A very simple definition of art. The concept of "art". Types and genres of art. The tasks of art

If we consider the concept of art in a broad sense, then it means one of the forms of human cognition of reality, which is reflected in works of art, paintings musical works and theatrical performances in prints and sculptures. Art is a part of the spiritual life of both a person and society, and in general is considered a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations.

What is art in a narrower sense

Art means an understanding of reality by a master, a reflection of his external and internal world, which ultimately gives a product that brings aesthetic satisfaction, not only to the creator himself, but also to society.

Aims of art

Like any kind of human activity, art has its own goals. If we consider what is art and its main functions, then this art form has both unmotivated and motivated functions. For example, avant-garde artists, with the help of their paintings, expressed indignation at the existing political system (a motivated, revolutionary function). Each painting is an appeal to the whole world, as the artist creates it to show humanity how beautiful the landscape of a certain area is, or to show the beauty of a person, leaving his portrait for future generations. An appeal to an unlimited circle of persons is an unmotivated function of the fine arts, and not only.

Art has recreational and ceremonial purposes and serves as an excellent way to treat psychotherapeutic illnesses (motivated goal). In principle, each type of art has both general and purely specific functions. For example, graffiti, being a kind of fine art, has such motivated goals as commercialization and propaganda, but at the same time, it performs unmotivated functions - only a creative person at his subconscious level can use his imagination to perform graffiti.

Kinds of art

There are many types of art, but considering what an art form is, it should be noted that there are two large groups - fine and non-fine arts. The first type expresses external reality, and the second type - internal. In turn, the visual arts are divided into such types as painting and painting, graphics, sculpture and photography, graffiti and comics. This group also includes decorative and applied art, which implies the creation of artistic products that have a utilitarian and non-utilitarian purpose. If we dwell in more detail on the question of what decorative and applied art is, then we will understand that it has its own special characteristics. So, objects created within this type of art are used for interior and household decoration. But at the same time, these objects are aesthetically pleasing to the eye and have an artistic effect.

The non-visual arts include literature and architecture, which, according to a different principle of dividing art, are classified as static. Music and choreography, ballet and radio art are non-visual dynamic arts. All types of art are subdivided according to the types of materials used. For example, to create a picture, modern and traditional materials are needed - paints and canvas, a brush, and so on. Art is categorized into styles and genres, such as drama and tragedy, farce and comedy, among others. In principle, if we consider superficially what art is, the definition of this sphere human activity very spatially. Since art can be called everything that a person has created with the help of his hands and brains.

Art - the sphere of human activity, covering creative work on the creation of aesthetically significant objects - works of art, ways of storing them and bringing them to the public through their inclusion in the process of public communication.

Currently, there are many definitions of the concept of "art". Here are some of them:

"Art- special shape public conscience, which is an artistic (figurative) reflection of life. By displaying the world, the artist embodies his thoughts, feelings, aspirations, ideals in a work of art. He reproduces the phenomena of life and at the same time gives them his own assessment, explains their essence and meaning, expresses his understanding of the world. "/ Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary /

"Art(lat. ars) was called any ability to produce skillful work that requires giftedness, knowledge and experience. "

"Art- the totality of all possible types artistic creation, including literature "

Art is recognized and defined as a set of art forms, attempts to classify which can be considered only relatively successful.

From the point of view of the material conditions used, it is customary to divide art into three groups:

1) spatial (plastic)

Sculpture, painting, graphics and art photography constitute a special group of fine arts.

2) temporary

music (composing art)

literature

3) spatio-temporal

acting art (as well as the so-called synthetic art based on it: choreography, theater, cinema, television and video art, variety art, circus)

computer art

In each of these three groups of art, artistic - creative activity can use

signs of the pictorial type, i.e. suggesting the similarity of images with sensually perceived reality (painting, sculpture, graphics - the so-called visual arts; literature; acting)

signs of a non-descriptive type, i.e. not allowing recognition in images of any real objects, phenomena, actions (architecture, music, dance)

signs of a mixed pictorial and non-pictorial character characteristic of synthetic forms of creativity (synthesis of architecture or decorative and applied art with fine art, etc.)

It should be borne in mind that the list of art forms is not invariable in time and space - in different cultures and societies we deal with different configurations, moreover, in some cases it is difficult to draw a rigid line separating artistic activity from non-artistic (different types of applied art, as well as design).

Art reflects the world in a holistic manner. The main subject of art is a person, public life... The circle of phenomena of reality depicted by the artist is usually called the theme of the work,

the inner world of the depicted is called idea, emotionally expressed attitude of the artist to the depicted - assessment ... Theme, idea and evaluation, being inseparable, constitute the content of a work of art.

We call modern works of art those where complete unity of content and form, design and embodiment, skill has been achieved. This unity is the foundation of the beauty of art. Embodying the ideal of the artist, works of art are created according to the laws of beauty, become the embodiment and personification of beauty.

Experts give different definitions to the term “art”, since it is impossible to fit all the huge meaning that this word carries in one concept, one phrase. It performs a lot of useful functions for mankind. Art forms spiritual values ​​and fosters an understanding of beauty.

What is art

Again, there are several definitions of the concept of "art". First of all, it is high level the skill of a person in any field of activity. If explained in more detail, then it can be called the ability to creatively reproduce reality with the help of aesthetic artistic images, objects, actions. The main types of art are the spiritual culture of society.

The subject of art is a set of relations between the world and man. Form of existence - piece of art, the means of manifestation of which can be a word, sound, color, volume. The main goal of art is the self-expression of the creator with the help of his work, which is created to evoke emotions, experiences, aesthetic pleasure in the beholder.

Various types of art, the classification table of which shows their division into types, use imagination and illusion instead of strict unambiguous concepts. In human life, it acts as a means of communication, enrichment of knowledge, education of values, as well as a source of aesthetic joys.

The main functions of art

Types of art (their table is presented below) exist in the world to perform certain social functions:

1. Aesthetic. Reproduction of reality according to the laws of beauty. Influence on the formation of aesthetic taste, the ability to experience and feel emotions. The ability to distinguish between the sublime and the standard, the beautiful and the ugly.
2. Social. Ideological influence on society, transformation of social reality.
3. Compensatory. Solution psychological problems, Restoring peace of mind and balance. Detachment from the gray reality and everyday life by compensating for the lack of harmony and beauty.
4. Hedonistic. The ability to bring positive emotions through the contemplation of beauty.
5. Cognitive. Study and knowledge of reality with the help of which are sources of information about the processes of the public.
6. Prognostic. The ability to predict and foresee the future.
7. Educational. Influence on the formation of personality and moral formation of a person.

Classification of the arts

Art does not have a single form of embodiment. In this regard, it is classified according to various criteria into genres, genera, species, subspecies. There is no one generally accepted system, therefore art is divided into groups according to certain factors.

Dynamics is one of the criteria by which art forms are classified. The table in this article shows how the types of creativity are divided according to this scheme. So, according to the dynamics, art is divided into:

Temporary (dynamic);

Spatial (plastic);

Spatio-temporal (synthetic).

In accordance with the expressed emotions and the feelings evoked, it is divided into genres: comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.

The types of art are also determined by the materials used:

Traditional - paints, clay, metal, gypsum, wood, granite, canvas;

Modern - electrical engineering, computers;

The main classification system identifies the main 5 types of art, each of which additionally has several subspecies:

Applied (labor);

Fine;

Spectacular (play);

Sound;

Verbal.

For an illustrative example, here is a summary table that contains all the main types of art.

Literature

Material carrier literary type art is the word with which artistic images and written texts are created. It can reflect an epic story about certain events, a lyrical disclosure of the inner world and the experience of the author, a dramatic reproduction of the actions that took place.

Literature is subdivided into:

Historical;

Scientific;

Educational;

Artistic.

Reference.

The genres of works are determined by their nature, form, content.

Music

There is also an art that can convey emotions in an audible form - music. It represents the embodiment of artistic images, ideas, emotional experiences with the help of silence and sound organized in a special way. It is an art that is fixed by reproduction and musical notation. Music, depending on its functions, is divided into religious, military, dance, theatrical. By performance, it can be: instrumental, electronic, vocal, choral, chamber. The main musical genres and directions are as follows:

Variety;

Alternative;

Non-European;

Ethnic;

Popular;

Classic;

Vanguard.

Applied (labor) arts

Applied arts (the table also calls them spatial) include architecture and

Architecture helps shape the spatial environment. With its help, the design and construction of various structures is carried out. She helps make necessary for people buildings suited to their spiritual needs.

Architecture is closely related to the development of technology and technology, therefore, it can be used to judge scientific achievements and artistic features different eras. Among the most famous historical styles of buildings are Baroque, Art Nouveau, Classicism, Renaissance, Gothic. Depending on the purpose of buildings, architecture is divided into public, industrial, residential, garden and park, etc.

Decorative and applied art is a creative activity aimed at creating objects that simultaneously satisfy the artistic, aesthetic and everyday needs of people. Decorative and applied art has a certain national and ethnic character. Its main types include: knitting, embroidery, lace-making, pyrography, origami, quilling, ceramics, carpet weaving, art painting and processing different materials, etc. Products are made using various materials and technology.

Fine Arts

Photography, sculpture, painting, graphics as an art form using images, clearly show reality in art forms tangible to sight.

Painting is a color display of reality on a plane. This is one of the oldest forms of art. Depending on the subject of the painting, there are such historical, battle, mythological, animalistic, still life, landscape, portrait, everyday life.

Graphics as an art form is the creation of a drawing with a line on a sheet or with a chisel on a hard material, followed by a print on paper. This type of creativity, depending on the method of drawing, is divided into subtypes: engraving, bookplate, poster, woodcut, lithography, linocut, etching, printmaking. There is also book industrial and computer graphics.

Photography is the art of documentary recording visual image, which is carried out with the help of a technical means. Has almost the same genres as painting.

Sculpture - the creation of three-dimensional three-dimensional With the help of this art, relief and circular images are created. In terms of size, it is subdivided into easel, monumental, decorative.

Spectacular (play) arts

Spectacular arts are aimed not only at but also at the entertainment of people. It is precisely the person who is the main object through which the spectacular art is conveyed to the viewer. It has several directions.

Choreography is the art of dance. It is the construction of images using plastic movements. Dances are divided into ballroom, ritual, folk, modern. The choreographic art of ballet is built on musical and dance images, which are based on a certain plot.

Cinema is a synthesis of certain types of arts - theater, dance, literature, It has many genres (comedy, drama, thriller, action, melodrama) and subspecies (documentary, fiction, serial).

The circus is a demonstration of entertaining performances. Includes clowning, acrobatics, reprise, pantomime, magic tricks, etc.

Theater, like cinema, consists in combining several types of creativity - music, literature, vocals, fine arts, choreography. It can be dramatic, operatic, puppet, ballet.

Variety is an art of small forms with a popular and entertainment focus. Includes choreography, vocals, conversational genre and others.

Humanity has been creating and studying art for centuries. It is the greatest spiritual and cultural heritage of society, plays a huge role in its development and improvement.

Artism (lat. Eхperimentum - experience, test) - figurative understanding of reality; the process or result of the expression of the internal or external (in relation to the creator) world in an artistic image; creativity directed in such a way that it reflects what is of interest not only to the author himself, but also to other people. Art (along with science) is one of the ways of cognition, both in the natural science and in the religious picture of the perception of the world. The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area. Long time art was considered a type of cultural activity that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating aesthetically expressive forms acquired the right to be called art. On a society-wide scale, art is a special way of cognizing and reflecting reality, one of the forms of artistic activity of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture of both man and all mankind, a diverse result of the creative activity of all generations. In science, art is called both the actual creative artistic activity and its result - a work of art. In the most general sense, art is a skill (Slovak. Umenie), the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as: "Using skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, setting or action that can be shared with others." Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response from other people. TSB defines art as one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component of human culture. The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is a subject of ongoing debate. In the era of romanticism, the traditional understanding of art as a mastery of any kind gave way to seeing it as "a feature of the human mind along with religion and science." In the XX century. in the understanding of the aesthetic, three main approaches have been outlined: realistic, according to which the aesthetic qualities of an object are inherent in it immanently and do not depend on the observer, objectivist, which also considers the aesthetic properties of the object to be immanent, but to some extent dependent on the observer, and relativistic, according to which the aesthetic the properties of an object depend only on what the observer sees in it, and different people can perceive different aesthetic qualities of the same object. From the latter point of view, an object can be characterized depending on the intentions of its creator (or the absence of any intentions), for whatever function it was intended. For example, a goblet that can be used as a container in everyday life can be considered a work of art if it was created only for decorative purposes, and the image can turn out to be a handicraft if it is produced on a conveyor belt.

In its first and broadest sense, the term "art" remains close to its Latin equivalent (ars), which can also be translated as "craftsmanship" or "craft", as well as to the Indo-European root "composing" or "Make up". In this sense, art can be called everything that was created in the process of deliberately composing a certain composition. There are some examples to illustrate the broad meaning of this term: "Artificial", "military art", "artillery", "artifact". Many other commonly used words have similar etymologies. Artist Ma Lin, an example of painting from the Song era, circa 1250 24.8 x 25.2 cm art antiquity cognition

Until the 19th century, the fine arts were called the ability of an artist or artist to express their talent, awaken aesthetic feelings in the audience and involve them in the contemplation of "graceful" things.

The term art can be used in different meanings: the process of using talent, the work of a gifted master, the consumption of works of art by the audience, and the study of art (art history). " Fine arts”Is a set of disciplines (arts) producing works of art (objects) created by gifted masters (art as an activity) and evoking a response, mood, conveying symbolism and other information to the public (art as consumption). Works of art are defined as deliberately talented interpretations of an unlimited variety of concepts and ideas in order to convey them to others. They can be created specifically for a specified purpose or represented by images and objects. Art stimulates thoughts, feelings, representations and ideas through sensations. It expresses ideas, takes many different forms, and serves many different purposes. Art is a skill that can inspire admiration. Art that evokes positive emotions and mental satisfaction with its harmony can also evoke a reciprocal creative response from the perceiver, inspiration, incentive and desire to create in a positive way. This is how the artist Valery Rybakov, a member of Trade union artists: "Art can destroy and heal human soul, defile and educate. And only light art is able to save humanity: it heals mental wounds, gives hope for the future, brings love and happiness to the world. "

1. Professional activity aimed at building figurative forms, presented in the form of special artifacts - works of I. Anthropological prerequisites for such activities are certain properties a person, manifested in relations with the environment: an ordering reaction to the uncertainty of the situation; representation of an uncertain situation in a figurative form; external representation of images in the form of symbols, to-rye can become objects of communication in the processes of social. interactions. These properties correspond to the specific abilities of people, to-rye, with special expression and special development, allow them to become artists in the broad sense of the word: the ability to build compositions from elements of an uncertain situation; ability to build holistic image; the ability to express this image in a culturally acceptable form. 2. Specialized area of ​​culture, social. the significance of a cut is determined by the need for people to define their relations with the environment in systems of shared ideas and the ability to give them an external figurative form. Since the relevant information has social. significance, it turns out to be specially ordered in society and culture, and the corresponding types of activity and the public representation of their results are institutionalized in a special way. Functional foundations and symbolic ways of expressing this order constitute the specific cultural code of I. For the purposes of research in the field of social. sciences are of particular importance key characteristics I., giving him a stable self-identity over time and socially acceptable communicative features. It is customary to divide the types of I.I. into types. The basis for such a division is the "material", which is formed by means of a figurative aesthetic organization. Fiction - verbal representation of images of people's relationships with the environment; fine arts (painting, graphics) - symbolization of visual images; music - organization of sound symbolic systems; architecture is a symbolic organization of living spaces; sculpture - the aesthetic representation of the body in space; dance - the aesthetic organization of movement in space; design - giving an aesthetic form to the mass media (advertising, poster), interiors of residential, industrial and societies. premises, tools, household items. It is also possible to single out mixed types of art that combine elements of several "pure" types, for example: theater, artistic film production, photography, the organization of mass actions, etc. unusual shape differentiated types of human connections with the environment, connections, to-rye in everyday life act in syncretic integrity. Genres of I. In I. it is customary to distinguish genres in relation to each of its types. The selection of genres is carried out in accordance with the type of aesthetic attitude to the environment: tragic, comic, dramatic, lyrical, satirical, farcical, etc. mental states and experiences that color the corresponding works of I. Artistic form. It is customary in India to distinguish certain forms of works of art that characterize internal organization and external representation. So, in fiction one can distinguish such forms as novel, story, story, short story, etc. - in prose; poem, sonnet, ode, ballad, etc. - in poetry; symphony, sonata, oratorio, romance, suite, etc. - in music; painting, portrait, landscape, still life, etc. - in painting. It is also customary to divide the forms of I.'s works into large ones, for example: a novel in literature, a symphony in music, monumental painting, and so on; and small ones: a story - in literature, a prelude, a musical moment, an etude, etc. - in music; chamber painting and miniature - in painting. The selection of forms of works of art fixes the cultural "space" proposed by the author for detailed consideration. To highlight the principles of construction artistic image and art form in the field of I., it is customary to distinguish special categories, such as style, artistic direction, creative manner... By style in I. it is customary to understand a set of principles for organizing aesthetic information characteristic of a particular era and a particular cultural region, which is normative, that is, generally accepted by professional artists. Style defines sets expressive means, techniques and technologies that are most common in this era and in this cultural region. Directions in art can be defined as sets of aesthetic principles characteristic of various groups of artists, including elements of style, certain variations in stylistic forms, and certain innovative elements. Depending on the combinations of these components, artistic directions (schools) can be components of a style, artistic trends gravitating towards it or deviating from it, innovative or opposed to style principles. aesthetic formation... The author's creative manner is a stable set of individual artistic devices that characterize his identity in I. As in the case of artistic directions, the creative manner can fully correspond to the style, or be a variation of stylistic norms, or represent an innovative search for aesthetic principles, means of expression, artistic techniques. The allocation of categories that characterize the principles of constructing an art form, fixes the basis for structuring the relationship of carriers certain culture with natural and artificial surroundings. It is advisable to represent I. as a certain cultural code based on aesthetic, figurative principles of building connections between a person and the environment, on the basis of which professional artists in a symbolic form solve problems arising in the field of these connections. It is also a specific cultural order, the structure of which characterizes the predominant interest of people in certain elements of the environment and the construction of certain connections with them. An analysis of I.'s works allows one to reveal in what forms of aesthetic detachment people represent their connections with the environment, and to construct hypotheses about what causes such forms of detachment in the given time and in a particular culture. Lit .: Bart R. Selected works. M., 1973; Vans-lov V.V. Aesthetics. Art. Art history. M., 1983; Art in the system of culture. L., 1987; Kagan M.S. The morphology of art: a historical and theoretical study of the inner structure of the art world. L., 1972; Kiyashchenko N.I., Leizerov N.L. Reflection theory and problems of aesthetics. M., 1983; The morphology of culture. Structure and dynamics. M., 1994; Markov M. Art as a Process: Foundations of the Functional Theory of Art. M., 1970.E.A. Orlova

Excellent definition

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ART

a term used in two meanings: 1) skill, skill, dexterity, dexterity, developed by knowledge of the matter; 2) creative activity aimed at creating works of art, more broadly - aesthetically expressive forms. The conceptual status of I. is directly related to the second meaning of the term, preserving the first as a technical condition for all creativity.

The concept of "I." connotated historical changes(transformations) of forms and types of culture, their interactions, and, accordingly, the nature of philosophical, art history, artistic and poetical reflections, and by now it is a multidimensional semantic education, fundamentally open to the inclusion of new semantic elements generated by the constantly lasting and transforming artistic and aesthetic experience humanity, including the development of intercultural ties, communications, exchanges, technologies that provide and support creativity and the transmission of its products in society. This kind of continuous change in the character and volume of I., its "proteism" makes impossible the classical, positive definition of I. It is fundamentally apophatic both in relation to its substantial character and in relation to specific, socio-historical goal-setting. By virtue of its empirical-factual indefinability, I. can be specified only on the phenomenological plane, as an event (sale) of an always new, unknown meaning and those existential circumstances in which this meaning becomes possible.

The tradition of such a phenomenological understanding of I. was formed already in the ancient world, when three fundamental concepts were explicated, revealing I. in the form of a trinity: "POIESIS - MIMESIS - TECHNE". POIESIS - expresses the act of creative action based on creative inspiration, identifying and creating the most artistic subject(artistic and aesthetic objectivity), and not its likeness; in fact, this is where the formation of meaning begins, facing the truth. MIMESIS - imitation-reproduction (as a representation of a thing), the reliability of the work, its conformity to law. TECHNE - craft, science, cunning, dexterity - work done, completeness, its expression. I. as a creative and artistic phenomenon embraces all three of these modes in their indissolubility and complementarity. Ancient poetics (Aristotle, Horace), separating free (lyrical) imitation from craft, emphasized both the difference between artistic fiction and external (formal empirical) imitation, and the difference between formal and technical craft and smart (based on a clever vision) creation. The poetic mode, which is decisive in the formation of the artistic status of a work, simultaneously sets the essential character of its appearance and presence. This essential character of I. in the act of his immediate representation (presence) for understanding perception (feeling) is AISTHETIKOS (lit. - sensory cognition , perception, however, taken in the totality of feelings, sensations and their awareness). Thus, I., generating a complex of works of art that is its manifestation, at the same time constitutes its own world - artistic culture - a world that is irrelevant in relation to empirical reality, possessing its own (immanent) conformity to law, oriented towards the beautiful, in the direction of which I. is only phenomenally realized. ... This method of realizing I. as a phenomenal act establishes its two complementary coordinates, one of which is necessarily connected with the question of the existential presence of a person in I. (through artistic culture). An anthropological socio-cultural complex is formed here, where works set a situation that explicates and thematizes the teleological task of cultural self-determination of historically developing human communities. The existential presence in artistic culture is thematically determined by the complex of I.'s works as a present and defining artistic ideal. In this case, I. in this case directly appeals to the supreme values ​​of the social order and, in an equal measure, itself becomes the subject of social criticism. The second coordinate determines the orientation of I. as an artistic and creative process towards truth, the possibility of its manifestation for aesthetic consciousness. This problem is presented as an epistemological component of the knowledge of I., its philosophical understanding. Here the truth is considered in its appearance not in the noetic-logical system, but in its eidological form ("form" in the literal sense of the word). The most adequate form of such a disclosure of truth through its constitutive and positing eidos can be considered a myth (mythologeme) - a semantic figurative formation in which "hierophany" is realized (the phenomenon of the sacred, and, therefore, lawful and necessary being). This tradition is characteristic of the understanding of the gnoseological essence of imperialism from the third century onwards. up to the New and modern times. In any case, in epistemological terms, I. establishes the phenomenal presence of a thing and is directed towards the transcendental foundations of all presence. The mythologeme can be considered the most fundamental form of the phenomenon of I., in which essential phenomenal aspects of the creative act are presented in unity: extra-linguistic (non-sign) reality; personality-specific, in terms of presence, subject (artist, poet); sign reality, representing and indicating factuality in I. In the mythologeme, I. is revealed in the fullness of his being, but by the same token it is not independent species purely artistic activity, grasping almost the entire totality of being as a unity of creativity and creation. Christianity, assuming the transcendence of the absolute subject (personal God), offers a symbolic form of the realization of I. in the form of a symbol-revelation (covenant) that constantly maintains a connection (dialogue) between the Creator and the Creature. Such I. has a God-given character (plots and revelations Holy Scripture, theophanic canons of sacred images, visions, etc.). However, in this comprehension of the transcendent through the symbol, the creative self-will of the "creature", the artist, is already making itself felt. During this period, the concept of "I." connotated by the semantic accent "temptation", "temptation". A symbol in Christian culture is not yet a work of art; it remains within the boundaries of the phenomenon of the phenomenon itself, a phenomenon directly related to the transcendental foundations of creativity. In this respect, there is no clear border, for example, between the icon created by the master and the augmented natural sign of theophany (the footprint of the Mother of God, imperishable relics, material symbols of Sacred history). An event that radically transformed the situation of I. can be considered the adoption of the principle of "filioque" by Western Christianity, from which followed the doctrine of "two truths" postulated by Thomas Aquinas, which led to a certain emancipation of both human (created) knowledge of truth and, in fact, human creativity ... Created reality (emancipated nature) is itself a relatively self-sufficient source of being, and man is assumed here as an epistemological and creative subject. Subjectively, the creator (artist) is already separated from the world, which is now opposed to him in the form of an object and an object of empirically set goals. In such a situation, I. is only able to describe, reflect the world in works of art, which, according to Feuerbach's exact remark, "do not pretend to be reality." In artistic creation, the aspects of "techne" - skill, skill, and "mimesis" begin to dominate, in terms of formal imitation of nature, taken in its "natural laws". This is how the "classical" model of art develops as a world of works of art, formed on aesthetic principles and directed towards educated aesthetic sense (perception) and judgment (taste). Since in the same period the most relevant component of human culture is historicism in the form of total world history, assuming the solution of the teleological problem of mankind (Hegel, Marx), then along with this there arises and classic story art (Winckelmann), focused on comprehension (reproduction) of beauty in its ideal aesthetic form. The classical model of the world of India becomes decisive and fundamental for the construction of the entire "European project", which presupposes its correlation with all aspects of the Eurocentric world order.

The classical world of I. presupposes exemplaryness (normativity) both in terms of an orientation toward a beautiful ideal, literally refined from the so-called classical historical epochs (cf. "classical antiquity", "classical (high) Renaissance"), and in terms of the transformation of life, expressed in the sociologized thematization of the relationship between "beautiful" and "life". Formation of objectified " classical world I. "together with the attitude towards the artistic (aesthetic) subject leads to the emergence of a quasi-scientific paradigmatics of the study of I. with a system of procedures that make it possible to study, evaluate, and establish the laws of I. (Wolflin), art criticism... I. itself (the world of classical I.) is regarded as a specific system of adequate description (display) of non-artistic reality, the main significant element which is an artistic image. The problematic of the artistic image, most fully presented in Hegel's Aesthetics, was an attempt to resolve the contradiction between the factual objectivity of I.'s work (what is presented and how) and its meaning (in terms of the classical aesthetic theory- the contradiction between content and form). The artistic image was interpreted primarily as a product creative imagination arising in the process of creating and perceiving a work. However, the strict binding of the artistic image to the procedure for reflecting reality - authentic and formalized, led to a whole complex of paradoxes associated with the fundamental inadequacy of the "artistic" and "real" worlds. This situation was recorded by Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, recorded in the form of heightened attention to the POIESIS topic as the necessary funds the formation of the most artistic objectivity, which remains relevant to this day. It was POIESIS, as a fundamental moment of artistic creation, that became the basis on which a variety of innovative trends arose, usually defined by the term "modern art", which significantly transformed the entire concept, and together - the practice of imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

At the turn of the century, it appeared lasting throughout the entire 20th century. the conflict between classical and innovative traditions, in the depths of which the deep transformation of I. and its emergence into a completely new dimension is more and more clearly indicated human existence, quite accurately expressed by M. Heidegger: "Art moves into the horizon of aesthetics. This means: a work of art becomes an object of experience and, accordingly, art is considered an expression of human life." This status of I. presupposes not classic structure artistic world and equal coexistence and communication of various cultural worlds associated with the life of equally different, often dynamically changing human beings, self-organizing according to political, economic, economic, ethnic, religious, ethical and value principles. The communicative principle of structuring the artistic (cultural) world, which by the end of the century assumed a total character, modifies the way and form of I.'s being, which becomes predominantly a sign formation (discourse) that carries (conveys, communicates) value meanings.

Modern I. is complex system communicating forms and directions, often united by the so-called "postmodern project". A feature of various "modernist" artifacts is the direct presence of the author-performer in the implementation of the artistic act, which is aimed at a public provocation, which ends with the performance. As for the artistic (aesthetic) concept, it is realized in modernism in the form of a program, manifesto and anthropological reflections. On the whole, it can be stated that the phenomenon of "modern I." - rather a humanitarian-anthropological project, sharply, sometimes aggressively directed against the totally dominant systems of social self-reference - political and economic. Because of this, communities emerging in the process of an artistic act are marginal and temporary. However, "modern I." in its avant-garde forms far from exhausts modern art culture, which is held by the classical paradigm, formalized in the form of classical art education, a museum, academic institutions that are included in the system mass communication and in relation to which modern forms of artistic activity recognize themselves in aesthetic and artistic plans... Finally, the picture of contemporary I. and contemporary artistic culture would be incomplete without the phenomenon of mass culture, fundamentally focused on the mass art market and the production of ideologemes of mass consciousness (the cult of stars, consumption, mass phobias, success in life). Mass culture develops mainly in the means of communication, directly representing the dominant political, economic and ideological references of society and directly including the socialization of individuals in total power systems.

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