The concept of "culture" has developed historically (from the Latin word cultura - cultivation of the land, cultivation, development, veneration). Already in the works of the Roman public figure, orator Cicero (106 - 43 BC), there is an interpretation of this concept as "processing, improving the soul." Over time, the term begins to be used in the meanings of "upbringing", "education", "self-improvement".

To date, there are over 500 definitions of culture. Scientists have divided them into several groups. The first included descriptive definitions. In the second, definitions linking culture with traditions or social heritage of society. The third group emphasized the importance and role of man for culture and the rules of culture that organize human behavior.

In everyday life, the concept of "culture" is also used in several meanings.

Culture is the totality of life forms created by a person in the course of his activity and specific to him life forms, as well as the very process of their creation and reproduction.

The concept of culture characterizes the human world. Culture does not exist outside of a person, it is initially associated with him. Man is a subject of culture: he creates, preserves and distributes the cultural values ​​created by him.

Culture is divided into material and spiritual.

Phenomena associated with consciousness, with the intellectual, emotional and psychological activity of a person - language, customs and mores, beliefs, knowledge, art, etc., act as spiritual culture.

Material culture Is the embodiment of materialized human and social needs. Material culture includes all material objects and technologies created by human communities, the totality material wealth created by humans.

Culture performs important functions in the life of society. These are humanistic, cognitive, regulatory, semiotic, value functions, as well as the function of broadcasting social experience.

Culture "absorbs" information, objects, morals, customs of all times and peoples, therefore it allows a continuous connection between generations to remain. Thanks to books, paintings, musical works, we know about the life of our ancestors, we can - on the basis of the available information - reconstruct other eras, even those that were hundreds of thousands of years before our appearance! Culture is also human knowledge. Through culture, we learn about the world: we learn to recognize phenomena and events, define characteristics, explore similarities and differences. Culture helps us to become an educated, intelligent person who does not interrupt our self-improvement.

The regulatory function of science is the function of the development and rooting of morality and law in society. Morality and law are the most important concepts of civilized human life. Morality and law make life in human society stable, do not allow minor conflicts to "develop" into wars, and regulate relations between people. Morality is moral laws, the spiritual support of every person. Morality does not allow killing people, offending them, oppressing them, committing inhuman actions, etc. The right is the legal consolidation of morality: people are punished for crimes, depending on the severity of the deed about them. Law is not only a prohibition, but also freedom at the same time: the right not only prohibits, but also protects. Morality and law are closely related to culture, since they went through a long stage of formation before taking on their modern form.

The semiotic (sign) function of culture is manifested in the creation of a specialized system of signs that allows a person to learn about the world of music, painting, theater. In order to understand art, it is not enough to see a picture or the plot of a work - you need to know the symbolism of the text or canvas, be able to read between the lines, "see" through the colors. After all, art thinks in images! You need to be able to "read" them.

The value function of culture is that culture reflects the qualitative state of society, its moral and intellectual content, and acts as a criterion for moral assessment.

Art culture Is a collection of all types of artistic activity, including the product and process of this activity. Thanks to artistic culture, a person is able to figuratively reflect and model the world.

The concept of "artistic culture" is broader in scope than the concept of "art".

Art is a sphere of spiritual and practical activity of people, aimed at artistic comprehension and mastering the world; this is one of the ways of aesthetic mastering of the world.

Artistic creation in general - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics - is subdivided into types of art. More than 400 types of art are distinguished. The traditional classification of art distinguishes 3 large groups:

*** spatial arts (plastic) are such types artistic creation in which there is no movement (architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics);

*** temporary (literature, music);

*** synthetic.

Art covers all areas of artistic creation.

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Lecture 1. Artistic culture and art. Functions of art

1. Specificity of artistic culture, its features. Art as a cultural phenomenon.

2. The nature and essence of art.

3.Functions of art. The role of art in human life, development human society and transformation of the surrounding reality.

Literature:

Borzova, E.P. History of world culture / E.P. Borzov. - SPb .: Publishing house "Lan", M .: OOO Publishing house "Omega - L", 2005. - pp. 28 - 55.

Gubareva, M.V. 100 great masterpieces of fine art / M.V. Gubareva, A. Yu. Nizovsky. - M .: Veche, 2006 .-- 480 p.

Dmitrieva, N.A. Short story art / N.A. Dmitrieva. - M., 1986 .-- S. 5 - 118.

Jelinek, J. Large Illustrated Atlas primitive man... - Prague: Artia, 1983 .-- 559 p.

Culturology: History of World Culture / Ed. T.F. Kuznetsova. - M .: "Academy", 2003. - S. 33 - 79.

World art culture: in 2 volumes / Ed. B.A. Erengross. - M .: Higher. shk., 2005. - T. 1. - S. 85 - 153.

Tylor, E.B. Primitive culture / E. B. Taylor. - M .: Politizdat, 1989 .-- 572 p.

Artistic culture occupies a special place both in the cultural system as a whole and in spiritual culture. By the level of its development, by the nature of the works created, they judge the era. Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and other historical periods are recognized mainly by the artistic culture created at that time. Often the names of the creators denote the time in which they lived: "the era of Shakespeare," "the age of Pushkin," although each of them lived a historically short period of time - one human life.

This happens because the most essential features of the spiritual life of society are manifested in artistic culture, because it actively influences all other forms of social and spiritual life - morality, religion, science, politics, etc., experiencing, in turn, their influence by interacting with them. In different historical epochs, the leading, defining the face of the era, turned out to be one or the other forms of social consciousness. So, the dominant medieval culture Europe was Christianity, which largely determined the originality of the art of this time. The peculiarities of the 20th century culture were formed under the influence of a new vision of the world, discovered by science. Philosophy turned out to be very important for the development of all culture, including artistic culture.

Art culture is closely related to morality, absorbing certain moral values and affirming them with only her inherent activity. Artistic culture directly affects a person, is constantly in contact with him, regardless of whether he realizes it or not, joins it consciously or, as it seems to him, is indifferent to it.

Artistic culture actively participates in the formation of the spiritual world of the individual. That is why it is so important to understand the originality of artistic culture, the peculiarities of its manifestation, its role in the development of society and its place in modern life.

Features of artistic culture

Usually the concept of "artistic culture" is identified with art. And this is no coincidence: art is a central and system-forming element of artistic culture. It has a tremendous cultural capacity, creating a whole range of related forms of activity - artistic creativity, artistic perception, artistic criticism, etc., forming a "cultural field" around it.

In the scientific literature there is no unanimous opinion in the definition of the elements that make up artistic culture. But with all the differences in views, all authors include in the artistic culture three main elements that ensure its functioning: production, distribution and consumption (perception, development) of artistic values ​​- works of art.

From ratio and interaction constituent elements artistic culture depends on the possibility of forming a creative personality, the demand (or lack of demand) for a work created by the creator, the correspondence of the system of artistic production, distribution, consumption of artistic values ​​to the purpose of art.

Artistic culture develops historically as society develops and the sphere of artistic activity expands and, while remaining an open system, absorbs new forms and types of creativity.

Artistic and creative activity, as a result of which works of art are created, appeared in ancient times. All other elements of artistic culture arose gradually, at different stages of human development. Their appearance was due to many reasons: the development of society and its needs, the development of art itself, the emergence of new types and forms in it, the need to create conditions for creative activity, collecting and storing works of art, expanding opportunities for the consumption of artistic values, the need to comprehend and study art, etc.

Thus, artistic culture has come to represent a set of processes and phenomena of spiritual and practical activity for the creation, distribution, development of works of art or material objects of aesthetic value.

Each of its constituent elements is associated with art.

So, to create works of art - artistic values, only the talent of the artist is not enough; conditions are also needed under which his talent and need for creativity can be realized. This is the professional training of a master, which presupposes a certain organization of special art education; the creation of conditions under which a person with the ability to create art could provide their existence with their creativity, that is, a system of acquisition works of art, artist's remuneration, etc.

Art is made for people - readers, listeners, viewers.

This means that it is necessary to publish, reproduce, perform, exhibit works of art. And this, in turn, leads to the development of various forms of cultural activity: printing, publishing, organizing exhibitions and salons, staging performances and concerts, etc. At first, this activity was quite chaotic, but over time it took on certain forms. Special exhibition spaces and museums appear, concert halls and theaters, libraries and other cultural and educational institutions. The totality of such institutions forms the foundation of artistic culture.

Art museums Are educational, research institutions where works of art are stored, studied, exhibited and promoted. Libraries - collect, store, study, distribute, promote books. Written culture since the advent of book printing, it has become the focus of information accumulated by mankind.

Artistic culture is largely determined by the cultural policy of the state.

An important element of artistic culture is consumption, perception of artistic values. it special kind creative activity, consisting in the perception of a work of art as an artistic value, accompanied by an aesthetic experience. The attitude towards art does not arise spontaneously. It develops depending on the environment in which a person is formed, on education, aesthetic taste, life experience, value orientations. The first information that a person receives about art is especially important. Depending on the attitude towards art he will meet at the beginning of his life - respect and love or neglect, as to something trifling and unnecessary for life - the future attitude towards art largely depends: there will be a steady need for it or interest develops. only to its entertainment function. The first information always creates a definite setting, on which, like a background, all subsequent representations are superimposed. This circumstance determines the enormous importance of organizing the system of artistic and aesthetic education, which should become one of the directions of the cultural policy of the state.

An introduction to art forms a respectful attitude towards it, an understanding of its enduring value, an awareness of its features, the originality of each of its types.

In the process of the development of art, there is a need for a deep understanding of this unique phenomenon, which leads to the emergence of the science of art - art history.

Art history - a set of sciences that study art. It studies the origin of art, its social and aesthetic essence, the laws of its development, the nature of artistic creation, the functions of art, its place and role in spiritual and social life.

Art history is a general theory of art as a special form of artistic and creative activity. But along with it, there are theories that study specific types of art: literary criticism, art history, musicology, theater studies, film studies, etc. Each of these special sciences has its own object of study, has independence, but is part of the general system of art sciences.

Obviously, for all the differences in specific types of art, they possess common nature and each specific art can represent the entire sphere of artistic creation, since each type of art is not only specific, but also carries the universal characteristics of all art as a whole.

Artistic and creative activity takes place in society. The creative process is realized in two forms - individual and collective. The creative process is influenced, and largely determined by those views, views, ideas that have developed in society. It is impossible to live in society and be free from society. But society, and even more so the state, is trying to guide creativity, to influence the creative process. In many states, this task is performed by ministries or cultural committees that exist under the government. They determine cultural policy, place government orders and thereby direct the work of artists in the direction necessary for a given state. They also organize systems of special educational institutions that train artists, musicians, and actors.

Art workers themselves often form associations for the purpose of creative communication and solving some important tasks for this art: popularizing creativity, organizing exhibitions, orders, publishing works, etc. As a rule, the association takes place on the basis of common creative principles.

So, in the XIX century. in Russia, composers were part of the creative community "The Mighty Handful", the artists formed the "Association of Traveling Exhibitions", which continued its activities in the XX century. The artists created the "Russian Theater Society" with the aim of promoting the development of theatrical business.

After the revolution of 1917, in our country there were many diverse creative associations of writers, artists, and others.

In the 30s, all of them were liquidated and creative unions were created that united art workers by types of art: unions of writers, composers, artists, etc. Their goal was the organizational and ideological leadership of culture.

With the collapse of the USSR, creative unions not only lost their ideological content, but also lost state support. Now they carry out the task of organizational and creative unity of art workers, which is especially important for artists, writers, composers, etc., whose work is individual in nature.

As we can see, the structure of artistic culture is complex and includes many heterogeneous elements. But they all exist in close relationship with each other and together form a certain integrity.

So, artistic culture includes the production of artistic values, the artistic values ​​themselves - works of art, their distribution, reproduction, reproduction, consumption, art history and sciences about specific types of art, art criticism, art education, institutions and organizations that ensure the existence and storage of artistic values ​​- museums, exhibition halls, art galleries, theaters, cinema, libraries, etc., creative associations and organization.

The nature and essence of art

Art is one of the most amazing creations of mankind. Depicting one person on the canvas, creating a landscape, still life, describing in the novel some period of life, the fate of people, and in the story - only an incident or episode, composing a piece of music, erecting a building, the creator talks about his time, about the era and about himself - the artist who created it all.

Only philosophy has this ability to generalize. But if philosophy expresses the essence of phenomena revealed to it in a generalized abstract form devoid of vital colors, then art, giving a generalized reflection of reality, retains the feeling of all the fullness of life. Art reflects reality as a kind of vital integrity. It also has a holistic effect on a person, capturing both his mind and his heart. No other creation possesses such an ability to reflect the world in a holistic way and to have a holistic impact on a person.

The depth of comprehension of reality in a work of art depends on the artist - his talent, professional skill, on his views, in a word, on the originality of the creator's personality.

Art reflects reality. And since reality is complex and constantly evolving, the art that reflects it is also complex. The complexity of the object of reflection determines the complexity of the art. It manifests itself in the fact that art exists in many forms: fiction, architecture, music, visual arts and synthetic: theater, cinema. Each of the art forms includes several genres. Remaining the same, it changes over time.

For example, ancient greek theater rather resembled the current stadium, where hundreds of spectators gathered. The performance began at dawn and lasted until late in the evening. The sound of the trumpet announced the beginning of each new play... If she did not like it, the violent reaction of the audience could interrupt her action and force the actors to switch to another. Actors in masks played, without which they would be poorly visible to those sitting far away. Masks covered not only the face, but also the head. The large size (larger than the head) of the mask made it possible to create enlarged, generalized images - tragic, expressing suffering, or comic, caricature. The actor did not need facial expressions. But special requirements were imposed on the voice and diction. After all, the same actors played from morning to evening many different roles, including male actors playing female roles. The artists had to not only pronounce the text, but also sing and dance and achieved great perfection in all these types of theatrical art. This was the ancient theater.

The theater of the era of classicism is completely different. The refusal to reproduce real life, the desire to idealize reality and ennoble it, gave rise to the originality of the form. The heroes of Corneille and Racine, the greatest playwrights of this period, experienced special lofty feelings, performed significant deeds, and spoke elegantly and solemnly. And this is also a theater. And at the same time, another, very special theater appeared in France. it theatre high comedy , Moliere Theater. Here life is shown in its natural course, the drama does not deviate an inch from reality. On the stage of the Moliere Theater, a line will pass people who find themselves in a variety of recognizable life situations. There will be deceived husbands and faithful wives, true nobility and selfishness; here will sound evil mockery of family despotism and hypocrisy, of the emptiness of the aristocrats and their ostentatious nobility, of artificial speech and pretentious manners.

The speech of Moliere's characters will be natural, their characters are vital, and the situations in which they find themselves are authentic. And this is also a theater.

In every country theatrical art has some peculiarities. And at the same time, French, English, Russian, etc. theaters will have all the features of this art form, they will be unique, unlike each other.

Imagine a traditional japanese theater Kabuki or No theater (Chinese theater). They are so different from the theatrical forms familiar to Europeans that without some preparation it is simply not clear what is happening on the stage, even if you know what the play is about.

Kabuki theater has a complex kind of drama. The play includes a dramatic basis, music, dance, pantomime (play without words), ballet. In every play, there are necessarily two types of characters: one represents power, strength, greatness, regardless of whether it is manifested in good or evil. Such a character is called "aragoto". Another type - "wagoto" - softness, complaisance. The action takes place on three stages: stage, proscenium and flower trail: a low platform passing through the auditorium (hanamichi).

The acting also has its own peculiarities. Speech, action, movement on the stage are different than in life. The main thing in the actor's play is the utmost expressiveness. To do this, the same remark can be pronounced by several actors, it can be divided into its component parts, and each part is pronounced by different performers, and they all end together, etc. The acting of the actor is on the verge of the fact that "just like in life" and "in life it does not happen."

But in the same country, at the same time, there are many different theaters... Each of them has its own characteristics, its own style, its own manner of performance, and although they sometimes stage the same plays, they create completely different performances.

The same can be seen in every art form. Painting is both rock paintings of 20-25 centuries ago, and icon painting. Renaissance painting, dutch painting XVII century, painting of the Wanderers and avant-garde artists - all this is painting, one of the types of fine art, but how different are the works of painting from different eras!

And in our time there are many different painters, and each of them is interesting in its own way.

“Each of them is an integral world, an integral perception of the world, - said M.S. Saryan is color, light, shadow, perspective, music through which the artist sees the world. But what would the world be like if the globe there was only one type of civilization and one type of painting. Art loves diversity both from a historical and a national point of view "

Art is very difficult. It is complex in its structure, in its diversity, it changes from type to type, from genre to genre, from one artist to another. And although people who create works of art do everything to ensure that their idea reaches the audience, readers, listeners, it is extremely difficult to understand it, to reveal it for themselves. This has to be learned. And you can learn this only by turning to art.

When we talk about the complexity of art, it is important to consider one more feature: the perception of a work of art depends not only on itself, but also on us. Much depends on whether we have learned to perceive art, to understand its language, its peculiarity, its inherent conventionality: will we understand, will we discover its content, will we receive all that unique wealth that is contained in it, or not? ... The rejection of a work of art is due to many reasons: unpreparedness for a meeting with art, a desire to see something definite that does not coincide with what is presented in the work, the habit of perceiving new things, by analogy with what has been seen and heard before, etc. etc.

Paintings of the great Dutch painter of the 19th century. Vincent Van Gogh is often puzzled. The landscape and people in his canvases are depicted in an unusual way. The color does not match the color of the depicted object, the pattern is peculiar. Everything depicted seems brighter. Here is how the artist explains the changes that he makes in his paintings:

“Let's say I want to paint a portrait of my friend, an artist who has big ideas and who works as naturally as the nightingale sings, that's his nature. This man is blonde. And I would like to put into the picture all my admiration, all my love for him. Therefore, first I write it as precisely as I can. But the canvas after that is not yet finished. To finish it off, I become an unbridled colorist. I exaggerate the light tones of his blond hair to orange, chrome, pale lemon. Behind his head, I paint not a banal wall of a squalid room, but infinity - I create a simple, but as intense and rich blue background as I can, and this simple combination of glowing blond hair and a rich blue background gives the same effect of mystery as the star on dark azure sky. I went exactly the same way in the portrait of a peasant "

Functions of art

Art performs many functions, its role and significance in the life of a person and society are not limited to utilitarian tasks. It is valuable in itself.

In the scientific literature, there is no consensus on the definition of the number of functions of art and their hierarchy.

Let's name the most significant of them:

1. cognitive,

2. value-orientational (axiological),

3. communicative,

4. educational,

5. sign (semiotic),

6. creative (heuristic),

7. aesthetic,

8. ideological.

Art also has the ability to foresee ( predictive, or futuristic, function), his perception gives people joy, pleasure ( hedonic function). There are others, even psychotherapeutic.

It is difficult to single out the function that can be identified as the most significant. As a rule, almost everything is present in a work of art. The prevalence of one at the expense of the others affects the quality of the work, making it either didactically instructive or superficially entertaining, and no more.

Very important cognitive function art. Historical events are erased in the memory of people. They are remembered when studying history or when modernity reminds of them.

History knows many battles not only on land but also at sea. In many of them ships died, people died. Sometimes sailors who lost the battle were offered to surrender, guaranteeing life on this condition. And often the ship's crew refused this favor, preferring death to captivity. Only military historians remember the names of the lost ships. But thanks to the song, the whole of Russia knows about the death of the cruiser "Varyag". Forgotten the name of the author, and the song lives, reviving in the memory of people the tragic and wonderful fact history of the Russian fleet.

Often, especially at the level of everyday consciousness, the cognitive potential of art is denied, since it is believed that this function is fully performed by science.

Science and arts - different facets of creative human activity, they reflect reality in different ways and give knowledge about it. Science provides knowledge about certain aspects and properties of reality. Art is the knowledge of life. Science discovers new facts and laws. Art reflects natural phenomena. In the familiar and the known, it reveals the unfamiliar and the unknown: the beauty of nature, not revealed by science and empirical knowledge, the inner world of man, the unique complexity of human relations. Art has the ability to discover beauty in the most ordinary. Seemingly unattractive human faces, gray landscapes, seen through the eyes of poets and artists, turned out to be beautiful, and thanks to their creativity, our ideas about beauty have changed and expanded. Remember the poems of N. Zabolotsky "Ugly girl", "Beauty human faces", Landscapes of central Russia, painted by I. Levitan and I. Shishkin," The Rooks Have Arrived "by A. Savrasov and others.

"A work of art ... can only be recognized as such, which consists in the disclosure of something new, hitherto unknown to people," LN considered. Tolstoy. He also speaks in his works about the ability of art to reveal to people what was previously unnoticed, but very important, constituting the essence of man.

In art, everything is personal. The personality of the artist manifests itself in the process of artistic creation and as a result. The same phenomena of reality different artists see, perceive and reproduce differently. As well as readers, spectators, listeners, who see each of his own in a work of art.

Moreover, the perception of a work of art and its assessment of the same person can change. A truly artistic work is so multifaceted that what was not seen before may be revealed later.

“Reread Goethe's Faust every five years. If every time you are not amazed at how much new things are revealed to you, you won’t wonder how you didn’t notice this before, you stopped in your development, ”V.V. Veresaev. The same can be said about War and Peace, The Brothers Karamazov and other great works.

But in this ability to discover new things in already famous work not only the polysemy of the artistic creation itself is revealed, but also another feature of art: his perception is creative. By perceiving works, we ourselves become creators. Created by the artist for each person is the way he will discover it for himself. What we discovered in art begins to live new life already in our mind, entering our spiritual world... This is how it manifests itself creative - heuristic - function of art.

Its significance lies not only in the fact that the perception of art requires co-creation, but also in the fact that constant communication with art develops this ability and makes it integral part any activity. Learned and discovered through art helps a person to better understand himself, other people and thereby helps in establishing contacts between people, facilitates mutual understanding and communication between them.

Communicative function art manifests itself by what is shown in a work of art, and by the way it is shown, people not only learn something new, but acquire a certain view of the world, the one that the artist discovered for them. Reproducing certain phenomena of reality, the author inevitably gives them some kind of assessment: he affirms or denies, says “yes” or “no” to the depicted or described one. And such is the power of the influence of art that, following the author, we also perceive this assessment.

The effective power of art is such that it is often under the influence of art that people begin to look at life differently, evaluate what is happening differently and even change their beliefs. This is not always a rethinking for a better, deeper and more subtle perception of the world. It all depends on what kind of art it is. This is why it is so important ideological content art, so that it makes you admire what is worthy of it, and arouses anger and hatred for everything vile, vile, misanthropic.

The effective power of art is limitless, and it must serve humanistic purposes.

Art has the ability not only to give people strength for life and survival, which in itself is invaluable. It knows how to look into the future ( futuristic function): he opens up what others do not see.

No matter what a work of art speaks about, no matter what kind or genre it belongs to, it always gives us pleasure, pleasure. Reading a book, watching a picture, a play or a movie, listening to music is always a joy. And this is another purpose of art, its hedonistic function. Associated with it is the ability to switch, distract, move away from everyday affairs and worries, enjoy beauty.

Art also has many different functions. But all the named and unnamed are gathered into a single whole, accumulated by the ability of art not only to entertain, distract, please, but also to give a special experience, to evoke a special feeling - an aesthetic, direct emotional experience that arises when perceiving perfect phenomena. This feeling can be caused not only by beautiful works of art, but also by the phenomena of reality itself: a noble deed, dedication, the beauty of nature, a person, or the result of labor.

Art, by its very nature, evokes an aesthetic feeling - surprise and admiration for it, art, the ability to deeply comprehend life, which makes it possible to understand and see the environment in a new way, as well as by the way it is done in a work of art, that is, by the perfection of the artistic form, the ability to live and experience what is shown, and thereby experience moral cleansing. Art makes it possible to experience different in character and orientation states of mind... Aesthetic pleasure is a complex spiritual process that manifests itself in various kinds of aesthetic states: the joy of communicating with beauty, admiration for the perfection created by the artist, shock of the previously unseen world that has opened up, etc.

Art always reflects reality and the artist's attitude to it ... But with the ability to give an understanding of reality, make them see what people passed by, present a new view of the world, discover its beauty, develop an aesthetic feeling and form an aesthetic ideal, art forms the person himself - the creator and creator of culture. Thus, art not only reflects reality, but also creates it.

The aesthetic function of art very important. It is she who forms the aesthetic views of a person, his ideas about beauty and the beautiful, ugly and ugly, etc. These ideas determine not only what external manifestations of beauty attract people, their selectivity in clothes, household items, etc. And even not only what their preferences in art are, although this is one of the manifestations of artistic taste based on aesthetic views... What a person considers beautiful or ugly, beautiful or ugly, largely determines his ideas about the beauty of life, his way of life, his aesthetic ideal.

Constant communication with art develops an aesthetic principle in a person - an aesthetic feeling, aesthetic taste, forms an aesthetic ideal. That is why art is the most important means aesthetic education- purposeful activity to form a person's ability to perceive and appreciate beauty in life and in art, to live, create and interact with the world according to the laws of beauty.

Plan.

Artistic culture and art.

Functions and types of art.

Directions, trends and styles of art.

Topic 4.1. Artistic culture and art.

Art culture- these are perfect, corresponding to the standards accepted in society, art classes and contributing to its functioning and development.

Artistic culture is the occupation of a society, a group, an individual art, about his and in connection with it. The first activity is subdivided into the creation of art, which, together with performing skills often called artistic creation, and for the consumption of it. The second activity consists of the creation, knowledge and dissemination of information about art. The third is mainly in the functional use of art, for example, in the artistic arrangement of everyday life and the provision of artistic influence on different areas of life. Consequently, artistic culture is not limited to art, it is not limited to artistic activities. Art is just its core, central part. An important activity is the assimilation of various information about art, which educates people about it, makes them artistically erudite, and seriously helps them in the perception of art.

Usually people who only know about art are not considered artistic cultural. But can they be denied this? Moreover, there are, indeed, a lot of them. I think not. But as far as the completeness of their artistic culture is concerned, it certainly turns out to be limited. This stems from the difference between pursuing art, including the consumption of it, and activities related to art, which consists in obtaining information about art and sharing it with other people. The first is carried out in order to experience a special experience - aesthetic pleasure, and the second - for the sake of replenishing knowledge about art and better comprehending it.

The peculiarity of artistic culture, its difference from other cultures is determined by the specifics of art. The latter is a great simulacrum - an imitation of reality. However, unlike other simulacra, art appears not as an imitation of false models, ersatz, but as a result of such a doubling of reality, which carries about it artistic truth. Therefore, the standards of artistic activity are special, they prescribe people to stay not in the real world, but in the artistically depicted world, in which simulative thinking and appropriate actions are necessary.

Artistic culture is not only professional, but also amateur artistic activity of people, which they indulge in in their free time. Therefore, the subjects of artistic culture are not only those who are professionally engaged in art, but also all those who make and consume it in an amateur manner.

Individual people do not have their own artistic culture, but is the result of their introduction to some of the artistic cultures existing in society. This is expressed in the presence of a person's social, group artistic views. A person's choice of artistic culture is rarely associated with his social belonging; it is determined more by the peculiarities of his artistic taste. His acceptance of artistic culture leaves room for its individual development. An individual vision of art, often with a claim to its own artistic culture, is of great importance for the creation and execution of works of art. To a certain extent, this applies to all consumption of art.

It is important to emphasize that in all its manifestations, artistic culture appears as an activity carried out according to the standards existing in society and groups. This primarily applies to artistic creation. The criterion for the cultural consumption of art is people's comprehension of art criticism, the degree of familiarization with it.

Since artistic culture includes v studies about art and in connection with it, its standards are also those that prescribe their exemplary exercise.

Art is one of the most important spheres of culture, and unlike other spheres of activity (occupation, profession, position, etc.) it is of general significance, without it it is impossible to imagine people's life. The rudiments of artistic activity are noted in primitive society long before the appearance of science and philosophy. And, despite the antiquity of art, its irreplaceable role in human life, the long history of aesthetics, the problem of the essence and specificity of art still remains largely unresolved. What is the secret of art and why is it difficult to give a strictly scientific definition of it? The point is, first of all, that art does not lend itself to logical formalization, attempts to reveal its abstract essence have always ended in either approximation or failure.

Three different meanings of this word can be distinguished, closely related to each other, but differing in their scope and content. In the broadest sense, the concept of "art" (and this, apparently, its most ancient application) means any skill, skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is artificial in comparison with natural, natural. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word "tekhne" - art, skill.

The second, narrower meaning of the word "art" is creativity according to the laws of beauty. Such creativity refers to a wide range of activities: the creation of useful things, cars, this should also include the design and organization of social and personal life, the culture of everyday behavior, communication of people, etc. Nowadays, creativity is successfully functioning according to the laws of beauty in various areas of design. A special type of social activity is artistic creation proper, the products of which are special spiritual aesthetic values ​​- this is the third and narrowest meaning of the word "art". It will be the subject of further consideration.

Art- a form of culture associated with the subject's ability to aesthetic, practical and spiritual mastery of the world; a special side of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of reality in artistic images; one of the most important ways of aesthetic understanding of objective reality, its reproduction in a figurative-symbolic key, relying on the resources of the creative imagination; a specific means of a person's holistic self-assertion of their essence, a way of forming the "human" in a person.

Characteristic features of art:

serves as a powerful means of communication between people;

associated with experiences and emotions; presupposes predominantly sensory perception and certainly subjective perception-vision of reality;

it is characterized by imagery and creativity.

Modern science has established that art originated in the Upper Paleolithic era, i.e. about 30-40 millennia BC The polyphony of art also presupposes a variety of points of view on the reasons for its origin.

Religious theory. According to her, beauty is one of the names of God, and art is a concrete-sensual expression. divine idea... The origin of art is associated with the manifestation of the divine principle.

Game theory (G. Spencer, K. Bucher, W. Fritsche, F. Schiller). It lies in the fact that art is considered a game in itself, devoid of any content. Due to the fact that play is a biological phenomenon inherent in all animals, then art is declared one of the natural phenomena. Since play is older than labor, art is older than the production of useful objects. Its main goal is pleasure, enjoyment.

Erotic (N. Nardau, K. Lange, 3. Freud, etc.). Proponents of this point of view believed that art arises as a means of luring individuals of the other sex by representatives of one sex. For example, one of the most ancient forms of art - embellishment - was created in order to generate the greatest sexual attraction.

Theory of imitation (Democritus, Aristotle, etc.). An attempt is expressed here to combine the reason for the emergence of art with the social purpose of man. Aristotle saw in art "imitation" of mother nature and one of the means of "cleansing" the feelings of a person, bringing him up to be beautiful, noble, courageous ("Poetics"). He considered the natural inclinations of man to imitate and imitate nature as the reasons for the birth of art.

Functions and arts

Social functions of art.

Cognitive (epistemological) function. Reflecting reality, art is one of the ways of knowing the spiritual world of people, the psychology of classes, nations, individuals and social relations. The specificity of this function of art lies in the appeal to the inner world of a person, the desire to penetrate into the sphere of the innermost spirituality and moral impulses of the individual.

The axiological function of art is to assess its impact on a person in the context of defining ideals (or denying certain paradigms), i.e. generalized ideas of excellence spiritual development, about that normative model, the orientation to which and the striving for which is set by the artist as a representative of society.

Communicative function. Generalizing and concentrating in itself the diverse experience of the life of people of different eras, countries and generations, expressing their feelings, taste, ideal, views of the world, their worldview and worldview, art is one of the universal means of communication, communication between people, enrichment of the spiritual world of an individual the experience of all mankind. Classical works unite cultures and eras, pushing the horizons of the human worldview. “Art, any art,” wrote L.N. Tolstoy, - in itself has the ability to unite people. Any art does what people who perceive the feeling conveyed by the artist unite their souls, firstly, with the artist and, secondly, with all people who have received the same impression. "

The hedonic function is that genuine art brings people pleasure (and rejection of evil), spiritualizes them.

Aesthetic function. By its nature, art is higher form mastering the world "according to the laws of beauty." It, in fact, arose as a reflection of reality in its aesthetic originality, expressing aesthetic consciousness and impact on people, forming an aesthetic perception of the world, and through it the entire spiritual world of the individual.

Heuristic function. Making a work of art is a creative experience - focusing creative forces a person, his fantasy and imagination, culture of feelings and the height of ideals, the depth of thoughts and skill. Mastering artistic values ​​is also a creative activity. Art itself bears in itself an amazing ability to awaken thoughts and feelings inherent in a work of art, and the very ability to create in its universal manifestation. The impact of art does not disappear with the termination of direct contact with the work of art: productive emotional and mental energy is protected, as it were, "in reserve", is included in the stable basis of the personality.

Educational function. The whole system of human relations to the world is expressed in art - the norms and ideals of freedom, truths, goodness, justice and beauty. A holistic, active perception of a work of art by the viewer is co-creation, it acts as a way of the intellectual and emotional spheres of consciousness in their harmonious interaction. This is the purpose of the educational and praxeological (activity) role of art.

The regularities of the functioning of art:

the development of art is not progressive, it seems to be in jerks;

works of art always express the artist's subjective vision of the world and are subjectively assessed by the reader, viewer, listener;

artistic masterpieces are timeless and relatively independent of changing group and national tastes;

art is democratic (it affects people regardless of their education and intelligence, does not recognize any social barriers);

genuine art, as a rule, is humanistically oriented; the interaction of tradition and innovation.

Thus, art is a specific type of spiritual activity of people, which is characterized by a creative, sensual perception of the surrounding world in artistic and figurative forms.

Art, as the most important part of culture, finds its expression in an endless variety of specific types of artistic creativity, the number and complexity of which - from a rock painting or primitive dance to a grandiose "show" or movie series of our time - is steadily increasing as the aesthetic consciousness of mankind grows.

The principles of the classification of types of art.

First of all, among the types of art are distinguished:

visual (painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography) and

non-visual (music, architecture, arts and crafts, choreography).

The difference between them lies in the fact that the visual arts reproduce life in a similar form (depict it), while the non-pictorial ones directly convey the inner state of the spirit of people, their experiences, feelings, moods through a form that is “unlike” directly to the object of display.

The visual arts refer to reality as the source of the formation of the human world, the non-visual arts - to the results of the impact of reality on the spiritual world of the individual (the world outlook of people, their feelings, experiences, etc.).

The division of arts into:

static (spatial) and

dynamic (temporary).

The former include painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, art photography; to the second - literature, music, dance. Spatial arts with tremendous power reproduce the visible beauty of reality, the harmony of space, are able to draw attention to individual sides of the reflected world, to every detail of the work itself, which makes them indispensable in aesthetic education, teaching beauty. At the same time, they are powerless to directly convey the changes in life, its course. This is successfully done by temporary arts that are able to recreate both the course of events (literature) and the development of human feelings (music, choreography).

Not all types of art can be "ranked" as one or another clearly demarcated type. Synthetic arts grow on the basis of the synthesis of simple arts. These include theater, cinema, television. They, as a rule, combine the features of fine and non-figurative arts, spatial and temporal, so that they sometimes even belong to a special group of spatio-temporal arts.

According to the method of practical artistic development, the material of art can be divided into types that use natural material - marble, granite, wood, metal, paints, etc. (architecture, painting, graphics, sculpture, arts and crafts), sound (music), word (primarily fiction), as well as arts in which the person himself acts as a “material” (theater, cinema, television, stage, circus). A special place here is occupied by the word, the use of which is widely used by the most various types of art.

Let us also note the division of arts into utilitarian (applied) and non-utilitarian (graceful; sometimes they are also called pure). In the works of utilitarian forms of art (architecture, arts and crafts) in recent decades, there has been an ever wider utilitarian use of some types of fine arts (music in production and in medicine, painting in medicine), their purpose for practical material purposes and the aesthetic proper are organically intertwined. purposefulness.

Traditional aesthetics divides works of art, primarily on the basis of their relationship to the categories of space and time, into two large groups: spatial and temporal. In accordance with this criterion, the first group includes such types of artistic creativity in which movement is not detected: architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, etc. The second - music, ballet, theater, and other types of "spectacular" art. However, it is easy to see that not all types of art obey such a "rigid" classification, many of which, if not all, could be called spatio-temporal.

The classification itself identifies the varieties of art - visual, musical, "synthetic", "technical", arts and crafts, etc.

Fine art affects a person visually, i.e. through visual perception. Works of fine arts, as a rule, have a subject (material) form and do not change in time and space (except in cases of damage and death). Painting, sculpture, graphics, monumental art, and to a large extent decorative and applied art belong to spatial art.

Synthetic arts are types of artistic creation that represent an organic fusion or a relatively free combination of different types of arts that form a qualitatively new and unified aesthetic whole.

"Technical arts" in advanced forms emerged relatively recently; it is a kind of symbiosis of art and technology. A typical example is the creation of "light music", the essence of which is the desire to merge into a kind of organic synthesis "melody" of changing light and color effects, on the one hand, and the melody itself, on the other.

Decorative and applied art is perhaps one of the most ancient. Its name comes from lat. “Desogo” - I decorate, and the definition of “applied” contains the idea that it serves the practical needs of a person, while at the same time satisfying his individual aesthetic needs.

A special area of ​​decorative and applied art is all its manifestations, using nature itself as a source material, as if “connected” to the process of aestheticization of the environment around a person. “It is necessary to take under protection not only architectural monuments, but also entire landscapes, as it is done, for example, in Scotland, where the entire“ view ”is preserved to the horizon,” wrote D.S. Likhachev. "Outstanding landscapes must be accounted for and preserved as cultural monuments (human and natural)."

Kinds of art- These are historically established, stable forms of creative activity, possessing the ability to artistic realization of life content and differing in the ways of its material embodiment. Art exists and develops as a system of interconnected species, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, displayed in the process of artistic creation.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of pictorial and expressive means and techniques.

Qualitative characteristics of the arts.

Architecture- the formation of reality according to the laws of beauty when creating buildings and structures designed to serve the needs of a person in housing and public premises. Architecture is an art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and work of people. It performs not only an aesthetic function in people's lives, but also a practical one. Architecture as an art form is static and spatial. The artistic image is created here in a non-descriptive way. It displays certain ideas, moods and desires through the ratio of scales, masses, shapes, colors, connection with the surrounding landscape, that is, through specifically expressive means.

Applied arts- these are things that surround and serve us, create our life and comfort, things made not only as useful, but also as beautiful, having a style and artistic image, which expresses their purpose and carries generalized information about the type of life, about the era, about the outlook of the people. The aesthetic impact of the applied arts every day, hourly, every minute. Works of applied art can rise to the heights of art.

Decorative arts- aesthetic development of the environment surrounding a person, the decoration of a “second nature” created by man: buildings, structures, premises, squares, streets, roads. This art invades everyday life, creating beauty and comfort in and around residential and public spaces. Decorative art can be a doorknob and a fence, a stained-glass window glass and a lamp, which are synthesized with architecture.

Painting- the image on the plane of pictures of the real world, transformed by the creative, imagination of the artist; the allocation of the elementary and most popular aesthetic feeling - the sense of color - into a special sphere and its transformation into one of the means of artistic development of the world.

Graphics is based on a monochromatic drawing and uses a contour line as the main graphic means: a point, a stroke, a spot. Depending on the purpose, it is divided into easel and applied printing: engraving, lithography, etching, caricature, etc.

Sculpture- spatial and visual art, mastering the world in plastic images, which are imprinted in materials that can convey the life-like appearance of phenomena. Sculpture reproduces reality in three-dimensional forms. The main materials are: stone, bronze, marble, wood. According to its content, it is divided into monumental, easel, small sculpture. The shape of the image is distinguished: three-dimensional three-dimensional sculpture, relief-convex images on a plane. The relief, in turn, is subdivided into bas-relief, high-relief, counter-relief. Basically, all genres of sculpture developed during the period of antiquity. In our time, the number of materials suitable for sculpture has expanded: there are works of steel, concrete, plastic.

Literature- the written form of the art of the word. With the help of the word, she creates a real living being. Literary works are divided into three kinds: epic, lyric, drama. Epic literature includes the genres of the novel, story, story, essay. Lyric works include poetic genres: elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem. The drama is meant to be performed on stage. Dramatic genres include: drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. In these works, the plot is revealed through dialogues and monologues. The main expressive and pictorial means of literature is the word. The word is an expressive means and a mental form of literature, the symbolic basis of its imagery. Imagery is inherent in the very basis of the language, which is created by the people, absorbs all their experience and becomes a form of thinking.

Theatre- an art form that artistically assimilates the world through dramatic action carried out by actors in front of the audience. Theater is a special kind of collective creativity that unites the efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer and actors. The idea of ​​the play is realized through the actor. The actor turns on the action and gives the theatricality to everything that is on stage. The scenery creates on the stage the interior of the room, the landscape, the view of the city street, but all this will remain dead props if the actor does not spiritualize things with stage behavior.

Music- art that consolidates and develops the capabilities of non-verbal sound communication associated with human speech. Music, based on the generalization and processing of the intonations of human speech, develops its own language. The basis of music is intonation. The structure of music is rhythm and harmony, which in their combination give a melody. Loudness, timbre, tempo, rhythm and other elements also play a significant, semantic role in music.

Choreography- the art of dance, echo of music.

Dance- melodic and rhythmic sound became melodic and rhythmic movement human body revealing the characters of people, their feelings and thoughts about the world. Emotional condition a person is expressed not only in voice, but also in gestures, the nature of movements. Even a person's gait can be swift, joyful, sad.

The circus- the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, magic tricks, clownery, musical eccentrics, horse riding, animal training. A circus is not a record, but an image of a person demonstrating his highest capabilities, solving super-tasks, creating in accordance with a super-task, according to the laws of eccentricity.

Photography- the creation by chemical-technical and optical means of a visual image of documentary value, artistically expressive and reliably capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image. Documentation is the "gold security" of a photo that captures a fact of life forever.

Cinema- the art of visual moving images, created on the basis of the achievements of modern chemistry and optics, art that has acquired its own language, widely embracing life in all its aesthetic richness and synthetically absorbing the experience of other types of art.

TV- a mass video media capable of transmitting aesthetically processed impressions of being over a distance; the new kind art, providing intimacy, homeliness of perception, the effect of the presence of the viewer (the effect of "momentary"), chronicle and documentary artistic information.

Types of art are closely related to each other, mutually affect each other. Even such seemingly distant forms of art as cinema and architecture, music and painting are interconnected. The arts have a direct impact on each other. Even in antiquity, architecture interacted with monumental sculpture, painting, mosaics, and icons.

Interacting with each other, various types of art solve a common task - the task of aesthetic education of people, the formation and development of their spiritual world.

One of the most important components of the spiritual culture of mankind is artistic culture, which, together with cognitive, religious, moral, economic, political culture, is called upon to form the inner world of a person, to contribute to the development of a person as a creator of cultural values. Artistic culture also represents a certain type of human activity, a specific way of realizing a person's creative potential. Artistic culture can be understood both in essence and functionally in the context of the entire spiritual culture.
Artistic culture is the culture of the production of art, the culture of its dissemination, propaganda, the culture of its perception, understanding, the culture of enjoying art.
The life and social functioning of artistic culture is characterized by processes inherent in all types social production, namely:
- production of artistic values;
- the functioning of artistic values.
These processes concern both art institutions and art itself.
No social phenomenon can be understood within the framework of only one specific group of phenomena. The concept of artistic culture expresses a fundamentally new attitude towards art, focuses on its social functioning and connectivity with the system of organizations that manage the artistic process, distribute and store its products, and train artistic personnel. That is why the concept of "artistic culture" should work within the framework of understanding the entire social context in which art functions. A work of art is a product not only of artistic activity, but of the entire process of the social functioning of art in society. Considering any work of art, one should take into account the forms of its inclusion in society and in cultural life.
The sphere of artistic culture is the sphere of artistic values ​​representing the highest man-made forms of aesthetic values. Aesthetic values ​​are somehow always involved in culture, although they can retain their natural autonomy (beauty in nature). V in this case the involvement of aesthetic values ​​in culture is explained by the fact that social practice, human activities put this natural phenomenon in a certain value attitude towards humanity.
In the system of artistic culture, there are three of its subsystems, namely:
artistic production and its subjects (i.e. professional and amateur artists). Artistic production is the creative production of artistic values. For the effective functioning of the subjects of artistic production, an important role is played by organizational forms artistic activity (creative unions and amateur groups. This also includes the system of art education ( art universities and other educational institutions that train professional personnel for art), as well as various kinds of encouragement, stimulation of professional and amateur art creators (reviews, competitions, awards, honorary titles and etc.).
Artistic production is both a productive and active-driving principle of artistic culture, the state of which is primarily determined by the level of development of art. At the same time, the potential of artistic culture also depends on people's attitude to art and on the nature of their value attitudes towards works of art. An important role is also played by the factor associated with "the temporal possibilities of artistic life, since the influence of art on people is carried out in a certain time interval."
artistic consumption and their subjects (viewers, readers, listeners). The sphere of artistic consumption is a huge world of artistic needs, tastes, assessments, ideals, complex world individual and personal perception of artistic values, due to various determinants ( social status, education, age, material opportunities to meet artistic needs, etc.);
reproduction, replication and distribution of already made artistic values. In other words, it is an industry for the replication of works of art. These are art institutions and means of popularizing art values, this is the propaganda of art culture, aesthetic education, etc. In fact, this subsystem performs "intermediary" functions between art production and art consumption, between the subjects of art production and the subjects of art consumption.

The most important component of the existence and functioning of artistic culture in society is the process of creativity.
The American philosopher E. Fromm calls the need for creativity one of the most important human needs. The animal is characterized by a passive adaptation to the world, while people try to transform it. The creative act is always a process of liberation and overcoming. There is an experience of power in it. That is why creativity is integral to freedom. Only a free person can create, the philosopher notes.
A person cannot rise above the everyday prose of life without an inner readiness for the sublime, for a romantic impulse. According to Fromm, this requirement is dictated by the presence of creative forces in each individual, among which imagination and emotionality occupy a special place. In the act of creativity, the individual unites himself with the world, breaks the framework of the passivity of his existence, enters the kingdom of freedom, only in which he alone can feel himself truly human.
However, the deepest essence of the creative act unfolds in art, in artistic creation. Art in general is predominantly a creative sphere. Any creative artistic act is a partial transformation of life. A different world is revealed in a creative artistic attitude to the world. However, the process and result of creativity carry a certain element of tragedy, which is expressed in the discrepancy between the concept and its implementation. The tremendous creative energy of great artists can never be fully realized in their works.
Artistic works, as a rule, are considered as the result of a specifically spiritual perception of reality by the artist and, based on this, his self-expression. At the same time, works of art are a means of spiritual communication between people. Art culture, as a part of spiritual culture, is a means of preparing and attracting potential viewers, listeners, readers to art, which leads (immediately or indirectly) to change them. inner peace... That is why the process of reproducing artistic values ​​is a process that allows everyone to engage in communication through works of art. large quantity people, allows you to maintain, reproduce the masterpieces of world art.
New phenomena of artistic culture are born in the context of a given historical era, national culture, social structure society, etc. Both by their birth and by their artistic content, they represent a complex fusion of the temporary and the lasting, national and universal. Truly new artistic phenomena, in a certain sense, are ahead of their epoch, since they are called to "serve" not only the present, but also the future. They outgrow the level of artistic needs of their time and quite often turn out to be incomprehensible for this era. Therefore, one of the directions and manifestations of artistic development is the gradual overcoming of contradictions between a work of art and its perception, understanding, and evaluation.
The artistic culture of each era includes phenomena, the social and cultural meaning of which is different, and sometimes even the opposite. Some artistic phenomena are cultural relics, leftovers art systems, structures, styles that disappear. At the same time, such deep tendencies of social and artistic progress are found in artistic culture, which do not yet have a direct connection with the current tasks of the time.

Culturology: Textbook for Universities Apresyan Ruben Grantovich

11.1. Features of artistic culture

Usually the concept of "artistic culture" is identified with art. And this is no coincidence: art is a central and system-forming element of artistic culture. Art has a tremendous cultural capacity, creating a number of related forms of activity - artistic creativity, artistic perception, artistic criticism, etc., forming a "cultural field" around it.

In the scientific literature there is no consensus on the definition of the elements that make up artistic culture. But with all the difference in views, all authors in artistic culture include three main elements that ensure its functioning: production, distribution and consumption (perception, development) of artistic values ​​- works of art.

The interaction of these elements of artistic culture is of a concrete historical nature, determined by the characteristics of the development of society and many other reasons. The possibility of forming creative personality; demand (or lack of demand) for a work created by the creator; correspondence of the system of artistic production, distribution, consumption of artistic values ​​to the purpose of art.

Artistic culture develops historically as society develops and the sphere of artistic activity expands and, while remaining an open system, absorbs new forms and types of creativity.

Artistic and creative activity, as a result of which works of art are created, appeared in ancient times. All other elements of artistic culture arose gradually at different stages of human development. Their appearance was due to many reasons: the development of society and its needs, the development of art itself, the emergence of new types and forms in it, the need to create conditions for creative activity, the collection and storage of works of art, the expansion of opportunities for the consumption of artistic values, the need to comprehend and study art etc.

Thus, artistic culture began to represent a set of processes and phenomena of spiritual and practical activity for the creation, distribution, development of works of art or material objects that possess aesthetic value... Each of its constituent elements is associated with art.

So, for the creation of works of art - artistic values, the talent of the artist is not enough, conditions are also needed under which the talent and ability to create can be realized: this is the professional training of the master, which presupposes a certain organization of special art education; the creation of conditions under which a person with the ability to create art could ensure his existence with his activity, i.e., the creation of a system for the acquisition of works of art, remuneration of the artist, etc.

Art is created for people - readers, listeners, viewers. This means that it is necessary to publish, reproduce, perform, exhibit works of art. And this, in turn, leads to the emergence of various forms of cultural activity: book printing, publishing, organizing exhibitions, salons, concerts, staging performances and so on. At first, this activity was quite chaotic, but over time it took on certain forms. Special exhibition rooms and museums, concert halls and theaters, libraries and other cultural and educational institutions appear. The totality of such institutions forms the foundation of artistic culture. Art museums - these are educational, research institutions where works of art are stored, studied, exhibited and promoted. Libraries - collect, store, study, distribute, promote books. Since the advent of book printing, written culture has become the focus of information accumulated by mankind. That is why libraries are the most important factor of culture, and their condition, according to D.S.Likhachev, is a symbol of the nation's condition.

It is quite natural that both the organization and the functioning of all these institutions depend on the political structure of society, the socio-economic relations that have developed and dominate in it. Artistic culture largely depends on the cultural policy of the state, on the personal culture of those in power.

The history of the development of artistic culture is replete with collisions, when creators trying to preserve their creative individuality, to create works that correspond to their worldview, come into conflict with the requirements of the state. Customers who have the opportunity to purchase works of art, be it the state or an individual, consider themselves entitled to determine the artistic value of art, and the artist is often forced to reckon with their views and tastes, since he has no other ways to realize his works. According to history, there are few patrons of art who trust the instinct and talent of the creator and appreciate his work at its true worth. The use of art as a propaganda tool for the establishment and consolidation of certain ideological views prevailing in society leads to a distortion of the humanistic essence of art, a narrowing of its general cultural significance. As a result, humanity loses a lot due to the artist's inability to fully realize his creative potential, to express his vision of the world.

An important element of artistic culture is consumption, perception of artistic values. This is a special type of creative activity, consisting in the perception of a work of art as an artistic value, accompanied by an aesthetic experience. The attitude towards art does not arise spontaneously. It develops depending on the environment in which a person is formed, on education, aesthetic taste, life experience, value orientations.

The first information that a person receives about art is especially important. Depending on what attitude towards art he meets at the beginning of his life path - respect and love or neglect, the future attitude towards art largely depends: there will be a steady need for it or interest only in its entertainment function. The first information always creates a definite setting, on which, like a background, all subsequent representations are superimposed. This circumstance determines the great importance of organizing the system of artistic and aesthetic education, which should become one of the directions of the state's cultural policy.

An introduction to art forms a respectful attitude towards it, an understanding of its enduring value, an awareness of its features, the originality of each of its types.

In the process of the development of art, there is a need for a deep understanding of this unique phenomenon, which leads to the emergence of art sciences - art history.

Art history - a set of sciences that investigate art. It studies the origin of art, its social and aesthetic essence, the laws of its development, the nature of artistic creation, the functions of art, its place and role in spiritual and social life.

Art history is a general theory of art as a special form of artistic and creative activity. But along with it, there are sciences that study specific types of art: literary criticism, art history, musicology, theater studies, film studies and others. Each of these sciences has its own subject of study, has independence, but is included in the general system of sciences about art as an object.

Both art history in general and the private arts include three disciplines: art theory, art history and art criticism.

The sciences of specific art forms influence each other. Each of them draws on the experience of other arts and different areas of art history.

So, examining the work of F.M. Dostoevsky, a prominent literary critic and culturologist M.M. Bakhtin uses categories and concepts of musicology. In the analysis of Dostoevsky's poetics, he uses the terms "polyphony", "polyphony", etc.

A prominent filmmaker and film theorist SM. Eisenstein to study the poetry of A.S. Pushkin refers to the concept of "film montage", and to characterize the work of a filmmaker resorts to musical concept"counterpoint".

Obviously, with all the differences in specific types of art, they have a common nature and each specific art can represent the entire sphere of artistic creation, since each type of art is not only specific, but also carries the universal characteristics of all art as a whole.

Accordingly, the sciences that study them reveal not only the features of a given type of art, but also art in general. One art theory explores more than one general patterns art. However, they do not replace one another, but supplement, studying not only the "special", but also the "general" in art.

At the same time, it should be noted that art history as a general theory of art cannot be reduced to the sum of the sciences about specific types of art. Its content is much deeper and broader.

Currently, there is a deep study of art history as a general theory of art. Despite the fact that the study of art began a very long time ago, some scientists quite reasonably believe that the theory of art has not yet been formed and science is only on the approaches to its creation.

Art criticism occupies a special place in the structure of art history. Criticism(from the Greek. kritike - to disassemble, judge) is a type of literary creation, consisting in the interpretation, explanation and evaluation of works of art. The definition of art criticism was given by A.S. Pushkin. “Criticism is the science of discovering beauties and flaws in works of art and literature. It is based: 1) on a perfect knowledge of the rules by which an artist or writer is guided in his works, 2) on a deep study of samples and on the active observation of modern remarkable phenomena. "

By examining and evaluating works of art, criticism enters part of in art history and the field of sciences about specific arts. At the same time, she herself is part of the artistic process.

Art criticism actively influences both creators and consumers of art. Both, although in different ways, she guides in the artistic process, helping to determine the place of each new work of art in it, trends in the development of art, value orientations. Relying on theoretical basis philosophy and aesthetics, art criticism has the ability to deeply comprehend not only art, but also life itself and the processes taking place in it.

The role of art criticism in different societies, in different historical periods is not the same. In our country, where art turned out to be almost the only form of social consciousness in which independent thought could manifest itself at least to some extent, unofficial views that differed from established and imposed views, art criticism became a public tribune.

In the middle of the 19th century, literary criticism became the main spokesman for the democratic ideas of society. In articles V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, D.I. Pisareva not only was the work of A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, N.A. Ostrovsky, IA. Goncharov and other writers, but also comprehended social processes. Through a look at literature literary critics assessed and considered life itself and offered possible, from their point of view, ways to resolve social conflicts.

The same was the literary and artistic criticism in Soviet times. Its best representatives, such as I.A. Dedkov, V. Ya. Lakshin and some others, became the spokesmen for the progressive ideas of their time.

Now, when you can write about everything and evaluate works of art from different points of view, when the voices of critics raising problems of public importance are almost inaudible, they started talking about the absence of artistic criticism and even about its uselessness. One cannot agree with this.

Literary criticism exists. There are bright, thinking critics who assess art impartially, who give an objective analysis of the literary and artistic process. In conditions when the flow of low-quality works is growing, when the Internet is choking with the writings of graphomaniacs and all this together reduces the artistic and moral level of culture and teaches people to such art, the task of art criticism is to preserve the criteria for evaluating works of art, formed and tested by the entire history of world art culture , and thereby stop the process of devaluation of art, regain public awareness.

The process of artistic creation takes place in society, and it is influenced, and in many respects, determined by those views, views, ideas that have developed in this society. It is impossible to live in society and be free from society. But society, and even more so the state, is trying to guide creativity, to influence the creative process. In many states, this task is performed by ministries or cultural committees that exist under the government. They determine cultural policy, place government orders and thereby direct the work of artists in the direction necessary for a given state. They also organize systems of special educational institutions, training artists, musicians, actors.

Art workers themselves often form associations for the purpose of creative communication and solving some important tasks for this art: popularizing creativity, organizing exhibitions, orders, publishing works, etc. As a rule, the association takes place on the basis of common creative principles.

So, in the 19th century in Russia, composers were part of the creative community "Mighty handful" artists formed "Association of Traveling Exhibitions", which continued its activities in the XX century. Artists have created "Russian Theater Society" with the aim of promoting the development of theatrical business.

After the revolution of 1917 in our country there were many various creative associations of writers, artists, etc.

In the 30s, all of them were eliminated and created. creative unions, uniting artists by type of art: unions of writers, composers, artists, etc. Their goal was the organizational and ideological leadership of art.

With the collapse of the USSR, creative unions lost their ideological content, but they also lost state support... Now they carry out the task of organizational and creative unity of artists, which is especially important for artists, writers, composers, etc., whose work is individual in nature.

As you can see, the structure of artistic culture is complex and includes many heterogeneous elements. But they all exist in close relationship with each other and together form a certain integrity.

So, artistic culture includes: the production of artistic values; the artistic values ​​themselves are works of art; their distribution, reproduction, reproduction; consumption; art history and sciences of specific arts; art criticism; art education; institutions and organizations that ensure the existence and storage of artistic values ​​- museums, showrooms, art galleries, theaters, cinemas, libraries, etc .; creative associations and organizations.