

However, Krylov, Pushkin, Gogol, Goncharov, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Yesenin and others created a whole gallery

Immortal images of peasants. Their peasants are very different people, but there is also much in common in the views of the writers on the peasant. All of them were unanimous in the fact that peasants are workers, creative and talented people, while idleness leads to moral decay of the individual.

This is the meaning of IA Krylov's fable "The Dragonfly and the Ant". In an allegorical form, the fabulist expressed his view on the moral ideal of the peasant-worker (Ant), whose motto is: to work tirelessly in the summer to provide himself with food in the cold winter, - and on the idler (Dragonfly). In winter, when the Dragonfly came to the Ant with a request for help, he refused the "jumper", although he probably had the opportunity to help her.

On the same topic, much later, M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote a fairy tale "About how a man fed two generals." However, Saltykov-Shchedrin solved this problem differently than Krylov: idle generals, once on an uninhabited island, could not feed themselves, and a peasant, a peasant, not only voluntarily provided the generals with everything they needed, but also twisted a rope and tied himself. Indeed, in both works the conflict is the same: between the toiler and the parasite, but it is resolved in different ways. The hero of Krylov's fable does not allow himself to be offended, and the peasant from the tale of Saltykov-Shchedrin voluntarily deprives himself of his freedom and does everything possible for the generals who are incapable of work.

There are not so many descriptions of peasant life and character in the work of A.S. Pushkin, but he could not fail to capture very significant details in his works. For example, in the description of the peasant war in The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin showed that the children of peasants who left agriculture, who were engaged in robbery and theft, took part in it. robbed him, ”and then he was hanged. In the fate of the hero of the song, the rebels recognize their fate, feel their doom. Why? Because they left labor on earth for the sake of bloodshed, and Pushkin does not accept violence.

The peasants of Russian writers have a rich inner world: they know how to love. In the same work, Pushkin shows the image of the serf Savelich, who, although a slave by position, is endowed with a sense of his own dignity. He is ready to give his life for his young master, whom he raised. This image has something in common with two images of Nekrasov: with Savely, the bogatyr of the Holy Russian, and with Yakov the faithful, an exemplary serf. Savely loved his grandson Demochka very much, looked after him and, being the indirect cause of his death, went into the forests, and then to the monastery. Yakov the faithful loves his nephew as much as Savely loves Demochka, and loves his master as Savelyich loves Grinev. However, if Savelich did not have to sacrifice his life for Petrusha, then Yakov, torn apart by the conflict between his loved ones, committed suicide.

Pushkin has another important detail in Dubrovsky. We are talking about the contradictions between the villages: "They (Troyekurov's peasants) took pride in the wealth and glory of their master and, in turn, allowed themselves a lot in relation to their neighbors, hoping for his strong patronage." Was it not this theme that Yesenin sounded in "Anna Snegina", when the rich residents of Radov and the poor peasants of the village of Kriushi were at enmity with each other: "They are in axes, we are the same." As a result, the headman dies. This death is condemned by Yesenin. The theme of the murder of the manager by the peasants was still in Nekrasov's work: Savely and other peasants buried the German Vogel alive. However, unlike Yesenin, Nekrasov does not condemn this murder.

With the work of Gogol, the concept of a hero-peasant appeared in fiction: the coachman Mikheev, the brick-maker Milushkin, the shoemaker Maxim Telyatnikov and others. After Gogol, Nekrasov also had a pronounced theme of heroism (Savely). Goncharov also has peasant heroes. It is interesting to compare the hero of Gogol, the carpenter Stepan Cork and the carpenter Luka from the work of Goncharov “Oblomov”. Gogol's master is “the hero that would be suitable for the guard”, he was distinguished by his “exemplary sobriety”, and the worker from O6lomovka was famous for making a porch, which, although staggering from the moment of construction, stood for sixteen years.

In general, in the work of Goncharov in the peasant village, everything is quiet and sleepy. Only morning is spent laboriously and useful, and then lunch comes, everyone's afternoon nap, tea, doing something, playing the accordion, playing the balalaika at the gate. There are no incidents in Oblomovka. The peace was disturbed only by the peasant widow Marina Kulkova, who gave birth to "four babies at a time." Her fate is similar to the hard life of Matryona Korchagina, the heroine of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", who has "every year, then children."

Turgenev, like other writers, speaks about the talent of the peasant, about his creative nature. In the story "The Singers", Yakov Turok and the rowdy for an eight of beers compete in singing, and then the author shows a bleak picture of drunkenness. The same theme will sound in Nekrasov's "Who Lives Well in Russia": Yakim Nagoy "works to death, drinks half to death ...".

Quite different motives are heard in the story "The Burmister" by Turgenev. He develops the image of a despot-governor. Nekrasov will also condemn this phenomenon: he will call the sin of Gleb the elder, who sold the free other peasants, the most serious.

Russian writers were unanimous that the majority of peasants have talent, dignity, creativity, and hard work. However, among them there are also people who cannot be called highly moral. The spiritual fall of these people mainly came from idleness and from material wealth acquired and the misfortunes of others.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Report on the topic:

“Images of peasants in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Russia"

Poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Russia" was created in the last period of the poet's life (1863-1876). The ideological concept of the poem is already indicated in its title, and then it is repeated in the text: who lives well in Russia? In the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" N.A. Nekrasov shows the life of the Russian peasantry in post-reform Russia, their difficult situation. The main problem of this work is the search for an answer to the question, “who lives happily, freely in Russia,” who is worthy and not worthy of happiness? The poet speaks of the essence of the tsarist manifesto in the words of the people: "Good you, tsar's letter, but you were not written about us." The poet touched upon the burning problems of his time, condemned slavery and oppression, praised the freedom-loving, talented, strong-willed Russian people. The author introduces into the poem the image of seven peasant wanderers traveling around the country in search of the lucky ones. They live in the villages: Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhayka. They are united by poverty, unpretentiousness, the desire to find someone happy in Russia. While traveling, peasants meet with different people, assess them, determine their attitude towards the priest, towards the landowner, towards the peasant reform, towards the peasants. The peasants are not looking for happiness among the working people: peasants, soldiers. Their idea of happiness is associated with the images of the clergy, merchants, nobility, and the king. Self-esteem is inherent in truth-seeking peasants. They are deeply convinced that the working people are better, taller, smarter than the landowner. The author shows the hatred of the peasants for those who live at their expense. Nekrasov also emphasizes the people's love for work, their desire to help other people. Having learned that Matryona Timofeevna's harvest is dying, the peasants offer her help without hesitation. They also willingly help mow the grass to the peasants of the Illiterate province. Everyone's nimble hand works like teeth to hunger.

While traveling in Russia, men meet various people. Revealing the images of heroes met by truth seekers allows the author to characterize not only the situation of the peasantry, but also the life of the merchants, clergy, and nobility.

After listening to the priest's story about his "happiness", having received advice to find out about the happiness of the landowner, the peasants cut off: you are past them, the landowners! We know them! Truth-seekers are not satisfied with the noble word, they need a "Christian word." “Give the Christian word! Noble with a scolding, With a push and with a jab, That is unsuitable for us! " They have a sense of their own dignity. In the chapter "Happy" they angrily escorted the deacon, the courtyard, who boasted of his servile position: "Get out!" They sympathize with the terrible story of the soldier and say to him: “Here, drink, servant! There is nothing to argue with you. You are happy - there is no word. "

The author pays the main attention to the peasants. The images of Yakim Nagy, Yermila Girin, Savely, Matryona Timofeevna combine both common, typical features of the peasantry, such as hatred of all “equity holders” who draw vitality from them, and individual traits.

More fully Nekrasov reveals the images of peasant fighters who do not grovel before their masters, do not resign themselves to their slavery position. Yakim Nagoy from the village of Bosovo lives in dire poverty. He works to death, escapes from the heat and rain under the harrow. His portrait testifies to constant hard work:

And myself to mother earth

It looks like: the neck is brown,

Like a layer cut off with a plow,

Brick face ...

The chest is sunken, like a depressed belly. At the eyes, at the mouth, bends are like cracks on dry earth ... Reading the description of the peasant's face, we understand that Yakim, tossing himself all his life on a gray, barren piece, has become like earth himself. Yakim admits that most of his labor is appropriated by "equity holders" who do not work, but live on the labors of peasants like him. "You work alone, and as soon as the work is over, look, there are three equity holders: God, the king and the lord!" Throughout his long life, Yakim worked, experienced many hardships, starved, went to prison and, "like a sticky skin, he returned to his homeland." But still he finds the strength to create at least some kind of life, some kind of beauty. Yakim decorates his hut with pictures, loves and uses a well-aimed word, his speech is full of proverbs and sayings. Yakim is the image of a new type of peasant, a rural proletarian who has been in a waste industry. And his voice is the voice of the most resolute peasants. Yakim understands that the peasantry is a great force. He is proud of his belonging to him. He knows what the strength and weakness of the “peasant soul” is:

Soul that black cloud -

Angry, formidable - and it should be

Thunders thunder from there ...

And everything ends with wine ...

Yakim refutes the opinion that the peasant is poor because he drinks. He reveals the true reason for this situation - the need to work for "equity holders". Yakim's fate is typical for the peasants of post-reform Russia: he “once lived in St. Petersburg,” but after losing a lawsuit with a merchant, he ended up in prison, from where he returned, “tattered like a sticky piece” and “took up a plow”.

The writer treats his hero Yermil Girin with great sympathy, the village headman, fair, honest, intelligent, who, according to the peasants: “At the age of seven, he didn’t pinch a worldly penny under his fingernail, at the age of seven he didn’t touch the right one, didn’t let the guilty twisted ... ”Only once Yermil acted not according to his conscience, giving the old woman's son Vlasyevna instead of his brother to the army. Repenting, he tried to hang himself. In the opinion of the peasants, Yermil had everything for happiness: calmness, money, honor, but his honor was special, not bought "neither by money, nor by fear: strict truth, intelligence and kindness." The people, defending the worldly cause, in difficult times helps Yermil to keep the mill, showing exceptional trust in him. This act confirms the ability of the people to act together, in peace. And Yermil, not being afraid of the prison, took the side of the peasants when: “the landowner Obrubkov's estate rebelled ...” Yermil Girin is the defender of peasant interests. If the protest of Yakim Naked is spontaneous, then Yermil Girin rises to a conscious protest.

Another hero of the work is Savely. Savely, the bogatyr of the Svyatoiussky - a fighter for the people's cause. Savely acts as a popular philosopher. He ponders whether the people should continue to endure their lack of rights, an oppressed state. Savely comes to the conclusion: it is better to “endure” than “endure”, and he calls for a protest. In his youth, like all peasants, he endured for a long time cruel bullying by the landowner Shalashnikov, his manager. But Savely cannot accept such an order, and he rebelled along with other peasants, he buried a living German Vogel in the ground. "Twenty years of strict penal servitude, twenty years of settlement" Savely received for this. Returning as an old man to his native village, Savely retained good spirits and hatred of the oppressors. "Branded, but not a slave!" - he said about himself. Until old age Savely retained a clear mind, cordiality, responsiveness. In the poem, he is shown as a people's avenger: "Our axes lay - for the time being!" He speaks contemptuously of passive peasants, calling them "lost ... lost." Nekrasov calls Savely the Holy Russian hero, raising him very high, emphasizing his heroic character, and also comparing him with the folk hero Ivan Susanin. The image of Savely personifies the people's desire for freedom. The image of Savely is given in one chapter, along with the image of Matryona Timofeevna, for a reason. The poet shows two heroic Russian characters together.

nekrasov poem peasantry rus

In the last chapter, entitled "A Woman's Parable," the peasant woman speaks of the common female share: "The keys to women's happiness, from our free will have been abandoned, lost by God himself." But Nekrasov is sure that the "keys" must be found. The peasant woman will wait and achieve happiness. The poet says about this in one of Grisha Dobrosklonov's songs: "You are still a slave in the family, but the mother is already a free son!"

With great love, Nekrasov painted images of truth-seekers, fighters, in which the strength of the people was expressed, the will to fight the oppressors. However, the writer did not close his eyes to the dark sides of the life of the peasantry. The poem depicts peasants who are corrupted by the masters and have become accustomed to their slave position. In the chapter "Happy" peasants-truth-seekers meet with "a man of the courtyard, broken on his feet," who considers himself happy because he was the beloved slave of Prince Peremetyev. The courtyard is proud that his "daughter, together with the young lady, studied French and all kinds of languages; she was allowed to sit in the presence of the princess." And the courtyard himself stood for thirty years behind the chair of the Most Serene Prince, licked the plates after him and drank the remnants of overseas wines. He is proud of his "closeness" to the masters and of his "honorable" disease - gout. Simple freedom-loving peasants laugh at a slave who looks down on his fellow peasants, not understanding all the baseness of his lackey position. The courtyard of Prince Utyatin Ipat did not even believe that "will" was announced to the peasants: "And I am the princes of the Utyatin Kholop - and that's the whole story!"

From childhood to old age, the master, as best he could, scoffed at his slave Ipat. All this the footman took for granted: “he ransomed me, the latter’s slave, in the ice-hole in the winter! How wonderful! Two ice-holes: in one he will lower it in a seine, in the other he will immediately draw it out and bring vodka. " Ipat could not forget the master's "favors" that after bathing in an ice-hole the prince would "bring vodka", then he would plant "next to him, unworthy, with his princely persona."

The obedient slave is also shown in the form of "an exemplary servant - Yakov the faithful." Yakov served with the cruel mister Polivanov, who "in the teeth of an exemplary servant ... casually blew his heel." Despite this treatment, the faithful slave took care of the master until his very old age. The landowner severely offended his faithful servant, having recruited his beloved nephew Grisha. Jacob "made a fool". First, he washed down the dead, and then he brought the master into a remote forest ravine and hanged himself on a pine tree over his head. The poet condemns such manifestations of protest as well as servile obedience.

With deep indignation, Nekrasov speaks of such traitors to the people's cause as the elder Gleb. He, bribed by the heir, destroyed the "free" given to the peasants before his death by the old master-admiral, than "for tens of years, until recently, eight thousand souls were secured by the villain." For the images of courtyard peasants who became slaves of masters and abandoned genuine peasant interests, the poet finds words of angry contempt: slave, servant, dog, Judas.

The poem also notes such a feature of the Russian peasantry as religiosity. This is a way to get away from reality. God is the supreme judge, from whom the peasants seek protection and justice. Faith in God is the hope for a better life.

Nekrasov concludes the characteristics with a typical generalization: "people of serfdom are real dogs sometimes: the harder the punishment, the dearer the Lord is to them." Creating various types of peasants, Nekrasov argues that there are no happy ones among them, that the peasants, even after the abolition of serfdom, are still destitute and bled. But among the peasants there are people capable of conscious, active protest, and he believes that with the help of such people in the future in Russia everyone will live well, and first of all, a good life will come for the Russian people. "The limits of the Russian people have not yet been set: there is a wide road before them." Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" recreated the life of the peasantry in post-reform Russia, revealed the typical traits of the characters of Russian peasants, showing that this is a force to be reckoned with, which is gradually beginning to realize its rights.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...